MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA Jaime Torres-González coyuntura MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA Jaime Torres-González* RESUMEN (ODUWtFXORDERUGDHOWHPDGHODPRYLOLGDGXUEDQDFRQEDVHHQHODQiOLVLVGHOFUHFLPLHQWRSREODFLRQDOHQFLQFR FLXGDGHVFRORPELDQDV HOGHVDUUROORLQVWLWXFLRQDODOFDQ]DGRSRUODFLXGDGGH%RJRWiGXUDQWHORV~OWLPRVYHLQWH DxRV OD SODQHDFLyQ SDUWLFL SDWLYD ORJUDGD HQ OD FLXGDG GH 0HGHOOtQ OD FRQXUEDFLyQ TXH DIHFWD D ORV JUDQGHV FHQWURVXUEDQRVHODYDQFHUHFLHQWHHQ&RORPELDGHODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGH6LVWHPDVGH7UDQVSRUWH0DVLYR\VX FRQWUDVWHFRQRWUDVPHWUySROLVVXUDPHULFDQDV HOHVWDGRGHODVYtDVYHKLFXODUHVHQ%RJRWi \HOFUHFLPLHQWRGHO SDUTXHDXWRPRWRUHQFXDWURFLXGDGHVFRORPELDQDV(ODXWRUFRQFOX\HHQWUHRWUDVFRVDVTXHHOGHVDUUROORFRQWLQXR FUHDWLYR FRQVXOWDGR\SURVSHFWLYRGH6LVWHPDVGH7UDQVSRUWH0DVLYRVFRQVWLWX\HODPHMRUVROXFLyQDOFUHFLHQWH SUREOHPDGHPRYLOLGDGGHODVFLXGDGHVFRORPELDQDV 3DODEUDVFODYHVPRYLOLGDGWUDQVSRUWHSODQHDFLyQSDUWLFL SDWLYDFRQXUEDFLyQ MOBILITY AND PARTICIPATORY PLANNING IN BOGOTÁ AND MEDELLÍN: RELATIONSHIP WITH CITIES IN COLOMBIA AND SOUTH AMERICA >@ SUMMARY 7KHDUWLFOHDSSURDFKHVWKHLVVXHRIXUEDQPRELOLW\LQ&RORPELDE\PHDQVRIDQDO\]LQJGLIIHUHQWERGLHVRIGDWD VXFKDVSRSXODWLRQJURZWKLQILYHQDWLRQDOFLWLHV %RJRWD¶VLQVWLWXWLRQDOGHYHORSPHQWRYHUWKHODVWWZHQW\\HDUV VXFFHVVIXOSDUWLFL SDWRU\SODQQLQJLQWKHFLW\RI0HGHOOtQHIIHFWVRIHFRQRPLFFRQXUEDWLRQLQODUJHXUEDQFHQWHUVWKH VXFFHVVIXOLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRISXEOLFWUDQVSRUWDWLRQV\VWHPVLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHU6RXWK$PHULFDQPHWURSROLV %RJRWD¶VURDGDQGVWUHHWFRQGLWLRQDQGWKHLQFUHDVLQJUDWHRIYHKLFOHRZQHUVKL SLQIRXUFDSLWDOFLWLHV7KHDXWKRU FRQFOXGHVDPRQJRWKHUVWKDWWKHEHVWVROXWLRQWRWKHHYHUJURZLQJSUREOHPRIPRELOLW\LQ&RORPELDQFLWLHVLVWKH XQLQWHUUXSWHGDQGZHOOPDQDJHGH[HFXWLRQRISXEOLFWUDQVSRUWDWLRQV\VWHPVLQDFUHDWLYHDQGSURVSHFWLYHPDQQHU .H\ZRUGV0RELOLW\SXEOLFWUDQVSRUWDWLRQSDUWLFL SDWRU\SODQQLQJFRQXUEDWLRQ )HFKDGHUHFHSFLyQ )HFKDGHDSUREDFLyQ (FRQRPLVWDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPELD0iVWHUHQ'HVDUUROOR(FRQyPLFR\3ODQHDFLyQGH 3UR\HFWRV8QLYHUVLGDGGH%UDGIRUG,QJODWHUUD'RFWRUHQ&LHQFLDV3ROtWLFDV8QLYHUVLGDG/LEUHGH%HUOtQ $OHPDQLD(ODXWRUHV'RFHQWHGHOD)DFXOWDGGH(FRQRPtDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH%RJRWi-RUJH7DGHR /R]DQR\ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQVHLQLFLyHQHO*UXSR³5HJLRQDOL]DU´GHOD8QLYHUVLGDG$QWRQLR1DULxR análisis político nº 74, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2012: págs. 29 - 48 MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA Jaime Torres-González INTRODUCCION (OSURFHVRGHSODQHDFLyQFRQMXQWDHQWUHODVDXWRULGDGHVGLVWULWDOHVODVDJUHPLDFLRQHVSULYDGDV\ORV VHFWRUHVFRPXQLWDULRVGH%RJRWiUHSRUWyXQLPSRUWDQWHDYDQFHHQODVROXFLyQGHJUDYHVSUREOHPDV GH OD FDSLWDO GXUDQWH ODV GRV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV /D LQYHUVLyQ S~EOLFD FUHFLy VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH VX GLUHFFLRQDPLHQWR D UHVROYHU FDUHQFLDV GH PRYLOLGDG HGXFDWLYDV GH VDOXG \ RWUDV KD VLGR UHPDUFDEOH 8Q DPSOLR HMHUFLFLR GH GHVDUUROOR SURVSHFWLYR \ XQD HILFLHQWH HMHFXFLyQ GH REUDV FDUDFWHUL]DURQ KDVWD IHFKDV UHFLHQWHV OD DFWLYLGDG GLVWULWDO 8Q SURFHVR VLPLODU VH KD YLYLGR HQ 0HGHOOtQGRQGHVHDYDQ]DFRQODVKHUUDPLHQWDVGHOD3ODQHDFLyQ3DUWLFLSDWLYDHQHOPHMRUDPLHQWR FRQWLQXRGHODFLXGDG6LQHPEDUJRVHREVHUYDQGHOLFDGRVVtQWRPDVGHGHWHULRURHQ%RJRWiWDOHV FRPRHOHQRUPHFUHFLPLHQWRGHODFRQJHVWLyQ\GHVRUGHQYLDOHOFRQWLQXDGRDXPHQWRGHSREODFLyQ TXHVHDJOXWLQDHQODDPSOLDSHULIHULDGHODFLXGDG\TXHQRSXHGHVHUDEVRUELGDSRUDFWLYLGDGHV HFRQyPLFDVIRUPDOHVODSpUGLGDGHODFRQILDQ]DS~EOLFDHQODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGLVWULWDOSURGXFWR GH OD FRUUXSFLyQ HQ OD FRQWUDWDFLyQ SULYDGRHVWDWDO WRGRV JUDYHV SUREOHPDV TXH GHWHULRUDQ OD FDOLGDGGHYLGDGHVXVKDELWDQWHV\VXFRPSHWLWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFD(O³GHVDUUROORYLUWXRVR´TXH SUDFWLFDURQODVIXHU]DVYLYDVGHODFDSLWDOHQHOSDVDGRUHFLHQWHHQFXHQWUDOtPLWHVTXHKDFHQGXGDU GHVXFRQWLQXLGDG LA “CONURBACIÓN” O TENDENCIA A LA CONCENTRACIÓN URBANA VS. LAS CIUDADES “POLICÉNTRICAS” >@ 3DUDFRPSUHQGHUODHYROXFLyQGHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHFLXGDGHVFRPR%RJRWiHVFRQYHQLHQWHFRQVLGHUDU HO UHFRUULGR KLVWyULFR YLYLGR GHVGH OD IXQGDFLyQ GH ORV Q~FOHRV XUEDQRV HVSDxROHV HQ $PpULFD DOUHGHGRUGHFHQWURVHVSDFLDOHVSROtWLFRVDGPLQLVWUDWLYRVHFRQyPLFRV\VRFLDOHVELHQGHILQLGRV TXH VH HVWDEOHFLHURQ FRPR SREODFLRQHV ³XQLFpQWULFDV´ DOUHGHGRU GH FX\RV QRGRV LQLFLDOHV VH IXHURQFRQFHQWUDQGRSREODGRUHVMHUDUTXtDV\DFWLYLGDGHVKDVWDOOHJDUDFRQILJXUDUODVFLXGDGHV GHODDFWXDOLGDGGRQGHXQDFDQWLGDGDELVPDOGHVXVDFWLYLGDGHVVHGHVDUUROODQ³HQHOFHQWUR´ $OOt GHEHQ GHVSOD]DUVH FRWLGLDQDPHQWH OD PD\RUtD GH KDELWDQWHV XUEDQRV \ GHVGH DOOt VDOHQ \ HQWUDQODVUXWDVGHWUDQVSRUWHTXHHQOD]DQODFLXGDG&ODUN(VWHWLSRGHFRQFHQWUDFLRQHV