UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID TESIS DOCTORAL Desarrollo de Sistemas de Instrumentación Avanzados para la Caracterización y Optimización de Pantallas de Cristal Líquido Autor: José Isidro Santos García Director: José Manuel Sánchez Pena DEPARTAMENTO DE TECNOLOGÍA ELECTRÓNICA Leganés, julio de 2011 TESIS DOCTORAL Desarrollo de Sistemas de Instrumentación Avanzados para la Caracterización y Optimización de Pantallas de Cristal Líquido Autor: José Isidro Santos García Director: José Manuel Sánchez Pena Firma del Tribunal Calificador: Firma Presidente: Dr. José Luis Lázaro Galilea Vocal: Dr. Xabier Quintana Arregui Vocal: Dra. Mª Julia Arias Rodríguez Vocal: Dra. Susana Borromeo Secretaria: Dra. Isabel Pérez Garcilópez Calificación: Leganés, 26 de septiembre de 2011 7(6,6'2&725$/'HVDUUROORGH6LVWHPDVGH,QVWUXPHQWDFLyQ$YDQ]DGRVSDUDOD &DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ\2SWLPL]DFLyQGH3DQWDOODVGH&ULVWDO/tTXLGR $PLPXMHU , 7(6,6'2&725$/'HVDUUROORGH6LVWHPDVGH,QVWUXPHQWDFLyQ$YDQ]DGRVSDUDOD &DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ\2SWLPL]DFLyQGH3DQWDOODVGH&ULVWDO/tTXLGR $*5$'(&,0,(1726 'HERFRPHQ]DUDJUDGHFLHQGRD-RVp0DQXHO6iQFKH]3HQDGLUHFWRUGHHVWD WHVLV HQ SULPHU OXJDU HO DSR\R SHUVRQDO TXH GH pO KH GLVIUXWDGR VX FRPSUHQVLyQ\RULHQWDFLyQHQORVDYDQFHVTXHKHLGRUHDOL]DQGRDORODUJR GHOSURFHVRTXHDKRUDWHUPLQD\VXOLGHUD]JRFLHQWtILFRTXHKDQUHVXOWDGR IXQGDPHQWDOHVHQHOGHVDUUROORGHHVWHWUDEDMR $ PLV FRPSDxHURV GHO *UXSR GH 'LVSOD\V \ $SOLFDFLRQHV )RWyQLFDV GH OD 8&0 &DUPHQ 9i]TXH] ,VDEHO 3pUH] 9LUJLQLD 8UUXFKL 5LFDUGR 9HUJD] 3HGUR&RQWUHUDV-XDQ&DUORV7RUUHV'DYLG%DUULRV&DUORV0DUFRV\'DYLG 6iQFKH] \ ORV DXVHQWHV -XOLR 0RQWDOYR \ 5RGULJR 0DQ]DQDUHV SRU ODV DSRUWDFLRQHV TXH HQ PD\RU R PHQRU JUDGR KDQ UHDOL]DGR D OR ODUJR GHO GHVDUUROORGHHVWDWHVLV $PXFKRVSURIHVRUHVGHO'HSDUWDPHQWRGH7HFQRORJtD(OHFWUyQLFDTXHKDQ FRODERUDGR HQ DOJXQRV DVSHFWRV GH HVWH WUDEDMR < HVSHFtILFDPHQWH WHQJR TXH DJUDGHFHU D $QWRQLR /i]DUR VX LQWHUORFXFLyQ HQ ODV GLVFXVLRQHV FLHQWLILFRWpFQLFDVTXHDYHFHVPDQWHQHPRVDOJRGHHOODVTXHGDDTXt 'HVGHOD2ILFLQD7pFQLFDVLHPSUHKHUHFLELGRHODSR\RVROLFLWDGR*UDFLDVD (UQHVWR*DUFtDSRUVXVLQHVWLPDEOHVFRODERUDFLyQ\D\XGD*UDFLDVWDPELpQ DORVWpFQLFRV-HV~V3HxD$JXVWtQ3XOLGR&HVDU9HJD\-HV~V$UUR\R $ ORV DOXPQRV TXH KDQ UHDOL]DGR EDMR PL WXWHOD VXV SUR\HFWRV ILQ GH FDUUHUDHVSHFLDOPHQWHORVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQHVWDWHVLV(QSDUWLFXODUGHVHR DJUDGHFHU DO LQJHQLHUR HOHFWUyQLFR $JXVWtQ )HUQiQGH]3DFKHFR VX HVIXHU]R \ EXHQ KDFHU HQ OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ ItVLFD GH DOJXQRV GH ORV VLVWHPDV TXH DTXtVHSUHVHQWDQ $OJUXSRGH&ULVWDOHV/tTXLGRVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG3ROLWpFQLFDGH0DGULG-RVp 0DQXHO 2WyQ ;DELHU 4XLQWDQD 0RUWHQ $QGUHDV \ 1RXUHGGLQH %HQQLV TXH KDVXPLQLVWUDGRORVGLVSRVLWLYRVGHFULVWDOOtTXLGRXWLOL]DGRVHQHVWHWUDEDMR ,,, -,6DQWRV $ 0 GHO 0DU 6iQFKH] \ 2VFDU ,]TXLHUGR GH OD VHFUHWDUtD GHO GHSDUWDPHQWRWDQWRSRUVXD\XGDHQODVJHVWLRQHVFRPRSRUVXVLPSDWtD 3DUDILQDOL]DUWHQJRTXHUHFRQRFHU\DJUDGHFHUHVSHFLDOPHQWHD%HUQDUGD PLPXMHU\DPLVKLMRV0DUtDH,VLGURHODSR\RLQFRQGLFLRQDOTXHPHKDQ GLVSHQVDGR DVt FRPR VX SDFLHQFLD \ OD FRPSUHQVLyQ \ GHIHUHQFLD TXH VLHPSUHKDQWHQLGRFRQPLJRJUDFLDV ,9 7(6,6'2&725$/'HVDUUROORGH6LVWHPDVGH,QVWUXPHQWDFLyQ$YDQ]DGRVSDUDOD &DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ\2SWLPL]DFLyQGH3DQWDOODVGH&ULVWDO/tTXLGR 5(680(1 (OREMHWLYRGHHVWHWUDEDMRHVGLVHxDULPSOHPHQWDU\YHULILFDUVLVWHPDVGH LQVWUXPHQWDFLyQ DYDQ]DGRV TXH SHUPLWDQOD FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ \ RSWLPL]DFLyQ HOHFWURySWLFD GH GLIHUHQWHV WHFQRORJtDV GH SDQWDOODV GH FULVWDOOtTXLGR &/ (Q HVWH PDUFR VH GHVDUUROOy LQLFLDOPHQWH XQ VLVWHPD GH PHGLGD GH FRUULHQWHVGHFRQPXWDFLyQ\SRODUL]DFLyQHOpFWULFDTXHSRVWHULRUPHQWHIXH PRGLILFDGR SRU XQD VHJXQGD YHUVLyQ TXH LQFOXtD DOJXQDV PHMRUDV VXVWDQFLDOHV UHVSHFWR GHO SULPHUR (VWRV VLVWHPDV SHUPLWtDQ PHGLU YDORUHV GH FRUULHQWH GH FRQPXWDFLyQ PX\ EDMRV GHO RUGHQ GH QDQR$PSHULRV FRQ EXHQD UHODFLyQ VHxDOUXLGR $GHPiV VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH SHUPLWtD REWHQHU OD LQWHJUDO GH GLFKDV FRUULHQWHV GH FRQPXWDFLyQ FRQVLJXLHQGR DVt OD SRODUL]DFLyQ HOpFWULFD GH OD SDQWDOOD GH FULVWDO OtTXLGR EDMR HVWXGLR (VWD LQIRUPDFLyQDSRUWDGDWRVPX\~WLOHVVREUHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVHOHFWURySWLFDV GH GLFKDV SDQWDOODV \ SHUPLWH DFRPHWHU HO GLVHxR GH GULYHUV RSWLPL]DGRV SDUD SDQWDOODV PXOWLSOH[DGDV GH &/ FRQ XQDV UD]RQDEOHV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH p[LWR $GLFLRQDOPHQWH VH GHVDUUROOy XQ VLVWHPD GH LOXPLQDFLyQ WUDVHUD HVSHFtILFR SDUD SDQWDOODV PXOWLSOH[DGDV SHUWHQHFLHQWHV D OD WHFQRORJtD GH &/ DQWLIHUURHOpFWULFRV $) WULHVWDGR /DV HVSHFLDOHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH HVWD WHFQRORJtD PXHVWUDQ XQDV SRVLELOLGDGHV PX\ SURPHWHGRUDV SDUD VX H[SORWDFLyQ FRPHUFLDO D FRUWRPHGLR SOD]R SXGLHQGR UHVXOWDU FRPSHWLWLYDV IUHQWH D DOWHUQDWLYDV DFWXDOPHQWH HQ YLJRU FRPR ODV /&' GH PDWULFHV DFWLYDV7)7RODVSDQWDOODVGH2/('V $VLPLVPRVHKDGHVDUUROODGRXQVLVWHPDHOHFWURySWLFRFDSD]GHJHQHUDUHQ XQDSULPHUDYHUVLyQKDVWD[FDQDOHVGHGLUHFFLRQDPLHQWRGHSDQWDOODV PXOWLSOH[DGDV GH &/ DQWLIHUURHOpFWULFR $) (VWH VLVWHPD SUHVHQWD ODV VLJXLHQWHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHVWDFDGDVLHVWRWDOPHQWHSURJUDPDEOH\HVWi JHVWLRQDGR SRU XQ PLFURFRQWURODGRU GH DOWDV SUHVWDFLRQHV TXH SHUPLWH JHQHUDU ORV YDORUHV WHPSRUDOHV \ ODV DPSOLWXGHV GH ODV GLIHUHQWHV VHxDOHV SXOVDGDVDSWDVSDUDGLUHFFLRQDUODVILODV\FROXPQDVGHODVSDQWDOODLLSRU 9 -,6DQWRV VX FRQILJXUDFLyQ PRGXODU HV WRWDOPHQWH HVFDODEOH D YDORUHV PiV DOWRV SXGLHQGR GLUHFFLRQDU SDQWDOODV GH 1[0 SL[HOV FRQ OD ~QLFD OLPLWDFLyQ GH JDUDQWL]DU XQ FLFOR GH WUDEDMR PtQLPR SDUD OD VHxDO GH LOXPLQDFLyQ TXH SHUPLWD PDQWHQHU HO EULOOR GH OD SDQWDOOD HQ XQ QLYHO DGHFXDGR LLL ORV SDUiPHWURV SDUD OD RSWLPL]DFLyQ GH GLFKDV VHxDOHV GH ILODV \ FROXPQDV VH LQWURGXFHQDWUDYpVGHXQDDSOLFDFLyQVRIWZDUHLQWHUID]JUiILFDHVSHFtILFD GHVDUUROODGD SDUD HVWH ILQ VREUH XQ RUGHQDGRU SHUVRQDO 3& \ LY SDUD FRQVHJXLU OD RSWLPL]DFLyQ HOHFWURySWLFD GH OD SDQWDOOD VH KD PRQWDGR XQ EDQFR GH SUXHEDV H[SHULPHQWDO EDVDGR HQ XQ PLFURVFRSLR GH JDPD EDMD FRQHFWDEOH DO SXHUWR 86% GHO 3& \ TXH SHUPLWH YLVXDOL]DU iUHDV FRQFUHWDV GHGLFKDSDQWDOODDQLYHOGHSL[HOVXWLOL]DQGRHOVLVWHPDGHUHWURLOXPLQDFLyQ GLVHxDGR HVSHFtILFDPHQWH SDUD HVWH WLSR GH SDQWDOODV \ WRGR HOOR PDQHMDGRGHVGHXQDLQWHUID]JUiILFDGHXQ3& (VWHWUDEDMRGHWHVLVVHDUWLFXODHQFDStWXORV,QLFLDOPHQWHHQHOFDStWXOR ,VHGHVFULEHQODVGLIHUHQWHVWHFQRORJtDVGHSDQWDOODVSODQDV\VHFRPSDUDQ DOJXQDV GH VXV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HOHFWURySWLFDV GHVWDFDQGR ODV YHQWDMDV H LQFRQYHQLHQWHVGHXQDVIUHQWHDODVRWUDV$FRQWLQXDFLyQHQORVFDStWXORV ,, ,,, \ ,9 VH GHVFULELUiQ HO GLVHxR LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ \ YHULILFDFLyQ GHO VLVWHPD GH PHGLGD GH FRUULHQWHVSRODUL]DFLyQ HOpFWULFD \ VX SRVWHULRU YHUVLyQ PHMRUDGD DVL FRPR HO VLVWHPD GH UHWURLOXPLQDFLyQ GH SDQWDOODV SODQDV $) (O FDStWXOR 9 VH GHGLFD DO GHVDUUROOR KDUGZDUH \ VRIWZDUH GHO VLVWHPD GH RSWLPL]DFLyQ (2 GH ODV SDQWDOODV &/ DQWLIHUURHOpFWULFDV PXOWLSOH[DGDV \ D OD GLVFXVLyQ GH ORV SULPHURV UHVXOWDGRV GHULYDGRV GHO PLVPR (O GRFXPHQWR ILQDOL]D FRQ HO FDStWXOR 9, GHGLFDGR D ODV FRQFOXVLRQHV PiV UHOHYDQWHV\DORVWUDEDMRVIXWXURV 9, 7(6,6'2&725$/'HVDUUROORGH6LVWHPDVGH,QVWUXPHQWDFLyQ$YDQ]DGRVSDUDOD &DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ\2SWLPL]DFLyQGH3DQWDOODVGH&ULVWDO/t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yQ$YDQ]DGRVSDUDOD &DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ\2SWLPL]DFLyQGH3DQWDOODVGH&ULVWDO/tTXLGR Ë1',&( $*5$'(&,0,(1726 ,,, 5(680(1 9 $%675$&7 9,, Ë1',&( ,; /,67$'($&5Ï1,026 ;,,, Ë1',&('(),*85$6<7$%/$6 ;9 ,,1752'8&&,Ï1 ,3DQWDOODVSODQDV ,)XQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODV3DQWDOODV/&'7)7 ,7HFQRORJtDGH/('2UJiQLFR ,2WUDV7HFQRORJtDVQR%DVDGDVHQ&/ ,7HFQRORJtD&/$OWHUQDWLYDDOD0DWUL]$FWLYD ,0RWLYDFLyQ\REMHWLYRV ,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(6'(&21087$&,Ï1< 32/$5,=$&,Ï1(/e&75,&$(13$17$//$6'(&/ ,,,QWURGXFFLyQ ,,'LVHxRH,PSOHPHQWDFLyQGHO6LVWHPD ,,3URSXHVWD,QLFLDO ,,,PSOHPHQWDFLyQGHOD3URSXHVWD,QLFLDO ,,)XHQWHVGH&RUULHQWH\$PSOLILFDGRUGH7UDQVLPSHGDQFLD ,,&RPSDUDGRU%LHVWDEOH\0XOWLSOH[RU ,,)LOWUR3DVR%DMRH,QWHJUDGRU ,,6LVWHPD&RPSOHWR3URSXHVWD,QLFLDO ,,&DOLEUDFLyQGHO6LVWHPD ,,&DVRGH(VWXGLR&RQFUHWR ,,6LPXODFLyQGHOD3URSXHVWD,QLFLDO ,,5HSURGXFFLyQGHOD)RUPDGH2QGDGH5HIHUHQFLD ,,2EWHQFLyQGHODFRUULHQWH\ODFDUJDDSOLFDGDVDODSDQWDOOD $)/& ,,&RPSUREDFLyQGHOD&DOLEUDFLyQGHO6LVWHPD ,,5HVXOWDGRV([SHULPHQWDOHV\'LVFXVLyQ ,; -,6DQWRV ,,&RQFOXVLRQHV ,,,6,67(0$0(-25$'2'(0(','$'(&255,(17(6'( &21087$&,Ï1<32/$5,=$&,Ï1(/e&75,&$(13$17$//$6'(&/ ,,,,QWURGXFFLyQ ,,,'LVHxRLQLFLDO\PHMRUDVLQWURGXFLGDV ,,,$MXVWHGHOD7HQVLyQGH5HIHUHQFLD ,,,$MXVWHGHOD*DQDQFLD ,,,$MXVWHGHOUL]DGR ,,,(WDSDUHFRUWDGRUD ,,,(WDSDVGHILOWUDGR ,,,5HVXOWDGRV\'LVFXVLyQ ,,,)RUPDVGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGDV ,,,0HGLGDGHOD)XQFLyQGH7UDQVIHUHQFLD(OHFWURySWLFDGHXQDFpOXOD $)/& ,,,,PSOHPHQWDFLyQ)LQDOGHO6LVWHPD ,96,67(0$0,&52&21752/$'2'(,/80,1$&,Ï175$6(5$&21 &2/256(&8(1&,$/3$5$3$17$//$6'(&5,67$//Ë48,'2 ,9,QWURGXFFLyQ ,9'LVHxRH,PSOHPHQWDFLyQGHO6LVWHPD ,9&RQILJXUDFLyQGHOVLVWHPD ,9(OHFFLyQGHORV&RPSRQHQWHV(OpFWULFRV\ÏSWLFRV ,9)XHQWH/XPLQRVD ,9,QWHUUXSWRU(OHFWUyQLFR ,90LFURFRQWURODGRU\3XHUWRGH&RPXQLFDFLRQHV ,95HVXOWDGRV\'LVFXVLyQ ,9)XQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODV)XHQWHVGH/X] ,96HxDOHVGH&RQWUROGHOD,OXPLQDFLyQGHORV/('V3:0 ,95HVSXHVWD'LQiPLFD ,9&DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ&URPiWLFD ,9&RQFOXVLRQHV 96,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'( &5,67$//Ë48,'2'($/7$635(67$&,21(6 9,QWURGXFFLyQ 9(VWUXFWXUD\IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHXQDSDQWDOODGH&/ 95HTXLVLWRVGHO6LVWHPDGH([FLWDFLyQ 9 )RUPDV GH 2QGD GH ODV 6HxDOHV (OpFWULFDV QHFHVDULDV SDUD 5HSUHVHQWDUXQD,PDJHQ 96HxDOGH'LUHFFLRQDPLHQWRR%DUULGRGH)LODV ; 7(6,6'2&725$/'HVDUUROORGH6LVWHPDVGH,QVWUXPHQWDFLyQ$YDQ]DGRVSDUDOD &DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ\2SWLPL]DFLyQGH3DQWDOODVGH&ULVWDO/tTXLGR 96HxDOHVGH'DWRVH,OXPLQDFLyQ 9&RQILJXUDFLyQGHO6LVWHPD3URSXHVWR 9,PSOHPHQWDFLyQGHOVLVWHPD 9+DUGZDUH 96RIWZDUH 93URJUDPDFLyQGHO0LFURFRQWURODGRU'63,& 93URJUDPDFLyQGHO3& 95HVXOWDGRV\'LVFXVLyQ 9)RUPDVGH2QGD*HQHUDGDVSRUHO(TXLSR 93UXHEDVGH)XQFLRQDPLHQWR 9&RQFOXVLRQHV 9,&21&/86,21(6),1$/(675$%$-26)878526<',)86,Ï1< 75$16)(5(1&,$'(5(68/7$'26 9,&RQFOXVLRQHV)LQDOHV 9,7UDEDMRV)XWXURV 9,'LIXVLyQ\7UDQVIHUHQFLDGH5HVXOWDGRV 9,$UWtFXORVHQUHYLVWDVFLHQWtILFDVLQGH[DGDVHQ-&5 9,$UWtFXORVHQSURFHHGLQJVGHFRQIHUHQFLDV 9,&RQJUHVRV\)HULDV([SRVLFLRQHV 9,3UR\HFWRV\FRQWUDWRV 9,3DWHQWHV %,%/,2*5$)Ë$ ;, 7(6,6'2&725$/'HVDUUROORGH6LVWHPDVGH,QVWUXPHQWDFLyQ$YDQ]DGRVSDUDOD &DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ\2SWLPL]DFLyQGH3DQWDOODVGH&ULVWDO/tTXLGR /,67$'($&5Ï1,026 $) $QWLIHUURHOpFWULFR $)/& &ULVWDO/tTXLGR$QWLIHUURHOpFWULFR $0/& 'LVSOD\GH&ULVWDO/tTXLGRGH0DWUL]$FWLYD % $]XO &,( &RPLVLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH,OXPLQDFLyQ &/ &ULVWDO/tTXLGR &57 7XERGH5D\RV&DWyGLFRV '$& &RQYHUWLGRU'LJLWDO$QDOyJLFR '/3 3URFHVDGRU'LJLWDOGH/X] '0' 'LVSRVLWLYR'LJLWDOGH0LFURHVSHMRV '9' 'LVFR9HUViWLO'LJLWDO (& (OHFWURFUyPLFR (2 (OHFWURySWLFRD )' )RWRGLRGR )/& &ULVWDOHV/tTXLGRV)HUURHOpFWULFRV )3*$ 0DWUL]GH3XHUWDV3URJUDPDEOH * 9HUGH *'$) *UXSRGH'LVSOD\V\$SOLFDFLRQHV)RWyQLFDV *36 6LVWHPDGH3RVLFLRQDPLHQWR*OREDO +' $OWD'HILQLFLyQ +0' 'LVSOD\0RQWDGRHQ&DVFR +8' 'LVSOD\HQOD&DEH]D ,5 ,QIUDUURMR ,72 Ï[LGRGH,QGLR\(VWDxR /&' 'LVSOD\GH&ULVWDO/tTXLGR /&R6 &ULVWDO/tTXLGRVREUH6LOLFLR /' 'LRGR/iVHU /(' 026)(7 2/(' 'LRGRHPLVRUGHOX] 7UDQVLVWRU GH (IHFWR GH &DPSR EDVDGR HQ OD HVWUXFWXUD GH 0HWDO\Ï[LGRGH6HPLFRQGXFWRU 'LRGR(PLVRUGH/X]2UJiQLFR ;,,, -,6DQWRV 3& &RPSXWDGRUD3HUVRQDO 3&% 3ODFDGH&LUFXLWR,PSUHVR 3'$ $VLVWHQWH'LJLWDO3HUVRQDO 3'/& &ULVWDO/tTXLGR'LVSHUVRHQ3ROtPHUR 3'3 3DQWDOOD3ODQDGH3ODVPD 3:0 0RGXODFLyQSRU$QFKRGH3XOVR 5 5RMR 5) 5DGLRIUHFXHQFLD 5*% 5RMR9HUGH$]XO 63' 'LVSRVLWLYRGH3DUWtFXODV6XVSHQGLGDV 66)/& &ULVWDO/tTXLGR)HUURHOpFWULFR(VWDELOL]DGRHQ6XSHUILFLH 7)7 7UDQVLVWRUGH3HOtFXOD)LQD 7,& 7HFQRORJtDVGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ\GHODV&RPXQLFDFLRQHV 79 7HOHYLVRU X& 0LFURFRQWURODGRU 8076 6LVWHPDGH7HOHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV0yYLO8QLYHUVDO 89 8OWUDYLROHWD ;,9 7(6,6'2&725$/'HVDUUROORGH6LVWHPDVGH,QVWUXPHQWDFLyQ$YDQ]DGRVSDUDOD &DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ\2SWLPL]DFLyQGH3DQWDOODVGH&ULVWDO/tTXLGR Ë1',&('(),*85$6<7$%/$6 Figura I.1. Evolución del mercado de pantallas planas y previsiones futuras (fuente: Isuppli, mayo 2008) 2 Figura I.2. Evolución del mercado de pantallas LCD en Europa (http://www.displayforum.de/market.htm) 3 Tabla I. Segmentos del mercado de pantallas planas ordenadas por tamaños 4 Figura I.3. Estructura de una pantalla TFT-LCD. 5 Figura I.4. Modelo de TV de plasma más grande del mundo (150 pulgadas) presentado por Panasonic en el CEDIA show. Resolución 2160 x 4096 y soporta formato 1080p. 6 Figura I.5. Modelo de FULL HD LED-backlight LCD 3D TV más grande del mundo (72 pulgadas) presentado por LG en la feria CES 2011. 8 Figura I.6. Prototipo de TV OLED de 31’. 9 Figura I.7. Prototipo de TV OLED flexible. 10 Figura I.8. Pantalla de LG de tinta electrónica con un tamaño de 11.5 pulgadas flexible y táctil. 11 Figura I.9. Ejemplos de Fases Esmécticas CL: Esméctica A y Esméctica C. 13 Figura I.10. Ordenamiento molecular de una fase ferroeléctrica estabilizada en superficie (SSFLC). 14 Figura I.11. Comportamiento electro-óptico de un SSFLC al aplicar tensión positiva. 14 Figura I.12. Comportamiento electro-óptico de un SSFLC al aplicar tensión negativa. 14 Figura I.13. Ordenamiento de un AFLC estabilizado en superficie sin tensión aplicada (polarización neta nula). 15 Figura I.14 Pantallas AFLC de Denso Corp. Tiempo de respuesta = 30 ms. 15 Figura II.1. Arquitectura del sistema que se propone. 21 Figura II.2. Esquema de bloques del sistema. 22 Figura II.3. Generación de la corriente de referencia (a) y su equivalente (b). 24 Figura II.4. Tensión de referencia ajustable(a) y su equivalente con seguidor (b). 25 Figura II.5. Sistema para inyectar/drenar corriente (a) y obtención de las dos tensiones de referencia (b). 26 Figura II.6. Circuito para aplicar la corriente de referencia a la carga. 26 Figura II.7. Amplificador de transimpedancia. 27 ;9 -,6DQWRV Figura II.8. Amplificador de transimpedancia con la célula o píxel capacitivo bajo prueba. 28 Figura II.9. Propuesta práctica para aplicar la corriente a Cx. 29 Figura II.10. Esquema del comparador, recortador y biestable. 30 Figura II.11. Esquema del multiplexor. 31 Figura II.12. Esquema de filtro paso bajo e integrador propuestos. 31 Figura II.13. Sistema completo de la propuesta inicial. 35 Figura II.14. Forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=950mV. 40 Figura II.15. Forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=950mV. Detalle del seguimiento. 41 Figura II.16. Forma de onda del reloj (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=950mV. Sincronización de las rampas. 42 Figura II.17. Forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=950mV. Detalle del seguimiento para fclk= 100kHz. 43 Figura II.18. Formas de onda de referencia (traza roja) y formas de onda reproducida (traza azul) para tensiones Vr=200mV (a) y Vr=100mV (b). 