XUEDQDVSUHVHQWDQYHQWDMDVTXHVRQHVWXGLDGDVSRUODJHRJUDItDHFRQyPLFD\VRQH[SXHVWDVSRU DXWRUHV FRPR .UXJPDQ HW DO TXLHQHV DWULEX\HQ XQ SDSHO FUXFLDO D OD ³&RQXUEDFLyQ´ R FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHODSREODFLyQ\ORVUHFXUVRVHQXQVRORSXQWRJHRJUiILFR ³(O SUREOHPD WHyULFR EiVLFR HQ OD JHRJUDItD HFRQyPLFD KD VLGR VLHPSUH TXH FXDOTXLHU GHVDUUROOR UHJLRQDO \ XUEDQR GHSHQGH FUXFLDOPHQWH GHO SDSHO GH ORV UHQGLPLHQWRV FUHFLHQWHV>GHODSURGXFFLyQGHODVHPSUHVDV@ODGUDPiWLFDGHVLJXDOGDGHVSDFLDOGHOD HFRQRPtDUHDO²ODVGLVSDULGDGHVHQWUHFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVLQGXVWULDOHVGHQVDPHQWHSREODGDV \]RQDVDJUtFRODVHVFDVDPHQWHKDELWDGDVHQWUHFLXGDGHVFRQJHVWLRQDGDV\iUHDVUXUDOHV GHVRODGDV² HV VHJXUDPHQWH HO UHVXOWDGR QR GH ODV GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH iUHDV VLQR GH XQ FRQMXQWR GH SURFHVRV DFXPXODWLYRV TXH QHFHVDULDPHQWH HQYXHOYHQ DOJXQD IRUPD GH UHQGLPLHQWRV FUHFLHQWHV GRQGH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD DFW~D FRPR HOHPHQWR UHIRU]DQWH´.UXJPDQHWDO $XQTXHXQDHVWUXFWXUDXUEDQDFRPSOHMD²WDOFRPRODGHXQDJUDQFLXGDG²VHFRPSRQHGHLPSRUWDQWHVVXEVLVWHPDVWDOHVFRPRORV GHGLVWULEXFLyQGHDJXDSRWDEOHDJXDVVHUYLGDVHQHUJtDVDOXGHGXFDFLyQVHJXULGDGHPSOHR\RWURVHQHODUWtFXORQRVFRQFHQWUDPRV HQHOVLVWHPDGHWUDQVSRUWH 7UDGXFFLyQGHOLQJOpV-DLPH7RUUHV análisis político nº 74, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2012: págs. 29 - 48 Jaime Torres-González .UXJPDQSODQWHDTXHHOFUHFLPLHQWR³DXWRUHIRU]DQWH´GHODVFLXGDGHVTXHVHFRQYLHUWHQ HQSRORVGHGHVDUUROORHQGHWHUPLQDGDVUHJLRQHVUHVSRQGHDODFRQWHFHUHQIRUPDVLPXOWiQHDGH FRQGLFLRQHVHFRQyPLFDVIDYRUDEOHVWDOHVFRPR Ć /DV³HFRQRPtDVGHHVFDOD´TXHIDFLOLWDQODLQVWDODFLyQGHJUDQGHVHPSUHVDVTXLHQHVFXHQWDQ FRQXQDPSOLRPHUFDGRORFDO Ć (O RIUHFLPLHQWR GH XQD JUDQ YDULHGDG GH SURGXFWRV \ VHUYLFLRV TXH JDUDQWL]DQ XQD DPSOLD RIHUWDDSUHFLRVFRPSHWLWLYRV Ć /RVEDMRVFRVWRVGHWUDQVSRUWHTXHLPSOLFDODSUR[LPLGDGHQWUHSURYHHGRUHV\FOLHQWHV Ć /RV DWUDFWLYRV VDODULRV SDUD FDSWDU PDQR GH REUD SURGXFWLYD HVSHFLDOL]DGD \ HVWLPXODU OD IXQGDFLyQGHHPSUHVDVFRPSHWLWLYDV coyuntura MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA (VWRVIDFWRUHVSRVLWLYRVSDUDODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHSHUVRQDV\ELHQHVHQSRFRVOXJDUHVKDQIDYRUHFLGR HOH[SORVLYRFUHFLPLHQWRGHODULTXH]D\ODSREODFLyQGHOSODQHWDHQODVFLXGDGHVSURSLFLDQGRXQD YHOR]XUEDQL]DFLyQGXUDQWHHOVLJOR;;²ODFXDOFRQWLQXDUiLPSDUDEOHPHQWHGHQWURGHODDFWXDO FHQWXULD²IRUPiQGRVHORTXHODV1DFLRQHV8QLGDVGHVFULEHQFRPR³PHJDFLXGDGHV´RVHDDTXHOODV TXHVXSHUDQORVPLOORQHVGHKDELWDQWHV³/DVPHJDFLXGDGHVVRQODSXHUWDGHHQWUDGDGHOD JOREDOL]DFLyQFRQGXFHQHOIOXMRGHSHUVRQDVGHSURGXFWRVGHFRQRFLPLHQWR\GLQHURDOUHGHGRU GHOPXQGR<DXQDTXLQWDSDUWHGHO3URGXFWR,QWHUQR%UXWRPXQGLDO3,%ORJHQHUDQODVGLH] FLXGDGHVHFRQyPLFDPHQWHPiVLPSRUWDQWHV´05&0F/HDQ+D]HO*OREH6FDQ 6LQ HPEDUJR LJXDOPHQWH DGYLHUWH .UXJPDQ GH OD SRVLELOLGDG GH VDWXUDFLyQ GH XQD FLXGDG TXH QR WHQJD OD FDSDFLGDG GH PDQHMDU ORV GHVHTXLOLEULRV GH VX FUHFLPLHQWR \ TXH VH FRQJHVWLRQH H[DJHUDGDPHQWH \ SLHUGD ODV IRUWDOH]DV \ ODV GLQiPLFDV DXWRVRVWHQLEOHV TXH OD LPSXOVDURQ FRQGXFLHQGR D OD FLXGDG D OR TXH GHQRPLQD ³XQ DJXMHUR QHJUR´ (Q HVWH FDVR VH SURGXFLUiQ WHQGHQFLDV DXWRGHVWUXFWLYDV TXH UHGXFLUiQ ODV SRWHQFLDOLGDGHV GH OD FLXGDG \ OD OOHYDUiQDVXGHFOLYH >@ /DFRQVLGHUDFLyQGHHVWDVWHQGHQFLDVFRQWUDGLFWRULDVYHQWDMDVGHOFUHFLPLHQWR9VHPERWDPLHQWR KDOOHYDGRDUHSHQVDUHOGLVHxRGHODVFLXGDGHVGHVGHRWUDVSHUVSHFWLYDV\DHVWLPXODUHQFLHUWDV UHJLRQHVSRUHMHPSORHQ$OHPDQLDHOGHVDUUROORGH³FLXGDGHVSROLFpQWULFDV´&ODUN²ELHQ VHDTXHVHIRUPHQSRUDVRFLDFLyQGHQ~FOHRVVHPHMDQWHVSRUDEVRUFLyQGHSREODFLRQHVFLUFXQGDQWHV SRUDFFLyQGHODSODQHDFLyQGHDXWRULGDGHVORFDOHV\RSUHVLRQDGDVSRUORVDOWRVFRVWRVGHOVXHOR HQORVFHQWURVRULJLQDOHV²FRQILJXUiQGRVHHVWUXFWXUDVXUEDQDVGHPHQRUWDPDxRLQGLYLGXDOSHUR TXHVHFRPSOHPHQWDQHQWUHVt\SHUPLWHQGLVPLQXLUORVWUD\HFWRVTXHODVSHUVRQDV\ELHQHVUHDOL]DQ GLDULDPHQWHFRQEDVHHQGLQiPLFDVWDOHVFRPR Ć 'HVFHQWUDOL]DFLyQGHODV]RQDVGHYLYLHQGDKDFLDSRORVVHFXQGDULRV Ć &RQVWUXFFLyQ \R DPSOLDFLyQ GH FHQWURV ORFDOHV HGXFDWLYRV FRPHUFLDOHV GH VDOXG DGPLQLVWUDWLYRVUHFUHDWLYRV Ć 'HVDUUROOR GH iUHDV LQGXVWULDOHV \ FRPHUFLDOHV ]RQDOHV HVSHFLDOPHQWH HQ IRUPD GH iUHDV HVSHFLDOL]DGDVR³FOXVWHUV´ Ć &RQVWUXFFLyQGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDUHJLRQDOGHFRPXQLFDFLRQHVHQIRUPDGHUHG %RJRWiVXSHUDUiORVPLOORQHVGHKDELWDQWHVDPHGLDGRVGHODSUy[LPDGpFDGD análisis político nº 74, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2012: págs. 29 - 48 MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA Jaime Torres-González CRECIMIENTO POBLACIONAL Y MIGRACIONES HACIA BOGOTÁ Y OTRAS CIUDADES COLOMBIANAS (QODJUiILFDVHDSUHFLDODPDQHUDFRPRGHVGHKDVWDODIHFKDKDFUHFLGRODSREODFLyQHQ ODVPD\RUHVFLXGDGHVGHOSDtV%RJRWi&DOL\0HGHOOtQ/DFDSLWDOFRQFHQWUDKR\WUHVYHFHVPiV SREODFLyQTXHFDGDXQDGHODVRWUDVGRVJUDQGHVXUEHV\FUHFHPiVYHOR]PHQWHHQORV~OWLPRV DxRV%RJRWiFUHFLyDODQXDOPHQWHVHJXLGDSRU&DOL\0HGHOOtQPLHQWUDVTXH SDUDHOSDtVHQVXFRQMXQWRODSREODFLyQDXPHQWyDULWPRGHODQXDO(VWDVWDVDVVLJQLILFDQ TXHODSREODFLyQGHGLFKDVFLXGDGHVVHGXSOLFDHQSHUtRGRVGHDDxRVHYROXFLyQTXHODV PHJDOySROLVGHOPXQGRLQGXVWULDOL]DGRH[SHULPHQWDURQHQODUJRVSHUtRGRVTXHVHPLGHQHQVLJORV 3RUVXSDUWHODVWDVDVGHFUHFLPLHQWRGHFLXGDGHVFRPR%XFDUDPDQJD\%DUUDQTXLOODVHVLWXDURQ SRUGHEDMRGHOSURPHGLRQDFLRQDO\DQXDOUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH Gráfica 1. Población cinco ciudades colombianas entre 1985 y 2010 (en miles de habitantes). >@ Fuente: Estadísticas Demográficas. Proyecciones con base en el Censo de 2005 (DANE, 2011) (O JUDQ LPSDFWR TXH OD PLJUDFLyQ KD WHQLGR HQ HO FUHFLPLHQWR SREODFLRQDO VH DSUHFLD HQ XQ LQIRUPHGHGHO0LQLVWHULRGHO7UDEDMR ³/DSREODFLyQPLJUDQWHD%RJRWiVHFRQFHQWUDHQOD3REODFLyQ(FRQyPLFDPHQWH$FWLYD ă3($HQUD]yQGHODVHGDGHVHQTXHVHSURGXFHHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRDVtPLHQWUDVHQOD SREODFLyQWRWDOVyORHOVRQPLJUDQWHVHQOD3($HVWDSURSRUFLyQVXEHD\D HQOD3REODFLyQHQ(GDGGH7UDEDMDUă3(7´0LQLVWHULRGH7UDEDMR\6HJXULGDG6RFLDO 6(1$/'( (VFXULRVRREVHUYDUFyPRHQHOLQIRUPHFLWDGRVHKDEODGHTXH³VyORHOGHODSREODFLyQWRWDO VRQPLJUDQWHV´SURSRUFLyQTXHHYLGHQFLDTXHFHUFDGHODPLWDGGHODSREODFLyQWUDEDMDGRUD análisis político nº 74, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2012: págs. 29 - 48 MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA GH%RJRWiSURYHQtDGHWRGDVODVUHJLRQHVGHOSDtVSURFHVRVLPLODUDOTXHYLYHQODVRWUDVJUDQGHV FDSLWDOHV UHJLRQDOHV 'LFKD HOHYDGD PLJUDFLyQ VLJQLILFD TXH %RJRWi GHEH DIURQWDU HO UHWR GH DEVRUEHUVXFUHFLPLHQWRSREODFLRQDO\HOGHSDUWHGHODV]RQDVYHFLQDVSXGLHQGRWDQWRXWLOL]DU ODVFDSDFLGDGHVGHORVPLJUDQWHVFRPRWHQLHQGRODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHSURYHHUODLQIUDHVWUXFWXUD VHUYLFLRV \ FRQGLFLRQHV QHFHVDULDV SDUD VX EXHQ GHVDUUROOR (O YHOR] FUHFLPLHQWR GH %RJRWi \ RWUDVFLXGDGHVFRORPELDQDVLPSOLFDHOHYDGRVUHWRVSDUDODLQWHJUDFLyQGHVXVKDELWDQWHV\SDUDOD FRQVWUXFFLyQGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDXUEDQD\VRFLDOHVWDEOHFLpQGRVHFODUDVGLIHUHQFLDVSRUHMHPSOR FRQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH ODV JUDQGHV FLXGDGHV GH ORV SDtVHV LQGXVWULDOL]DGRV TXH KDQ FUHFLGR PiV OHQWDPHQWH\TXHFRQWDURQFRQPD\RUHVSDFLRGHWLHPSRSDUDUHVROYHUORVSUREOHPDVXUEDQRV QXHVWUDV FLXGDGHV QR WLHQHQ HVH WLHPSR 2WUDV JUDQGHV FLXGDGHV GH 6XUDPpULFD FRPR %XHQRV $LUHV *UDQ %XHQRV $LUHV R 6DQWLDJR GH &KLOH 5HJLyQ 0HWURSROLWDQD KDQ FUHFLGR D PHQRU ULWPRGXUDQWHODSULPHUDGpFDGDGHOSUHVHQWHVLJORDOODSULPHUDZZZDUJHQWLQDDU&HQVR \DO6DQWLDJR,1( coyuntura Jaime Torres-González DESARROLLO INSTITUCIONAL DE BOGOTÁ DESDE LA DÉCADA DE 1990 (QODUiSLGDHYROXFLyQHFRQyPLFD\SREODFLRQDOH[SHULPHQWDGDSRU%RJRWi\GHPiVFDSLWDOHVGHO SDtVDORODUJRGHOVLJOR;;VHSXHGHQGHVWDFDUODFRLQFLGHQFLDGH Ć XQDJUDQPLJUDFLyQIRU]DGDFDPSHVLQDDSDUWLUGHORVDxRVRULJLQDGDHQODVFRQIURQWDFLRQHV SROtWLFDV\VRFLDOHVSHUtRGRGH³/D9LROHQFLD´ Ć XQUiSLGRGHVDUUROORLQGXVWULDOXUEDQR\FRPHUFLDO\ Ć XQDHOHYDGDWDVDGHQDWDOLGDGFRQGLVPLQXFLyQVLPXOWiQHDGHODWDVDGHPRUWDOLGDG 'HHVWDPDQHUDODVFLXGDGHVGHOSDtVDFXPXODURQHQODVGpFDGDVVLJXLHQWHVXQDFDQWLGDGSDUWLFXODU GH JUDYHV SUREOHPDV GH PRYLOLGDG FULPLQDOLGDG GHVDVHR IDOWD GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD XUEDQD GHVRUGHQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYR \ ILVFDO IDFWRUHV TXH DO QR UHFLELU RSRUWXQDV VROXFLRQHV SRU SDUWH GH ODVDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHVGHODVFLXGDGHV\ORVJRELHUQRVQDFLRQDOHVGHWHULRUDURQVLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH OD FDOLGDG GH YLGD GH VXV QXPHURVRV KDELWDQWHV 6LQ HPEDUJR HQ PHGLR GH GLFKR GHVRUGHQ \ SHVLPLVPRXQDSRGHURVDWHQGHQFLDSRVLWLYDVHJHVWyHQ%RJRWiODVUHIRUPDVSROtWLFRGHPRFUiWLFDV TXHFRQGXMHURQDODHOHFFLyQSRSXODUGHDOFDOGHVHQ\DOPD\RUGLiORJRVRFLDOSURSLFLDGRSRU HOSURFHVRGHQHJRFLDFLyQGLVFXVLyQ\H[SHGLFLyQGHODQXHYD&RQVWLWXFLyQGHDXVSLFLDURQ TXHODVIXHU]DVYLYDVGHODFDSLWDO\ORVVXFHVLYRVDOFDOGHVDGHODQWDUDQXQLQWHQVRSDUWLFLSDWLYR\ SURVSHFWLYRSURFHVRGHSODQHDFLyQXUEDQDSDUDDERUGDUODVROXFLyQGHORVSUREOHPDVGHODFLXGDG HQVXFRQMXQWR >@ /DH[LJHQFLDFRQVWLWXFLRQDODODVDOFDOGtDVFRQUHVSHFWRDODHODERUDFLyQGHSODQHVGHGHVDUUROORIXH DFRJLGDHQSRUODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGLVWULWDO\DSR\DGDSRUGLIHUHQWHVJUHPLRV\RUJDQL]DFLRQHV FtYLFDVKDVWDFRQFHELUHO³3ODQ%RJRWi´HOSULPHUSODQGHGHVDUUROORXUEDQRGHODFLXGDG FRQYLVLyQGHIXWXURTXHFRPELQyODSODQHDFLyQHVWUDWpJLFDGHODUJRSOD]RFRQORVREMHWLYRVGH PHGLDQRDOFDQFH\FRQODHMHFXFLyQHILFLHQWH\WUDQVSDUHQWHHQHOFRUWRSOD]R(VWDQXHYDYLVLyQ SHUPLWLyWDQWRDODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQFRPRDODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVFtYLFDV\HPSUHVDULDOHVXQDPD\RU SUR\HFFLyQSDUDFRQFHELUHQFRQMXQWRVROXFLRQHVYLDEOHVDORVUHWRVGHODFLXGDG\DVtVXSHUDU HOHVFDVRKRUL]RQWHGHSODQHDFLyQGHORVWUHVDxRVSDUDORVTXHHUDHOHJLGRXQDOFDOGH8QRGH