43 Figura II.19. Formas de onda de referencia (traza roja) y formas de onda reproducidas (traza azul) para tensiones Vr=200mV (a) y Vr=100mV (b). Detalle del seguimiento. 44 Figura II.20. Forma de onda del reloj (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) para tensiones Vr=200mV (a) y Vr=100mV (b). Sincronización de las rampas. 45 Figura II.21. Formas de onda de referencia (traza roja) y formas de onda reproducidas (traza azul) para tensiones Vr=200mV (a) y Vr=100mV (b). Detalle del seguimiento para fclk= 100kHz. 45 Figura II.22. Forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=50mV. 46 Figura II.23. Detalles de la forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y de la forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) para Vr=50mV (a). Señal de reloj y señal reproducida (b). 47 Figura II.24. Forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=950mV. 48 Figura II.25. Forma de onda de referencia (a) y tensión de salida del biestable VQ (b) (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida (a y b) (azul) para una tensión Vr=950mV. 49 Figura II.26. Forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=200mV (a) y detalle del flanco de bajada (b). 49 ;9, 7(6,6'2&725$/'HVDUUROORGH6LVWHPDVGH,QVWUXPHQWDFLyQ$YDQ]DGRVSDUDOD &DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ\2SWLPL]DFLyQGH3DQWDOODVGH&ULVWDO/tTXLGR Figura II.27. Forma de onda de referencia (a) y tensión de salida del biestable VQ (b) (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida (a y b) (azul) para una tensión Vr=200mV. 50 Figura II.28. Forma de onda de referencia (traza roja) y forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) para una tensión Vr=500mV. 51 Figura II.29. Forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) y forma de onda de la corriente por Cx (traza roja) para una tensión Vr=500mV. 51 Figura II.30. Forma de onda reproducida (traza azul) y detalle de la forma de onda de la corriente por Cx (traza roja) para una tensión Vr=500mV. 52 Figura II.31. Forma de onda de la corriente por Cx (traza roja) y forma de onda de la carga (traza azul), para una tensión Vr=500mV. 53 Figura II.32. Forma de onda reproducida (traza roja) y forma de onda de la carga (traza azul), para una tensión Vr=500mV. 53 Figura II.33. Forma de onda triangular reproducida (traza roja) y forma de onda de la corriente (traza azul), para una tensión Vr=200mV. 55 Figura II.34. Forma de onda triangular reproducida (traza roja) y forma de onda de la carga (traza azul), para una tensión Vr=200mV. 55 Figura II.35. Figura de Lissajous obtenida con Vo1 y ViI para comprobar el desfase entre las mismas. 56 Figura II.36. Forma de onda de referencia (traza azul) y forma de onda reproducida (traza roja) para frecuencias de 10Hz (a) y de 1Hz (b). 57 Figura II.37. Tensión de control del multiplexor VQ (traza azul) y forma de onda reproducida (traza roja) (a) y detalle del rizado al final del flanco de subida (b). 58 Figura II.38. Tensión de control del multiplexor VQ (traza azul) y forma de onda reproducida (traza roja) (a) y detalle del rizado al final del flanco de bajada (b). 58 Figura II.39. Forma de onda reproducida (traza roja) y la correspondiente a la corriente (traza azul) para fBF=1Hz (a). Detalle del impulso de corriente (b). 59 Figura II.40. Forma de onda de referencia VBF (traza azul) y la correspondiente reproducida Vo1 (traza roja) (a). En (b) Vo1 (azul), y la corriente aplicada al píxel AFLC (rojo). 60 Figura II.41. Medida de la histéresis eléctrica de un píxel de un display AFLC excitado por una señal triangular de baja frecuencia 60 Figura III.1.- Primera implementación del sistema medidor de corrientespolarización. 63 Figura III.2. Esquema Funcional del Sistema de Instrumentación. 64 Figura III.3. Circuito para la obtención de las tensiones de referencia. 65 Tabla III.1.- Valores de R2 y de las tensiones de referencia. 66 Figura III.4. Divisor de tensión para seleccionar la ganancia. 66 Tabla III.2. Calculo de la ganancia que aplica al sistema para distintos valores de R2. 67 ;9,, -,6DQWRV Tabla III.3. Valores de R2 y ciclo de histéresis correspondiente del comparador. 68 Figura III.5. Comparador con histéresis (a) y su función de transferencia (b). Señales de entrada y de salida en comparadores (c). 69 Figura III.6. Comparador con histéresis ajustable. 70 Figura III.7. Medidas del rizado en Vo1’. 70 Figura III.8. Circuito recortador-limitador 71 Figura III.9. Etapa de filtrado en el sistema 72 Tabla III.4. Ganancia a frecuencias medias y factor de calidad del filtro. 72 Tabla III.5. Valores de sensibilidad proporcionada por el sistema 72 Figura III.10. Respuesta en frecuencia del filtro. 73 Figura III.11. Respuesta temporal del filtro 74 Figura III.12. Funcionamiento del sistema: señales que se obtienen. 75 Figura III.13. Detalle de las diferentes señales medidas con el sistema mejorado. 76 Figura III.14. Montaje experimental para medir la transmisión de la célula AFLC. 77 Figura III.15. Configuración para la medida de la corriente ViF y la carga ViI soportadas por un AFLC, junto con la tensión aplicada y su transmisión óptica. 78 Figura III.16. Señal de excitación Vo1, corriente medida ViF, intensidad óptica transmitida y curva E/O simétrica (doble ciclo de histéresis) medidas en la célula AFLC bajo estudio. 79 Figura III.17. Aspecto del equipo montado. 80 Figura III.18. Situación de placas en la carcasa del equipo. 81 Figura III.19. Panel frontal del equipo. 81 Figura III.20. Esquemático del lazo principal del sistema. 82 Figura III.21. Esquemático de las tensiones de referencia, filtro e integrador. 83 Figura III.22. Esquemático del panel frontal del equipo. 84 Figura IV.1. Esquema de bloques del sistema de iluminación propuesto. 87 Figura IV.2. Fuente luminosa, LED tricolor LATBT66C de OSRAM. 88 TABLA IV.1. Características de los LED 89 TABLA IV.2. Valores de las resistencias para cada LED 89 Figura IV.3. Esquemático y principales características del interruptor MOSFET IRLL014N. 90 Figura IV.4. Esquemático del microcontrolador indicando los terminales de E/S y los componentes necesarios para su funcionamiento (gráfica superior); y circuito de excitación del interruptor (gráfica inferior). 91 Figura IV.5. Esquema asociado al puerto de comunicaciones serie. 92 Figura IV.6. Estructura del programa principal y de la subrutina para el puerto serie, que se ejecutan en el microcontrolador. 93 ;9,,, 7(6,6'2&725$/'HVDUUROORGH6LVWHPDVGH,QVWUXPHQWDFLyQ$YDQ]DGRVSDUDOD &DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ\2SWLPL]DFLyQGH3DQWDOODVGH&ULVWDO/tTXLGR Figura IV.7. Funcionamiento de los LEDs generando luz blanca, y las tres componentes R (roja) G (verde) B (azul). 94 Fig. IV.8. Salida del microcontrolador, modulación PWM (ciclo de trabajo 50%). 94 Figura IV.9. Señal Enable aplicada a la puerta AND (Ch2, rojo), y tensión aplicada a la puerta del MOSFET (Ch1, azul). 95 Figura IV.10. Método de medida de la respuesta electro-óptica dinámica del sistema. 96 Figura IV.11. Respuesta dinámica electro-óptica del sistema. PWM al 5%, anchura de pulso 256 µs (parte superior). PWM al 95%, anchura de pulso 5,4 ms (parte inferior). 97 Figura IV.12. Diagrama de cromaticidad CIE 1931 para diferentes factores de modulación PWM aplicados a los LEDs RGB: con R, G y B al 100% (a); y con R al 85%, G al 95% y B al45% (b). 98 Figura IV.13. Distribución espectral de potencia de los LED RGB antes y después de la corrección del blanco de referencia. 98 Figura V.1. Estructura simplificada de una LCD genérica. 103 Figura V.2. Desplazamiento por la curva de histéresis 106 Figura V.3. Señal de direccionamiento que se aplica simultáneamente a todos los píxeles de una línea: (1) Selección, (2) Polarización, (3) Pozo, y (4) Borrado. 107 Figura V.4. Aplicación secuencial de los distintos campos de un cuadro e iluminación de los cuadros con el color correspondiente. Solución por refuerzo del color verde. Secuencia RGBG 109 Figura V.5. Esquema de bloques general del sistema. 110 Figura V.6. Diagrama general del sistema, incluidos los componentes, subsistemas y equipos periféricos. 113 Figura V.7. Esquema con todos los componentes del hardware implementa 115 Figura V.8. Esquema de bloques de las placas para las columnas y para las filas. 116 Figura V.9. Esquemático del DAC de la placa de filas. 117 Figura V.10. Esquemático de los amplificadores de un canal de la placa de filas. 118 Figura V.11. Esquemático del multiplexor analógico de cuatro canales. 118 Figura V.12. Esquemático del DAC de la placa de filas. 119 Figura V.13. Configuración del montaje del sistema para la caracterización de LCDs. 120 Figura V.14. Configuración del montaje del sistema para la caracterización de LCDs. Detalle del sistema de retroiluminación. 120 Figura V.15. Programa principal del microcontrolador. 123 Figura V.16. Programa principal de la aplicación del PC. 126 Figura V.17. Ventana principal de la aplicación de interfaz del sistema. 127 ;,; -,6DQWRV Figura V.18. Ventanas de configuración de los puertos de comunicaciones entre el PC y el microcontrolador. 127 Figura V.19. Ventana de configuración para las animaciones. 128 Figura V.20. Formas de onda generadas por el sistema, para las filas 1 y 2 (a) y para las filas 1 y 3 de una pantalla de 4x4 píxeles. 129 Figura V.21. Formas de onda de la fila 1 (azul) y de la columna 1 (rojo) aplicadas por el sistema al display bajo prueba. 130 Figura V.22. . Micropantalla de ¼ VGA realizada con tecnología de AFCL fabricada por el Grupo de Cristales Líquidos de la UPM para el proyecto HEMIND. 131 Figura V.23. Micropantalla AFLC a tamaño natural y detalle al microscopio representando un damero en blanco y negro. 132 Figura V.24. Captura de dos fotogramas de un vídeo donde una barra blanca vertical se desplaza de izquierda a derecha por la pantalla. 133 Figura V.25. Imagen fija en color reproducida por el sistema en la pantalla AFLC. 133 Figura V.26. Captura de tres fotogramas del vídeo de una animación en color reproducida en la pantalla AFLC bajo prueba. 133 Figura V.27. Casco de bomberos desarrollado para HEMIND. 134 ;; &$3,,1752'8&&,Ï1 ,,1752'8&&,Ï1 (O ~OWLPR GHFHQLR KD PDUFDGR GH IRUPD VLQJXODU HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD GHQRPLQDGD 6RFLHGDG GH OD ,QIRUPDFLyQ 9LYLPRV HQ XQ PXQGR GRPLQDGR SRU OD DEVROXWD QHFHVLGDG GH HVWDU LQIRUPDGRV SRU FXDOTXLHU PHFDQLVPR \ FDQDO(VWDVLWXDFLyQKDKHFKRVXUJLUQXPHURVDVDFWLYLGDGHVHPSUHVDULDOHV \ RSRUWXQLGDGHV GH QHJRFLR OR TXH D VX YH] VH KD WUDGXFLGR HQ JUDQGHV LQYHUVLRQHVHQiPELWRVFRPRODVFRPXQLFDFLRQHVHOHFWUyQLFDHLQIRUPiWLFD &RQ OD JHQHUDOL]DFLyQ GHO XVR GH ,QWHUQHW WDQWR D QLYHO SURIHVLRQDO FRPR SHUVRQDO HQ ORV KRJDUHV WRGD XQD QXHYD JDPD GH GLVSRVLWLYRV \ KHUUDPLHQWDV KD LUUXPSLGR DEUXSWDPHQWH HQ HO PHUFDGR GH OD HOHFWUyQLFD GRPpVWLFD \ SURIHVLRQDO 7RGR HOOR UHTXLHUH PiV \ PHMRUHV FDQDOHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQLQFUHPHQWDUYHUWLJLQRVDPHQWHHOIOXMRGHGDWRV\GLVSRQHUGH ORV PHGLRV ySWLPRV SDUD PRVWUiUVHORV DO XVXDULR $TXt HV GRQGH VXUJH HO SDSHO SURWDJRQLVWD GH ODV SDQWDOODV SODQDV TXH VRQ ODV UHVSRQVDEOHV GH PRVWUDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ HQ GLVSRVLWLYRV GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV PX\ YDULDGDV SRUWiWLOILMRSHTXHxRIRUPDWRJUDQIRUPDWRHWF ,3DQWDOODVSODQDV 'XUDQWH ODV GRV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV GHO SDVDGR VLJOR VH SURGXMR XQD JUDQ DFWLYLGDGGH,'HQSDQWDOODVSODQDVFRQPXFKDVWHFQRORJtDVFRPSLWLHQGR HQ GLIHUHQWHV DSOLFDFLRQHV >6PLWK@ (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG OD LQGXVWULD GH ODV SDQWDOODV SODQDV VH KD VLPSOLILFDGR FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH SXHVWR TXH OD SUiFWLFDWRWDOLGDGGHOPHUFDGRHVWiGRPLQDGDSRUWUHVRFXDWURWHFQRORJtDV TXH FXEUHQ FDGD XQD GH HOODV XQ PD\RU R PHQRU Q~PHUR GH iUHDV GH DSOLFDFLyQ -,6DQWRV (QWUH WRGDV HOODV GHVWDFDQ VLQ GXGD ODV GH FULVWDO OtTXLGR /&' >)RUXP @ >9LUJLQLD@ /D JUDQ GLYHUVLGDG GH PH]FODV VLQWHWL]DGDV DOLQHDPLHQWRV \ PpWRGRV GH IDEULFDFLyQ ODV KD GRWDGR GH YHORFLGDGHV GH UHVSXHVWD FRQWUDVWHV \ JDPDV FURPiWLFDV GH FDOLGDG VXILFLHQWH SDUD DFDSDUDU VHFWRUHV LPSRUWDQWHV GHO PHUFDGR R KDFHUVH FDVL SRU FRPSOHWR FRQHOORV&RPRGDWRSXHGHDQRWDUVHTXHHOPHUFDGRPXQGLDOGHSDQWDOODV SODQDV VXSHUy HQ ORV PLOORQHV GH GyODUHV FRPR VH SXHGH DSUHFLDUHQODVSUHYLVLRQHVGHYHQWDVGHOD)LJ,/DHYROXFLyQGHORV/&' /LTXLG &U\VWDO 'LVSOD\V KD VLGR HVSHFWDFXODU )LJ , KDQ GRPLQDGR VXFHVLYDPHQWH ORV PHUFDGRV GH SDQWDOODV SRUWiWLOHV GH PRQLWRUHV GH RUGHQDGRU GH VREUHPHVD \ UHFLHQWHPHQWH GH SDQWDOODV GH 79 GH JUDQ iUHD HQ GLUHFWD FRPSHWHQFLD FRQ ODV SDQWDOODV GH SODVPD KDVWD HO SXQWR TXH HVWD ~OWLPD WHFQRORJtD SRGUtD TXHGDU UHOHJDGD D XQ VHJXQGR SODQR HQ SRFRVDxRV>6WHIIHQ@ )LJXUD,(YROXFLyQGHOPHUFDGRGHSDQWDOODVSODQDV\SUHYLVLRQHVIXWXUDV IXHQWH,VXSSOLPD\R /D SDXODWLQD SUHSRQGHUDQFLD GH ODV /&' HQ OD FDVL WRWDOLGDG GH ORV VHJPHQWRVHVXQKHFKRDEVROXWDPHQWHFRQVWDWDEOH$VLPLVPRHQFXDQWRD ODV/&'XQDYH]FRQTXLVWDGRHOPHUFDGRGHPRQLWRUHVGH3&ORVHVIXHU]RV GH ORV IDEULFDQWHV VH KDQ YROFDGR HQ HO MXJRVR VHFWRU GH OD 79 GRPpVWLFD >9LUJLQLD@UHDOL]DQGRJUDQGHVLQYHUVLRQHVSDUDFRQVHJXLUSDQWDOODVGH PD\RUiUHD3HURHVWDFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHHVIXHU]RVKDSURGXFLGRGRVHIHFWRV &$3,,1752'8&&,Ï1 SHUYHUVRV SRU XQD SDUWH VH KD DEDQGRQDGR HO GHVDUUROOR GH WHFQRORJtDV DOWHUQDWLYDV GHQWUR GH ORV FULVWDOHV OtTXLGRV D ODV PDWULFHV DFWLYDV QHPiWLFDV7)73RURWUDHOHSLFHQWURGHODIDEULFDFLyQVHKDWUDVODGDGRDO ([WUHPR2ULHQWH>'DVK@ )LJXUD,(YROXFLyQGHOPHUFDGRGHSDQWDOODV/&'HQ(XURSD KWWSZZZGLVSOD\IRUXPGHPDUNHWKWP (Q ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV OD PD\RU SDUWH GH ORV SUR\HFWRV DSUREDGRV HQ HO iPELWR GH OD 8( SDUD OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQ DOWHUQDWLYDV D ODV 7)7 VH KDQ FRQFHQWUDGR HQ VHFWRUHV FRQFUHWRV FRPR HO GH ODV PLFURSDQWDOODV \ ORV PRGXODGRUHV HVSDFLDOHV >6PLWK@ (V XQ KHFKR LQFXHVWLRQDEOH TXH OD PD\RU DSOLFDFLyQ DFWXDO GH ODV /&' HQ WpUPLQRV GH XQLGDGHV IDEULFDGDV VRQ ODV QXHYDV SDQWDOODV GH FRORU SDUD ODV FiPDUDV GLJLWDOHV \ WHOpIRQRV PyYLOHV GH ~OWLPD JHQHUDFLyQ (Q XQ HGLWRULDO GH KDFH DOJXQRV DxRV >:HUQHU@ VH YDWLFLQDED OD SUHSRQGHUDQFLD GH ODV PLFURSDQWDOODV \ SURQRVWLFDED XQ VLJQLILFDWLYR LQFUHPHQWR GH VX FXRWD GH PHUFDGR HQ ORV DxRVVLJXLHQWHVWDOFRPRKDVXFHGLGR /RV SDUiPHWURV FRQVLGHUDGRV FRPR ILJXUDV GH PpULWR GH OD SDQWDOOD WDOHV FRPRODUHODFLyQGHFRQWUDVWHHOEULOORHOiQJXORGHYLVLyQODDXVHQFLDGH SDUSDGHR OD XQLIRUPLGDG HVSDFLDO HWF VH GHVFULEHQ HQ IXQFLyQ GH OD -,6DQWRV UHVSXHVWD SHUFHSWXDO GHO RMR HV GHFLU GH YDULDEOHV SVLFRItVLFDV >/XHGHU @ (VWR HV XQ KHFKR PX\ VLJQLILFDWLYR \ TXH GHWHUPLQDUi HQ EXHQD PHGLGDODIRUPDGHHYDOXDFLyQHOHFWURySWLFDGHODVSDQWDOODVSODQDV 'LVSRVLWLYR 3DQWDOODGH JUDQiUHD 0RQLWRU 3iJLQD GHVSOHJDEOH 7DPDxR !´ ´´ ´´ $SOLFDFLyQ 7HFQRORJtD SULQFLSDO GRPLQDQWH 79KRPH 3ODVPD± WKHDWHU 3'3 3&V /&' SRUWiWLOHV /LEURV HLQNWLQWD HOHFWUyQLFRV HOHFWUyQLFD &RPSHWLGRU PiV FXDOLILFDGR 3RVLEOH HYROXFLyQ 3DXODWLQD /&' GHVDSDULFLyQGH 3'3 &57 /&' 'RPLQLR/&' (QIDVHGH FRPHUFLDOL]DU 2/('V3XHGHQ GRPLQDUHVWRV 3DQWDOOD PDQXDO ´´ KDQGKHOG $JHQGDV /&' HOHFWUyQLFDV 2/('/(' VHJPHQWRVVL RUJiQLFRV VXSHUDQ SUREOHPDV WpFQLFRV 0LFURSDQWDOOD YLVLyQ ´´ GLUHFWD 0LFURSDQWDOOD SUR\HFFLyQ 'LVSRVLWLYRV GHIDVH\ VLPLODUHV ´´ 0yYLOHV /&' FiPDUDV 79KRPH /&' FLQHPD YDULDEOH FRQPXWDFLy KDVWDó´ QURXWLQJ 2/(' '/3 PLFURHVSHMRV '/3WLHQGHD PD\RUiUHD FDOLGDG\SUHFLR 3UHGRPLQLR /&' 0(06 VHJ~Q DSOLFDFLyQ 7DEOD,6HJPHQWRVGHOPHUFDGRGHSDQWDOODVSODQDVRUGHQDGDVSRUWDPDxRV /DVSDQWDOODVSODQDVVXSRQHQXQDVHULDFRPSHWHQFLDDODV&57VDGHPiVGH PDQWHQHU XQD FXRWD GH PHUFDGR SURSLD EDVDGD HQ ORV GLVSRVLWLYRV SRUWiWLOHV >)RUXP@ 7RGRV ORV GHVDUUROORV GH JDPD DOWD HVWiQ RULHQWDGRV KDFLD UHGXFFLyQ GHO FRQVXPR IUHFXHQFLD GH YtGHR \ FRORU \ JUDQGHVIRUPDWRV'HQWURGHHVWDVWHFQRORJtDVHOPHUFDGRHVWiFODUDPHQWH GRPLQDGRSRUODVSDQWDOODVGHFULVWDOOtTXLGR/&'VVDOYRHQIRUPDWRVSRU HQFLPD GH ODV ´ GH GLDJRQDO GRQGH FRPSLWHQ VHULDPHQWH FRQ ODV &$3,,1752'8&&,Ï1 SDQWDOODV GH SODVPD 3'3V >6KLQRGD@>6X]XNL HW DO@>6KLQ HW DO@/DVSDQWDOODVGHFULVWDOOtTXLGRDVXYH]VHSXHGHQGLYLGLUHQGRV FDWHJRUtDV HQ IXQFLyQ GH VXV SUHVWDFLRQHV ODV SDQWDOODV GH PDWUL] DFWLYD $0/&'V R 7)7/&'V )LJ , \ ODV GH PDWUL] SDVLYD /DV SULPHUDV HPSOHDQ XQ WUDQVLVWRU GH FDSD GHOJDGD SRU St[HO TXH VH HQFDUJD GH PDQWHQHU OD WHQVLyQ GHO St[HO LQIRUPDFLyQ GHO QLYHO GH JULV GXUDQWH HO WLHPSR GH FXDGUR >/XHGHU@ 6X LQFXUVLyQ HQ HO PHUFDGR VRSRUWDGR SRU HQRUPHV LQYHUVLRQHV GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV IDEULFDQWHV HVSHFLDOPHQWH GH ([WUHPR2ULHQWHKDFUHFLGRHVSHFWDFXODUPHQWHGXUDQWHODSDVDGDGpFDGD /DV VHJXQGDV KDQ SHUGLGR PHUFDGR IUHQWH DTXHOODV SRU VXV SHRUHV SUHVWDFLRQHV HQ SDQWDOODV GH JDPD DOWD $~Q DVt VH VLJXH LQYHVWLJDQGR SURIXVDPHQWH HQ HVWH WLSR GH SDQWDOODV \ HQ HVSHFLDO HQ DTXHOODV VREUH VRSRUWH IOH[LEOH TXH DEULUtD HO FDPLQR D OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH GLVSRVLWLYRV SRUWiWLOHVPXOWLIXQFLyQ>:HUQHU@ )LJXUD,(VWUXFWXUDGHXQDSDQWDOOD7)7/&' $OREMHWRGHUHDOL]DUXQDFRPSDUDFLyQREMHWLYDHQWUHSDQWDOODVGHSODVPD\ GH FULVWDO OtTXLGR FRQYLHQH FRPSDUDU ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV UHDOHV GH DPEDV WHFQRORJtDV HQ iUHDV IXQGDPHQWDOHV UHODFLRQDGDV FRQ OD WHOHYLVLyQ GH DOWD -,6DQWRV GHILQLFLyQ'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHORVXVXDULRVDOJ~QDQDOLVWD>%HUNRII @UHVDOWDWUHViUHDV 5HVROXFLyQ ODV DSOLFDFLRQHV GH DOWDGHILQLFLyQ HVWDEOHFHQ XQD FRWD LQIHULRU GH 0St[HO (VWD UHVROXFLyQ HV DOFDQ]DGD SRU FDVL WRGDV ODV SDQWDOODV /&' GH PiV GH ´ GHO PHUFDGR TXH RVFLODQHQWUHORVîa0St[HOFRPSDWLEOH+'79S \ORVîa0St[HOHV+'79S6LQHPEDUJRODV SDQWDOODV GH SODVPD VXHOHQ IDEULFDUVH FRQ UHVROXFLRQHV LQIHULRUHV HQ JHQHUDO SRU GHEDMR GH HVSHFLILFDFLRQHV +'79 DXQTXHDFWXDOPHQWH\DVHLQFRUSRUDQFDGDYH]PiVPRGHORVDO PHUFDGRFRQHVSHFLILFDFLyQIXOO+'79)LJ, )LJXUD,0RGHORGH79GHSODVPDPiVJUDQGHGHOPXQGRSXOJDGDVSUHVHQWDGR SRU3DQDVRQLFHQHO&(',$VKRZ5HVROXFLyQ[\VRSRUWDIRUPDWRS &RQWUDVWH +LVWyULFDPHQWH ODV SDQWDOODV 3'3 KDQ H[KLELGR XQ PHMRU HVWDGR RVFXUR \ SRU WDQWR PD\RU FRQWUDVWH TXH ODV /&' &$3,,1752'8&&,Ï1 ÈQJXOR GH YLVLyQ OD WHFQRORJtD /&' KD WHQLGR WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHVHULDVGLILFXOWDGHVHQHVWHFDPSRDOFRQWUDULR GH ODV SDQWDOODV 3'3 $FWXDOPHQWH VH FRQVLJXHQ iQJXORV VXSHULRUHVDVLELHQODOXPLQRVLGDGDDOWRiQJXORFRQWLQ~D VLHQGRVXSHULRUHQSDQWDOODV3'3 (Q FRQMXQWR HVWDV WUHV iUHDV VLW~DQ OD WHFQRORJtD /&' HQ XQD SRVLFLyQ YHQWDMRVDHQDSOLFDFLRQHVGHDOWDGHILQLFLyQ\JUDQWDPDxR ,)XQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODV3DQWDOODV/&'7)7 /DVSDQWDOODVGHFULVWDOOtTXLGRVH FRQVWUX\HQ HQFHUUDQGRXQDILQDFDSDGH PDWHULDO &/ HQWUH GRV REOHDV GH YLGULR HQ FX\DV FDUDV LQWHUQDV VH KDQ GHSRVLWDGR DQWHULRUPHQWH HOHFWURGRV WUDQVSDUHQWHV SDUD VX GLUHFFLRQDPLHQWR><DQJHW$O@ &XDQGR VH WUDWD GH SDQWDOODV GH DOWD UHVROXFLyQ HVWH GLUHFFLRQDPLHQWR KD GH VHU PXOWLSOH[DGR (O PXOWLSOH[DGR SXHGH VHU SDVLYR FXDQGR ORV HOHFWURGRVIRUPDQXQDPDWUL]VLPSOHGHILODV\FROXPQDVRDFWLYRFXDQGR DGHPiVVHLQFOX\HXQDPDWUL]DFWLYD±XVXDOPHQWHIRUPDGDSRUWUDQVLVWRUHV GHFDSDGHOJDGDR7)7±FX\RVHOHPHQWRVIRUPDGRVSRUXQFRQGHQVDGRUGH DOPDFHQDPLHQWR\XQWUDQVLVWRUTXHUHJXODODWHQVLyQDSOLFDGDVHHQFDUJDQ GH PDQWHQHU OD WUDQVPLVLyQ GH FDGD St[HO GXUDQWH HO WLHPSR GH FXDGUR >/XHGHU@ 3DUDFRQVHJXLUHOQLYHOGHJULVHQXQDSDQWDOOD/&'GHYLVLyQGLUHFWD\DOWD UHVROXFLyQ)LJ,VHPRGLILFDODRULHQWDFLyQGHOSODQRGHSRODUL]DFLyQGH OD OX] OLQHDO SURFHGHQWH GH XQ GLVSRVLWLYR GH UHWURLOXPLQDFLyQ \ XQ SRODUL]DGRU GH HQWUDGD (VWD PRGLILFDFLyQ GHO SODQR GH SRODUL]DFLyQ GHWHUPLQD HO SRUFHQWDMH GH OX] TXH VH REWLHQH D WUDYpV GHO SRODUL]DGRU GH VDOLGD \ SRU WDQWR HO QLYHO GH JULV GHO St[HO VHJ~Q OD WHQVLyQ DSOLFDGD DO PLVPR><DQJHWDO@0HGLDQWHODDSOLFDFLyQGHILOWURVFURPiWLFRVHVH QLYHO GH JULV SXHGH WUDQVIRUPDUVH HYHQWXDOPHQWH HQ XQ QLYHO GH FRORU SULPDULR5*%>)XMLPXUDHWDO@ $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH GHWDOODQ DOJXQDV UHIOH[LRQHV VREUH OD WHFQRORJtD /&' EDVDGDV HQ OD OLWHUDWXUD WpFQLFD SXEOLFDGD >'DVK@ >6KLQRGD@ >)RUXP@ -,6DQWRV /D SULPHUD HV TXH ODV SDQWDOODV /&' D GLIHUHQFLD GH ODV GH SODVPD SUHVHQWDQ WDPDxRV PX\ YDULDGRV GHVGH PLFURSDQWDOODV LQIHULRUHV D ´ KDVWD JUDQGHV IRUPDWRV \D SUHVHQWDGRV 1R H[LVWH XQD UHODFLyQ GLUHFWD HQWUH WDPDxR \ UHVROXFLyQH[LVWHQQXPHURVRVHMHPSORVGHSDQWDOODVPLQLDWXUD GH DOWD UHVROXFLyQ TXH VH HPSOHDQ HQ SUR\HFFLyQ \ HQ YLVLyQ GLUHFWDSUy[LPDDORMRUHDOLGDGYLUWXDOVLPXODFLyQHWF /D VHJXQGD HV TXH OD PD\RU SDUWH GH GHVDUUROORV H ,' HQ (XURSD VH IRFDOL]DQ HQ OD PDWUL] DFWLYD 7)7 \ PDWHULDOHV QHPiWLFRV )LJXUD,0RGHORGH)8//+'/('EDFNOLJKW/&''79PiVJUDQGHGHOPXQGR SXOJDGDVSUHVHQWDGRSRU/*HQODIHULD&(6 ,7HFQRORJtDGH/('2UJiQLFR 3UREDEOHPHQWH OD DOWHUQDWLYD PiV UHFLHQWH D ORV /&'7)7 TXH VH LQWHQWD LQFRUSRUDUGHIRUPDPDVLYDDOPHUFDGRGHORVGLVSRVLWLYRVGHSUHVHQWDFLyQ ±SDQWDOODVSODQDVGHJUDQIRUPDWRPLFURSDQWDOODVSDQWDOODVIOH[LEOHV±HVWi EDVDGDHQGLRGRVHPLVRUHVGHOX]/('FUHDGRVFRQFRPSXHVWRVRUJiQLFRV 2/(' 2UJDQLF /LJKW(PLWWLQJ 'LRGH (Q ORV XOWLPRV DxRV KDQ VXUJLGR &$3,,1752'8&&,Ï1 PXOWLWXGGHSURGXFWRVFRPHUFLDOHVEDVDGRVHQHVWRVPDWHULDOHVRULHQWDGRV SUHIHUHQWHPHQWHDIRUPDWRVSHTXHxRVPHGLRV>:HUQHU@ /RVEHQHILFLRVTXHRIUHFHQODVSDQWDOODV2/('TXHVHFRQRFHQKR\GtDVRQ P~OWLSOHVSDQWDOODVGHOJDGDV\IOH[LEOHVFRQXQJUDQFRQWUDVWH\EULOORXQ iQJXORGHYLVLyQPD\RUDOGHRWUDVWHFQRORJtDV\XQFRQVXPRPX\EDMR1R REVWDQWH HVWD WHFQRORJtD WLHQH XQD GHVYHQWDMD OD GHJUDGDFLyQ GH ORV PDWHULDOHV SRU ORV TXH HVWi IRUPDGR \ OD FRPSOHMLGDG GH VX WHFQRORJtD >-RQHV@ /RV 2/('VVHFRQVWUX\HQGHSRVLWDQGRRLPSULPLHQGRXQDVHULHGHFDSDV RUJiQLFDVTXHSRVWHULRUPHQWHVHHQFDSVXODQHQWUHHOHFWURGRVFRQGXFWRUHV )LJ, )LJXUD,3URWRWLSRGH792/('GH¶ /D HOHFFLyQ GH ORV PDWHULDOHV TXH FRQIRUPDQ HVWDV FDSDV PRQyPHURV R SROtPHURV RUJiQLFRV DVt FRPR OD XQLIRUPLGDG \ KRPRJHQHLGDG GH VX HVWUXFWXUD ><RVKLGD HW DO @ GHWHUPLQDQ ODV SURSLHGDGHV GHO GLVSRVLWLYR 2/(' HQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR FRORUHV YLGD PHGLD \ HILFLHQFLD OXPLQRVD SUHFLVDPHQWH ODV WUHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV TXH VH LQWHQWDQ RSWLPL]DU HQ ORV GLVSRVLWLYRV DFWXDOHV /RV 2/('V VRQ FDSDFHV GH UHSURGXFLU LPiJHQHV HQ FRORU D IUHFXHQFLD GH YLGHR WLHQHQ EXHQD YLVLELOLGDG HQ DPELHQWHV LOXPLQDGRV \ SRVHHQ WLHPSRV GH UHVSXHVWD HQ HO RUGHQ GH ORV -,6DQWRV PLFURVHJXQGRVTXHVRQLQIHULRUHVDORVGHORVFULVWDOHVOtTXLGRVQHPiWLFRV DFWXDOPHQWH HPSOHDGRV SRU OD LQGXVWULD GH SDQWDOODV SODQDV 7)7 VREUH YLGULR>:HUQHU@ 8QD GH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GLVWLQWLYDV GH ORV 2/('V HV TXH SXHGHQ VHU IOH[LEOHV R WUDQVSDUHQWHV (Q HO IXWXUR SUy[LPR QRV SRGUtDPRV HQFRQWUDU FRQ SDQWDOODV 2/(' HQUROODEOHV )LJ , 2 WDO YH] HO 2/(' VHUi WDQ GHOJDGR\WUDQVSDUHQWHTXHVHUiYLVLEOHVRORFXDQGRHVWiHQXVRHVGHFLU VHSRGUiYHUODSDUHGGHVQXGDSHURFXDQGRHVWHLOXPLQDGRVHPRVWUDUiOD LPDJHQGHOWHOHYLVRU )LJXUD,3URWRWLSRGH792/('IOH[LEOH ,2WUDV7HFQRORJtDVQR%DVDGDVHQ&/ ([LVWHQ DFWXDOPHQWH RWUDV PXFKDV WHFQRORJtDV GH SDQWDOODV HQ HO PHUFDGR SHURFRQXQDLQFLGHQFLDEDVWDQWHOLPLWDGD6DOYRHOFDVRGHODWHFQRORJtDGH OD WLQWD pOHFWURQLFD GLVSOD\V HOHFWURIRUpWLFRV TXH KD LUUXPSLGR HQ ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV FRQ EDVWDQWH IXHU]D VLHQGR HO VRSRUWH SUHIHULGR SDUD HO OLEUR GLJLWDO>+HLNHQIHOG@ODVGHPiVDSHQDVVXSRQHQXQDSDUWHUHOHYDQWH GHO PHUFDGR GH SDQWDOODV DFWXDOPHQWH 7DQWR OD WLQWD pOHFWURQLFD FRPR ORV PDWHULDOHV HOHFWURFUyPLFRV IRUPDQ SDUWH GH OR TXH VH GHQRPLQD &$3,,1752'8&&,Ï1 DFWXDOPHQWH FURPRJpQLFRV DFWLYDGRV HOpFWULFDPHQWH 6X QRPEUH SURYLHQH GH TXH FDPELDQ ODV SURSLHGDGHV HVSHFWUDOHV GH OD OX] WUDQVPLWLGD R UHIOHMDGD HQ IXQFLyQ GH XQD H[FLWDFLyQ H[WHUQD KDELWXDOPHQWH XQ FDPSR HOpFWULFR /DWLQWDHOHFWURIRUpWLFDFRQVLVWHHQSDUWtFXODVFRORUHDGDV\FDUJDGDVVH PXHYHQEDMRODLQIOXHQFLDGHXQFDPSRHOpFWULFRVLHQGRVXGHVSOD]DPLHQWR SURSRUFLRQDODODWHQVLyQDSOLFDGD+D\GRVWLSRVHOGH6L3L[,PDJLQJ>/LDQ HW DO@ TXH WUDEDMD FRQ SDUWtFXODV GH XQ VROR FRORU \ FDUJD GHQWUR GH XQ IOXLGR FRORUHDGR \ HO GH ( ,QN &RUS >&RPLVNH\@ TXH SRVHH GRV WLSRV GH SDUWtFXODV ODV EODQFDV FDUJDGDV QHJDWLYDPHQWH \ ODV QHJUDV FRQ FDUJD SRVLWLYD TXH VH LQFOX\HQ HQ PLFURFiSVXODV MXQWR FRQ RWUD VXVWDQFLD SLJPHQWDGD 8QD FDSD GH HVWDV SDUWtFXODV VH HQFDSVXOD HQWUH GRV HOHFWURGRV \ SURGXFH OD VHSDUDFLyQ GH ODV PLVPDV GHQWUR GH ODV PLFURFiSVXODVHQIXQFLyQGHODWHQVLyQDSOLFDGDSDUDSURGXFLUORVHVWDGRV FODURV\RVFXURV/RVQLYHOHVGHJULVVHREWLHQHQFRQWHQVLRQHVLQWHUPHGLDV SDUDXQSXOVRGHGDWRVGHGXUDFLyQILMD>0RQWEDFKHWDO@RDSOLFDQGR XQDWHQVLyQGHWHUPLQDGDGXUDQWHPHQRVWLHPSR)LJ, )LJXUD,3DQWDOODGH/*GHWLQWDHOHFWUyQLFDFRQXQWDPDxRGHSXOJDGDVIOH[LEOH\ WiFWLO -,6DQWRV 6LVWHPDVHOHFWURFUyPLFRVXWLOL]DQHOFDPELRGHFRORUTXHWLHQHOXJDUHQ XQ PDWHULDO GHELGR D XQ SURFHVR GH R[LGDFLyQ R UHGXFFLyQ LQGXFLGR HOpFWULFDPHQWH >-DQJHW HW DO@ /RV PDWHULDOHV WtSLFRV SDUD HVWDV DSOLFDFLRQHVVRQORVy[LGRVEURQFHVGHZROIUDPLR>%DFNHWDO@ ([LVWHQ RWUDV WHFQRORJtDV TXH WDPELpQ SURSRUFLRQDQ VROXFLRQHV SDUD GHWHUPLQDGRV iPELWRV GH DSOLFDFLRQHV GH ORV GLVSRVLWLYRV GH YLVXDOL]DFLyQ WDOHV FRPR ODV RULHQWDGDV DO iPELWR GH ODV PLFURSDQWDOODV /DV PLFURSDQWDOODV GH DOWD UHVROXFLyQ VH HPSOHDQ HQ XQ EXHQ Q~PHUR GH DSOLFDFLRQHV GLVSRVLWLYRV GH SUR\HFFLyQ SDQWDOODV DGDSWDGDV HQ FDVFRV \ GLVSRVLWLYRVGHUHDOLGDGYLUWXDOKHOPHWPRXQWHGGLVSOD\V+0'\KHDGXS GLVSOD\V +8' PRGXODGRUHV HVSDFLDOHV GH OX] \ GLVSRVLWLYRV GH FRQPXWDFLyQ\GLUHFFLRQDPLHQWRIRWyQLFR ([LVWHQWUHVWHFQRORJtDVFRPHUFLDOHVSUHSRQGHUDQWHVGHPLFURSDQWDOODVODV PLFURSDQWDOODV GH FULVWDO OtTXLGR QHPiWLFR FRQ PDWUL] DFWLYD ODV SDQWDOODV GHFULVWDOOtTXLGRVREUHVLOLFLR/&R6\ODVSDQWDOODVGHPLFURHVSHMRV'0'V \ '/3V GHVDUUROODGDV SRU 7H[DV ,QVWUXPHQWV (Q ODV SDQWDOODV /&R6 VH HPSOHD XQD REOHD GH VLOLFLR PHWDOL]DGD FRPR HOHPHQWR UHIOH[LYR 3UHYLDPHQWH VH FUHFH HO FLUFXLWR VREUH OD REOHD FRQ WpFQLFDV PLFURHOHFWUyQLFDV HVWiQGDU (VWD HVWUDWHJLD SHUPLWH FRQVWUXLU PLFURSDQWDOODVUHIOH[LYDVGHJUDQUHVROXFLyQVLQODVOLPLWDFLRQHVGHDSHUWXUD GH ODV $0/&'V 3RU RWUD SDUWH OD WHFQRORJtD GH PLFURHVSHMRV HV KR\ SRU KR\ OD TXH PHMRUHV SUHVWDFLRQHV RIUHFH HQ GLVSRVLWLYRV GH SUR\HFFLyQ %DVDGD HQ OD FRQPXWDFLyQ HOHFWURPHFiQLFD GH HVSHMRV FUHFLGRV VREUH VLOLFLR SUHVHQWD XQD JUDQ YHORFLGDG GH FRQPXWDFLyQ \ XQ H[FHOHQWH FRQWUDVWH (QHOiPELWRGHGLVSRVLWLYRVGHSUR\HFFLyQODV/&'VHVWiQVXSRQLHQGRXQD VHYHUDDPHQD]DFRPHUFLDOSDUDRWUDVWHFQRORJtDVPXFKRPiVHVWDEOHFLGDV FRPRHVHOFDVRGHORV'0'V>5XGTXLVW@(OORVHGHEHSULQFLSDOPHQWH DO p[LWR GH ODV SDQWDOODV GH PDWUL] DFWLYD GH DOWD WUDQVPLVLyQ UHDOL]DGDV VREUH VXVWUDWR GH SROLVLOLFLR R D ODV PiV UHFLHQWHV /&R6 GH WLSR UHIOHFWLYR /DV /&'V KDQ IDFLOLWDGR DVLPLVPR OD FUHDFLyQ GH XQ PHUFDGR GH QXHYDV DSOLFDFLRQHVODVFXDOHVQRSXHGHQVHUVDWLVIHFKDVSRURWUDVWHFQRORJtDVGH SDQWDOODV >0HWDNLGHV @ 1RV HVWDPRV UHILULHQGR D GLVSRVLWLYRV ³KDQG KHOG´ DVLVWHQWHV SHUVRQDOHV WHUPLQDOHV *36 \ PiV D~Q ORV GHVGH KDFH &$3,,1752'8&&,Ï1 WLHPSR HVSHUDGRV 8076 UHSURGXFWRUHV '9' SRUWiWLOHV DGHPiV GH ORV PDVLYDPHQWH HPSOHDGRV RUGHQDGRUHV SRUWiWLOHV QRWHERRN \ ODSWRSV 3DUHFHSRUWDQWRTXHORV/&'VWLHQHQXQDEDQLFRGHDSOLFDFLRQHVVHJXUDV HQHOIXWXURVLQHPEDUJRHVHYLGHQWHWDPELpQTXHSUHVHQWDQXQSUREOHPD EiVLFR FRQWUD HO TXH YLHQHQ OXFKDQGR KLVWyULFDPHQWH VX YHORFLGDG GH UHVSXHVWD $FWXDOPHQWH FRPR YHUHPRV HVWD GHVYHQWDMD HVWi VLHQGR FDGD YH]PHQRVUHOHYDQWHIUHQWHDRWUDVWHFQRORJtDVSRUTXHFRPRYHUHPRVXQD JDPD GH QXHYRV PDWHULDOHV PXHVWUDQ HQ HVWH WHUUHQR XQDV SHUVSHFWLYDV PX\ SURPHWHGRUDV VH HVWiQ DOFDQ]DQGR WLHPSRV GH FRQPXWDFLyQ GH DOJXQRVNjVHQDQWLIHUURHOpFWULFRV ,7HFQRORJtD&/$OWHUQDWLYDDOD0DWUL]$FWLYD 'HVGH KDFH PiV GH XQD GpFDGD VH HVWi EDUDMDQGR OD SRVLELOLGDG GH HQFRQWUDU DOWHUQDWLYDV FRPSHWLWLYDV D OD WUDGLFLRQDO PDWUL] DFWLYD 7)7/&' >1$&ODUN@>/ySH]@(VWDVVHEDVDQHQIDPLOLDVGHFULVWDOHV OtTXLGRV HVPpFWLFRV IHUURHOpFWULFRV )LJ , TXH VH FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU VX DOWD YHORFLGDG GH UHVSXHVWD \ OD H[LVWHQFLD GH HVWDGRV HVWDEOHV )LJ , , R PHWDHVWDEOHV TXH SHUPLWHQ VX PXOWLSOH[DGR VLQ QHFHVLGDG GH HOHFWUyQLFD GH PDQWHQLPLHQWR HV GHFLU VREUH PDWUL] SDVLYD >/DJHUZDOO @>0XãHYLþ@ )LJXUD,(MHPSORVGH)DVHV(VPpFWLFDV&/(VPpFWLFD$\(VPpFWLFD& (QWUH ODV GLIHUHQWHV IDVHV IHUURHOpFWULFDV OD IDVH DQWLIHUURHOpFWULFD $)/& GHVWDFDVXUDSLGH]GHUHVSXHVWDLQPXQLGDGIUHQWHDJROSHV\VREUHWRGR VXPXOWLHVWDELOLGDGTXHOHFRQILHUHODSRVLELOLGDGGHJHQHUDUHVFDODVGHJULV DQDOyJLFDVGHIRUPDLQWUtQVHFDTXHUHVXOWDQGHIiFLOHVWDELOL]DFLyQFRQXQD WHQVLyQGHPDQWHQLPLHQWR>3DUN@>'KDYpHWDO@ -,6DQWRV )LJXUD,2UGHQDPLHQWRPROHFXODUGHXQDIDVHIHUURHOpFWULFDHVWDELOL]DGDHQVXSHUILFLH 66)/& )LJXUD,&RPSRUWDPLHQWRHOHFWURySWLFRGHXQ66)/&DODSOLFDUWHQVLyQSRVLWLYD )LJXUD,&RPSRUWDPLHQWRHOHFWURySWLFRGHXQ66)/&DODSOLFDUWHQVLyQQHJDWLYD &$3,,1752'8&&,Ï1 )LJXUD,2UGHQDPLHQWRGHXQ$)/&HVWDELOL]DGRHQVXSHUILFLHVLQWHQVLyQDSOLFDGD SRODUL]DFLyQQHWDQXOD (VWDVSURSLHGDGHVKDFHQTXHORV$)/&VHDQPDWHULDOHVGHJUDQLQWHUpVSDUD DSOLFDFLRQHV GH SDQWDOOD GH DOWD UHVROXFLyQ D IUHFXHQFLD GH YLGHR >3DUN @>1$&ODUNHWDO@ /D FRPSDxtD SLRQHUD HQ WHFQRORJtD $)/& IXH -DSDQHVH 'HQVR &RUSRUDWLRQ 1LSSRQGHQVR TXH IDEULFy HQ HO SULPHU SURWRWLSR GH PLFURSDQWDOOD HQFRORUPXOWLSOH[DQGROtQHDVHQXQiUHDGH´GHGLDJRQDO)LJ, )LJXUD,3DQWDOODV$)/&GH'HQVR&RUS7LHPSRGHUHVSXHVWD PV (VWH SURWRWLSR UHVXOWy VRUSUHQGHQWH SRU VX UDSLGH] GH UHVSXHVWD \ iQJXOR GH YLVLyQ FDVL KHPLVIpULFR < DXQTXH SRVHtD XQ FRQWUDVWH EDMR FODUDPHQWH LQVXILFLHQWH SDUD OD UHSURGXFFLyQ GH FRORU VX REVHUYDFLyQ UHVXOWDEDDJUDGDEOHSDUDODYLVWD3RFRGHVSXpVVHGHVDUUROOyRWURSURWRWLSR -,6DQWRV GH´FRQîSt[HOHVDSURYHFKDQGRODVPHMRUDVLQWURGXFLGDV HQ OD VtQWHVLV GH PDWHULDOHV ODV FDSDV GH DOLQHDPLHQWR \ HO GLUHFFLRQDPLHQWR &RQ HOOR VH LQFUHPHQWy HO FRQWUDVWH KDVWD \ HO EULOOR D FGP 3RVWHULRUPHQWH XWLOL]DQGR OD PLVPD WpFQLFD TXH 1LSSRQGHQVR SDUD HO GHVDUUROORGHXQDHVFDODGHJULVHVDQDOyJLFDRWUDVFRPSDxtDVFRPR&LWL]HQ \ &DVLR FRPHQ]DURQ D IDEULFDU SDQWDOODV $)/& DXQTXH GH WDPDxRV PiV UHGXFLGRV 'DGD VX PD\RU HVWDELOLGDG PHFiQLFD HQ FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ ORV IHUURHOpFWULFRV \ VX UDSLGH] GH UHVSXHVWD IUHQWH D ODV IRUPDV GH RQGD SXOVDGDVGHWHQVLyQDSOLFDGDVORVFULVWDOHVOtTXLGRVDQWLIHUURHOpFWULFRV)LJ , FRQWLQ~DQ DWUD\HQGR HO LQWHUpV GHO VHFWRU ,' HQ YDULDV FRPSDxtDV LQYROXFUDGDV HQ OD SURGXFFLyQ GH SDQWDOODV FRPHUFLDOHV (O KHFKR GH TXH SXHGDQ PXOWLSOH[DUVH HQ PDWUL] SDVLYD JDUDQWL]D XQ LQFUHPHQWR GHO iUHD HIHFWLYD GHO St[HO HOLPLQDQGR D VX YH] ORV FRVWHV HOHFWUyQLFRV GH OD WHFQRORJtD7)7>/DJHUZDOO@ 1R REVWDQWH KD\ GRV LQFRQYHQLHQWHV FUtWLFRV SRVLEOHPHQWH UHVSRQVDEOHV GH TXH QR VH KD\D JHQHUDOL]DGR VX SURGXFFLyQ D HVFDODLQGXVWULDO KDVWD HO PRPHQWR>/ySH]@ (O FRQWUDVWH /D PD\RU SDUWH GH ODV SROLLPLGDV TXH VH XWLOL]DQ SDUD DOLQHDU ORV FULVWDOHV OtTXLGRV QHPiWLFRV GH ODV 7)7 