ORVSURIHVLRQDOHVTXHWUDEDMyFRQHOHTXLSRGHO3URJUDPDGH1DFLRQHV8QLGDVSDUDHO'HVDUUROOR ă318' TXH DVHVRUy SHUPDQHQWHPHQWH HO SURFHVR HO HFRQRPLVWD <HVLG 6ROHU GHVFULEH DVt OD VLWXDFLyQ análisis político nº 74, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2012: págs. 29 - 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48 Jaime Torres-González $GHPiVXQDDPSOLDYDULHGDGGHLQGLFDGRUHVGHFDOLGDGGHYLGDGHVXSHUDFLyQGHODSREUH]D GH PHMRUDPLHQWR GHO QLYHO HGXFDWLYR \ QXWULFLRQDO GH VX QLxH] GH FUHDFLyQ GH RSFLRQHV SDUD LQWHJUDU OD MXYHQWXG \ UHGXFLU OD FULPLQDOLGDG GH REUDV GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD SDUD OD HGXFDFLyQ VDOXG PRYLOLGDG FXOWXUD HFRQRPtD \ UHFUHDFLyQ KDQ PHMRUDGR FRQVLVWHQWHPHQWH 6HFUHWDUtD GH 6DOXG GH %RJRWi D SHVDU GH TXH SRGUtDQ KDEHU DOFDQ]DGR PD\RU SURIXQGLGDG VL VH KXELHUDHPSRGHUDGRDPD\RUHVJUXSRVGHSREODFLyQ'HWRGDVPDQHUDVă\DSHVDUGHODFHOHUDGR FUHFLPLHQWRXUEDQRXQSURFHVRGH³FRQYHUJHQFLD´HQHOGHVDUUROORPiVHTXLOLEUDGRGHODFLXGDG KD WHQLGR OXJDU HQ %RJRWi GXUDQWH ODV GRV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV /D FRQFHSWXDOL]DFLyQ TXH KDFH OD &RPLVLyQ(FRQyPLFDSDUD$PpULFD/DWLQD\HO&DULEHă&(3$/GHOD³FRQYHUJHQFLD´SODQWHD coyuntura MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA ³/DFRQYHUJHQFLDSURGXFWLYDLPSOLFDFHUUDUODVEUHFKDVGHSURGXFWLYLGDGFRQORVSDtVHV PiV FRPSHWLWLYRV SHUR WDPELpQ UHGXFLU OD KHWHURJHQHLGDG HVWUXFWXUDO LQWHUQD (VWDV EUHFKDVUHODWLYDVDODSURGXFWLYLGDG\ODVRFLHGDGWLHQHQVXVPDSDVHVGHFLUVHSODVPDQ HQODVHJPHQWDFLyQWHUULWRULDO\DODYH]VHQXWUHQGHHOOD'LFKRGHRWURPRGRODVEUHFKDV SURGXFWLYDVWLHQHQVXFRUUHODWRWHUULWRULDO(VDVHJPHQWDFLyQLPSOLFDTXHWDQWRHQFDGD XQRGHORVSDtVHVFRPRHQODUHJLyQHQVXFRQMXQWRHOOXJDUGHUHVLGHQFLDGHXQDSHUVRQD GHWHUPLQDHQEXHQDPHGLGDVXFRQGLFLyQHFRQyPLFD(VWRVPDSDVVRQGLQiPLFRV\KD\ ]RQDVTXHORJUDQDFWLYDUVLQHUJLDVHQWUHVDOWRVGHSURGXFWLYLGDG\XQDPD\RULQWHJUDFLyQ VRFLDOPLHQWUDVTXHDOJXQDVVHPDQWLHQHQUH]DJDGDV\SRFRLQWHJUDGDV\RWUDVFDHQHQ PD\RUHVQLYHOHVGHSREUH]D\PHQRUGLQDPLVPRSURGXFWLYR´1DFLRQHV8QLGDV&(3$/ PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN MEDELLÍN 3URFHVRV VLPLODUHV GH LQWHJUDFLyQ VRFLDO \ SODQHDFLyQ HFRQyPLFD SURVSHFWLYD VH KDQ GDGR HQ 0HGHOOtQ GHVSXpV GH OD H[SHGLFLyQ GH OD &RQVWLWXFLyQ 3ROtWLFD GH (Q VH LQLFLy VX IRUPDOL]DFLyQFRQHO$FXHUGR0XQLFLSDOTXHGHILQLyHO³6LVWHPD0XQLFLSDOGH3ODQHDFLyQ´ DYDQ]DQGR HQ HO SURFHVR GH LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DFLyQ GH OD FRQVXOWD DPSOLD \ OD SDUWLFLSDFLyQ GH ORV PiV GLVWLQWRV HVWDPHQWRV GH OD FLXGDG (VWH SURFHVR KD VLGR FRQWLQXDGR SRU ODV GLIHUHQWHV DGPLQLVWUDFLRQHVGHODFLXGDG\IXHUWHPHQWHLPSXOVDGRSRUODVGRV~OWLPDV6)DMDUGR\$6DOD]DU TXHORKDQFRQYHUWLGRHQHOHPHQWRFHQWUDOGHVXVPHWRGRORJtDVGHJRELHUQR\DFHUFDPLHQWRFRQOD FLXGDGDQtD/D9HHGXUtD0XQLFLSDOGH0HGHOOtQ5HVWUHSRREVHUYDTXHSDUDODDSUREDFLyQ GHO$FXHUGRIXHLPSRUWDQWH ³6H DSURYHFKy DGHPiV XQD FR\XQWXUD GH DSHUWXUD TXH HVWDED YLYLHQGR HO SDtV \ OD FLXGDGSURSLFLDGDSRUODQXHYD&RQVWLWXFLyQ1DFLRQDO\ODUHFLpQH[SHGLGD/H\GH TXHQRVLQGLFDEDTXHGHEtDPRVSDVDUGHXQDSODQHDFLyQEXURFUiWLFDWHFQRFUiWLFDH LQGLFDWLYDDORTXHOD&RQVWLWXFLyQOODPDEDSODQHDFLyQSDUWLFLSDWLYD>«@(O$FXHUGRIXHXQD FRQVWUXFFLyQFROHFWLYD>«@$TXtHVSUHFLVRUHFRUGDUORVSURFHVRVTXHLQLFLyOD&RQVHMHUtD 3UHVLGHQFLDO SDUD 0HGHOOtQ FRPR ORV IRURV FRPXQDOHV ORV 6HPLQDULRV $OWHUQDWLYDV GH )XWXURODVPHVDVGHWUDEDMRTXHVHLQVWDODURQHQODFLXGDG\TXHGXUDURQYDULRVDxRV 3RVWHULRUDpVWRVHLQLFLyHO3ODQ(VWUDWpJLFRSDUD0HGHOOtQ\HOÈUHD0HWURSROLWDQD\ REYLDPHQWHORVSODQHV]RQDOHV>«@/RVSODQHV]RQDOHVWLHQHQXQVHQWLGRPiVHVWUDWpJLFR TXHFR\XQWXUDO\SRUHVRVXYLJHQFLDYDPiVDOOiGHODTXHWLHQHXQSODQGHGHVDUUROOR>«@ HVWiQSHQVDQGRHQODVJUDQGHVSUREOHPiWLFDVGHOWHUULWRULRHOHJLGROpDVHDJUXSDFLyQGH EDUULRVXQDFRPXQDFRUUHJLPLHQWRR]RQDSURSLDPHQWH>«@/D3ODQHDFLyQ3DUWLFLSDWLYD KD ORJUDGR HQ HVWD FLXGDG MXQWDU DJHQWHV WDQ GLVWLQWRV SRU HMHPSOR HQ HO &RQVHMR GH 3ODQHDFLyQ FRPR ORV UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GH OD $1', >$VRFLDFLyQ GH ,QGXVWULDOHV@ GH OD >@ análisis político nº 74, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2012: págs. 29 - 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48 MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA Jaime Torres-González SUREOHPDVTXHQXHYDPHQWHHVWiQGHWHULRUDQGRODFDOLGDGGHYLGD\ODFRPSHWLWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFD GH %RJRWi VH DQDOL]DUiQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ GLIHUHQWHV LQGLFDGRUHV GHO VLVWHPD GH WUDQVSRUWH GH PRYLOLGDG FLXGDGDQD \ VH HVWDEOHFHUiQ FRPSDUDFLRQHV FRQ H[SHULHQFLDV GH RWUDV FLXGDGHV GHO SDtV\GH6XUDPpULFD LOS SISTEMAS MASIVOS DE TRANSPORTE EN CIUDADES SURAMERICANAS (OFDRVHQHOWUDQVSRUWHTXHVHKDDSRGHUDGRGHODPD\RUtDGHFLXGDGHVGHUiSLGRFUHFLPLHQWR KDREOLJDGRDVXVJRELHUQRV\DVXVIXHU]DVYLYDVDGLVHxDU\DSOLFDUYHUGDGHURV³VLVWHPDV´GH WUDQVSRUWHPDVLYR(QODWDEODVHSUHVHQWDQORVVLVWHPDVGHWUDQVSRUWHPDVLYRDGLFLRQDOHVDO VLVWHPDWUDGLFLRQDOGHUXWDVXUEDQDVGHEXVHV\DODVDXWRSLVWDVSDUDYHKtFXORVSDUWLFXODUHVHQ FLQFRPHWUySROLVVXUDPHULFDQDV Tabla 1. Sistemas de transporte masivo urbano en cinco ciudades Suramericanas >@ &LXGDG 6DQWLDJR&KLOH %XHQRV$LUHV &DUDFDV %RJRWi 0HGHOOtQ 7RWDO3DVDMHURV .PGH $xR GtDPLOHV 6LVWHPD 9tDV LQLFLR 0HWUR6ROREXV VG 0HWUR7UHQ5HJLRQDO VG 0HWUR0HWURFDEOHPHWUREXV 6ROREXV VG 0HWUR&DEOH6ROREXV 3REODFLyQ Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de información de: Transportes de Buenos Aires, Metro Santiago, Metro de Caracas, Transmilenio y Metro de Medellín. Nota 1: Para Santiago no se incluyen las rutas del sistema “Transantiago” de Solobus, ni para Buenos Aires las rutas de trenes regionales. Nota 2: Para Bogotá no se incluye a Soacha, que está próxima a ser conectada a la ruta del Transmilenio. “Km. de Vías” en Bogotá corresponde a vías troncales. Nota 3: Para Medellín se suma la población de Bello, Itagüí y Envigado, que son servidas por el Metro. (Q OD WDEOD VH DSUHFLD TXH FLXGDGHV FRPR %XHQRV $LUHV LQLFLDURQ RSHUDFLRQHV GH VX 7UHQ 0HWURSROLWDQR6XEWHUUiQHRWHPSUDQDPHQWHHQ(Q6DQWLDJRGH&KLOHHO0HWURVHLQDXJXUy HQ\FXHQWDFRQODVHJXQGDUHGGHVSXpVGH&LXGDGGH0p[LFRPiVDPSOLDGH/DWLQRDPpULFD HQ&DUDFDVDUUDQFyRSHUDFLRQHVHQ\KDH[SHULPHQWDGRUHFLHQWHVDPSOLDFLRQHV\HQ0HGHOOtQ VHLQDXJXUyHOVHUYLFLRHQ(OVLVWHPDGH%RJRWiQRHVGHWUHQHVVLQRGHDXWREXVHV\IXH LQDXJXUDGR HO DxR 6L VH DQDOL]DQ ORV FXEULPLHQWRV TXH RIUHFHQ D OD SREODFLyQ GH FDGD FLXGDGWHQHPRV análisis político nº 74, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2012: págs. 29 - 48 MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA Gráfica 2. Cubrimiento de población por sistemas masivos de transporte Ciudades de Suramérica 35% 30% coyuntura Jaime Torres-González 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Santiago Chile Bs. Aires Caracas Bogotá Medellín, Bello, Itag, Env. Fuentes: (DANE, 2011), (INE, 2011), (Guía.com.ve, 2011), (www.argentina.ar, 2011) y páginas web Transportes de Buenos Aires, Metro Santiago, Metro de Caracas, Transmilenio y Metro de Medellín. &RPRVHDSUHFLDHQOD*UiILFDHOQ~PHURGH³3DVDMHURV'tD´UHSRUWDGRVSRUODVHPSUHVDVGH FDGDFLXGDGUHODFLRQDGRFRQHOWRWDOGHKDELWDQWHVGHFDGDXQDDUURMDHOFXEULPLHQWRSHUFiSLWD GHORVVLVWHPDVPDVLYRVHVGHFLUHOSRUFHQWDMHGHODSREODFLyQGHODFLXGDGTXHHVWUDQVSRUWDGR GLDULDPHQWHSRUORVVLVWHPDVLQWHJUDGRV&RQHVWHLQGLFDGRUGHFXEULPLHQWRGHORVXVXDULRVVH REVHUYDTXHODFLXGDGGH&DUDFDVSUHVHQWDHOPD\RUtQGLFHVHJXLGDSRU6DQWLDJRGH&KLOH %RJRWi0HGHOOtQ\%XHQRV$LUHV >@ (OEDMRFXEULPLHQWRGHO0HWURGH%XHQRV$LUHVHQOD]RQDFHQWUDOFRQWUDVWDFRQVXDQWLJHGDG HYLGHQFLDQGRTXHODLQYHUVLyQHQORVVLVWHPDVS~EOLFRVPDVLYRVGHWUDQVSRUWHGHEHVHUFRQWLQXD \TXHSXHGHUH]DJDUVHFRQUHVSHFWRDODSREODFLyQ6LQHPEDUJRVX³6XEWHUUiQHR´VHHQFXHQWUD HQSURFHVRGHDPSOLDFLyQ\VHWUDEDMDHQQXHYDVOtQHDVTXHVHVXPDUiQDODVH[LVWHQWHVODV FXDOHVHVWiQFRQHFWDGDVFRQHOVXEVLVWHPDGHWUHQHVUHJLRQDOHV/DHVWUXFWXUDGHWUDQVSRUWHHVWi FRPSOHPHQWDGD SRU GRV DQWLJXDV OtQHDV GH 7UDQYtD \ SRU OD UHG GH DXWRSLVWDV GH DFFHVR D OD FLXGDGXVDGDSUHIHUHQWHPHQWHSRUORVDXWRVSULYDGRV'HVGHHODxRVHLQLFLyHOSURFHVRGH XQLILFDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDGHSDJRGHSDVDMHVLQFOX\HQGRHQXQVRORYDORUHOYLDMHHQ0HWURHQWUHQHV UHJLRQDOHV\HQEXVHVFROHFWLYRV (O0HWURGH&DUDFDVKDVLGRUHFLHQWHPHQWHDPSOLDGR\PXHVWUDHOPD\RUFXEULPLHQWRHQWUHORV VLVWHPDVPDVLYRVFRQVLGHUDGRVHQOD*UiILFD&XHQWDDFWXDOPHQWHFRQFRQH[LyQDOUHFLHQWHPHQWH FRQVWUXLGRVLVWHPDGH0HWUR&DEOH\FRQFRQH[LRQHVDGLFLRQDOHVVHUYLGDVSRUXQFRQJHVWLRQDGR \OHQWRVHUYLFLRGHUXWDVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHEXVHVFROHFWLYRV\FDPSHURV (O0HWURGH6DQWLDJRGH&KLOHKDVLGRGHVGHHOFRPSOHPHQWDGRFRQXQVXEVLVWHPDGHEXVHV TXHFRPELQDWURQFDOHVGH6ROREXVYtDVH[FOXVLYDVSDUDEXVHVGHVHUYLFLRS~EOLFRHQKRUDVSLFR análisis político nº 74, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2012: págs. 29 - 48 MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA Jaime Torres-González \RWUDVYtDVFRPSDUWLGDVFRQORVYHKtFXORVGHODFLXGDG$FWXDOPHQWHVHWUDEDMDHQGRVOtQHDVGHO 0HWURDGLFLRQDOHVGH.PTXHVHHVSHUDQGDUDOVHUYLFLRHQ'HVGHHODxRODFLXGDG FXHQWD FRQ .P GH JUDQGHV DXWRSLVWDV XUEDQDV VXMHWDV DO SDJR GH SHDMH TXH SHUPLWHQ XQ DPSOLRIOXMRGHYHKtFXORVSDUWLFXODUHV /RV VLVWHPDV PDVLYRV PiV UHFLHQWHV GH OD PXHVWUD DQDOL]DGD JUiILFD FRUUHVSRQGHQ D ORV FRORPELDQRV DOFDQ]DQGR XQ FXEULPLHQWR GH XQD TXLQWD SDUWH GH OD SREODFLyQ WRWDO GH FDGD FLXGDGHVGHFLUFHUFDGHPLOORQHVGHYLDMHVGLDULRVHQ%RJRWi\PLOORQHVHQ0HGHOOtQ\VXV FLXGDGHVYHFLQDVLQGLFDQGRTXHHVWRVVLVWHPDVKDQHQWUDGRHQFRUWRWLHPSRDFXPSOLUXQDYLWDO IXQFLyQHQODPRYLOLGDGGHODFLXGDGDQtD(VWHSRVLWLYRFRPSRUWDPLHQWRKDVLGRSRVLEOHHQSDUWH SRUORVSURFHVRVGHSODQHDFLyQSURVSHFWLYDTXHVHKDQGDGRHQHVDVGRVFLXGDGHVFRORPELDQDV TXHKDQSUR\HFWDGRODVQHFHVLGDGHVSUHVHQWHV\IXWXUDVGHVXVKDELWDQWHVHLQYHUWLGRHQVLVWHPDV HVWUXFWXUDGRVGHWUDQVSRUWHPDVLYR 6LQHPEDUJRODFRQJHVWLyQXUEDQDFRQWLQ~DVLHQGRXQSUREOHPDHQWRGDVODVFLXGDGHVDQDOL]DGDV