DFWXDOHVQRVLUYHQSDUDORVDQWLIHUURHOpFWULFRVFRQORVTXHGDQ OXJDUDWH[WXUDVIRFDOFyQLFDVTXHOLPLWDQGHIRUPDLPSRUWDQWH HOFRQWUDVWH /D PHPRULD UHVLGXDO (O FLFOR GH KLVWpUHVLV GH HVWRV PDWHULDOHV SHUPLWH HVWDELOL]DU QLYHOHV GH JULV D XQD WHQVLyQ ILMD GH PDQWHQLPLHQWR SHUR SURGXFH LPiJHQHV UHVLGXDOHV TXH SHUGXUDQYDULRVFXDGURV ,0RWLYDFLyQ\REMHWLYRV /DV7HFQRORJtDVGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ\ODV&RPXQLFDFLRQHV7,&IRUPDQSDUWH GH OD FXOWXUD WHFQROyJLFD TXH QRV URGHD \ FRQ OD TXH GHEHPRV FRQYLYLU $PSOtDQ QXHVWUDV FDSDFLGDGHV ItVLFDV \ PHQWDOHV \ WDPELpQ ODV SRVLELOLGDGHVGHGHVDUUROORVRFLDO(QHOFRQFHSWR7,&QRVRODPHQWHKD\TXH &$3,,1752'8&&,Ï1 LQFOXLUODLQIRUPiWLFD\VXVWHFQRORJtDVDVRFLDGDVWHOHPiWLFD\PXOWLPHGLD VLQR WDPELpQ ORV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ GH WRGR WLSR ORV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ VRFLDO PDVV PHGLD \ ORV PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ LQWHUSHUVRQDOHVWUDGLFLRQDOHVFRQVRSRUWHWHFQROyJLFRFRPRHOWHOpIRQRID[ WHOpIRQRVPyYLOHVGLVSRVLWLYRVSDUDVRSRUWHVGHP~VLFD\YtGHRDVLVWHQWHV SHUVRQDOHVHWF (V SUHFLVDPHQWH HQ HVWH WLSR GH GLVSRVLWLYRV PXOWLPHGLD DxDGLGRV D ORV QXHYRVIRUPDWRVGH79TXHKDQLUUXPSLGRGHIRUPDDFHOHUDGDHQQXHVWUDV YLGDV GRQGH VXUJH HO SDSHO SURWDJRQLVWD GH ODV SDQWDOODV SODQDV TXH VRQ ODV UHVSRQVDEOHV GH PRVWUDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ HQ GLVSRVLWLYRV GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVPX\YDULDGDVSRUWiWLOILMRSHTXHxRIRUPDWRJUDQIRUPDWR HWF /DV WHFQRORJtDV GH SDQWDOODV SODQDV SUHSRQGHUDQWHV HQ DSOLFDFLRQHV GH JDPD DOWD \D VHD PXOWLPHGLD R GH JUDQ IRUPDWR VRQ ODV /&' GH PDWUL] DFWLYD FRQRFLGDV KDELWXDOPHQWH FRPR 7)7/&' R ODV GH GLRGRV RUJiQLFRV OXPLQLVFHQWHV2/('1RREVWDQWHHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVVHKDSURGXFLGRXQ JUDQ LQWHUpV HQ LQYHVWLJDU QXHYRV PDWHULDOHV &/ \ FRQILJXUDFLRQHV IHUUURHOpFWULFRV DQWLIHUURHOpFWULFRV QHPiWLFRV GH DOLQHDPLHQWR YHUWLFDO HWFTXHSXGLHUDQGDUOXJDUDSDQWDOODV/&'FRQSUHVWDFLRQHVFRPSDUDEOHV DODVGHWLSR7)7/&'SHURVLQQHFHVLGDGGHXWLOL]DUPDWUL]DFWLYDHVGHFLU GH LQFRUSRUDU XQ WUDQVLVWRU 026)(7 GH FDSD GHOJDGD X RWUR HOHPHQWR DFWLYR (OOR UHGXQGDUtDHQ XQD PD\RU IDFLOLGDGGH IDEULFDFLyQ \ SRU WDQWR PHQRUFRVWH (OREMHWLYRJHQHUDOGHHVWHWUDEDMR HV HOGHVDUUROORGHQXHYRV VLVWHPDVGH LQVWUXPHQWDFLyQDYDQ]DGRVTXHSHUPLWDQPHGLU\RSWLPL]DUFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HOpFWULFDV\ySWLFDVGHPDWHULDOHV&/GH~OWLPDJHQHUDFLyQSDUDVXSRWHQFLDO DSOLFDFLyQ DO iPELWR GH ODV SDQWDOODV GH JDPD DOWD 3DUD HOOR VH GHVDUUROODUiQWUHVVLVWHPDVGLIHUHQWHV • 6LVWHPD GH LQVWUXPHQWDFLyQ FDSD] GH PHGLU GH IRUPD SUHFLVD YDORUHV PX\ EDMRV GH FRUULHQWHV GH FRQPXWDFLyQ GHO RUGHQ GH QDQRDPSHULRVPLFURDPSHULRV HQ HO GRPLQLR GHO WLHPSR HQ St[HOHVGHSDQWDOODVGHWLSRIHUUR\DQWLIHUURHOpFWULFRFRQEXHQD UHODFLyQ VHxDOUXLGR 7DPELpQ PHGLUi VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH OD FRUULHQWH GH FRQPXWDFLyQ \ OD SRODUL]DFLyQ HOpFWULFD GH GLFKDV -,6DQWRV SDQWDOODV PHGLDQWH XQD LQWHJUDFLyQ WHPSRUDO GH OD FRUULHQWH UHDOL]DGD SRU KDUGZDUH REWHQLHQGR DVt HO FLFOR GH KLVWpUHVLV HOpFWULFR • $GLFLRQDOPHQWH VH GHVDUUROODUi XQ VLVWHPD GH UHWURLOXPLQDFLyQ HVSHFtILFRSDUDHVWHWLSRGHSDQWDOODVEDVDGRHQIXHQWHVGHWLSR /(' GH DOWD HILFLHQFLD HQ HO TXH VH SRGUi VHOHFFLRQDU OD XELFDFLyQ HQ OD FDUWD GH FRORUHV GH ORV WUHV SULPDULRV 5*% SDUDJHQHUDUODVLPiJHQHVGHFRORUGHHVWHWLSRGHSDQWDOODV • )LQDOPHQWH VH GLVHxDUi LPSOHPHQWDUi \ YDOLGDUi XQ VLVWHPD PLFURFRQWURODGR FDSD] GH JHQHUDU IRUPDV GH RQGD VHxDOHV SXOVDGDV SURJUDPDEOHV SDUD ODV ILODV \ FROXPQDV GH SDQWDOODV PXOWLSOH[DGDVGHWLSRIHUUR\DQWLIHUURHOpFWULFR 3DUD GHWHUPLQDU ORV SDUiPHWURV ySWLPRV GH HVWDV VHxDOHV GH H[FLWDFLyQ \ FRQVHJXLUODVPHMRUHVSUHVWDFLRQHVHOHFWURySWLFDVGHHVWHWLSRGHSDQWDOODV DVt FRPR OD VHOHFFLyQ GH ORV FRPSRQHQWHV GH FRORU SULPDULRV 5*% PiV DGHFXDGRV VH UHDOL]DUi XQ PRQWDMH H[SHULPHQWDO FRPSOHWR GH EDMR FRVWH FRQWURODGR SRU XQD DSOLFDFLyQ VRIWZDUH HVSHFtILFDPHQWH GHVDUUROODGD SDUD HVWHILQ &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 ,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(6'( &21087$&,Ï1<32/$5,=$&,Ï1(/e&75,&$ (13$17$//$6'(&/ ,,,QWURGXFFLyQ /RV FULVWDOHV OtTXLGRV &/ VRQ XQD IRUPD GH PDWHULD EODQGD TXH SRVHHQ XQDVLPHWUtDPiVDOWDTXHODGHORVOtTXLGRVLVyWURSRVSHURPiVEDMDTXHOD GH ORV VyOLGRV /RV &/ FRQ SRODUL]DFLyQ HOpFWULFD HVSRQWiQHD IXHURQ GHVFXELHUWRVHQ>'H*HQQHV@&LQFRDxRVPiVWDUGHVHREWXYR HO SULPHU GLVSRVLWLYR IHUURHOpFWULFR XWLOL]DQGR OD WpFQLFD FRQRFLGD FRPR ³HVWDELOL]DFLyQ HQ VXSHUILFLH´ >&ODUN HW DO@ /RV FULVWDOHV OtTXLGRV IHUURHOpFWULFRV )/& SXHGHQ UHVXOWDU PX\ ~WLOHV HQ GLVSRVLWLYRV HOHFWURySWLFRV GRQGH VH UHTXLHUD DOWD YHORFLGDG \ DOWD UHVROXFLyQ >2WyQ HW DO@3RU RWUDSDUWHXQDLPSRUWDQWHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHQ HOFDPSR GHODV IDVHV HVPpFWLFDV VH OOHYy D FDER HQ ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV ><DQJ@ >3HQD HW DO@ >1DJDUDL@ &RPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH WRGR HOOR VH OOHJyDOGHVFXEULPLHQWRGHORVFULVWDOHVOtTXLGRVDQWLIHUURHOpFWULFRV$)/&V /RV $)/&V KDQ UHFLELGR FRQVLGHUDEOH DWHQFLyQ HQ ODV GRV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV GH ODV FRPXQLGDGHV FLHQWtILFDV H LQGXVWULDOHV >6X]XNL@ (VWRV PDWHULDOHV PXHVWUDQ SURSLHGDGHV GH LQWHUpV GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD HOHFWURySWLFR (2 WDOHV FRPR XQD UHVSXHVWD UiSLGD XQD HVFDOD GH JULV DQDOyJLFD LQWUtQVHFD \ XQ DPSOLR iQJXOR GH YLVLyQ WRGDV HOODV PX\ DSURSLDGDV SDUD DSOLFDFLRQHV GH YLVXDOL]DFLyQ GH DOWDV SUHVWDFLRQHV >/DJHUZDOO@>2WyQHWDO@ 3DUD PHGLU DOJXQDV GH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HOpFWULFDV WDOHV FRPR ODV FRUULHQWHV GH FRQPXWDFLyQ HQ HO GRPLQLR GHO WLHPSR OD SRODUL]DFLyQ HOpFWULFDRHOFLFORGHKLVWpUHVLVGHODSRODUL]DFLyQHOpFWULFDIUHQWHDOFDPSR HOpFWULFR VH KD GLVHxDGR FRQVWUXLGR \ H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH YDOLGDGR XQ VLVWHPDGHLQVWUXPHQWDFLyQHVSHFtILFRSDUDHVWHILQ -,6DQWRV 3DUD OOHYDU D FDER PHGLGDV GH FRUULHQWH HOpFWULFD HQ HO UDQJR GH ORV QDQRDPSHULRVPLFURPLFURDPSHULRVKDELWXDOPHQWHVHQHFHVLWDGLVSRQHUGH XQHTXLSDPLHQWRFRPHUFLDOHVSHFtILFR\FRVWRVR>5DVKLG@(OSUREOHPD GHULYDGHTXHODVFDSDFLGDGHVWtSLFDVDVRFLDGDVFRQORVSt[HOHVLQGLYLGXDOHV GH ODV SDQWDOODV $)/& HVWiQ DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH HQ HO UDQJR GH ORV S)Q) >=ROWRZVNL HW DO@ (VWDV FDSDFLGDGHV WDQ EDMDV KDFHQ TXH VHD GLItFLO PHGLU HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR HOpFWULFR GH ORV St[HOHV SRU ORV PpWRGRV FRQYHQFLRQDOHVGHIRUPDSUHFLVD>3HQD HWDO@GHDKtODQHFHVLGDGGH GHVDUUROODU XQ VLVWHPD HOHFWUyQLFR GH PHGLGD FDSD] GH HYDOXDU FRUUHFWDPHQWHHVWDVPDJQLWXGHV (QHVWHFDStWXORVHSUHVHQWDXQVLVWHPDHOHFWUyQLFREDUDWRHILFLHQWH\TXH HV FDSD] GH PHGLU FRQ SUHFLVLyQ UD]RQDEOH GHWHUPLQDGDV PDJQLWXGHV HOHFWULFDVGHODVSDQWDOODV$)/&WDOHVFRPRODVFRUULHQWHVGHFRQPXWDFLyQ DVt FRPR OD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD GH OD SRODUL]DFLyQ HOpFWULFD IUHQWH DO FDPSR HOpFWULFR 7RGD HVWD LQIRUPDFLyQ UHVXOWDUi GH JUDQ UHOHYDQFLD D OD KRUD GH PRGHODUODVSDQWDOODV$)/&GLVHxDUODVIRUPDVGHRQGDPiVHILFLHQWHVSDUD ILODV \ FROXPQDV VLVWHPDV PXOWLSOH[DGRV GLVHxDU GULYHUV TXH VHDQ FDSDFHVGHRSWLPL]DUODVSUHVWDFLRQHV(2GHGLFKDVSDQWDOODVHQWUHRWUDV ,,'LVHxRH,PSOHPHQWDFLyQGHO6LVWHPD 7DO FRPR VH KD FRPHQWDGR DQWHULRUPHQWH VHU FDSDFHV GH PHGLU FRQ DOWD SUHFLVLyQ YDORUHV PX\ EDMRV GH ODV FRUULHQWHV HOpFWULFDV HQ ORV FRQGHQVDGRUHV GH SHTXHxD FDSDFLGDG HV XQ SUREOHPD WUDGLFLRQDO GH HOHFWUyQLFD ([LVWHQ DPSOLILFDGRUHV FRPHUFLDOHV GH LQVWUXPHQWDFLyQ GH JDPD DOWD TXH SRGUtDQ UHDOL]DU HVWH WLSR GH PHGLGDV SHUR VX FRVWH VXHOH VHU PX\ HOHYDGR (O SURWRWLSR TXH VH SURSRQH VH EDVD HQ OD LQ\HFFLyQH[WUDFFLyQGHSHTXHxRVSXOVRVGHODFDUJDHOpFWULFDS&DSOLFDGD DOFRQGHQVDGRUGHPHGLGDTXHHQQXHVWURFDVRVHWUDWDGHXQSt[HOGHOD SDQWDOOD GH &/ TXH VH FRPSRUWD FRPR XQ FRQGHQVDGRU SODQR FRQ XQ GLHOpFWULFRQRLGHDO>:HVWHUOXQGHWDO@>-RQVFKHU@ (O SULQFLSLR GH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO VLVWHPD SURSXHVWR HV HO VLJXLHQWH VL OD WHQVLyQ HQ HO FRQGHQVDGRU 9RXW HV PHQRU TXH OD WHQVLyQ GH UHIHUHQFLD 9LQHOFLUFXLWRLQ\HFWDXQSXOVRGHFDUJDHOpFWULFD∆43RUHOFRQWUDULR VL9RXWHVPD\RUTXH9LQHQWRQFHVHOFLUFXLWRH[WUDHXQDSHTXHxDFDQWLGDG GH OD FDUJD HOpFWULFD GHO FRQGHQVDGRU ∆4 8Q GLDJUDPD FRQFHSWXDO DUTXLWHFWXUDGHOFLUFXLWRVHPXHVWUDHQOD)LJ,, &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 /RVYDORUHVWtSLFRVSDUDODVFDSDFLGDGHVDVRFLDGRVDSt[HOHVLQGLYLGXDOHVHQ SDQWDOODV $)/& SXHGHQ YDULDU HQ WRUQR D S)Q) GH DKt OD QHFHVLGDG GH GLVHxDUXQVLVWHPDDGKRFEDUDWRIOH[LEOH\HILFLHQWH (Q GHILQLWLYD HO REMHWLYR GH HVWH VLVWHPD GH PHGLGD HV SRGHU DSOLFDU XQD WHQVLyQ FRQ IRUPD GH RQGD DUELWUDULD D XQD FpOXOD R SL[HO GH &/ \ PHGLU VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH OD LQWHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH TXH UHFRUUH GLFKD FpOXOD $GLFLRQDOPHQWH VH SRGUi REWHQHU WDPELpQ OD LQWHJUDO HQ HO WLHPSR GH OD LQWHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWHPHGLGDSRODUL]DFLyQHOpFWULFDGHODFpOXOD&/ (O SODQWHDPLHQWR TXH VH KDFH SDUD FRQVHJXLU HO REMHWLYR SURSXHVWR VH SUHVHQWD HQ OD )LJ ,, /D FpOXOD VH UHSUHVHQWD SRU OD FDSDFLGDG &[ /RV EORTXHV ∆4 \ ∆4 LQGLFDQ LQFUHPHQWRVGHFUHPHQWRV GH FDUJD TXH VHUiQ DSOLFDGRV D &[ PHGLDQWH HO FLUFXLWR UHSUHVHQWDGR SRU Σ \ TXH SURGXFLUiQ YDULDFLRQHVGHODWHQVLyQ9RXWHQ&[ 1R &[ ∆4 Vout>Vin Σ ∆4 , 9RXW 6L 9LQ )LJXUD,,$UTXLWHFWXUDGHOVLVWHPDTXHVHSURSRQH /DWHQVLyQTXHVHGHVHDUHSURGXFLUHV9LQTXHVHFRPSDUDFRQODWHQVLyQ JHQHUDGDSRUHOVLVWHPD9RXW0LHQWUDVTXHODWHQVLyQ9RXWVHDPHQRUTXH 9LQ HO VLVWHPD DSOLFDUi LQFUHPHQWRV GH FDUJD SRVLWLYRV ∆4 D &[ GH IRUPD TXH OD WHQVLyQ HQ &[ LUi DXPHQWDQGR KDVWD TXH VXSHUH D 9LQ HQ FX\R FDVR HO VLVWHPD DSOLFDUi LQFUHPHQWRV GH FDUJD QHJDWLYRV ∆4 D &[ SDUDTXHODWHQVLyQTXHVRSRUWDpVWHGLVPLQX\D 3RURWURODGRHOVLVWHPDPRQLWRUL]DUiORVLPSXOVRVGHFDUJDDSOLFDGRVSDUD SURPHGLDUORVHQHOWLHPSRHLQGLFDUGHHVWDIRUPDFXDOHVODLQWHQVLGDGGH FRUULHQWH , TXH HVWi FLUFXODQGR SRU &[ $GLFLRQDOPHQWH VH REWHQGUi DQDOyJLFDPHQWHODLQWHJUDOHQHOWLHPSRGHODFRUULHQWH, -,6DQWRV ,,3URSXHVWD,QLFLDO (QSULPHUOXJDUVHSODQWHDODXWLOL]DFLyQGHIXHQWHVGHFRUULHQWHFRQVWDQWH ,UHI SDUD SURGXFLU ODV YDULDFLRQHV GH FDUJD TXH RULJLQDUiQ ODV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV YDULDFLRQHV GH WHQVLyQ HQ &[ (QOD )LJ ,, ODV IXHQWHV GH FRUULHQWH ,UHI LQ\HFWDQ R H[WUDHQ FRUULHQWH D &[ PHGLDQWH XQ FLUFXLWR FRPSXHVWR SRU XQ DPSOLILFDGRU RSHUDFLRQDO UHDOLPHQWDGR HQ FRQILJXUDFLyQ GHWUDQVLPSHGDQFLD&RPRUHGGHUHDOLPHQWDFLyQVHXWLOL]DHOPLVPR&[ ,UHI $PSOLILFDGRUGH WUDQVLPSHGDQFLD ,UHI &[ 9R &RPSDUDGRU %LHVWDEOH 9%) 9FON ,UHI $PSOLILFDGRUGH WUDQVLPSHGDQFLD ,UHI $WHQXDGRU 9L, 9L) )LJXUD,,(VTXHPDGHEORTXHVGHOVLVWHPD (VWH VLVWHPD LQWHJUD ORV LPSXOVRV GH FRUULHQWH SDUD REWHQHU ORV LQFUHPHQWRV GH FDUJD EXVFDGRV \ SRU WDQWR OD YDULDFLyQ HQ OD WHQVLyQ VRSRUWDGD SRU OD FpOXOD UHSUHVHQWDGD SRU &[ 'LFKD WHQVLyQ 9R HQ HO HVTXHPDGHOD)LJ,,VH FRPSDUDFRQODTXHVHGHVHD UHSURGXFLU 9%) SDUD HVWDEOHFHU HO HVWDGR GHO ELHVWDEOH TXH JRELHUQD HO FRQPXWDGRU TXH FRQWURODVLVHLQ\HFWDRVHH[WUDHFRUULHQWHGHODFpOXODEDMRSUXHED&[(O UHORM 9FON HVWDEOHFH ORV LQVWDQWHV GH FDUJD GHO HVWDGR GHO VLVWHPD HQ HO ELHVWDEOH (OIXQFLRQDPLHQWRJOREDOGHOVLVWHPDHVFRPRVLJXH &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 • 6L 9R!9%) HQ HO VLJXLHQWH LPSXOVR GH UHORM GHO ELHVWDEOH 9FONpVWHFDUJDHOHVWDGRXQSRUHMHPSORTXHKDFHTXH ORV FRQPXWDGRUHV HOHFWUyQLFRV VH FRQHFWHQ GH IRUPD TXH VH H[WUDLJDFDUJDGH&[FRQORTXHVXWHQVLyQGLVPLQXLUi • 6L 9R9%) HQ HO VLJXLHQWH LPSXOVR GH 9FON HO ELHVWDEOH FDUJDUiHOHVWDGRFRQWUDULRDOFDVRDQWHULRUXQDKRUDSRU OR TXH ORV FRQPXWDGRUHV HOHFWUyQLFRV VH FRQHFWDUiQ GH IRUPD TXHVHLQ\HFWHFDUJDHQ&[FRQORTXHVXWHQVLyQDXPHQWDUi 3DUDXQDIUHFXHQFLDGHUHORMTXHVHDVXILFLHQWHPHQWHDOWDFRQUHVSHFWRDOD IUHFXHQFLD GH OD WHQVLyQ TXH VH HVWi DSOLFDQGR DO St[HO GHO /&' IFON!!I%) ODV YDULDFLRQHV GH OD WHQVLyQ HQ &[ ∆9 ∆4& VHUiQ GH XQ YDORU PX\ SHTXHxR 6L VH WRPD XQ YDORU GH ,UHI µ$ \ IFON 0+] 7 µV VH REWHQGUtDQ YDULDFLRQHV GH FDUJD ∆4 ,UHIā7 µ$āµV S& 3DUD XQD FDSDFLGDG GHO St[HO &[ Q) VH SURGXFLUi XQD YDULDFLyQ GH WHQVLyQ ∆9 ∆4& S&Q) P9 8QVHJXQGRSDUGHIXHQWHVGHFRUULHQWH,UHIVLQFURQL]DGDVFRQHOSULPHUR VHSXHGHQFRQHFWDUHQODHQWUDGDGHRWURDPSOLILFDGRUGHWUDQVLPSHGDQFLD SDUD REWHQHU XQD WHQVLyQ SURSRUFLRQDO D OD FRUULHQWH DSOLFDGD D &[ /DV FRPSRQHQWHVHVSHFWUDOHVGHODIUHFXHQFLDGHUHORMIFONVHHOLPLQDQPHGLDQWH XQILOWURSDVREDMRGDQGROXJDUDODVHxDO9L)TXHHVODIRUPDGHRQGDGH ODLQWHQVLGDGGHFRUULHQWHTXH FLUFXODSRU HOSt[HOGHO/&'EDMRSUXHED/D LQWHJUDO GH OD LQWHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH FRQVXPLGD SRU HO FRQGHQVDGRU 9L, VHREWLHQHFRQXQLQWHJUDGRUHOHFWUyQLFRDQDOyJLFR ,,,PSOHPHQWDFLyQGHOD3URSXHVWD,QLFLDO (Q HVWH DSDUWDGR VH SURSRQHQ \ DQDOL]DQ ORV FLUFXLWRV HOHFWUyQLFRV TXH SHUPLWHQLPSOHPHQWDUORVGLVWLQWRVEORTXHVGHOHVTXHPDGHOD)LJ,, (O REMHWLYR HV DQDOL]DU OD YLDELOLGDG GH OD SURSXHVWD \ HQVD\DU GLVWLQWDV VROXFLRQHV D ORV SUREOHPDV TXH VH SODQWHHQ HQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH OD LGHD LQLFLDO3RUORWDQWRVHEXVFDUiQORVVLVWHPDVPiVVLPSOHVTXHFXPSODQFRQ ORVUHTXLVLWRVPtQLPRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDWDOLPSOHPHQWDFLyQ -,6DQWRV ,,)XHQWHVGH&RUULHQWH\$PSOLILFDGRUGH 7UDQVLPSHGDQFLD 3DUD LPSOHPHQWDU ODV IXHQWHV GH FRUULHQWH FRQVWDQWH GH YDORU ,UHI GDGR SRUODH[SUHVLyQ,,VHKDRSWDGRSRUXWLOL]DUXQFLUFXLWRIRUPDGRSRUXQ JHQHUDGRU 9UHI \ XQD UHVLVWHQFLD 5 )LJ ,,D GRQGH 5/ UHSUHVHQWD OD LPSHGDQFLDGHFDUJDFRQHFWDGDDODIXHQWHGHFRUULHQWH ,UHI = 9UHI 9UHI ≈ 5 + 5/ 5/ << 5 5 ,, D E )LJXUD,,*HQHUDFLyQGHODFRUULHQWHGHUHIHUHQFLDD\VXHTXLYDOHQWHE 7DPELpQ VH SXHGH FRQVLGHUDU HO HTXLYDOHQWH GH 1RUWRQ GH 9UHI \ 5 GH OD )LJ ,,D UHSUHVHQWDGR HQ OD )LJ ,,E (Q HVWH FDVR ,UHI YLHQH GDGR SRUODH[SUHVLyQ,, ,UHI = 9UHI 5 ,, 6L5/5ODFRUULHQWHSRU5/VHUiSUiFWLFDPHQWH,UHI ,5/ = ,UHI · 5 ≈ ,UHI 5 + 5/ 5/ << 5 ,, 3DUDTXHHOVLVWHPDVHDFDSD]GHDSOLFDUGLIHUHQWHVYDORUHVGH,UHIVHRSWD SRUKDFHUDMXVWDEOHODWHQVLyQ9UHI3DUDHOORHQSULPHUOXJDUVHGLVSRQHXQ GLYLVRU GH WHQVLyQ IRUPDGR SRU XQD UHVLVWHQFLD ILMD 5 \ XQD UHVLVWHQFLD &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 YDULDEOH 5 TXH D SDUWLU GH OD IXHQWH GH DOLPHQWDFLyQ 9FF QRV GD XQD WHQVLyQ9UILJXUD,,DGHDFXHUGRFRQODH[SUHVLyQ,, 9U = 9HT = 9FF · Į · 5 5+ 5 ,, 'RQGH α UHSUHVHQWD OD SRUFLyQ GH 5 FRPSUHQGLGD HQWUH HO WHUPLQDO FRQHFWDGR D WLHUUD \ VX FXUVRU \ 9HT OD WHQVLyQ GHO HTXLYDOHQWH GH 7KHYHQLQGHOGLYLVRU (QOD)LJ,,E VHSUHVHQWDHOFLUFXLWRHTXLYDOHQWHGHOGLYLVRUGHWHQVLyQ DMXVWDEOH FRQVWLWXLGR SRU 9HT \ 5HT DO TXH VH KD DxDGLGR XQ VHJXLGRU GH WHQVLyQ FRQ DPSOLILFDGRU RSHUDFLRQDO SDUD HYLWDU ORV HIHFWRV GH FDUJD TXH VHSURGXFLUtDQDOFRQHFWDURWURFLUFXLWRDOQXGR9U D E )LJXUD,,7HQVLyQGHUHIHUHQFLDDMXVWDEOHD\VXHTXLYDOHQWHFRQVHJXLGRUE $O VHU PX\ HOHYDGD OD LPSHGDQFLD GH HQWUDGD GHO VHJXLGRU OD WHQVLyQ 9U VHUi LJXDO D OD GHO HTXLYDOHQWH GHO GLYLVRU GH WHQVLyQ DGHPiV QR LQIOXLUiQ ODVYDULDFLRQHVTXHVHSURGXFHQHQHOYDORUGH5HTFXDQGRFDPELDα,, 3RUWDQWRODWHQVLyQ9UWHQGUiHOPLVPRYDORUTXH9UHI\VHSRGUiDMXVWDU PHGLDQWHODUHVLVWHQFLDYDULDEOH5GHDFXHUGRFRQODH[SUHVLyQ,, 5HT = (Į · 5) >5 + − Į· 5@ ,, &RPR VH LQGLFD HQ OD )LJ ,, OD FRUULHQWH ,UHI VH LQ\HFWD R VH H[WUDH DO VLVWHPD HV GHFLU TXH VH QHFHVLWDUtDQ GRV JHQHUDGRUHV LGpQWLFRV TXH VH DFRSODUDQ D OD UHVLVWHQFLD 5 GH OD ILJXUD ,, (Q OD )LJ ,,D VH SUHVHQWD OD RSFLyQ HOHJLGD SDUD HVWH PRQWDMH VLHPSUH FRQVLGHUDQGR TXH -,6DQWRV 5/5FXDQGRHOPXOWLSOH[RU03;FRQHFWD5D9UHIVHLQ\HFWDFRUULHQWHHQ HO QXGR 9/ PLHQWUDV TXH VL VH VHOHFFLRQD ±9UHI VH GUHQDUi FRUULHQWH GH GLFKR QXGR 3DUD REWHQHU OD WHQVLyQ ±9UHI VH XWLOL]D XQ DPSOLILFDGRU LQYHUVRUGHJDQDQFLDXQLWDULDFRPRHOGHOD)LJ,,E D E )LJXUD,,6LVWHPDSDUDLQ\HFWDUGUHQDUFRUULHQWHD\REWHQFLyQGHODVGRVWHQVLRQHV GHUHIHUHQFLDE (QOD)LJ,,VHUHVXPHODVLWXDFLyQDODTXHVHKDOOHJDGRHQHVWHSXQWR WDOTXHVHGLVSRQHGHORVFLUFXLWRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDLQ\HFWDUGUHQDUFRUULHQWH FRQ XQ YDORU GHWHUPLQDGR \ DMXVWDEOH D XQD FDUJD 5/ TXH GHEH WHQHU XQ YDORUORPiVSHTXHxRSRVLEOHIUHQWHDOGHODUHVLVWHQFLD5 )LJXUD,,&LUFXLWRSDUDDSOLFDUODFRUULHQWHGHUHIHUHQFLDDODFDUJD 8QFLUFXLWRFX\DLPSHGDQFLDGHHQWUDGDFXPSOHFRQORVUHTXLVLWRVH[LJLGRV D5/VHSUHVHQWDHQOD)LJ,,XQDPSOLILFDGRUGHWUDQVLPSHGDQFLDFX\D LPSHGDQFLD GH HQWUDGD HV SUiFWLFDPHQWH QXOD \ FX\D WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD HV SURSRUFLRQDODODFRUULHQWH,UHIGHELGRDODUHDOLPHQWDFLyQLQWURGXFLGDSRU 5I &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 )LJXUD,,$PSOLILFDGRUGHWUDQVLPSHGDQFLD /D IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD GHO FLUFXLWR GH OD )LJ ,, YLHQH GDGD SRU OD H[SUHVLyQ,, 9R = − 5I · ,UHI ,, 6L HO DPSOLILFDGRU RSHUDFLRQDO GHO FLUFXLWR GH OD ILJXUD ,, VH FRQVLGHUD LGHDO OD WHQVLyQ 9/ VHUi QXOD GHELGR DO FRUWRFLUFXLWR YLUWXDO TXH KD\ HQWUH ODVHQWUDGDVGHOPLVPRSRUWDQWRODFRUULHQWHTXHFLUFXODSRUODUHVLVWHQFLD 5VHUiWDPELpQQXOD\WRGDODFRUULHQWHSURSRUFLRQDGDSRUHOJHQHUDGRU,UHI VHHQYLDUiKDFLDHOQXGR9/\ODFRQH[LyQGH5IHQODHQWUDGDLQYHUVRUDGHO DPSOLILFDGRURSHUDFLRQDO'HELGRDODDOWDLPSHGDQFLDGHHVWDHQWUDGDWRGD OD FRUULHQWH IOXLUi KDFLD 5I \ VHUi UHFRJLGD SRU OD VDOLGD GHO DPSOLILFDGRU RSHUDFLRQDO /D WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD 9R VHUi OD TXH VRSRUWD 5I \D TXH HO H[WUHPR GH 5I FRQHFWDGR D 9/ HVWi D SRWHQFLDO GH WLHUUD FRPR \D VH KD FRPHQWDGR DQWHULRUPHQWH (O VLJQR PHQRV GH OD IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD HV GHELGR D TXH OD FRUULHQWH FLUFXOD GH 9/ D 9R VL VH FRQHFWD HO JHQHUDGRU ,UHI HQ VHQWLGRFRQWUDULRGLFKDIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDWHQGUiVLJQRSRVLWLYR (QHOFDVRTXHQRVRFXSDVHGHVHDDSOLFDUODFRUULHQWH,UHIDXQDFDUJDGH WLSRFDSDFLWLYR/DVLWXDFLyQVHGHWDOODHQOD)LJ,, -,6DQWRV )LJXUD,,$PSOLILFDGRUGHWUDQVLPSHGDQFLDFRQODFpOXODRSt[HOFDSDFLWLYREDMRSUXHED 7HQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO FLUFXLWR GH OD ILJXUD ,, VH SXHGHDILUPDUTXHHQHOFLUFXLWRGHOD)LJ,,ODFRUULHQWH,UHIVHDSOLFDUiD &[ 6L ,UHI HV XQD FRUULHQWH FRQVWDQWH HQ &[ VH JHQHUDUi XQD UDPSD GH WHQVLyQGDGDSRUODH[SUHVLyQ,, ∆9 = ∆4 ,UHI · ∆W = &[ &[ ,, 'RQGH∆WHVHOWLHPSRTXHKDHVWDGRDSOLFDGDODFRUULHQWH,UHI 3RUWDQWRODVDOLGDGHHVWDHWDSD9RFRQVLVWHHQXQDYDULDFLyQGHWHQVLyQ OLQHDO FRQ HO WLHPSR GDGD SRU OD H[SUHVLyQ ,, VLHPSUH TXH HO DPSOLILFDGRU RSHUDFLRQDO HVWp IXQFLRQDQGR GHQWUR GH VX UDQJR GLQiPLFR DQWHVGHTXHODVDOLGDDOFDQFHODWHQVLyQPi[LPD\VHVDWXUH 9R = − ,UHI ·W &[ ,, (QGHILQLWLYD\DVHWLHQHQORVFLUFXLWRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDJHQHUDUUDPSDVHQ XQDFDUJDGHWLSRFDSDFLWLYRGHSHQGLHQWHVSRVLWLYDRQHJDWLYDHQIXQFLyQ GHODSRODULGDGGHODWHQVLyQ9UHITXHSXHGHVHUVHOHFFLRQDGDPHGLDQWHXQ PXOWLSOH[RU TXH VHUi FRQWURODGR SRU ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH VH GHVFULEHQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ (QOD)LJ,,VHUHVXPHODSURSXHVWDSUiFWLFDSDUDHVWDHWDSDGHOVLVWHPD /D WHQVLyQ 9L GH HQWUDGD SURFHGH GHO PXOWLSOH[RU TXH VH WUDWDUi HQ HO VLJXLHQWHDSDUWDGR\SXHGHWRPDUGRVYDORUHV9UHI\±9UHI &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 )LJXUD,,3URSXHVWDSUiFWLFDSDUDDSOLFDUODFRUULHQWHD&[ /D IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD GHO FLUFXLWR GH OD )LJ ,, YLHQH GDGD SRU OD H[SUHVLyQ,, 9R = − 5ā&[ ³9LWāG W ,, &XDQGR 9L 9UHI \ WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD ,, VH REWLHQH ,, \ HQ 9R XQD UDPSD GH SHQGLHQWH QHJDWLYD (Q HO FDVR GH VHU 9L 9UHI OD UDPSD VHUtDSRVLWLYD ,,&RPSDUDGRU%LHVWDEOH\0XOWLSOH[RU &RQHOILQGHHVWDEOHFHUVLKD\TXHLQ\HFWDURGUHQDUFRUULHQWHHQODFDUJD FDSDFLWLYD \ SRU WDQWR HVWDEOHFHU VL OD UDPSD GH WHQVLyQ HQ GLFKD FDUJD WLHQH SHQGLHQWH SRVLWLYD R QHJDWLYD HV QHFHVDULR FRQRFHU VL HO YDORU GH OD WHQVLyQTXHVRSRUWD&[HVVXSHULRURLQIHULRUDOGHODWHQVLyQTXHVHGHVHD UHSURGXFLUVREUHHOPLVPRSDUDHQVXFDVRPDQWHQHURFDPELDUHOVHQWLGR GHODYDULDFLyQGHODWHQVLyQJHQHUDGD 3RURWURODGRVHGHEHDOPDFHQDUHOHVWDGRGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOVLVWHPD UDPSD SRVLWLYD R UDPSD QHJDWLYD KDVWD HO VLJXLHQWH LQVWDQWH VLJQLILFDWLYR HQHOTXHFRUUHVSRQGDGHFLGLUVLVHPDQWLHQHGLFKRHVWDGRRVHFDPELDHQ IXQFLyQGHODHYROXFLyQGHODVVHxDOHVSUHVHQWHVHQORVSXQWRVGHLQWHUpV /DWHQVLyQGHVDOLGDGHODPSOLILFDGRUGHWUDQVLPSHGDQFLD9RDOTXHHVWi FRQHFWDGD OD FDUJD FDSDFLWLYD &[ )LJ ,, VH FRUUHVSRQGH FRQ OD WHQVLyQ TXH VRSRUWD GLFKD FDUJD \ WLHQH TXH UHSURGXFLU XQD IRUPD GH RQGD -,6DQWRV DUELWUDULD TXH VH DSOLFDUi DO VLVWHPD (O UHVXOWDGR GH OD FRPSDUDFLyQ GH HVWDV GRV IRUPDV GH RQGD LQGLFDUi VL OD VHxDO UHSURGXFLGD VXSHUD R QR HO YDORUGHODTXHVHTXLHUHUHSURGXFLU (QHVWDSULPHUDDSUR[LPDFLyQDOVLVWHPDVHXWLOL]yXQFRPSDUDGRU VLPSOH LPSOHPHQWDGRFRQXQDPSOLILFDGRURSHUDFLRQDO)LJ,,/DVHQWUDGDVGH HVWH FRPSDUDGRU VH FRQHFWDQ 9R D OD VDOLGD GHO DPSOLILFDGRU GH WUDQVLPSHGDQFLD GH OD )LJ ,, \ 9%) DO JHQHUDGRU GH OD IRUPD GH RQGD TXHVHGHVHDUHSURGXFLUFRQHVWHVLVWHPD )LJXUD,,(VTXHPDGHOFRPSDUDGRUUHFRUWDGRU\ELHVWDEOH /D WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD GHO FRPSDUDGRU 9FPS HQ )LJ ,, VH DFRQGLFLRQD PHGLDQWH HO FLUFXLWR IRUPDGR SRU 5U \ '= D ORV QLYHOHV TXH DGPLWH OD HQWUDGD GHO ELHVWDEOH ))' &XDQGR OD VDOLGD GHO DPSOLILFDGRU RSHUDFLRQDO 9FPS HVWi D QLYHO DOWR 9%)9R HQ OD HQWUDGD ' GH ))' VH DSOLFD XQD WHQVLyQ TXH HVWDEOHFH '= §9 XQ µ¶ \ FXDQGR HVWi D QLYHO EDMR '= FRQGXFHHQGLUHFWD\ODWHQVLyQHQ'VHUiXQµ¶§9(VWRVGDWRVµ¶\ µ¶VHFDUJDUiQHQHOELHVWDEOHFDGDYH]TXHHQ9FONDSDUH]FDXQIODQFRGH VXELGD\VXYDORU94FRQWURODUiHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODVLJXLHQWHHWDSDHO PXOWLSOH[RU (QOD)LJ,,VHSUHVHQWDODFRQILJXUDFLyQHOHJLGDSDUDFRQPXWDUORVGRV YDORUHV 9UHI \ 9UHI TXH SXHGH WRPDU OD WHQVLyQ GH UHIHUHQFLD TXH HVWDEOHFHODDPSOLWXGGHORVLPSXOVRVGHFRUULHQWHDDSOLFDUDODPXHVWUDGH &/EDMRHVWXGLR &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 )LJXUD,,(VTXHPDGHOPXOWLSOH[RU 6H XWLOL]DQ GRV LQWHUUXSWRUHV FRQWURODGRV SRU OD WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD GHO ELHVWDEOH XQR GH HOORV QRUPDOPHQWH DELHUWR \ HO RWUR QRUPDOPHQWH FHUUDGRGHIRUPDTXHODVHxDOGHFRQWURO94VHDFRP~QDDPERV ,,)LOWUR3DVR%DMRH,QWHJUDGRU )LQDOPHQWHSDUDREWHQHUHOYDORUPHGLRGHODFRUULHQWHDSOLFDGDDOSt[HOGHO /&' VH XWLOL]D XQ ILOWUR SDVR EDMR GH SULPHU RUGHQ \ SDUD OD LQWHJUDO GH GLFKD FRUULHQWH XQ LQWHJUDGRU DQDOyJLFR DPERV FRQVWUXLGRV PHGLDQWH VHQGRV DPSOLILFDGRUHV RSHUDFLRQDOHV SULPHUD \ VHJXQGD HWDSDV UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHGHOHVTXHPiWLFRGHOD)LJ,, )LJXUD,,(VTXHPDGHILOWURSDVREDMRHLQWHJUDGRUSURSXHVWRV /DIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDGHOILOWURYLHQHGDGDSRUODH[SUHVLyQ,,VX IUHFXHQFLDGHFRUWHI3%M,,GHEHUiWHQHUXQYDORUWDOTXHGHMHSDVDUODV -,6DQWRV FRPSRQHQWHV GH EDMD IUHFXHQFLD GH OD VHxDO TXH VH HVWp UHSURGXFLHQGR \ DWHQ~HODVYDULDFLRQHVGHWHQVLyQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDODIUHFXHQFLDGHOUHORM GHOELHVWDEOH 9L) −5) ⋅ = 9L 5) Mǔ ⋅ 52) ·&) + ,, I3%M = ⋅ Ⱥ ā 5) ā&) ,, (Q FXDQWR DO LQWHJUDGRU SUHVHQWD OD PLVPD FRQILJXUDFLyQ TXH HO ILOWUR D SDUWLU GH VX IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD HQ OD YDULDEOH ³V´ GH /DSODFH VH REWLHQH OD YDULDFLyQ WHPSRUDO GH VX WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD ,, GHELHQGR HVWDUVLWXDGRHOSRORTXHLQWURGXFHQ5,\&,IF,,,HQXQDIUHFXHQFLD PXFKRPHQRUTXHODIUHFXHQFLDPtQLPDGHODVHxDOTXHVHGHVHHUHSURGXFLU FRQHOVLVWHPDIF,I%)PLQ 9L, − 5L (V) = ⋅ 9L) 5L V ⋅ 5, ā&, + IF, << I%) 9L, − 5, − = ⋅ = 9L) 5, V ⋅ 5, ā&, V ⋅ 5L ā&L 9L, − − · 9L, = 9L) (W ) · GW = 9L) 5L ā&L V 5, ā&, ³ ,, IF, = ⋅ Ⱥ ā 5, ā &, ,, &RQ HVWRV GRV VXEVLVWHPDV VH GD SRU ILQDOL]DGD OD H[SRVLFLyQ GHWDOODGD GH ORVFLUFXLWRVTXHLPSOHPHQWDQORVGLVWLQWRVEORTXHVGHOHVTXHPDGHOD)LJ ,, $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ HQ HO VLJXLHQWH DSDUWDGR VH SUHVHQWD HO VLVWHPD FRPSOHWR FXDQWLILFDQGR ORV YDORUHV GH ORV FRPSRQHQWHV D XWLOL]DU HQ HO PLVPR ,,6LVWHPD&RPSOHWR3URSXHVWD,QLFLDO (Q OD )LJ ,, VH SXHGH REVHUYDU HO HVTXHPiWLFR GHO VLVWHPD SDUD HVWD SURSXHVWD LQLFLDO WRWDOPHQWH IXQFLRQDO LQFOXLGD XQD HWDSD DWHQXDGRUD 5 &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 \ 5 QHFHVDULD SDUD GLVPLQXLU OD DPSOLWXG GH OD VHxDO UHSURGXFLGD 9R D XQ YDORU PHQRU FRPSDWLEOH FRQ ODV WHQVLRQHV 9%) GLVSRQLEOHV HQ ORV JHQHUDGRUHV GH IRUPDV GH RQGD KDELWXDOHV HQ ORV ODERUDWRULRV (VWR HV QHFHVDULR SRUTXH HQ ODV SUXHEDV TXH VH UHDOL]DQ FRQ DOJXQRV WLSRV GH FULVWDOHV OtTXLGRV VH SXHGHQ OOHJDU D DSOLFDU WHQVLRQHV UHODWLYDPHQWH HOHYDGDVYDULDVGHFHQDVGHYROWLRV 6LELHQODVHxDOTXHVHUHSURGXFHVREUHODPXHVWUDEDMRSUXHED&[HV9R HO VLVWHPD FRPSDUD FRQ OD VHxDO GH UHIHUHQFLD 9%) OD GH VDOLGD GHO DQWHGLFKRDWHQXDGRU9R¶HQOD)LJ,,SRUORTXHVHSXHGHVHxDODUSRU WDQWR TXH HO VLVWHPD LQWURGXFH XQD JDQDQFLD * ,, VL VH FRQVLGHUD FRPRHQWUDGDODVHxDOTXHVHGHVHDUHSURGXFLU9%)\FRPRVDOLGDODVHxDO TXHVHHVWiUHSURGXFLHQGR9R 9%) ≡ 9R = 5 9R 5 · § ā9R * = = ¨ + ¸ 5 + 5 9%) 5 ¹ © ,, &RQUHIHUHQFLDDODILJXUD,, • /D JHQHUDFLyQ GH ODV WHQVLRQHV GH UHIHUHQFLD 9UHI VH UHDOL]D PHGLDQWH 9FF HO GLYLVRU 55 HO VHJXLGRU $2 \ HO DPSOLILFDGRULQYHUVRUFRPSXHVWRSRU55\$2 &RQ ORV YDORUHV TXH VH LQGLFDQ HV SRVLEOH REWHQHU XQD WHQVLyQ GHUHIHUHQFLDFRPSUHQGLGDHQWUH9\9,, • /DV VDOLGDV GH HVWH EORTXH VH DFRSODQ D ODV HQWUDGDV GHO PXOWLSOH[RU DQDOyJLFR FX\D VDOLGD 9L VH FRQHFWD DO DPSOLILFDGRU GHWUDQVLPSHGDQFLDUHDOL]DGRHQWRUQRD$2(VWHDPSOLILFDGRU HVWiUHDOLPHQWDGRSRUODFpOXODGHFULVWDOOtTXLGR&[EDMRSUXHED /DUHVLVWHQFLD5GHODILJXUD,,DHV5HQHVWHHVTXHPDSRU OR TXH ORV LPSXOVRV GH FRUULHQWH ,UHI TXH VH OH DSOLFDQ DO /&' SXHGHQWHQHUXQDDPSOLWXGFRPSUHQGLGDHQWUH\$,, /DUHVLVWHQFLD5ELDVVHXWLOL]DSDUDFRPSHQVDUODVFRUULHQWHVGH SRODUL]DFLyQGHHQWUDGDGH$2 • $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ GHO DPSOLILFDGRU GH WUDQVLPSHGDQFLD VH HQFXHQWUD HO GLYLVRU GH WHQVLyQ 55 PHQFLRQDGR SUHYLDPHQWH &RQ ORV YDORUHV GH UHVLVWHQFLD TXH VH PXHVWUDQ 5 5 VH DSOLFD HQ OD HQWUDGD QR LQYHUVRUD GHO FRPSDUDGRU -,6DQWRV XQDWHQVLyQTXHHVODPLWDGGH9RVLELHQHVWHYDORUVHSXHGH FDPELDU VXVWLWX\HQGR ODV UHVLVWHQFLDV SRU RWUDV GH YDORU DGHFXDGR 3RU WDQWR FRQ HVWRV YDORUHV * \ OD WHQVLyQ UHSURGXFLGDWHQGUiGREOHDPSOLWXGTXHODTXHVHDSOLTXHGHVGH HOJHQHUDGRU9%) • (OFRPSDUDGRU$2UHFLEHHQVXHQWUDGDQRLQYHUVRUDODVHxDO TXHHOVLVWHPDHVWiUHSURGXFLHQGRDWHQXDGDSRU55\HQVX HQWUDGD LQYHUVRUD OD VHxDO TXH VH GHVHD UHSURGXFLU 9%) SURYHQLHQWH GH XQ JHQHUDGRU GH IRUPDV GH RQGD (Q OD VDOLGD GHO FRPSDUDGRU VH FRQHFWD XQ UHFRUWDGRU IRUPDGR SRU 5 \ '=97HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDDOFRQMXQWRFRPSDUDGRUUHFRUWDGRU FXDQGR 9R*!9%) VH WHQGUtD HQ ' XQ µ¶ \ FXDQGR 9R*9%)XQµ¶ • (OELHVWDEOH))'DOPDFHQDHOHVWDGRGHOVLVWHPDVHWUDWDGHXQ GLVSRVLWLYRDFWLYDGRSRUHOIODQFRGHVXELGDGHOUHORM9FON&DGD YH] TXH RFXUUD GLFKR HYHQWR VH FDUJDUi HQ 4 HO YDORU DSOLFDGR HQ HVH LQVWDQWH HQ ' &XDQGR 94 9 VH WHQGUi 9L 9UHI \ FXDQGR94 9VHUi9L 9UHI • /RVLPSXOVRVGHODWHQVLyQGHUHIHUHQFLD9LTXHGDQOXJDUDORV LPSXOVRV GH FRUULHQWH GH DPSOLWXG ,UHI DSOLFDGRV DO &/ VH DSOLFDQWDPELpQHQODHQWUDGDGHOILOWURSDVREDMRIRUPDGRSRU 55)55)&)\$2FX\DIUHFXHQFLDGHFRUWH,, VHKDHVWDEOHFLGRHQ+]FRQHOILQGHSRGHUWUDWDUVHxDOHVGH KDVWDPiVGH+]VLQLQWURGXFLUHUURUHVGHIDVHFRQVLGHUDEOHV /DVDOLGDGHOILOWUR9L)VHUiSRUWDQWRSURSRUFLRQDODODFRUULHQWH PHGLD,[TXHUHFRUUHODPXHVWUDEDMRHVWXGLR&[ • /D VDOLGD GHO ILOWUR 9L) HVWi FRQHFWDGD HQ OD HQWUDGD GHO LQWHJUDGRU >5 5, 5 5, &, \ $2@ (VWD HWDSD WLHQH XQ SROR ,, HQ P+] SRU OR TXH SRGHPRV HVSHUDU XQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR FRUUHFWR FRPR LQWHJUDGRU D SDUWLU GH +] DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH /D WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD GHO LQWHJUDGRU VHUi SURSRUFLRQDODODFDUJDDSOLFDGDD&[ )LJXUD,,6LVWHPDFRPSOHWRGHODSURSXHVWDLQLFLDO &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 -,6DQWRV ,,&DOLEUDFLyQGHO6LVWHPD (O IXQFLRQDPLHQWR JOREDO GHO VLVWHPD VH SXHGH UHVXPLU FRPR VLJXH 0LHQWUDV OD WHQVLyQ UHSURGXFLGD 9R VHD PHQRU TXH OD TXH VH TXLHUH UHSURGXFLU OD GHO JHQHUDGRU 9%) PXOWLSOLFDGD SRU * OD VDOLGD GHO FRPSDUDGRU9FPSHVWDUiDQLYHOEDMRSRUORTXHHOELHVWDEOHFDUJDUiXQµ¶ HQFDGDIODQFRGHVXELGDGHOUHORM9FON(QHVWDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV9L 9UHI\ VHHVWDUiGUHQDQGRFRUULHQWHGHOQXGR9/HQWRQFHVHQ9RWHQGUHPRVXQD UDPSD FRQ SHQGLHQWH SRVLWLYD OR TXH FRQOOHYD HO VLJQR ± GH OD H[SUHVLyQ ,, &XDQGR 9R VXSHUH D 9%) 9FPS SDVDUi D QLYHO DOWR \ HQ HO VLJXLHQWH IODQFR SRVLWLYR GH 9FON 4 FDPELDUi GH µ¶ D µ¶ SRU OR TXH DKRUD VHUi9L 9UHIVHLQ\HFWDFRUULHQWHHQ9/\9RDOWHUQDDUDPSDQHJDWLYD 8QDYH]TXH9RYXHOYDDVHUPHQRUTXH*ā9%)9FPSHVWDUiGHQXHYRD QLYHOEDMR4FDPELDUiGHµ¶Dµ¶\9RDUDPSDSRVLWLYDUHSLWLpQGRVHHO SURFHVRDQWHVGHVFULWR 3RU WDQWR VH SXHGH DILUPDU TXH HO VLVWHPD SURSXHVWR YD D SURGXFLU XQD WHQVLyQ9RTXHVHJXLUiODVHYROXFLRQHVGH9%)VLHPSUHTXHODSHQGLHQWH LQGXFLGD HQ 9R TXH HV DMXVWDEOH ,, FRQ ,UHI VHD PD\RU TXH OD TXH WLHQH9%) 3RURWURODGRHOILOWURGHMDUiSDVDUODVFRPSRQHQWHVGHEDMDIUHFXHQFLDGH 9L DWHQXDQGR ODV GH DOWD IUHFXHQFLD 'LFKR GH RWUR PRGR GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD GH OD IUHFXHQFLD GHO UHORM GHO ELHVWDEOH 9FON HVWH ILOWUR HV XQ LQWHJUDGRU \D TXH I3%MIFON UHDOPHQWH OR TXH VH HVWi KDFLHQGR HV SURPHGLDUORVLPSXOVRVGHWHQVLyQGH9L(QODVDOLGDVHREWLHQHXQYROWDMH 9L)SURSRUFLRQDODODFRUULHQWHPHGLD,[TXHFLUFXODSRU&[ /D FRQVWDQWH GH SURSRUFLRQDOLGDG GH HVWD WHQVLyQ UHVSHFWR D OD FRUULHQWH GHSHQGHGHOYDORUGHODJDQDQFLDGHOILOWURHQVXEDQGDGHSDVR$Y)\GH 5 ,, 3RU HMHPSOR VL $Y) 5) 5 5 5) \ FRQ 5 5 NWHQGUHPRVXQDUHODFLyQGH$9HQWUH9L)H,[ &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 9L ½ 9L = ,[ ā 5 ° 5 ¾ °¿ 9L) = $Y) ā9L ,[ = $Y) = − ½ ¾ 5 = Nƻ¿ ,[ = ,[ = ā9L) $Y) ā 5 −1 · 9L) = − 10−5 Ω−1 · 9L) 5 10 Ω ,, (QFXDQWRDOLQWHJUDGRUVHSXHGHFDOFXODUHOYDORUGHORVLPSXOVRVGHFDUJD DSOLFDGRVD&[FRPRVLJXH6LHOUHORMGHOVLVWHPDWLHQHXQDIUHFXHQFLDGH N+] \ HO VLVWHPD HVWi VLJXLHQGR XQD VHxDO 9%) FRQVWDQWH 9R HVWDUi DOWHUQDQGR UDPSDV SRVLWLYDV \ QHJDWLYDV FRQVHFXWLYDPHQWH SRU OR TXH OD GXUDFLyQ GH ODV PLVPDV VHUi GH V &RQWLQXDQGR FRQ HO HMHPSOR GHO SiUUDIR DQWHULRU FRPR HQ OD VDOLGD GHO ILOWUR VH REWLHQHQ $9 TXH VRQ DSOLFDGRVGXUDQWHVUHVXOWDXQDYDULDFLyQGHFDUJDGHQ&9 (Q ,, VH UHVXPH OD VLWXDFLyQ VXVWLWX\HQGR ,, HQ ,, VH REWLHQHODIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDTXHSURSRUFLRQDHOYDORUGHODFDUJDHQ &[DSDUWLUGHODWHQVLyQGHVDOLGDGHOLQWHJUDGRU (QHVWHFDVRODUHODFLyQ HQWUHT[\9L,HVGH&9 9L) (W ) = $Y) ā5 ā ,[ (W ) ½ ° − 9L, (W ) = 9L) (W ) · GW ¾° 5, ā&, ¿ − − $Y) ā5 $Y) ā 5 ā ,[ (W ) · GW = ,[ (W ) · GW 9L, (W ) = 5, ā&, 5, ā&, ³ ³ ³ $Y) = − ½ 5 = Nƻ °° 1 T[ (W ) 9L, = − 6 ,[ (W ) · GW 9L, (W ) = − 6 5, = Nƻ ¾° 10 ) 10 ) &, = − 6 ) °¿ ³ T[ (W ) = 10 − 6 ) ·9L, (W ) ,, 3RU~OWLPRKD\TXHLQGLFDUTXHHOVLVWHPDQHFHVLWDP~OWLSOHVWHQVLRQHVGH DOLPHQWDFLyQ GDGR TXH LQFOX\H HOHPHQWRV DQDOyJLFRV \ GLJLWDOHV GH WHFQRORJtDVGLIHUHQWHV • 8QDIXHQWHGREOHGH9SDUDORVDPSOLILFDGRUHVRSHUDFLRQDOHV HQ JHQHUDO /RV 9 TXH DOLPHQWDQ HO GLYLVRU GH WHQVLyQ 55 VH SXHGHQ VXVWLWXLU SRUORV 9 GH HVWD IXHQWH \FDPELDU ORV YDORUHVGHODVUHVLVWHQFLDVVLHVQHFHVDULR -,6DQWRV • 2WUDVLPSOHGH9SDUDHOFLUFXLWRGLJLWDOELHVWDEOH • 8QD VHJXQGD IXHQWH GREOH GH 9 SDUD DOLPHQWDU HO DPSOLILFDGRU