HQJUDQSDUWHGHELGRDTXHQXHVWUDVXUEHVKDQFUHFLGRPX\UiSLGD\GHVRUGHQDGDPHQWHVHOHV KDQGHMDGRSRFRHVSDFLRSDUDYtDVFRQFHQWUDQPXFKDJHQWH\HOQ~PHURGHQXHYRVYHKtFXORV SDUWLFXODUHVTXHLQJUHVDQDOVLVWHPDHVH[SORVLYR(QODVFLXGDGHV6XUDPHULFDQDVDQDOL]DGDVVH HQFXHQWUDXQJUDQGHVEDODQFHHQWUHHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHOSDUTXHDXWRPRWRU\ODLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDYLDO FRPRYHUHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ >@ Ć 'HDFXHUGRFRQOD$VRFLDFLyQGH)iEULFDV$UJHQWLQDVGH&RPSRQHQWHV>DXWRPRWRUHV@$)$& HOSDUTXHDXWRPRWRUHQ$UJHQWLQDSDVyGHPLOORQHVHQDPLOORQHVHOPLHQWUDV TXHHQHOPLVPRSHUtRGRODVUHGQDFLRQDOGHYtDVSDVyGH.PD.P/D1XHYD 3URYLQFLDFRP(VGHFLUXQLQFUHPHQWRGHOHQDXWRV9VXQLQFUHPHQWRGHOHQ UHGYLDOQDFLRQDO/RVQXHYRVYHKtFXORVDXPHQWDURQVyORHQHQXQLGDGHV(OiUHD %XHQRV$LUHV5HJLyQFRQFHQWUDHOGHOWRWDOGHYHKtFXORVGHOSDtV$)$& Ć 3DUD 6DQWLDJR GH &KLOH HO ,QVWLWXWR 1DFLRQDO GH (VWDGtVWLFDV,1( UHSRUWD XQ WRWDO GH PLOORQHVGHYHKtFXORVHQSULYDGRVGHFDUJD\GHSDVDMHURVFRQFUHFLPLHQWR DQXDOGHOGXUDQWHORV~OWLPRVDxRVPLHQWUDVTXHODSREODFLyQGHOiUHDFUHFLyDO DQXDOPHQWHHQLJXDOSHUtRGR(VWDVGLQiPLFDVLPSOLFDQTXHHQHOKLSRWpWLFRFDVRGHFRQWLQXDU GLFKDVWHQGHQFLDVODSREODFLyQVHGXSOLFDUtDHQDxRVPLHQWUDVTXHORVYHKtFXORVORKDUtDQ HQVyORDxRV6DQWLDJRFRQFHQWUDHOGHOWRWDOGHYHKtFXORVGH&KLOH3DUTXH9HKLFXODU HQ&LUFXODFLyQ,1( Ć (Q HO FDVR GH &DUDFDV HO ,QVWLWXWR 1DFLRQDO GH 7UiQVLWR \ 7UDQVSRUWH 7HUUHVWUH,1777 GH 9HQH]XHODLQIRUPyTXHHOGHORVPLOORQHVGHYHKtFXORVGHOSDtVHVWDEDQHQHO UHJLVWUDGRVHQ&DUDFDVPLOORQHV$pVWRVFDOFXODODHQWLGDGTXHVHOHVXPDQPLOORQHV TXHGLDULDPHQWHVHGHVSOD]DQGHVGHSREODFLRQHVYHFLQDVSDUDDFXPXODUFHUFDGHPLOORQHV GH YHKtFXORV FLUFXODQGR SRU VX iUHD PHWURSROLWDQD OR TXH KDFH TXH OD YHORFLGDG SURPHGLR VHD GH VyOR .PKRUD 6L VH FRQVLGHUD TXH HQ &DUDFDV KDEtD HQ UHJLVWUDGRV PLO YHKtFXORV OD WDVD DQXDO GH FUHFLPLHQWR GHO SDUTXH DXWRPRWRU VH DFHUFD DO DQXDO /DV YtDVXUEDQDVSUiFWLFDPHQWHQRKDQFUHFLGRHQORV~OWLPRVDxRV\HOGHORVYHKtFXORV FLUFXODQWHVFRUUHVSRQGHQDDXWRVSULYDGRV\PRWRV*XtDFRPYH&OXE$YHR9HQH]XHOD análisis político nº 74, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2012: págs. 29 - 48 MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA 7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD HVWD WHQGHQFLD PXQGLDO GH FUHFLPLHQWR H[SORVLYR GHO SDUTXH DXWRPRWRU ² HVSHFLDOPHQWH PDUFDGD HQ ODV FRQJHVWLRQDGDV FLXGDGHV GHO PXQGR HQ GHVDUUROOR² QR HV GH H[WUDxDUODFRQFOXVLyQGHOHVWXGLR'HVDItRVGHODV0HJDFLXGDGHVUHDOL]DGRHQODVFLXGDGHVPiV JUDQGHVGHOSODQHWD ³(OWUDQVSRUWHUHEDVDWRGDVODVGHPiVSUHRFXSDFLRQHVGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUD(OWUDQVSRUWH HPHUJHSRUDPSOLRPDUJHQFRPRHOPD\RUGHVDItRGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDGHXQDPHJDFLXGDG (VWDHVHOiUHDGHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDTXHORVLQWHUHVDGRVFUHHQTXHWLHQHHOPD\RULPSDFWR VREUHODFRPSHWLWLYLGDGGHXQDFLXGDG7DPELpQHVWiQPX\FRQVFLHQWHVGHVXLPSDFWR DPELHQWDOSRUHMHPSORODFRQWDPLQDFLyQGHODLUH\HVWiQDIDYRUGHVROXFLRQHVGHWUiQVLWR PDVLYR PiV HFROyJLFDV $GHPiV QR UHVXOWD VRUSUHQGHQWH HQFRQWUDU TXH HO WUDQVSRUWH WDPELpQHPHUJHFRPRODSULQFLSDOSULRULGDGSDUDODLQYHUVLyQ´05&0F/HDQ+D]HO *OREH6FDQ coyuntura Jaime Torres-González CRECIMIENTO DEL PARQUE AUTOMOTOR EN CIUDADES COLOMBIANAS (OFUHFLPLHQWRUiSLGR\XVXDOPHQWHHVSRQWiQHRGHODPD\RUtDGHODVFLXGDGHVFRORPELDQDVKD GHWHUPLQDGR TXH OD FUHFLHQWH FLUFXODFLyQ GH YHKtFXORV SDUWLFXODUHV \ S~EOLFRV FRQJHVWLRQH VXV YtDV DXPHQWDQGR ORV WLHPSRV GH GHVSOD]DPLHQWR HO HVWUpV GH ODV \ ORV FLXGDGDQRV HO PD\RU FRQVXPRGHFRPEXVWLEOHVFRQODUHVXOWDQWHFRQWDPLQDFLyQGLVPLQX\HQGRODFDOLGDGGHYLGD\OD FRPSHWLWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFDGHODVXUEHV(QODHQXQFLDFLyQGHODFRQWUDWDFLyQGHO3ODQ0DHVWURGH 0RYLOLGDGGH%DUUDQTXLOODVHOHH ³(O FUHFLPLHQWR TXH KD WHQLGR OD FLXGDG VXPDGR D OD DXVHQFLD R GHILFLHQFLDV HQ OD SODQHDFLyQGHODPRYLOLGDGJHQHUDQSUREOHPDVHQODRSHUDFLyQGHORVGLIHUHQWHVDFWRUHV FRQGXFWRUHVSHDWRQHV\SDVDMHURVGHELGRDTXHODHVWUXFWXUDDFWXDOQRIXQFLRQDFRPR XQVLVWHPDLQWHJUDGRIDOWDDUWLFXODFLyQHQWUHORVVXEVLVWHPDVH[LVWHQWHV\DGHPiVIDOWD GLVHxRHLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHRWURVFRPRHOGHSDUTXHDGHURVLQWHUFDPELDGRUHVPRGDOHV ORJtVWLFDHQWUHRWURV´$OFDOGtDGH%DUUDQTXLOOD >@ /D YHOR] FRQJHVWLyQ GH ODV FLXGDGHV FRORPELDQDV VH KD DJXGL]DGR D UDt] GH OD DSHUWXUD GH OD HFRQRPtD DO FRPHUFLR LQWHUQDFLRQDO GHVGH FRPLHQ]RV GH OD GpFDGD GH HQ OD PHGLGD HQ TXH VH KD SURGXFLGR XQ DEDUDWDPLHQWR UHODWLYR GH ORV YHKtFXORV DXWRPRWRUHV PXOWLSOLFiQGRVH UiSLGDPHQWH HO SDUTXH DXWRPRWRU GHO SDtV -DUDPLOOR HW DO (Q OD *UiILFD VH DSUHFLD OD HYROXFLyQ GHO SDUTXH DXWRPRWRUHTXLYDOHQWH GH OD FLXGDG GH %RJRWi FDOFXODGR D SDUWLU GH ODVHVWDGtVWLFDV GH YHKtFXORV UHJLVWUDGRV HQ OD FLXGDG \ PRGLILFDGR SRU HO DXWRUFRQXQtQGLFH GHRFXSDFLyQGHYtDVTXHDUURMDXQDXQLGDGGHDXWRPRWRUGHQRPLQDGD³YHKtFXORHTXLYDOHQWH´ VHJ~QORVVLJXLHQWHVFULWHULRV Ć 6HDVXPHHOHVSDFLRXWLOL]DGRSRUXQDXWRPyYLOSURPHGLRFRPROD³XQLGDG´&DGDYHKtFXORVH PXOWLSOLFDSRUXQtQGLFHGHRFXSDFLyQGHYtDVHJ~QVXWDPDxRDVtDXWRPyYLO FDPSHUR FDPLRQHWD EXVHWD YROTXHWD\EXV WUDFWRFDPLyQ PRWR Ć 6HDVXPHTXHORVYHKtFXORVGHWRGDVODVFODVHV\WDPDxRVFRPSLWHQSRUXQHVSDFLRHQODYtDDO PLVPRWLHPSRKRUDSLFR (OQ~PHURGHYHKtFXORVUHSRUWDGRSRU0LQWUDQVSRUWHVHPXOWL SOLFDSRUORVIDFWRUHVGHVFULWRVORTXHDUURMDXQQ~PHURGH³YHKtFXORV HTXLYDOHQWHV´PiVFHUFDQRDOHVSDFLRTXHHOORVRFXSDQHQODVYtDVGHODFLXGDG análisis político nº 74, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2012: págs. 29 - 48 MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA Jaime Torres-González Ć (OSDUTXHDXWRPRWRUURGDQWHVHDXPHQWyHQXQSDUDLQFOXLUORVYHKtFXORVPDWULFXODGRVHQ RWUDVORFDOLGDGHVSHURTXHFLUFXODQHQODFDSLWDO Gráfica 3. Crecimiento del parque automotor de Bogotá entre 1993 y 2010 (N° de Vehículos-equivalentes). >@ Fuente: Cálculos del autor, con base en estadísticas del Ministerio de Transporte, de diversos años. www.mintransporte.gov. co:8080/inflinea/infAutomotores.aspx 6HDSUHFLDQHQODJUiILFD1ĈGRVKHFKRVSDOSDEOHV Ć (O FUHFLPLHQWR GH ORV YHKtFXORV SDUWLFXODUHV DXWRPyYLOHV FDPSHURV FDPLRQHWDV HV VXSUHPDPHQWHYHOR]DXPHQWDQGRHQQ~PHURVXSHULRUDODVXQLGDGHVDQXDOHVGXUDQWH ORVWUHV~OWLPRVDxRV Ć (O HVSDFLR RFXSDGR SRU ORV YHKtFXORV GH WUDQVSRUWH GH SDVDMHURV \ GH FDUJD FUHFH SURSRUFLRQDOPHQWH PXFKR PHQRV TXH ORV SDUWLFXODUHV OOHJDQGR HVFDVDPHQWH D ORV YHKtFXORVHTXLYDOHQWHV9VGHSDUWLFXODUHVHTXLYDOHQWHV\PRWRVHTXLYDOHQWHV 6LVHFRQVLGHUDHO³HIHFWRSLFR\SODFD´HVGHFLUODUHGXFFLyQGHOHVSDFLRRFXSDGRSRUORVYHKtFXORV GHVHUYLFLRSDUWLFXODUGHELGRDHVDUHVWULFFLyQFDOFXODGDHQXQHOtQGLFHGHRFXSDFLyQGH YtDVVLJXHVLHQGRVXVWDQFLDOPHQWHPiVHOHYDGRSDUDORVSDUWLFXODUHVDFHUFiQGRVHDORV YHKtFXORV9VSDUDEXVHVEXVHWDV\WUDQVSRUWHGHFDUJDRVHDXQGHRFXSDFLyQGHO HVSDFLR (Q HVWRV FiOFXORV VH LQFOX\H SRFR PHQRV GH XQ GH RFXSDFLyQ GH HVSDFLR SDUD HO FUHFLHQWHSDUTXHGHPRWRFLFOHWDV /D6HFUHWDUtD'LVWULWDOGH0RYLOLGDGLQGLFyDSULQFL SLRVGHOTXH³/DWRWDOLGDGGHOSDUTXHDXWRPRWRUUHJLVWUDGDHQODFLXGDGOOHJD DPLOOyQPLOYHKtFXORV\FRQWDQGRORVPDWULFXODGRVHQRWUDVFLXGDGHVVHHVWLPDTXHFLUFXODQHQODFLXGDGFHUFDGHPLOOyQ PLO YHKtFXORV´ ZZZPRYLOLGDGERJRWDJRYFR 6HJ~Q ORV GDWRV GHO 0LQLVWHULR GH 7UDQVSRUWH XWLOL]DGRV HO WRWDO GH YHKtFXORV PDWULFXODGRVHQ%RJRWiHQWUH\LQFOX\HQGRPRWRVOOHJDDXQLGDGHV /RVFiOFXORVKDOODGRVSRUHOHVWXGLRGH-DUDPLOORHWDODUURMDURQXQGHRFXSDFLyQGHHVSDFLRSRUYHKtFXORVSDUWLFXODUHVHQ ODVFLXGDGHVFRORPELDQDV análisis político nº 74, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2012: págs. 29 - 48 MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA 'H FXDOTXLHU IRUPD TXH VH PLGD OD DFXPXODFLyQ GH YHKtFXORV SDUWLFXODUHV ²D~Q FRQVLGHUDQGR ODVGLIHUHQFLDVHQODVHVWDGtVWLFDVRILFLDOHV²VHSXHGHFRQFOXLUTXHODDGTXLVLFLyQGHDXWRVQXHYRV SUHVHQWDXQDDOWDHODVWLFLGDGUHVSHFWRGHOLQJUHVRGHODV\ORVERJRWDQRV\PX\SUREDEOHPHQWH HVWLPXODGD SRU OD PHGLGD GH ³SLFR \ SODFD´ /DPHQWDEOHPHQWH GLFKD HODVWLFLGDG QR VH SXHGH DSOLFDUDODVYtDVGHODFLXGDGODVFXDOHVHVFDVDPHQWHFUHFHQFDGDDxR$GHPiVVXHVWDGRQRHVHO PHMRU6HJ~QHVWXGLRGLULJLGRSRUHOLQJHQLHUR-RUJH$FHYHGRGHORV.PFDUULO GH%RJRWiVyORHOVHHQFXHQWUDQHQEXHQHVWDGRHOHQUHJXODU\HOHQPDOHVWDGR 6XV FiOFXORVUHVSHFWRGHOSUHVXSXHVWRGHO,QVWLWXWRGH'HVDUUROOR8UEDQRă,'8SDUDHOPDQWHQLPLHQWR YLDOLQGLFDQTXHGLVSRQHGHPHQRVGHOGHODILQDQFLDFLyQQHFHVDULDSDUDUHFXSHUDUODPDOODYLDO GHWHULRUDGDELOORQHV9VELOORQHVGHO coyuntura Jaime Torres-González $OFRQVLGHUDUODHYROXFLyQGHOSDUTXHDXWRPRWRUSULYDGR\GHVHUYLFLRS~EOLFRUHJLVWUDGRHQODV SULQFLSDOHVFLXGDGHVFRORPELDQDVHQVHLVIHFKDVHQWUH\WHQHPRV Gráfica 4. Autos, camionetas y camperos años 1993, 95, 98, 2001, 05 y 2009 (Parque de vehículos en 4 ciudades) >@ Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de Ministerio de Transportes – Estadísticas Parque Automotor. Unidades de Vehículos. www. mintransporte.gov.co:8080/inflinea/infAutomotores.aspx (O,'8UHSRUWDTXHDGLFLHPEUHGHKDEtDXQGHODPDOODYLDOGH%RJRWiHQEXHQHVWDGRXQHQUHJXODUHVWDGR\XQ GHWHULRUDGD9HU)RUPXODFLyQGHO3ODQ0DHVWURGH0RYLOLGDGSDUD%RJRWiGLVSRQLEOHHQZZZLGXJRYFRDEULO análisis político nº 74, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2012: págs. 29 - 48 MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA Jaime Torres-González Gráfica 5. Buses,busetas y micros años 1993, 95, 98, 2001, 05 y 2009 (Parque de vehículos en 4 ciudades) Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de Ministerio de Transportes – Estadísticas Parque Automotor. Unidades de Vehículos. www. mintransporte.gov.co:8080/inflinea/infAutomotores.aspx >@ (QODVJUiILFDV\VHSXHGHFRQVWDWDUTXHHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHOSDUTXHDXWRPRWRUGHDXWRPyYLOHV FDPSHURV \ FDPLRQHWDV DVt FRPR GH EXVHV \ VLPLODUHV HV UiSLGR \ JHQHUDO HQ ODV SULQFLSDOHV FLXGDGHVGHOSDtVFRQWULEX\HQGRDOYHOR]FRQJHVWLRQDPLHQWRGHODVHVFDVDVYtDV/DFRQJHVWLyQ TXHHOURGDPLHQWRGHHVRVYHKtFXORVSURGXFHHQODVFDOOHVGHODVFLXGDGHVVHSXHGHGLPHQVLRQDU FRPSDUDWLYDPHQWHHQFDGDFLXGDGVHJ~QODVVLJXLHQWHVUHODFLRQHV³9HKtFXORV3REODFLyQ´ Ć %DUUDQTXLOOD WLHQH PHQRV GH OD PLWDG GH KDELWDQWHV TXH 0HGHOOtQ VLQ HPEDUJR HO Q~PHUR GHYHKtFXORVSDUWLFXODUHVPDWULFXODGRVHQDPEDVFLXGDGHVHVVLPLODUPLHQWUDVTXHORVEXVHV PDWULFXODGRVHQ%DUUDQTXLOODGXSOLFDQORVGH0HGHOOtQ Ć &DOLFDVLGXSOLFDD0HGHOOtQHQQ~PHURGHYHKtFXORVSDUWLFXODUHV\S~EOLFRVGREOHRFXSDFLyQ GHHVSDFLRHQODVYtDVWHQLHQGRSUiFWLFDPHQWHHOPLVPRQ~PHURGHKDELWDQWHV (QODWDEODVHSXHGHQDSUHFLDUORVFRHILFLHQWHV³+DELWDQWHVSRU9HKtFXOR´\ODV³9HFHV´TXHOD WDVDGHFUHFLPLHQWRGHYHKtFXORVVXSHUDGXUDQWHORV~OWLPRVDxRVDOFUHFLPLHQWRGHODSREODFLyQ Tabla 2. Tasa de crecimiento poblacional y de vehículos en cinco ciudades colombianas 7$6$$18$/'(&5(&,0,(172(175(\ %RJRWi &DOL 0HGHOOtQ %TXLOOD %PDQJD 3REODFLyQ 9HKtFXORV &UHF9HKtF &UHF3REODF 9HFHV Fuente: Elaboración propia a partir de Dane (Población) y Mintransporte (Parque vehicular). análisis político nº 74, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2012: págs. 29 - 48 1R3HUVRQDV; 9HKtFXOR(TXLY $xR Jaime Torres-González 3DUDWRGDVODVFLXGDGHVHOFUHFLPLHQWRGHORVYHKtFXORVVXSHUDDPSOLDPHQWHDOGHODSREODFLyQ (VWHKHFKRQRFRQVWLWXLUtDQLQJ~QSUREOHPD²HLQFOXVLYHDOJXQRVORFRQVLGHUDQXQLQGLFDGRUGHO PHMRUDPLHQWRGHODFDOLGDGGHYLGD²VLODFRQJHVWLyQHQODVYtDVQRVHYROYLHUDSUREOHPiWLFDR LQVRSRUWDEOH\VLODFDOLGDGGHODLUHXUEDQRQRVHGHWHULRUDUDDFHOHUDGDPHQWH&RPRVHDSUHFLD HQ OD 7DEOD GXUDQWH ORV ~OWLPRV GLH] DxRV ORV YHKtFXORV FUHFLHURQ \ YHFHV PiV UiSLGR TXHODSREODFLyQHQODVWUHVFLXGDGHVPD\RUHVPLHQWUDVTXHHQ%DUUDQTXLOOD\%XFDUDPDQJDOD VXSHUDURQ SRU\YHFHV6LFRPSDUDPRVHOQ~PHURGHSHUVRQDVGHFDGDFLXGDGSRUFDGD YHKtFXORHQFRQWUDPRVTXH%RJRWi\%XFDUDPDQJDSUHVHQWDQHOPHQRUQLYHOGHSHUVRQDVSRUDXWR HVGHFLUORVYHKtFXORVH[LJHQPD\RUHVSDFLRYLDO\DSRUWDQPiVDODFRQJHVWLyQGHOWUiQVLWR(Q VLWXDFLyQLQWHUPHGLDVHHQFXHQWUDQ&DOL\%DUUDQTXLOODPLHQWUDVTXHHQ0HGHOOtQH[LVWHODPHQRU FRQWULEXFLyQGHRFXSDFLyQGHYtDVSRUORVDXWRPRWRUHVKDELWDQWHVSRUFDGDYHKtFXOROHMRVGH ODVGHPiVXUEHV (VWDVLWXDFLyQQRVHSURGXFHSRUFDVXDOLGDGRVyORSRUODWRSRJUDItDPRQWDxRVDGHEXHQDSDUWH GH0HGHOOtQVLQRTXHHVWiGLUHFWDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGDFRQHOKHFKRGHTXHHVODFLXGDGTXHPiV LQYHUVLyQ \ PD\RU SUHYLVLyQ KD WHQLGR HQ HO PRQWDMH GH XQ 6LVWHPD ,QWHJUDGR GH 7UDQVSRUWH 0DVLYR(Q0HGHOOtQDGHPiVGHO0HWURWHUPLQDGRHQVHLQVWDODURQGHVGHHOGRVHMHV GHFDEOHDpUHR0HWURFDEOHTXHFRQHFWDQHO0HWURFRQiUHDVGHQVDPHQWHSREODGDVGHORVFHUURV GH OD FLXGDG 7DPELpQ OD HPSUHVD GH WUDQVSRUWH GH OD FLXGDGUHJLyQ (PSUHVD GH 7UDQVSRUWH 0DVLYRGHO9DOOHGHO$EXUUi/WGDFRQLQYHUVLyQGH$OFDOGtDVGH0HGHOOtQ,WDJt\(QYLJDGR PiV0HWURPHGHOOtQHVWiLQYLUWLHQGRLQJHQWHVUHFXUVRVHQXQVLVWHPDFRPSOHPHQWDULRGHEXVHV 0HWURSO~VVLPLODUDO7UDQVPLOHQLR\TXHFRQHFWDDOUDPDOSULQFLSDOGHO0HWUR\VHSODQHDSDUD XQFRUWRSOD]RDxRODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHWUHQHVHOpFWULFRVOLJHURVWUDQYtDVSDUDLQWHJUDUPiV HOVLVWHPD\SUHVWDUXQPHMRUVHUYLFLR coyuntura MOVILIDAD Y PLANEACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA EN BOGOTÁ Y MEDELLÍN: RELACIÓN CON CIUDADES DE COLOMBIA Y SURAMÉRICA >@ (QHVWDVFRQGLFLRQHVQRHVGHH[WUDxDUTXHHQXQDFLXGDGFRQWRSRJUDItDGLItFLOFRQXQPHMRUDGR VHUYLFLRGHWUDQVSRUWHPDVLYRTXHHVUHQRYDGRFRQVWDQWH\FUHDWLYDPHQWHVHSUHVHQWHXQHVWtPXOR SDUDTXHHODXWRPyYLOLQGLYLGXDOQRVHFRQVWLWX\DHQODDOWHUQDWLYDGHVHDEOHDYHFHVOD~QLFDSDUD PXFKRVGHVXVKDELWDQWHV/DVFRQVLGHUDFLRQHVTXHKDQWHQLGRODVDXWRULGDGHV\FRPXQLGDGHVGH 0HGHOOtQSDUDSULYLOHJLDUODLQYHUVLyQHQHILFLHQWHVVLVWHPDVLQWHJUDGRVGHWUDQVSRUWHS~EOLFRVRQ FRPSDUWLGDVFRQORVUHVXOWDGRVGHOHVWXGLRFLWDGR'HVDItRVGHODV0HJDFLXGDGHVUHDOL]DGRHQODV FLXGDGHVPiVJUDQGHVGHOSODQHWD ³$XQTXHODVGHFLVLRQHVVREUHLQYHUVLyQHQHOWUDQVSRUWHGHSHQGHQVREUHWRGRGHFRQVLGHUDFLRQHV HFRQyPLFDV \ GH HPSOHR GH DFXHUGR FRQ QXHVWURV HVSHFLDOLVWDV HQ WUDQVSRUWH ORV LPSDFWRV DPELHQWDOHV WDPELpQ VRQ FRQVLGHUDGRV LPSRUWDQWHV SRU WUHV FXDUWRV GH ORV HQFXHVWDGRV 3UREDEOHPHQWH HVWD HV OD UD]yQ FODYH GH SRU TXp OD YDVWD PD\RUtD GH ORV HVSHFLDOLVWDV HQ WUDQVSRUWH SUHGLFHQ TXH VXV FLXGDGHV HQIDWL]DUiQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH XQD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD GH WUDQVSRUWH PDVLYR SRU HQFLPD GH DXWRV \ PRWRFLFOHWDV SRU XQ PDUJHQ GH D ´ 05& 0F/HDQ+D]HO*OREH6FDQ $OFRQWUDVWDUORVVLVWHPDVGHWUDQVSRUWHGHODVFLXGDGHVFRORPELDQDVLQJHQLHURVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG GHO9DOOHFRQFOX\HQTXH ³(OWUDQVSRUWHXUEDQRHQ&RORPELDUHSUHVHQWDHORULJHQGHXQDGHODVGLVSDULGDGHVVRFLR HFRQyPLFDVPiVJUDQGHVGHOSDtVQRHVMXVWRTXHTXLHQHVUHDOL]DQHOGHORVYLDMHV XUEDQRVXWLOLFHQHOGHODLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDYLDOGHODVFLXGDGHVSULQFLSDOHVDGHPiVXQ WUDQVSRUWH S~EOLFR HILFLHQWH VHJXUR \ FRQ H[FHOHQWHV FXDOLGDGHV GH VHUYLFLR HV DSHQDV XQHVODEyQGHQWURGHODVROXFLyQGHOSUREOHPDDVtORGHPXHVWUDQORVUHVXOWDGRVGHOD análisis político nº 74, Bogotá, enero-abril, 2012: págs. 29 - 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