RSHUDFLRQDO GHO DPSOLILFDGRU GH WUDQVLPSHGDQFLD 2$ (VWD HWDSD WLHQH TXH VHU FDSD] GH DSOLFDU ODV WHQVLRQHV QHFHVDULDV SDUD HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO /&' EDMR SUXHED TXH FRPR VH KD GLFKR DQWHULRUPHQWH SXHGHQ DOFDQ]DU YDORUHV PD\RUHV TXH ORV HPSOHDGRV SRU GLVSRVLWLYRV GH SURSyVLWR JHQHUDO3RUHVWHPRWLYRHQODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQSUiFWLFDGHHVWD HWDSD VH XWLOL]D XQ GLVSRVLWLYR HVSHFLDO FRPR VH YHUi PiV DGHODQWH ,,&DVRGH(VWXGLR&RQFUHWR $O REMHWR GH LOXVWUDU HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GHO VLVWHPD SURSXHVWR VH SXHGH FXDQWLILFDU VX IXQFLRQDPLHQWR FRPR VH LQGLFD HQ ORV SiUUDIRV TXH VLJXHQ DSOLFDGRDOFDVRGHXQFRQGHQVDGRUUHDOGHWLSRFHUiPLFR 6XSRQLHQGR TXH VH GHVHD UHSURGXFLU VREUH XQ FRQGHQVDGRU &[ Q) XQD WHQVLyQFRQIRUPDGHRQGDWULDQJXODUGH9GHDPSOLWXG¨9 9\FRQ XQD IUHFXHQFLD GH +] 7 PV KD\ TXH DSOLFDU XQD VHxDO 9%) GHO PLVPR WLSR SHUR FRQ DPSOLWXG GH 9 DO WHQHU HO VLVWHPD * 6L GLFKD IRUPDGHRQGDVHHVWiUHSURGXFLHQGR&[VRSRUWDUiXQDFRUULHQWHGHYDORU FRQVWDQWHGHQ$,,\VHQWLGRFRQWUDULRHQFDGDXQDGHODVUDPSDV GH 9R HV GHFLU ,[ Q$ GXUDQWH OD UDPSD SRVLWLYD H ,[ Q$ GXUDQWHODQHJDWLYD Ʃ4 = ƩW ā ,[ = &[ ā Ʃ9 ,[ = &[ ā Ʃ9 ƩW &[ = Q) = − ) ½ ° &[ ā Ʃ9 Ʃ9 = 9 = Q$ ¾ ,[ = ƩW ° − ƩW = ā V ¿ ,, /D VDOLGD GHO ILOWUR 9L) VHUi SRU WDQWR XQD RQGD FXDGUDGD TXH HVWDUi D QLYHO DOWR GXUDQWH OD UDPSD FRQ SHQGLHQWH SRVLWLYD \ D QLYHO EDMR HQ OD UDPSDQHJDWLYD\FX\DDPSOLWXG,,VHUiGHP9 &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 9L) = $Y) ā 5 ā ,[ $Y) = − ½ ° 5 = Nƻ ¾ ,[ = Q$ °¿ 9L) = − P9 ,, (Q FXDQWR D OD WHQVLyQ GH VDOLGD GHO LQWHJUDGRU XQD FRUULHQWH GH Q$ DSOLFDGDGXUDQWHPVSURYRFDXQDLQ\HFFLyQWRWDOGHFDUJDGHQ&TXH HQXQFRQGHQVDGRUGHQ)VXSRQHXQDYDULDFLyQGHWHQVLyQGH9ORTXH WHQGUtD TXH SURGXFLU VHJ~Q ,, XQD YDULDFLyQ GH WHQVLyQ GH P9 HQ 9L, /D IRUPD GH RQGD GH HVWD WHQVLyQ VHUiQ UDPSDV FRQ SHQGLHQWH QHJDWLYDSRVLWLYD FXDQGR VH LQ\HFWDGUHQD FRUULHQWH D &[ OR TXH VH FRUUHVSRQGHFRQXQD9L)SRVLWLYDQHJDWLYD ,,6LPXODFLyQGHOD3URSXHVWD,QLFLDO $QWHVGHUHDOL]DUHOPRQWDMHGHOVLVWHPDTXHVHSURSRQHHQHVWHWUDEDMRGH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VH SURFHGH D OD VLPXODFLyQ GHO FLUFXLWR FRQ HO ILQ GH FRPSUREDU HO DOFDQFH GH ORV UHVXOWDGRV TXH VH HVSHUDQ REWHQHU 6H XWLOL]D HOVLPXODGRU³(OHFWURQLFV:RUNEHQFK´EDVDGRHQ³SVSLFH´ /DV SUXHEDV UHDOL]DGDV FRQ HO VLPXODGRU VRQ ODV TXH VH LQGLFDQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ • (Q SULPHU OXJDU FRQVWDWDU FRPR HO VLVWHPD UHDOL]D HO VHJXLPLHQWR GH OD IRUPD GH RQGD D UHSURGXFLU OD DPSOLWXG GHO UL]DGRHQODWHQVLyQUHSURGXFLGDVXUHODFLyQFRQHOYDORUGHORV LPSXOVRV GH FRUULHQWH TXH GHSHQGHQ GH OD WHQVLyQ 9U \ VX VLQFURQL]DFLyQFRQORVLPSXOVRVGHOUHORMGHOVLVWHPD • (Q VHJXQGR OXJDU FRQILUPDU FRPR VH REWLHQHQ ODV WHQVLRQHV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVFRQODFRUULHQWH\ODFDUJDDSOLFDGDVDODFpOXOD FDSDFLWLYDEDMRSUXHED • )LQDOPHQWH FRPSUREDU ORV YDORUHV GH FRUULHQWH \ FDUJD HQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR H[SXHVWDV HQ HO DSDUWDGR ,, -,6DQWRV ,,5HSURGXFFLyQGHOD)RUPDGH2QGDGH5HIHUHQFLD /DFDSDFLGDGGHUHSURGXFLUXQDIRUPDGHRQGDGHWHUPLQDGDGHSHQGHGHOD SHQGLHQWHTXHHOVLVWHPDVHDFDSD]GHJHQHUDUHQODWHQVLyQTXHVHDSOLFD DODFDUJDFDSDFLWLYD\pVWDDVXYH]GHSHQGHGHODFRUULHQWHTXHVHDSOLFD DGLFKDFDUJD&RPRVHKDYLVWRDQWHULRUPHQWHGLFKDFRUULHQWHREHGHFHDO YDORUGHODWHQVLyQGHUHIHUHQFLD9U3RU HVWH PRWLYRVHYDQDDQDOL]DUODV IRUPDVGHRQGDREWHQLGDVSDUDGLIHUHQWHVYDORUHVGHGLFKDWHQVLyQ9U 6HKDXWLOL]DGRXQUHORMGHN+]ODJDQDQFLDGHOVLVWHPDVHKDHVWDEOHFLGR HQ * SRU OR TXH SDUD JHQHUDU XQD WHQVLyQ GH 9 GH DPSOLWXG HO JHQHUDGRUH[WHUQR9%)GHEHWHQHUXQDDPSOLWXGGH9\ODIUHFXHQFLDGH ODVHxDODUHSURGXFLUHVGH+] (Q OD )LJ ,, VH SXHGH REVHUYDU HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR D SDUWLU GH XQD WHQVLyQGHUHIHUHQFLDGHP9FHUFDQDDOYDORUPi[LPRGH9TXHVHKD HVWDEOHFLGR SDUD HVWH VLVWHPD 1yWHVH TXH OD WUD]D FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D OD VHxDO GH UHIHUHQFLD WULDQJXODU URMD HVWi OLJHUDPHQWH GHVSOD]DGD UHVSHFWR DODGHODWHQVLyQUHSURGXFLGDD]XOSDUDTXHVHSXHGDQGLVWLQJXLU )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLDWUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGD WUD]DD]XOSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9 3DUD DSUHFLDU FRPR VH UHDOL]D HO VHJXLPLHQWR HQ OD )LJ ,, VH KD FDSWXUDGR HO GHWDOOH GH ODV UDPSDV TXH VH JHQHUDQ MXQWR FRQ OD WHQVLyQ REMHWLYR 'DGR TXH OD SHQGLHQWH GH DTXHOODV HV EDVWDQWH PD\RU TXH OD GH &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 pVWDHQPXFKRVFDVRVVHVREUHSDVDDPSOLDPHQWHHOYDORUTXHVHSHUVLJXH ORTXHUHVXOWDHQXQUL]DGRGHYDORUFRQVLGHUDEOHFHUFDQRD9SS )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLDWUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGD WUD]DD]XOSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9'HWDOOHGHOVHJXLPLHQWR (Q OD )LJ ,, VH SUHVHQWDQ SRU RWUR ODGR HO GHWDOOH GH OD WHQVLyQ UHSURGXFLGD MXQWR FRQ ORV LPSXOVRV GHO UHORM GHO VLVWHPD HQ HO PLVPR LQWHUYDORGHWLHPSRGHOD)LJ,,6HSXHGHREVHUYDUFRPRVHSURGXFHQ ORVFDPELRVGHSHQGLHQWHHQORVLQVWDQWHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVFRQORVIODQFRV GHVXELGDGHODVHxDOGHUHORM$VtPLVPR\WHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHVHHVWi UHSURGXFLHQGR XQD VHxDO FRQ SHQGLHQWH SRVLWLYD HV GH QRWDU FRPR VRQ QHFHVDULRV GRV FLFORV GH UHORM FXDQGR OD UDPSD HV SRVLWLYD \ VROR XQR FXDQGR HV QHJDWLYD \D TXH HQ HVWH FDVR OD VHxDO UHSURGXFLGD WLHQGH D HQFRQWUDUVHFRQODGHUHIHUHQFLD -,6DQWRV )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDGHOUHORMWUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGDWUD]D D]XOSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P96LQFURQL]DFLyQGHODVUDPSDV 6L VH DXPHQWD OD IUHFXHQFLD GHO UHORM VH FRQVLJXH XQD GLVPLQXFLyQ GH OD DPSOLWXG GHO UL]DGR (Q OD )LJ ,, VH KDQ FDSWXUDGR ODV IRUPDV GH RQGD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVSDUDODVHxDOUHSURGXFLGD9RWUD]DD]XO\SDUDODVHxDO GHUHIHUHQFLD9%)WUD]DURMD 'DGRTXHVHUHIUHVFDHOHVWDGRGHOVLVWHPDFRQXQSHULRGRPHQRUQRKD\ TXH HVSHUDU WDQWR WLHPSR SDUD FDPELDUOR XQD YH] TXH HO FRPSDUDGRU LQYLHUWH VX VDOLGD SRU SDVDU GH VHU 9%)!9R D 9%)9R R YLFHYHUVD (Q HVWH FDVR FRQ IFON N+] VH PLGH XQ UL]DGR GH P9SS DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHXQRUGHQGHPDJQLWXGPHQRUTXHSDUDIFON N+] &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLDWUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGD WUD]DD]XOSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9'HWDOOHGHOVHJXLPLHQWRSDUDIFON N+] 3DUDWHQVLRQHV9UPHQRUHVORVLPSXOVRVGHFRUULHQWH\SRUWDQWRGHFDUJD TXHVHVXPLQLVWUDQDODPXHVWUDGH&/WDPELpQVHUiQPiVSHTXHxRVSRUOR TXH DVLPLVPR GLVPLQXLUi OD SHQGLHQWH HQ ODV UDPSDV TXH KDFHQ TXH OD WHQVLyQUHSURGXFLGD9RVLJDDODGHHQWUDGD9%)(OVLVWHPDPDQWHQGUiHO VHJXLPLHQWR PLHQWUDV TXH GLFKD SHQGLHQWH HQ ODV UDPSDV GH OD VHxDO UHSURGXFLGDVHDPD\RUTXHODGHODVHxDOGHHQWUDGD (Q ODV )LJV ,, D ,, VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV GH ODV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVVLPXODFLRQHVFRQ9U P9\FRQ9U P9 D E )LJXUD,,)RUPDVGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLDWUD]DURMD\IRUPDVGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGD WUD]DD]XOSDUDWHQVLRQHV9U P9D\9U P9E -,6DQWRV &RPRSXHGH REVHUYDUVHHQOD)LJ,,HQDPERVSURFHVRV VHUHSURGXFH DGHFXDGDPHQWH OD IRUPD GH RQGD GH HQWUDGD &RPR HQ HO FDVR GH OD )LJ ,,ODWUD]DFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODVHxDOGHUHIHUHQFLDWULDQJXODUURMDHVWi OLJHUDPHQWHGHVSOD]DGDUHVSHFWRDODGHODWHQVLyQUHSURGXFLGDD]XOSDUD TXHDPEDVVHSXHGDQGLVWLQJXLUPiVIiFLOPHQWH (OGHWDOOHGHODV UDPSDVMXQWRFRQODVHxDOREMHWLYRVHSUHVHQWD HQOD)LJ ,, SDUD ORV GRV FDVRV TXH VH WUDWDQ DKRUD &RPR SXHGH REVHUYDUVH HQ DPEDV FDSWXUDV OD SHQGLHQWH GH ODV UDPSDV VH DVHPHMD D OD GH OD VHxDO TXH VH VLJXH \ HO UL]DGR HQ OD RQGD UHSURGXFLGD HV FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH PHQRU TXH HQ ORV FDVRV DQWHULRUHV DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH P9SS SDUD 9U P9\P9SSSDUD9U P9 D E )LJXUD,,)RUPDVGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLDWUD]DURMD\IRUPDVGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGDV WUD]DD]XOSDUDWHQVLRQHV9U P9D\9U P9E'HWDOOHGHOVHJXLPLHQWR /DVLQFURQL]DFLyQH[LVWHQWHHQWUH HOUHORM\ORVFDPELRVGHSHQGLHQWHGHOD WHQVLyQ UHSURGXFLGD VH SXHGHQ REVHUYDU HQ OD )LJ ,, /D VLWXDFLyQ HV VLPLODUDODGHOD)LJ,,VHJXLPLHQWRGHSHQGLHQWHSRVLWLYD&RPRHQHO HVFHQDULR PHQFLRQDGR VRQ QHFHVDULRV PiV FLFORV GH UHORM FXDQGR OD VHxDO UHSURGXFLGDSHUVLJXHDODTXHHVREMHWLYRTXHFXDQGRYDDVXHQFXHQWUR &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 D E )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDGHOUHORMWUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGDWUD]D D]XOSDUDWHQVLRQHV9U P9D\9U P9E6LQFURQL]DFLyQGHODVUDPSDV &RPR PXHVWUD LQGLFDWLYD GHO SURFHVR GHVFULWR FRQ 9U P9 VRQ VXILFLHQWHV GRV FLFORV GH UHORM SHUR FRQ 9U P9 VH QHFHVLWDQ QXHYH GDGD OD PD\RU VLPLOLWXG HQWUH ORV YDORUHV GH ODV SHQGLHQWHV GH 9%) \ GH 9R 7DPELpQ VH FRQVWDWD FRPR HO DXPHQWR GH OD IUHFXHQFLD GHO UHORM SURGXFH XQD GLVPLQXFLyQ GH OD DPSOLWXG GHO UL]DGR (Q OD )LJ ,, VH KDQ FDSWXUDGR ODV IRUPDV GH RQGD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV SDUD OD VHxDO UHSURGXFLGD 9RWUD]DD]XO\SDUDODVHxDOGHUHIHUHQFLD9%)WUD]DURMD D E )LJXUD,,)RUPDVGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLDWUD]DURMD\IRUPDVGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGDV WUD]DD]XOSDUDWHQVLRQHV9U P9D\9U P9E'HWDOOHGHOVHJXLPLHQWR SDUDIFON N+] &RPR HQ HO FDVR GH OD )LJ ,, VL VH DXPHQWD OD IUHFXHQFLD GH UHORM GH N+]DN+]HOUL]DGRSUHVHQWHHQODVHxDOUHSURGXFLGDHVXQRUGHQGH -,6DQWRV PDJQLWXG PHQRU FRQ 9U P9 SDVD GH P9SS D P9SS \ FRQ 9U P9GHP9SSDP9SSDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH 1yWHVHFRPRHQORVLQWHUYDORVTXHPDUFDQORVFXUVRUHVHQODVJUiILFDVGHOD )LJ ,, SDUD XQ ¨W 7FON V TXH HV OD GXUDFLyQ PtQLPD TXH SXHGH WHQHUXQDUDPSDVLODFRUULHQWHTXHVHLQ\HFWDHVGREOHORVHUiWDPELpQOD YDULDFLyQGHWHQVLyQHQHOFRQGHQVDGRU&[,, 6L VH VLJXH GLVPLQX\HQGR HO YDORU GH OD DPSOLWXG GH ORV LPSXOVRV GH FRUULHQWHTXHVHLQ\HFWDQD&[GLVPLQXLUiODSHQGLHQWHGHODVUDPSDVFRQ TXH VH VLJXH D 9%) SXGLHQGR OOHJDUVH D XQD VLWXDFLyQ FRPR OD TXH VH KD PHGLGR\UHSUHVHQWDHQOD)LJ,,/DVHxDOUHSURGXFLGDQRHVFDSD]GH VHJXLU D OD VHxDO REMHWLYR \D TXH HO VOHZ UDWH 65 GHO VLVWHPD TXH VH SXHGHLQIHULUGH,,FRPR¨9¨W ,UHI&[HVPHQRUTXHODSHQGLHQWHGH ODVHxDOTXHVHGHVHDUHSURGXFLU3DUDODVVHxDOHVREWHQLGDVHQOD)LJ,, ORV YDORUHV VRQ 65 9PV \ 3HQGLHQWH9%) 9PV FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLDODVHxDOREMHWLYR\ODUHSURGXFLGDVRORFRLQFLGHQDODOFDQ]DUOD SULPHUDDODVHJXQGDFXDQGRGHEHUtDVHUDOFRQWUDULR )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLDWUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGD WUD]DD]XOSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9 &RQ HO ILQ GH DFODUDU HVWH DVSHFWR VH KD FDSWXUDGR HVH LQVWDQWH HQ OD )LJ ,,D /D WUD]D D]XO QR SUHVHQWD ORV FDPELRV GH SHQGLHQWH TXH VH KDQ YLVWR HQ ORV HMHPSORV GH VHJXLPLHQWR WUDWDGRV FRQ DQWHULRULGDG HQ HVWH PLVPRDSDUWDGR(OVLVWHPDQRWLHQHPiVUHPHGLRTXHPDQWHQHUHOHVWDGR &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 GH FDUJDU R GH GHVFDUJDU HO FRQGHQVDGRU &[ GXUDQWH VHPLSHULRGRV FRPSOHWRVGH9%) (QOD)LJ,,EVHDEXQGDHQODFXHVWLyQDOSRGHUVHREVHUYDUODPLVPD VHxDO UHSURGXFLGD GH OD )LJ ,,D MXQWR FRQ ORV LPSXOVRV GHO UHORM GHO VLVWHPD D E )LJXUD,,'HWDOOHVGHODIRUPDGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLDWUD]DURMD\GHODIRUPDGH RQGDUHSURGXFLGDWUD]DD]XOSDUD9U P9D6HxDOGHUHORM\VHxDOUHSURGXFLGDE (O SHRU FDVR TXH VH SXHGH SUHVHQWDU HQ FXDQWR DO WLSR GH VHxDO TXH VH GHVHDUHSURGXFLUHVHOGHHVFDORQHVGHWHQVLyQ\DTXHHQHVWHVXSXHVWROD IRUPDGHRQGDJHQHUDGDQRVHUiFDSD]GHUHDOL]DUHOVHJXLPLHQWRGHOIODQFR FRUUHFWDPHQWH\YHUiOLPLWDGDVXYDULDFLyQDOYDORUGHO65HVWDEOHFLGRHQHO VLVWHPD6LGLFKDYDULDFLyQHVVXILFLHQWHSDUDODDSOLFDFLyQTXHVHFRQVLGHUH VHSXHGHGDUSRUYiOLGD(QFXDOTXLHUFDVRpVWDHVXQDGHODVOLPLWDFLRQHV TXH KD\ TXH WHQHU HQ FXHQWD FXDQGR VH XWLOLFH OD WpFQLFD TXH VH SUHVHQWD HQHVWHWUDEDMRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ &RQHOGREOHILQGHFRPSUREDUODUHSURGXFFLyQGHOIODQFRSRUXQODGR\SRU RWUR HO VHJXLPLHQWR GH XQD WHQVLyQ GH YDORU FRQVWDQWH VH KDQ FDSWXUDGR ODVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV IRUPDVGHRQGDTXHVHSUHVHQWDQ HQODV)LJ,, ,, &RPR VH SXHGH GHGXFLU GH OR H[SXHVWR FRQ DQWHULRULGDG HQ HVWH PLVPR DSDUWDGR D PD\RU YDORU GH 9U HO VLVWHPD WHQGUi XQ 65 PD\RU (Q HVWDV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV VH KDQ REWHQLGR ODV IRUPDV GH RQGD GH OD )LJ ,, -,6DQWRV 9U P99%) FXDGUDGDGHDPSOLWXG9ORTXHVXSRQH UHSURGXFLUXQD WHQVLyQ GH 9 HQ &[ \ IUHFXHQFLD +] UHORM GHO VLVWHPD GH IUHFXHQFLD N+] )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLDWUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGD WUD]DD]XOSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9 (Q ODV FRQGLFLRQHV LQGLFDGDV HO VLVWHPD WLHQH XQ 65 9PV SRU OR TXH HOIODQFRUHSURGXFLGRWHQGUiXQDGXUDFLyQGHPVSDUDXQ¨9 9 3RURWURODGRHQOD)LJ,,HQDVHSXHGHREVHUYDUFRPRVHUHDOL]DHO VHJXLPLHQWRGHXQDWHQVLyQFRQVWDQWHMXVWRDQWHVGHOFRPLHQ]RGHOIODQFR GHEDMDGDGH9%)\ODUDPSDTXHLQWHQWDVHJXLUORHQ9RPLHQWUDVTXHHQ EVHWLHQHODPLVPDVHxDO9RMXQWRFRQODWHQVLyQGHVDOLGDGHOELHVWDEOH TXHFRPRVHSXHGHREVHUYDUWLHQHXQSHULRGRGHVTXHHVHOGREOHGHO SHULRGR GHO UHORM SRU WDQWR ORV FDPELRV GH HVWDGR GHO VLVWHPD VH HVWiQ HIHFWXDQGRDODPi[LPDIUHFXHQFLDDODTXHHVSRVLEOH (O UL]DGR GHOD WHQVLyQUHSURGXFLGD GXUDQWH HOVHJXLPLHQWR GH XQD WHQVLyQ FRQVWDQWH HQ HVWDV FRQGLFLRQHV HV GH P9SS WDO FRPR VH PXHVWUD HQ OD)LJ,, &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 D E )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLDD\WHQVLyQGHVDOLGDGHOELHVWDEOH94E WUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGDD\ED]XOSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9 6LDKRUDVHWRPD9U P965 9PV\SDUDODVPLVPDVFRQGLFLRQHVGH ORV SiUUDIRV DQWHULRUHV HO IODQFR WHQGUi XQD GXUDFLyQ GH PV FRPR VH SXHGHREVHUYDUHQOD)LJ,, D E )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLDWUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGD WUD]DD]XOSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9D\GHWDOOHGHOIODQFRGHEDMDGDE $OLJXDOTXHHQHOHMHPSORSUHFHGHQWHVHKDQFDSWXUDGRWDPELpQHOGHWDOOH GHO VHJXLPLHQWR GH XQD WHQVLyQ FRQVWDQWH \ HO FRPLHQ]R GHO IODQFR GH EDMDGD /RV UHVXOWDGRV VRQ DQiORJRV H[FHSWR HQ HO UL]DGR GH OD WHQVLyQ UHSURGXFLGDTXHDKRUDHVGHP9SS)LJ,, -,6DQWRV D E )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLDD\WHQVLyQGHVDOLGDGHOELHVWDEOH94E WUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGDD\ED]XOSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9 ,,2EWHQFLyQGHODFRUULHQWH\ODFDUJDDSOLFDGDVDOD SDQWDOOD$)/& 8QD YH] FRPSUREDGD OD FDSDFLGDG GH RSHUDFLyQ GHO VLVWHPD TXH VH SUHVHQWDSDUDUHSURGXFLUIRUPDVGHRQGDDUELWUDULDVVREUHXQDLPSHGDQFLD GH FDUJD GH FDUiFWHU FDSDFLWLYR FRPR SXHGH VHU XQ St[HO GH XQD SDQWDOOD GH&/&[KD\TXHGHPRVWUDUTXH FRQHVWHVLVWHPDVHSXHGHQPHGLUHQ WLHPSR UHDO OD LQWHQVLGDG GH FRUULHQWH TXH FLUFXOD \ OD FDUJD HOpFWULFD DOPDFHQDGD SRU &[ &RQ HVWH ILQ VH KDQ FDSWXUDGR ODV IRUPDV GH RQGD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVFRQXQDVHxDOGHHQWUDGD9%)FXDGUDGDGHDPSOLWXG9 \ IUHFXHQFLD +] $GHPiV VH KD XWLOL]DGR XQ YDORU LQWHUPHGLR SDUD OD WHQVLyQ 9U P9 FRQ HO ILQ GH QR SHQDOL]DU H[FHVLYDPHQWH OD UHSURGXFFLyQ GH ORV IODQFRV SRU XQ ODGR \ TXH HO UL]DGR GH OD WHQVLyQ UHSURGXFLGDVHDUD]RQDEOHPHQWHSHTXHxRSRURWUR (Q SULPHU OXJDU HQ OD )LJ ,, VH WLHQHQ OD WHQVLyQ GH HQWUDGD 9%) \ OD WHQVLyQUHSURGXFLGD9RDFRQWLQXDFLyQHQOD)LJ,,VHSXHGHREVHUYDU MXQWR D 9R OD IRUPD GH RQGD GH OD WHQVLyQ 9L) FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D OD FRUULHQWHTXHFLUFXODSRU&[TXHHVSURSRUFLRQDODODGHULYDGDGHODWHQVLyQ TXHVRSRUWDHQXQFRQGHQVDGRUL &āGYWGW &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLDWUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGD WUD]DD]XOSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9 (Q HVWDV FRQGLFLRQHV 65 9PV \ SDUD XQ ¨9 9 OD GXUDFLyQ GHO IODQFR HV GH PV /D DPSOLWXG GHO LPSXOVR GH 9L) HQ OD )LJ ,, HV GH P9 TXH VH FRUUHVSRQGHQ FRQ XQD FRUULHQWH GH $9ā9 $ YDORUFRKHUHQWHFRQODH[SUHVLyQTXHUHODFLRQDODFRUULHQWH³L´\ODWHQVLyQ ³Y´ HQ XQ FRQGHQVDGRU PHQFLRQDGD DO ILQDO GHO SiUUDIR DQWHULRU L ā)āā9V $ )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGDWUD]DD]XO\IRUPDGHRQGDGHODFRUULHQWH SRU&[WUD]DURMDSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9 -,6DQWRV /D IRUPD GH RQGD GHO LPSXOVR GH FRUULHQWH VH SXHGH YHU HQ GHWDOOH HQ OD )LJ ,, /RV IODQFRV H[SRQHQFLDOHV GH OD PLVPD VRQ GHELGRV D OD FRQVWDQWH GH WLHPSR GH OD IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD GHO ILOWUR TXH HV GH PV )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGDWUD]DD]XO\GHWDOOHGHODIRUPDGHRQGDGH ODFRUULHQWHSRU&[WUD]DURMDSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9 /D FDUJD T[W TXH DOPDFHQD HO FRQGHQVDGRU VH SUHVHQWD HQ OD )LJ ,, MXQWR FRQ OD FRUULHQWH ,[ \D SUHVHQWDGD HQ OD )LJ ,, \ TXH VH LQFOX\H DTXt SDUD TXH VLUYD GH UHIHUHQFLD &RPR HV OyJLFR SHQVDU VL VH GHULYD OD WHQVLyQ SDUD REWHQHU OD FRUULHQWH \ DKRUD LQWHJUDPRV OD FRUULHQWH SDUD FRQVHJXLU OD FDUJD GHEHUHPRV ORJUDU SDUD pVWD XQD VHxDO VLPLODU D OD GHO YROWDMH 9LVWR GHVGH RWUR SXQWR GH YLVWD HQ XQ FRQGHQVDGRU OD FDUJD DOPDFHQDGD HV SURSRUFLRQDO DO YROWDMH TXH VRSRUWD HQ FDGD LQVWDQWH GH WLHPSR 3RUWDQWRFXDQGRHQ&[VHWLHQHXQDWHQVLyQGH9pVWHDOPDFHQDUiXQD FDUJDT[ &[ā9 ā)ā9 Q& 3RU RWURODGRODWHQVLyQ9L,PHGLGDHQOD)LJ,,WLHQHXQDDPSOLWXGGH P9SRUORTXHGHDFXHUGRFRQODH[SUHVLyQ,,ODFDUJDDOPDFHQDGD SRU &[ VHUi GH T[ )āā9 ā& Q& UHVXOWDGR FRKHUHQWH FRQHOREWHQLGRHQHOSiUUDIRDQWHULRU &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDGHODFRUULHQWHSRU&[WUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDGHOD FDUJDWUD]DD]XOSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9 3RU~OWLPRVHKDREWHQLGR\VHSUHVHQWDHQOD)LJ,,ODIRUPDGHRQGD GHODWHQVLyQUHSURGXFLGD9R¶\ODIRUPDGHRQGDGHODWHQVLyQ9L,TXHVH FRUUHVSRQGHFRQT[ )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGDWUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDGHODFDUJDWUD]D D]XOSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9 (O KHFKR GH TXH pVWD ~OWLPD DSDUH]FD LQYHUWLGD UHVSHFWR D OD SULPHUD HV GHELGR D OD QDWXUDOH]D LQYHUVRUD GHO LQWHJUDGRU 1yWHVH OD IRUPD UHGRQGHDGDTXHSXHGH REVHUYDUVHDOFRPLHQ]R\DOILQDOGHORVIODQFRVGH -,6DQWRV ODWHQVLyQ9L,WUD]DVD]XOHVGHODV)LJV,, \,, \TXHQRVHYHHQ 9R¶ WUD]D URMD HQ OD )LJ ,, pVWH KHFKR UHVSRQGH D TXH 9L, VH KD REWHQLGR D SDUWLU GH 9L) WUD]D URMD HQ OD )LJ ,, TXH SUHVHQWD XQRV IODQFRVGHWLSRH[SRQHQFLDO\DFRPHQWDGRVDQWHULRUPHQWHHQHVWHDSDUWDGR )LJ,, ,,&RPSUREDFLyQGHOD&DOLEUDFLyQGHO6LVWHPD 3DUD YDOLGDU HO VLVWHPD VROR TXHGD FRPSUREDU ORV YDORUHV GH FRUULHQWH \ FDUJD HQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR H[SXHVWDV HQ HO FDVR GH HVWXGLRSUHVHQWDGRHQHODSDUWDGR,, 3DUD FRPRGLGDG GHO OHFWRU ODV FRQGLFLRQHV \ UHVXOWDGRV GH GLFKR FDVR VH UHVXPHQDTXt • 6HGHVHDUHSURGXFLUVREUHXQFRQGHQVDGRU&[ Q)XQDWHQVLyQ FRQIRUPDGHRQGDWULDQJXODUGH9GHDPSOLWXG¨9 9\ FRQXQDIUHFXHQFLDGH+] • 9U P9\IFON N+]* 9%)WULDQJXODUFRQDPSOLWXGGH 9\IUHFXHQFLDGH+] • 9L) P9,[ Q$,,\9L, P9T[ Q&,, /DV IRUPDV GH RQGD REWHQLGDV SDUD OD WHQVLyQ UHSURGXFLGD 9R \ SDUD OD FRUULHQWHSRU&[VHSUHVHQWDQHQOD)LJ,,HQGRQGHSXHGHREVHUYDUVH XQ YDORU GH 9L) GH ',9āP9',9 P9 TXH VH FRUUHVSRQGH FRQ HO SUHYLVWRSRUORVFiOFXORV &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDWULDQJXODUUHSURGXFLGDWUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDGHOD FRUULHQWHWUD]DD]XOSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9 3RU RWURODGR HQOD)LJ,,VHSUHVHQWD9L, HQD]XOMXQWRFRQ9RHQ URMR 9L, DSDUHFH GHVIDVDGD UHVSHFWR D 9R SRU WUDWDUVH GH XQ LQWHJUDGRULQYHUVRU/DDPSOLWXGSLFRDSLFRTXHVHREVHUYDSDUD9L,HVGH P9SRUORTXHWDPELpQVHFRQILUPDHOUHVXOWDGRGHORVFiOFXORVSUHYLRV )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDWULDQJXODUUHSURGXFLGDWUD]DURMD\IRUPDGHRQGDGHOD FDUJDWUD]DD]XOSDUDXQDWHQVLyQ9U P9 )LQDOPHQWH VH KD UHSUHVHQWDGR HQ OD )LJ ,, OD UHODFLyQ HQWUH ODV GRV VHxDOHV GH OD )LJ ,, SDUD FRPSUREDU HO GHVIDVH TXH H[LVWH HQWUH ODV PLVPDV PHGLDQWH OD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH ILJXUD GH /LVVDMRXV &RPR SXHGH -,6DQWRV REVHUYDUVH HO GHVIDVH QR HV GH H[DFWDPHQWH VLQR TXH KD\ XQD SHTXHxDGHVYLDFLyQGHyTXHHVGHELGDDODIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLD GHO ILOWUR 3DUD HYLWDU HVWH HUURU GH IDVH KDEUtD TXH XWLOL]DU XQD VHxDO GH IUHFXHQFLD PHQRU R XQ ILOWUR FX\D IUHFXHQFLD GH FRUWH IXHUD PD\RU TXH OD TXHVHKDHPSOHDGR )LJXUD,,)LJXUDGH/LVVDMRXVREWHQLGDFRQ9R\9L,SDUDFRPSUREDUHOGHVIDVHHQWUH ODVPLVPDV ,,5HVXOWDGRV([SHULPHQWDOHV\'LVFXVLyQ $FRQWLQXDFLyQVHPXHVWUDQORVUHVXOWDGRVH[SHULPHQWDOHVREWHQLGRVFRQHO VLVWHPDGLVHxDGRVREUHXQDFpOXOD$)/&(QHOSUHVHQWH HVWXGLRVHXWLOL]y XQDPH]FODGH&/DQWLIHUURHOpFWULFRVXPLQLVWUDGDSRUOD8QLYHUVLGDG0LOLWDU GH 9DUVRYLD 3RORQLD (VWH PDWHULDO VH LQWURGXFH GHQWUR GH XQD SDQWDOOD $)/& GH EDMD WDVD GH PXOWLSOH[DGR GH [ St[HOHV FRQ XQ HVSHVRU GH NjP EDMR FRQGLFLRQHV GH HVWDELOL]DFLyQ HQ VXSHUILFLH IDEULFDGD SRU HO *UXSRGH&ULVWDOHV/tTXLGRVGHOD830(OiUHDDFWLYDGHFDGDSt[HOIXHGH [PP (Q XQD SULPHUD IDVH VH UHDOL]y HO PRQWDMH GHO VLVWHPD HQ XQD SODFD GH LQVHUFLyQGHFRPSRQHQWHVGRQGHVHFRPSUREyODYLDELOLGDGGHODSURSXHVWD SHURHQODTXHVHSURGXFtDQIDOORVDLVODGRVHQHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHELGRDOD LQHVWDELOLGDGPHFiQLFDTXHSUHVHQWDED3RUHVWHPRWLYRGLFKRPRQWDMHVH WUDVSDVyDFRQWLQXDFLyQDXQFLUFXLWRLPSUHVRPiVUREXVWR\XWLOL]DGRSDUD &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 SURWRWLSRVGRQGHVHUHDOL]DURQHQWUHRWUDVODVPHGLGDVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQ HQHVWHDSDUWDGR /RVFRPSRQHQWHVDFWLYRVXWLOL]DGRVHQUHIHUHQFLDDOHVTXHPiWLFRGHOD)LJ ,,KDQVLGR • $PSOLILFDGRU RSHUDFLRQDO GH DOWD WHQVLyQ FRQ HQWUDGD )(7 WLSR 23$ SDUD $2 $PSOLILFDGRUHV RSHUDFLRQDOHV GH SURSyVLWR JHQHUDOGHOWLSR7/SDUD$2$2$2$2<$2 • %LHVWDEOH WLSR ' DFWLYDGR SRU IODQFR GH VXELGD WLSR +& 'LRGR]pQHUGH9P:WLSR%=;&9SDUD'=9 • &RQPXWDGRUHVDQDOyJLFRVWLSR'*SDUDHOPXOWLSOH[RU (QSULPHUOXJDUVHSUHVHQWDHQOD)LJ,, FRPRHOVLVWHPDHVFDSD]GH UHSURGXFLU XQD IRUPD GH RQGD FXDGUDGD FRQ ODV OLPLWDFLRQHV SURSLDV SUHYLDPHQWHGHVFULWDVYHUDSDUWDGR,,\)LJ,,\)LJ,, D E )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLDWUD]DD]XO\IRUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGD WUD]DURMDSDUDIUHFXHQFLDVGH+]D\GH+]E 6L OD GXUDFLyQ GHO IODQFR TXH VH JHQHUD HV VXILFLHQWHPHQWH SHTXHxD UHVSHFWR DO SHULRGR GH OD VHxDO OD OLPLWDFLyQ TXH LPSRQH HO 65 SXHGH FRQVLGHUDUVH GHVSUHFLDEOH FRPR VH YH HQ OD )LJ ,,E HQ OD TXH OD IRUPDGHRQGDWLHQHXQDIUHFXHQFLDGH+] /D UHSURGXFFLyQ GH ORV IODQFRV \ GH XQD VHxDO GH YDORU FRQVWDQWH VH KD UHFRJLGRHQODVFDSWXUDVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQOD)LJ,,SDUDHOIODQFRGH VXELGD\HQOD,,SDUDHOGHEDMDGD -,6DQWRV D E )LJXUD,,7HQVLyQGHFRQWUROGHOPXOWLSOH[RU94WUD]DD]XO\IRUPDGHRQGD UHSURGXFLGDWUD]DURMDD\GHWDOOHGHOUL]DGRDOILQDOGHOIODQFRGHVXELGDE (QDPERVFDVRVHQODSDUWHEGHODVILJXUDVVHKDKHFKRXQDDPSOLDFLyQ GH OD EDVH GH WLHPSRV SDUD SRGHU REVHUYDU DGHFXDGDPHQWH OD FRUUHVSRQGHQFLDGHODVUDPSDVGHODWHQVLyQUHSURGXFLGD9RHQURMRFRQ ORVYDORUHVGHODVHxDOGHFRQWUROGHOPXOWLSOH[RU94HQD]XO D E )LJXUD,,7HQVLyQGHFRQWUROGHOPXOWLSOH[RU94WUD]DD]XO\IRUPDGHRQGD UHSURGXFLGDWUD]DURMDD\GHWDOOHGHOUL]DGRDOILQDOGHOIODQFRGHEDMDGDE 2EVpUYHVH DVt PLVPR FRPR OD UHSURGXFFLyQ GHO IODQFR VH KDFH FRQ XQD UDPSD GH SHQGLHQWH GDGD SRU HO 65 GHO VLVWHPD TXH HV OD PLVPD TXH DSDUHFHHQODVTXHKDFHQHOVHJXLPLHQWRHQOD]RQDGHYDORUFRQVWDQWHGH ODVHxDOUHSURGXFLGD &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 (VWRVUHVXOWDGRVVRQDQiORJRVWRWDOPHQWHDORVREWHQLGRVHQODVLPXODFLyQ GHOVLVWHPDDSDUWDGR,,\)LJ,,\)LJ,, 7DPELpQ VH KD PHGLGR OD FRUULHQWH TXH VH DSOLFD D &[ OD FXDO VH SXHGH REVHUYDUHQOD)LJ,,GRQGHVHKDXWLOL]DGRXQDVHxDO9%)FXDGUDGDGH IUHFXHQFLD+]'HELGRDODPHQRUIUHFXHQFLDGHODVHxDOODIRUPDGHRQGD GH9L)SUHVHQWDXQLPSXOVRTXHDSDUHQWDVHUSHUIHFWDPHQWHFXDGUDGR)LJ ,,D PRVWUDGR HQ WUD]D D]XO 6LQ HPEDUJR DO DPSOLDU OD EDVH GH WLHPSRVGHORVFLORVFRSLR)LJ,,EVHYHFRPRORVIODQFRVWLHQHQIRUPD H[SRQHQFLDOWDO\FRPRVHKDFRPHQWDGRDQWHULRUPHQWHHQUHODFLyQFRQORV UHVXOWDGRVGHODVLPXODFLyQYHUDSDUWDGR,,\)LJ,, D E )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGDWUD]DURMD\ODFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODFRUULHQWH WUD]DD]XOSDUDI%) +]D'HWDOOHGHOLPSXOVRGHFRUULHQWHE $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ HQ OD )LJ ,, VH WLHQH HO UHVXOWDGR REWHQLGR FXDQGR VH DSOLFDXQDIRUPDGHRQGDWULDQJXODUDXQSt[HOGHXQGLVSOD\$)/&UHDO(Q DVHKDQFDSWXUDGRODVHxDO9%)HQD]XO\ODVHxDO9R¶HQURMR\HQE ODVHxDO9R¶HQD]XO\ODVHxDO9L)HQURMR&RQHVWDPHGLGDVHFRQILUPDOD FDSDFLGDG GH RSHUDFLyQ GHO VLVWHPD SDUD UHSURGXFLU XQD IRUPD GH RQGD GDGD\PHGLUVLPXOWiQHDPHQWH\HQWLHPSRUHDOODFRUULHQWHDSOLFDGDDXQ St[HOGH&/ -,6DQWRV D E )LJXUD,,)RUPDGHRQGDGHUHIHUHQFLD9%)WUD]DD]XO\ODFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH UHSURGXFLGD9RWUD]DURMDD(QE9RD]XO\ODFRUULHQWHDSOLFDGDDOSt[HO$)/& URMR $XQTXH HO GLVSRVLWLYR VH SXHGH FRQVLGHUDU FRPR XQD FDUJD FDSDFLWLYD >3pUH] HW DO@ FODUDPHQWH WLHQH XQ FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH WLSR QR OLQHDO >%RKDQQDQ@\DTXHVLIXHUDOLQHDOODFRUULHQWHPHGLGDGHEHUtDWHQHU XQDIRUPDGH RQGDFXDGUDGD\QRODWLHQHWUD]DURMDGHOD)LJ,,E (VWRVHGHEHDTXHHOFLUFXLWRHOpFWULFRHTXLYDOHQWHGHOSt[HOGHODSDQWDOOD $)/& HV EDVWDQWH PiV FRPSOHMR TXH XQD VLPSOH FDSDFLGDG WDO FRPR VH GHVFULEH HQ DUWtFXORV GH PRGHODGR HOpFWULFR GH HVWH WLSR GH GLVSRVLWLYRV $)/&>)QIVFKLOOLQJ@><DPDJXFKLHWDO@>3DUNHWDO@ )LQDOPHQWHHQOD)LJ,,VHUHSUHVHQWDODKLVWpUHVLVHOpFWULFDPHGLGDHQ HOSt[HODQWHVPHQFLRQDGR )LJXUD,,0HGLGDGHODKLVWpUHVLVHOpFWULFDGHXQSt[HOGHXQGLVSOD\$)/&H[FLWDGR SRUXQDVHxDOWULDQJXODUGHEDMDIUHFXHQFLD &$3,,6,67(0$'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 (VWD FDUDFWHUtVWLFD HOpFWULFD >/DJHUZDOO@ FRQMXQWDPHQWH FRQ ODV PHGLGDVHQHOGRPLQLRWHPSRUDO\FRQODVGHULYDGDVGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHOD (VSHFWURVFRStD GH ,PSHGDQFLD >%DUVRXNRY HW DO@ DSRUWD LQIRUPDFLyQ ~WLO HQ WpUPLQRV GH SUHGHFLU HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR HOHFWURySWLFR GH WRGD OD SDQWDOOD$)/&>%OLQRY@ ,,&RQFOXVLRQHV 5HVSHFWR GHO VLVWHPD GHVFULWR VH SXHGHQ HVWDEOHFHU ODV VLJXLHQWHV FRQFOXVLRQHV • 6H KD GLVHxDGR \ FDOLEUDGR XQ VLVWHPD GH LQVWUXPHQWDFLyQ EDUDWR\FRQXQDSUHFLVLyQUD]RQDEOHTXHHVFDSD]GHPHGLUODV FRUULHQWHV HOpFWULFDV HQ FRQGHQVDGRUHV GH PX\ EDMD FDSDFLGDG S)Q) • 6HKDGHPRVWUDGRODFDSDFLGDGGHOVLVWHPDSDUDPHGLUGHIRUPD SUHFLVD\FRQEXHQDUHODFLyQ61ODVFRUULHQWHVGHFRQPXWDFLyQ DWUDYpVGHSt[HOHVGHODVSDQWDOODVPXOWLSOH[DGDV$)/& • (O VLVWHPD WDPELpQ SXHGH PHGLU OD SRODUL]DFLyQ HOpFWULFD GH ORV SL[HOHV GH SDQWDOODV $)/& PHGLDQWH OD LQWHJUDFLyQ WHPSRUDO HOHFWUyQLFDGHODFRUULHQWHHOpFWULFD • /DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HOpFWULFDV PHGLGDV HQ ODV SDQWDOODV $)/& DSRUWDQLQIRUPDFLyQPX\~WLOSDUDDFRPHWHUHOGLVHxRGHGULYHUV GH IRUPD PiV HILFLHQWH SHUPLWLHQGR OD RSWLPL]DFLyQ GH ODV SUHVWDFLRQHV(2GHGLFKDVSDQWDOODV • (Q HVWD YHUVLyQ QR HV SRVLEOH WRGDYtD UHDOL]DU PHGLGDV VLPXOWiQHDV GH OD FRUULHQWH HOpFWULFD \ ORV FLFORV GH KLVWpUHVLV 3DUDHOORVHUHTXLHUHXQVXEVLVWHPDHOHFWUyQLFRDGLFLRQDOTXHVH GHEHDJUHJDUDOSURWRWLSRDFWXDO(VWHDVSHFWRVHFRPHQWDUiHQ HOFDStWXORVLJXLHQWHFRQPiVGHWDOOH &$3,,,6,67(0$0(-25$'2'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 ,,,6,67(0$0(-25$'2'(0(','$'( &255,(17(6'(&21087$&,Ï1< 32/$5,=$&,Ï1(/e&75,&$(1 3$17$//$6'(&/ ,,,,QWURGXFFLyQ (QHOFDStWXOR,,GHHVWHWUDEDMRGHWHVLVVHKDFRPSUREDGRODYLDELOLGDGGH XQ VLVWHPD LQLFLDO SDUD PHGLGD GH FRUULHQWHVSRODUL]DFLyQ HQ SDQWDOODV GH &/>3HQDHWDO@ 6LQ HPEDUJR OD XWLOLGDG GH GLFKR VLVWHPD UHVXOWD OLPLWDGD VL VH KD GH XWLOL]DU HQ XQ ODERUDWRULR FRPR LQVWUXPHQWR GH PHGLGD GHELGR D TXH HVH SULPHUSURWRWLSRUHVXOWDSRFRPDQHMDEOHSDUDHOXVXDULRSRUQRGLVSRQHUGH LQWHUID] FRQ HO RSHUDGRU WRGRV ORV DMXVWHV KD\ TXH UHDOL]DUORV DFWXDQGR GLUHFWDPHQWHVREUHORVSURSLRVFRPSRQHQWHVHOHFWUyQLFRV)LJ,,, )LJXUD,,,3ULPHUDLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDPHGLGRUGHFRUULHQWHVSRODUL]DFLyQ &RQ HO ILQ GH SURSRUFLRQDUOH HQWLGDG FRPR LQVWUXPHQWR GH PHGLGD GH ODERUDWRULRDOVLVWHPDTXHVHDTXtVHSURSRQHVHSURFHGHDGRWDUORGHORV -,6DQWRV HOHPHQWRV DX[LOLDUHV QHFHVDULRV SDUD WDO ILQ GRQGH DGHPiV GH XQD IXHQWH GH DOLPHQWDFLyQ VH LQFRUSRUDQ ORV FRQWUROHV QHFHVDULRV SDUD GDUOH IOH[LELOLGDGHQHOFRPHWLGRDUHDOL]DUDMXVWHVGHJDQDQFLD\GHODWHQVLyQGH UHIHUHQFLDHQWUHRWURV ,,,'LVHxRLQLFLDO\PHMRUDVLQWURGXFLGDV (QSULPHUOXJDUVHGHEHQSODQWHDUTXpPRGLILFDFLRQHVVRQQHFHVDULDVSDUD DOFDQ]DU HO REMHWLYR GHVHDGR (Q OD ILJXUD ,,, VH KD GHVDUUROODGR HO HVTXHPDGHEORTXHVLQLFLDOGHOVLVWHPDSUHVHQWDGRHQOD)LJ,,WHQLHQGR HQFXHQWDHOHQIRTXHTXHVHKDKHFKRGHOPLVPRHQHOFDStWXOR,, 9U 5 ,UHI [,[Wdt [,UHIWdt ∆4 T[ &[ 9U ,[ 0 8 / 7 , 3 / ( ; 2 5 &[ 9R 94 %LHVWDEOH 9FON ' &RPSDUDGRU\ $GDSWDGRUGH1LYHO 9R¶ $WHQXDGRU 9%) )LJXUD,,,(VTXHPD)XQFLRQDOGHO6LVWHPDGH,QVWUXPHQWDFLyQ (O VLVWHPD LQLFLDO FXHQWD FRQ ODV HQWUDGDV \ VDOLGDV SDUD ODV GLIHUHQWHV VHxDOHVUHORMGHOVLVWHPD9FONODVHxDOGHUHIHUHQFLDDUHSURGXFLU9%) ODUHSURGXFLGDSRUHOVLVWHPDVREUHHOSt[HOGH&/9RODFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH DODFRUULHQWH,[9L)\DODLQWHJUDOHQHOWLHPSRGHODFRUULHQWHT[9L, DVtFRPRODFRQH[LyQSDUDODFpOXODGH&/TXHVHYD\DDSUREDU(OVLVWHPD PHMRUDGRTXHVHSURSRQHYDDLQFOXLUERWRQHVGHPDQGRRFRQWUROHVSDUDOD &$3,,,6,67(0$0(-25$'2'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 JDQDQFLD\SDUDODWHQVLyQGHUHIHUHQFLDDGHPiVGHRWURVGRVSDUDOLPLWDU HO YDORU GHO UL]DGR HQ 9R \ SDUD VHOHFFLRQDU HO Q~PHUR GH HWDSDV GH ILOWUDGRTXHVHXWLOL]DQSDUDH[WUDHU9L) (O HTXLSR KD VLGR PRQWDGR HQ XQD FDMD SDUD GRWDUOR GH UREXVWH] LQFOX\HQGR OD IXHQWH GH DOLPHQWDFLyQ SDUD FRQH[LyQ D OD UHG GH FD GH IRUPD TXH WRGRV HVWRV FRQHFWRUHV \ FRQWUROHV HVWiQ VLWXDGRV HQ HO SDQHO IURQWDOSDUDTXHVHDQIiFLOPHQWHDFFHVLEOHVSRUHOXVXDULRGHOPLVPR ,,,$MXVWHGHOD7HQVLyQGH5HIHUHQFLD 0HGLDQWHODWHQVLyQGHUHIHUHQFLDVHHVWDEOHFHODDPSOLWXGGHORVLPSXOVRV GHFRUULHQWHTXHVHDSOLFDQDODFDSDFLGDGEDMRPHGLGD&[(QODSURSXHVWD LQLFLDOGLFKDWHQVLyQVHDMXVWDEDPHGLDQWHXQSRWHQFLyPHWURHQXQPDUJHQ GH WHQVLRQHV HVWDEOHFLGR SRU XQ GLYLVRU GH WHQVLyQ GHO TXH IRUPDED SDUWH GLFKRSRWHQFLyPHWUR&RQHOILQGHGLVSRQHUGHYDORUHVFRQRFLGRVSDUDHVWH SDUiPHWUR GHO VLVWHPD VH VXVWLWX\H HO SRWHQFLyPHWUR SRU XQ FRQPXWDGRU TXH VH DFFLRQD GHVGH HO SDQHO IURQWDO \ XQD UHG GH UHVLVWHQFLDV ILMDV DFWLYDGDVSRUHOPLVPR)LJ,,, -Vref Vcc +Vref CONMUTADOR - TENSIÓN REFERENCIA 12k +15V 9 10 11 6 7 8 R1 8 13 3 + 160 330 750 2 1 12 5 4 3 OUT 1k5 2 3k6 R2 - -15V V+ TL082 4 1 6 12k 4 V- V- OUT 5 + 8 -15V 7 TL082 V+ +15V 0 0 )LJXUD,,,&LUFXLWRSDUDODREWHQFLyQGHODVWHQVLRQHVGHUHIHUHQFLD /RVYDORUHVHOHJLGRVSDUD9UHIVHSUHVHQWDQHQODWDEOD,,,6HKDWHQLGR HQ FXHQWD TXH SDUD UHDOL]DU HO VHJXLPLHQWR GH IODQFRV DEUXSWRV HV QHFHVDULRHVWDEOHFHUXQ6OHZ5DWH65DOWRTXHGHSHQGHGLUHFWDPHQWHGH -,6DQWRV ,UHI\SRUWDQWRGH9UHI8WLOL]DQGR5 NVHKDQFDOFXODGRORVYDORUHV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVGH5SDUDORVGHODVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVWHQVLRQHV9UHI 9UHI 5WHyULFR 5QRPLQDO 9UHIPHGLGD 9 N N 9 9 N N 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 7DEOD,,,9DORUHVGH5\GHODVWHQVLRQHVGHUHIHUHQFLD /D WHQVLyQ GH DOLPHQWDFLyQ GHO GLYLVRU VH KD WRPDGR GH OD IXHQWH GH 9 SDUDHTXLOLEUDUODVFDUJDVGHODIXHQWHGHDOLPHQWDFLyQ ,,,$MXVWHGHOD*DQDQFLD /D IRUPD GH RQGD TXH HO VLVWHPD UHSURGXFH VREUH HO SL[HO GH &/ 9R VH DWHQ~D FRQ XQ GLYLVRU GH WHQVLyQ KDVWD XQ YDORU FRQYHQLHQWH TXH SHUPLWD VX FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ OD GH HQWUDGD GH UHIHUHQFLD 9%) 6H KD HVWDEOHFLGR FRPRJDQDQFLDODUHODFLyQHQWUHODDPSOLWXGGHODVHxDOUHSURGXFLGD9R\ ODGHHQWUDGD9%)TXHVHFRUUHVSRQGHFRQODDWHQXDFLyQGHOGLYLVRU 3DUD SRGHULQVWDXUDUGLIHUHQWHVYDORUHVGHJDQDQFLDVHGLVSRQHXQFRQPXWDGRU TXH VHOHFFLRQD XQD GH ODV UHVLVWHQFLDV GHO FLUFXLWR UHSUHVHQWDGR HQ OD )LJ ,,, +15V 7 1 VOUT2 6 5 N1 V+ R1 + 3 OUT TL081 V- 2 R2 2k4 -15V 5k1 6 7 8 2 1 12 9 10 11 13 11k 5 4 3 CONMUTADOR - GANANCIA N2 4 VOUT1 24k 0 )LJXUD,,,'LYLVRUGHWHQVLyQSDUDVHOHFFLRQDUODJDQDQFLD &$3,,,6,67(0$0(-25$'2'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 (Q OD WDEOD ,,, VH UHVXPHQ ORV YDORUHV HOHJLGRV SDUD OD JDQDQFLD \ SDUD ODV UHVLVWHQFLDV GHO GLYLVRU FRQ 5 N DVt FRPR ORV REWHQLGRV FRQ HO FLUFXLWRSURSXHVWR *DQDQFLD1RPLQDO 5WHyULFR 5QRPLQDO *DQDQFLD N N N N N N N N 7DEOD,,,&DOFXORGHODJDQDQFLDTXHDSOLFDDOVLVWHPDSDUDGLVWLQWRVYDORUHVGH5 ,,,$MXVWHGHOUL]DGR &RPR\DVHKDYLVWRHQHOFDStWXORDQWHULRUHOUL]DGRHQODIRUPDGHRQGD UHSURGXFLGD GHSHQGH SRU XQD SDUWH GH OD SHQGLHQWH GH ODV UDPSDV JHQHUDGDV SDUD VHJXLU OD IRUPD GH RQGD REMHWLYR \ SRU RWUD GH OD IUHFXHQFLDGHOUHORMGHOVLVWHPD\DTXHVLODSHQGLHQWHHVPX\JUDQGH9R DOFDQ]D SURQWR D 9%) VREUHSDViQGROD \ QR FDPELD VX VHQWLGR KDVWD HO VLJXLHQWH LPSXOVR GHO UHORM SURGXFLpQGRVH XQ UL]DGR PD\RU FXDQWR PiV WDUGHHQSURGXFLUVHGLFKRLPSXOVR\FXDQWRPD\RUVHDODSHQGLHQWH 3RURWURODGR\DSDUWHODVYDULDFLRQHVLQWUtQVHFDVDOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHHVWH VLVWHPD HO UXLGR SUHVHQWH HQ WRGD VHxDO SXHGH SURYRFDU P~OWLSOHV FRQPXWDFLRQHV HQ OD VDOLGD GH XQ FRPSDUDGRU FXDQGROD VHxDO GH HQWUDGD VHHQFXHQWUDFHUFDGHOXPEUDOGHOPLVPR)LJ,,, 6LVHXWLOL]DXQFRPSDUDGRUFRQKLVWpUHVLVGLVSDUDGRU6FKPLWWFRPRHOGH OD )LJ ,,, ORV FDPELRV HQ VX VDOLGD UHVSRQGHQ D XQ XPEUDO GREOH SRVH\HQGR VX IXQFLyQ GH WUDQIHUHQFLD XQ FLFOR GH KLVWpUHVLV TXH SRU XQ ODGRHYLWDUiODVP~OWLSOHVFRQPXWDFLRQHVGHELGDVDOUXLGR>5DVKLG@\ SRURWURXQLIRUPL]DUiODDPSOLWXGGHOUL]DGRDOYDORUGHODDQFKXUDGHGLFKR FLFORGHKLVWpUHVLVTXH SXHGH VHUDMXVWDGDHQ IXQFLyQGHODUHODFLyQHQWUH ODVUHVLVWHQFLDV5\5(F,,, 99 −93 = 2 ·9FF · 52 51 ,,, -,6DQWRV 6LHQGR 99 HO XPEUDO GH WUDQVLFLyQ GH EDMR D DOWR \ 93 HO XPEUDO GH WUDQVLFLyQGHDOWRDEDMR 3DUDXQYDORUGH5 NHQODWDEOD,,,VHSUHVHQWDQORVYDORUHVGH 5 HOHJLGRV \ OD DPSOLWXG FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV GHO FLFOR GH KLVWpUHVLV GHO FRPSDUDGRU 'LFKRV YDORUHV HVWiQ UHIHULGRV D OD HQWUDGD GHO FRPSDUDGRU SRU OR TXH GHEHUiQ PXOWLSOLFDUVH SRU OD JDQDQFLD SDUD REWHQHU HO UL]DGR SUHVHQWHHQODWHQVLyQTXHHOVLVWHPDHVWiUHSURGXFLHQGRVREUHHO&/ 5 Ʃ9P9 7DEOD,,,9DORUHVGH5\FLFORGHKLVWpUHVLVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHGHOFRPSDUDGRU (QOD)LJ,,,VHSUHVHQWDHOFLUFXLWRLPSOHPHQWDGRGRQGHSXHGHYHUVHHO FRQPXWDGRUTXHLUiVLWXDGRHQHOSDQHOIURQWDOGHOHTXLSR &$3,,,6,67(0$0(-25$'2'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 R2 R1 VIN +15V 8 5 V+ + OUT VREF 6 - 4 7 VOUT LM393 V- -15V D 6(f$/'((175$'$ 5($/ E 6(f$/'( (175$'$ ,'($/ 6$/,'$&203$5$'25 (175$'$,'($/ 6$/,'$&203$5$'25 (175$'$5($/ &203$5$'25&21+,67e5(6,6 (175$'$5($/ F )LJXUD,,,&RPSDUDGRUFRQKLVWpUHVLVD\VXIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDE6HxDOHVGH HQWUDGD\GHVDOLGDHQFRPSDUDGRUHVF -,6DQWRV 22 2 1 12 9 10 11 330 +15V 15k R1 VOBIP 470 +15V 8 R2 3 + V+ 220 6 7 8 13 100 VOUT2 5 4 3 CONMUTADOR - RIZADO VOUT 10 1 LM393 V- - 4 OUT 2 -15V 100k VIN 0 VIN )LJXUD,,,&RPSDUDGRUFRQKLVWpUHVLVDMXVWDEOH (OYDORUGHOUL]DGRGHODWHQVLyQGHHQWUDGDDOFRPSDUDGRU9RVHFRPSDUD FRQ HO YDORU FDOFXODGR WHyULFR HQ ODV JUiILFDV GH OD )LJ ,,, SDUD GLVWLQWRV YDORUHV GH JDQDQFLD \ IUHFXHQFLDV GHO UHORM FRPSUREiQGRVH XQ FRUUHFWRIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOVLVWHPD )LJXUD,,,0HGLGDVGHOUL]DGRHQ9R¶ &$3,,,6,67(0$0(-25$'2'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 ,,,(WDSDUHFRUWDGRUD (QHVWDYHUVLyQGHOVLVWHPDVHKDVXVWLWXLGRHOFLUFXLWROLPLWDGRUFRQGLRGR ]pQHUSRURWURTXHLQFOX\HXQUHFRUWDGRUFRQGLRGR\XQDHWDSDOLPLWDGRUD FRQXQWUDQVLVWRUDOLPHQWDGRGHODPLVPDIXHQWH9FFTXHHOELHVWDEOH)LJ ,,, 'H HVWD IRUPD ORV QLYHOHV GH HQWUDGD DO ELHVWDEOH HVWDUiQ GHQWUR GH ORVPiUJHQHVGHGLFKDWHQVLyQGHDOLPHQWDFLyQ VCC R VTTL Rlim BC547 VOBIP 1N4148 0 0 )LJXUD,,,&LUFXLWRUHFRUWDGRUOLPLWDGRU /D HQWUDGD GH HVWD HWDSD WRPD OD VHxDO GH VDOLGD GHO FRPSDUDGRU \ VX VDOLGDVHFRQHFWDHQODHQWUDGD'GHOELHVWDEOH ,,,(WDSDVGHILOWUDGR 3DUD REWHQHU OD FRUULHQWH PHGLD TXH VH DSOLFD DO SL[HO GH &/ VH ILOWUDQ ORV LPSXOVRV GH OD WHQVLyQ 9UHI SDUD HOLPLQDU ODV FRPSRQHQWHV GH IUHFXHQFLDV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV FRQ HO UHORM GHO VLVWHPD &RQ HO ILQ GH PHMRUDU ODV SUHVWDFLRQHV GH HVWH VXEVLVWHPD VH KDQ FRQVWUXLGR WUHV HWDSDV GH ILOWURV DFWLYRVGH6DOOHQ.H\FRQHFWDGDVHQFDVFDGD>5DVKLG@SHURSXGLHQGR VHOHFFLRQDU OD VDOLGD GH OD SULPHUD GH OD VHJXQGD R GH OD WHUFHUD OR TXH UHVXOWDUtD HQ XQ ILOWUR GH y RUGHQ )LJ ,,, PHGLDQWH XQ FRQPXWDGRUVLWXDGRHQHOSDQHOIURQWDOGHOHTXLSR 6HKDHOHJLGRXQDIUHFXHQFLDGHFRUWHGHYDORUPiVDOWRTXHHQHOVLVWHPD LQLFLDOSXHVDOWUDWDUVH GHXQILOWURPiVVHOHFWLYRVHSXHGH FRQVLGHUDUTXH OD EDQGD HOLPLQDGD FRPLHQFH LQFOXVR D IUHFXHQFLDV PiV EDMDV TXH HQ HO FDVR GHO ILOWUR GH SULPHU RUGHQ GH OD SULPHUD DSUR[LPDFLyQ DO VLVWHPD -,6DQWRV $GHPiVVHKDWRPDGRXQIDFWRUGHFDOLGDG4 HQODVGRVSULPHUDVHWDSDV \ 4 HQ OD WHUFHUD FRQ HO ILQ GH WHQHU XQ VLVWHPD OHYHPHQWH VXEDPRUWLJXDGR DO OtPLWH GH OD VREUHRVFLODFLyQ SHUR FRQVLJXLHQGR XQ WLHPSRGHVXELGDDOJRPHQRUTXHFRQDPRUWLJXDPLHQWRFUtWLFRWDEOD,,, C31 33n C34 33n 33n TL084 C30 33n 9 8 + C29 33n -15V 0 TL084 7 OUT 6 - V- - 5 15k 15k 4 15k 4 15k 11 OUT R35 10 + C33 33n -15V 0 R31 10k 9 - VI R38 8k2 R28 10k 0 8 -15V 0 R33 10k R36 10k TL084 OUT 11 + +15V R32 V- 10 V+ 15k R30 11 15k VICK R27 V- R29 V+ R37 +15V 4 +15V V+ C32 R34 10k 0 0 VI1 VI2 VI3 )LJXUD,,,(WDSDGHILOWUDGRHQHOVLVWHPD 6XEHWDSD 3ULPHUD 6HJXQGD 7HUFHUD 5 5 *DQDQFLD 4 N N N N 7DEOD,,,*DQDQFLDDIUHFXHQFLDVPHGLDV\IDFWRUGHFDOLGDGGHOILOWUR 'DGRTXHHOIDFWRUGHFRQYHUVLyQHQWUHODWHQVLyQGHVDOLGDGHOILOWUR9L)\ OD FRUULHQWH ,[ GHSHQGH GH OD JDQDQFLD GHO ILOWUR D IUHFXHQFLDV PHGLDV KDEUi TXH WHQHUOR HQ FXHQWD FXDQGR VH UHDOLFHQ PHGLGDV FRQ HVWH LQVWUXPHQWR$QiORJDPHQWHVHWUDWDUiHQHOFDVRGHT[(QODWDEOD,,,VH UHVXPHHVWDVLWXDFLyQ $FRSODGDHWDSD *DQDQFLD 6HQVLELOLGDG $9 Q&9 $FRSODGDV\HWDSD *DQDQFLD 6HQVLELOLGDG $9 Q&9 $FRSODGDV\HWDSD *DQDQFLD 6HQVLELOLGDG $9 Q&9 7DEOD,,,9DORUHVGHVHQVLELOLGDGSURSRUFLRQDGDSRUHOVLVWHPD )LQDOPHQWHHQODV)LJ,,,\)LJ,,,VHUHFRJHQUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHOD UHVSXHVWDHQIUHFXHQFLDGRQGHSXHGHREVHUYDUVHXQDUHVSXHVWDSODQDSDUD &$3,,,6,67(0$0(-25$'2'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 OD DPSOLWXG \ FRQ XQ GHVIDVH GHVSUHFLDEOH SDUD IUHFXHQFLDV SRU GHEDMR GH +]\ODUHVSXHVWDWHPSRUDOGHOILOWURGRQGHVHDSUHFLDVXIXQFLRQDPLHQWR VXEDPRUWLJXDGR *DQDQFLDG% 'HVIDVH )LJXUD,,,5HVSXHVWDHQIUHFXHQFLDGHOILOWUR -,6DQWRV )LJXUD,,,5HVSXHVWDWHPSRUDOGHOILOWUR ,,,5HVXOWDGRV\'LVFXVLyQ 8QD YH] UHDOL]DGR HO PRQWDMH GHO VLVWHPD VH SURFHGLy D FRQWUDVWDU HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOHTXLSRREWHQLHQGRHQSULPHUOXJDUODVIRUPDVGHRQGD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV SDUD XQD GH HQWUDGD 9%) GDGD HV GHFLU OD IRUPD GH RQGDUHSURGXFLGDSRUHOVLVWHPD9RODGHODFRUULHQWH,[9L)\ODGHOD FDUJDT[9L, (QVHJXQGROXJDUVHREWXYRMXQWRFRQODFRUULHQWH\ODFDUJDVRSRUWDGDOD IXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLDHOHFWURySWLFDGHXQSt[HOGH$)/& ,,,)RUPDVGHRQGDUHSURGXFLGDV (QOD)LJ,,,VHSUHVHQWDQODVGLVWLQWDVIRUPDVGHRQGDSUHVHQWHVHQHO VLVWHPD SDUD &[ Q) FHUiPLFR 9%) WULDQJXODU GH 9SS \ +] * 9UHI 9UL]DGRGHā P9\ILOWURGHRUGHQ$Y) &RPRSXHGHREVHUYDUVHHOVLVWHPDHVWiIXQFLRQDQGRGHDFXHUGRFRQORTXH VHHVSHUDGHOPLVPR 5HSURGXFFLyQ GH OD WHQVLyQ GH HQWUDGD 9%) FRQ JDQDQFLD 99&KP9GLY\&+9GLY)LJ,,, &$3,,,6,67(0$0(-25$'2'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 &+ 9%) &+ 9R &+ 9L) &+ 9L, )LJXUD,,,)XQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOVLVWHPDVHxDOHVTXHVHREWLHQHQ /DFRUULHQWHDSOLFDGDD&[HVVHJ~Q,,,[ $SS&RPR VHPLGHXQDWHQVLyQ9L)§9SSWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWD,,\OD WDEOD,,,VHREWLHQH ,[PHGLGD§$9ā9SS $SS TXH UHVXOWD VHU XQ PD\RU TXH HO YDORU SUHYLVWR SRU ORV FiOFXORVGH$SS 6H GHEHQ UHDOL]DU ODV VLJXLHQWHV FRQVLGHUDFLRQHV VREUH OD PHGLGDHIHFWXDGDGH,[ D 8Q HUURU HQ OD PHGLGD GH 9L) WDQ SHTXHxR FRPR HO VHKDSRGLGRWUDGXFLUGLUHFWDPHQWHHQHOYDORUGH ,[ E (Q FXDOTXLHU FDVR GLFKR HUURU HV PHQRU TXH OD WROHUDQFLDGHOFRPSRQHQWHXWLOL]DGRFRPR&[ /DFDUJDDOPDFHQDGDSRU&[VHUi T[ ,[ā¨W $āPV Q& (QODVDOLGDGHOLQWHJUDGRUVHPLGHXQDWHQVLyQ 9L,§P9GLYāGLY P9SS $SDUWLUGH,,VHGHGXFHTXHT[ )ā9L,$Y)§Q& (Q HVWH FDVR HO UHVXOWDGR HV XQ PHQRU TXH HO YDORU HVSHUDGRGHQ&&RQVLGHUDFLRQHVDQiORJDVDODVHIHFWXDGDV HQHOSXQWRVHSXHGHQUHDOL]DUHQpVWH -,6DQWRV 6H KD FDSWXUDGR HQ OD )LJ ,,, XQ GHWDOOH GH OD)LJ ,,, FRQ HO ILQ GH SRGHU REVHUYDU HQ OXJDU GH OD LQWHJUDO GH OD FRUULHQWH 9L, HO HVWDGR GHO VLVWHPD94FX\RYDORUGH9RGH9LQGLFDVLODSHQGLHQWHGHODUDPSDHV SRVLWLYDRQHJDWLYD &+ 9%) &+ 9R &+ 9L) &+ 94 )LJXUD,,,'HWDOOHGHODVGLIHUHQWHVVHxDOHVPHGLGDVFRQHOVLVWHPDPHMRUDGR $VtPLVPRVHREVHUYDXQVREUHLPSXOVRGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHXQHQOD IRUPDGHRQGDGH9L)GHODTXHVHGHGXFHHOYDORUGH,[GHELGRDOIDFWRU GH FDOLGDG GHO ILOWUR FRQ HO TXH VH REWLHQH GLFKD WHQVLyQ TXH HVWi OHYHPHQWHVXEDPRUWLJXDGRFRPRVHKDLQGLFDGRPiVDUULED ,,, 0HGLGD GH OD )XQFLyQ GH 7UDQVIHUHQFLD (OHFWURySWLFDGHXQDFpOXOD$)/& +DELWXDOPHQWH HVWD PHGLGD VH UHDOL]D HQ XQ EDQFR ySWLFR PRQWDGR DO HIHFWR PHGLDQWH XQ JHQHUDGRU GH WHQVLyQ XQ DPSOLILFDGRU \ XQ IRWRGLRGR )'WRGRHOORDFRSODGRHQXQPLFURVFRSLRFRQHOTXHVHHQIRFDHOSt[HOGH &$3,,,6,67(0$0(-25$'2'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 &/ FRORFDGR HQWUH VHQGRV SRODUL]DGRUHV )LJ ,,, (O DPSOLILFDGRU HV QHFHVDULR SDUD REWHQHU OD DPSOLWXG QHFHVDULD GH OD WHQVLyQ GH H[FLWDFLyQ GHO $)/& VXSHULRU D OD TXH HQWUHJDQ ORV JHQHUDGRUHV GH IRUPDV GH RQGD GHOODERUDWRULR &RQ UHVSHFWR D OD )LJ ,,, OD OiPSDUD LOXPLQD HO ViQGZLFK IRUPDGR SRU ORVSRODUL]DGRUHV\HO&/(QFRQGLFLRQHVGHQRH[FLWDFLyQORVSRODUL]DGRUHV FUX]DGRV LQWHUUXPSHQ HO SDVR GH OX] SURGXFLHQGR XQ HVWDGR QHJUR HQ HO GLVSOD\ $O DSOLFDUOH XQD WHQVLyQ FRQ OD DPSOLWXG VXILFLHQWH HO &/ DQLIHUURHOpFWULFR VH FRPSRUWD FRPR XQ GHVIDVDGRU OLQHDO \ VH REWLHQH XQ YDORUGHLQWHQVLGDGOXPLQRVDHQODVDOLGDGHO/&'QRQXORGHSHQGLHQWHGHO YDORUGHODWHQVLyQGHH[FLWDFLyQDSOLFDGD 'LFKDLQWHQVLGDGOXPLQRVD LQFLGH HQ HO IRWRGLRGR )' JHQHUDQGR pVWH XQD FRUULHQWHTXHHVSURSRUFLRQDODODPLVPD6LVHDSOLFDQHQODVHQWUDGDVGH XQ RVFLORVFRSLR OD VHxDO GH H[FLWDFLyQ GHO &/ \ OD SURFHGHQWH GHO )' VH SXHGHQREVHUYDUHQWLHPSRUHDOODVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVIRUPDVGHRQGD $PSOLILFDGRU /&' 9R[ VOUT (X) X 10 3RODUL]DGRUHV Polarizadores /iPSDUD )' Transmisión (Y) )LJXUD,,,0RQWDMHH[SHULPHQWDOSDUDPHGLUODWUDQVPLVLyQGHODFpOXOD$)/& &RQILJXUDQGR HO RVFLORVFRSLR HQ PRGR [\ VH REWLHQH OD IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD (2 GHO /&' OD WUDQVPLVLyQ ySWLFD HMH \ HQ IXQFLyQ GH OD WHQVLyQGHH[FLWDFLyQHMH[ -,6DQWRV 8WLOL]DQGRHOHTXLSRTXHVHGHVFULEHHQHVWHGRFXPHQWRGHWHVLVWDOFRPR VHSUHVHQWDHQOD)LJ,,,HQOXJDUGHODPSOLILFDGRUGHOD)LJ,,,VH SXHGHJHQHUDU VREUHHO&/XQDIRUPDGH RQGDFXDOTXLHUD9RPLGLHQGR VLPXOWiQHDPHQWHODFRUULHQWH9L)\ODFDUJD9L,DVtFRPRODWUDQVPLVLyQ ySWLFDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHFRQODH[FLWDFLyQ9R /RVUHVXOWDGRVREWHQLGRVXWLOL]DQGRXQDPXHVWUDGH$)/&FRQHVWHPHGLGRU GH FRUULHQWHVSRODUL]DFLyQ VH SUHVHQWDQ HQ OD )LJ ,,, /D FRQILJXUDFLyQ GHOHTXLSRSDUDHVWDSUXHEDHVODVLJXLHQWH9UHI 95L]DGR9R P9 * \ILOWURGHRUGHQ &RQUHODFLyQDOD)LJ,,,/DWHQVLyQWULDQJXODUGHH[FLWDFLyQGHO$)/&HV GH 9SS WUD]D URMD &+ HQ FXDQWR D OD FRUULHQWH &+ \ D OD FDUJD &+ VH WLHQHQ XQDV IRUPDV GH RQGD TXH QR VRQ FXDGUDGD \ WULDQJXODU FRPR HQ XQ FRQGHQVDGRU LGHDO VLQR TXH UHIOHMDQ HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR QR OLQHDOGHOGLVSRVLWLYREDMRSUXHED *HQHUDGRU )XQFLRQHV 9FON 0(','25'( &255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 %DQFR ÏSWLFR *HQHUDGRU )XQFLRQHV 9L, 9L) 9R HQ 0LFURVFRSLR 9%) 7UDQVPLVLyQ 2VFLORVFRSLR 9%)2QGD7ULDQJXODU9SS+] 9FON1LYHOHV77/.+] )LJXUD,,,&RQILJXUDFLyQSDUDODPHGLGDGHODFRUULHQWH9L)\ODFDUJD9L,VRSRUWDGDV SRUXQ$)/&MXQWRFRQODWHQVLyQDSOLFDGD\VXWUDQVPLVLyQySWLFD /D WUD]D FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D OD WUDQVPLVLyQ ySWLFD GHO /&' D]XO &+ HVWi UHWUDVDGD UHVSHFWR D OD WHQVLyQ GH H[FLWDFLyQ FRPR FRUUHVSRQGH DO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO $)/& TXH SUHVHQWD XQ GREOH FLFOR GH KLVWpUHVLV HQ VX IXQFLyQ GH WUDQVIHUHQFLD (2 WDQWR SDUD WHQVLRQHV SRVLWLYDV FRPR QHJDWLYDV \ TXH VH UHSUHVHQWD HQ D]XO HQ OD SDUWH GHUHFKD GH OD )LJ &$3,,,6,67(0$0(-25$'2'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 ,,,1yWHVHFRPRHOIODQFRGHEDMDGDGHHVWDVHxDOVHSURGXFHFXDQGROD WHQVLyQ GH H[FLWDFLyQ VH DSUR[LPD DO FUXFH SRU FHUR PLHQWUDV TXH HO GH VXELGD FRPLHQ]D FXDQGR GLFKD WHQVLyQ VH DFHUFD D 9 WDQWR HQ HO VHPLFLFORSRVLWLYRFRPRHQHOQHJDWLYR &+ &+ 9L) &+ 9R &+ 7UDQVPLVLyQ 9L, )LJXUD,,,6HxDOGHH[FLWDFLyQ9RFRUULHQWHPHGLGD9L)LQWHQVLGDGySWLFD WUDQVPLWLGD\FXUYD(2VLPpWULFDGREOHFLFORGHKLVWpUHVLVPHGLGDVHQODFpOXOD$)/& EDMRHVWXGLR ,,,,PSOHPHQWDFLyQ)LQDOGHO6LVWHPD 3DUD FRQFOXLU HVWH FDStWXOR VH PXHVWUD HQ HVWH DSDUWDGR HO PRQWDMH UHDOL]DGR SDUD GRWDU GH OD IXQFLRQDOLGDG \ IOH[LELOLGDG GHPDQGDGD DO VLVWHPD>4XHVDGD@ (Q OD )LJ ,,, VH SXHGH YHU XQD IRWRJUDItD GHO HTXLSR \D PRQWDGR +D KDELGR TXH DGDSWDU FRQ SLH]DV DGLFLRQDOHV DG KRF GRV FDMDV FRPHUFLDOHV SDUDLQVWUXPHQWDOL]DUFRUUHFWDPHQWHHOVLVWHPDILQDOGLVHxDGR(OFRQMXQWR SUHVHQWDODUREXVWH]QHFHVDULDSDUDODVWDUHDVKDELWXDOHVHQHOODERUDWRULR -,6DQWRV FRQHFWRUHV %1& SDUD ODV HQWUDGDV \ VDOLGDV GH ODV GLIHUHQWHV VHxDOHV ERWRQHVDQWLGHVOL]DQWHVSDUDORVGLVWLQWRVFRQPXWDGRUHVTXHHVWDEOHFHQORV SDUiPHWURV GHO VLVWHPD \ XQ FRQHFWRU ELSRODU FRQ SDODQFDV SDUD OD LQVHUFLyQ SDUD OD FpOXOD EDMR SUXHED TXH QRUPDOPHQWH HVWi WHUPLQDGD HQ VHQGRVFDEOHV )LJXUD,,,$VSHFWRGHOHTXLSRPRQWDGR /DGLVSRVLFLyQGHORVGLIHUHQWHVVXEVLVWHPDVGHQWURGHODFDMDVHSUHVHQWD HQ OD )LJ ,,, $ ODL]TXLHUGD MXQWR DO SDQHO SRVWHULRU DSDUHFHQ ORV WUHV WUDQVIRUPDGRUHV GH OD IXHQWH GH DOLPHQWDFLyQ FRQ VX EOLQGDMH PDJQpWLFR SDUD HYLWDU SRVLEOHV LQWHUIHUHQFLDV VREUH ODV GpELOHV FRUULHQWHV TXH VH PDQHMDQ (Q OD PLVPD SODFD GH FLUFXLWR LPSUHVR 3&% ILJXUDQ ORV UHJXODGRUHVGHODVWHQVLRQHVGHDOLPHQWDFLyQ $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH WLHQH HO 3&% GH GREOH FDUD GHO FLUFXLWR SULQFLSDO GHO HTXLSR GRQGH VH LQFRUSRUDQ WRGRV ORV FRPSRQHQWHV DFWLYRV QHFHVDULRV SDUDODJHQHUDFLyQ\HOWUDWDPLHQWRGHODVGLVWLQWDVVHxDOHV )LQDOPHQWH HQ OD SDUWH GHUHFKD GH OD )LJ ,,, VH WLHQHQ ORV FRQPXWDGRUHV TXH HPHUJHQ HQ HO SDQHO IURQWDO FRORFDGRV HQ OD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH3&%TXHDVXYH]LQWHJUDODVUHVLVWHQFLDVGHORVGLYLVRUHV GH WHQVLyQ SDUD REWHQHU ODV WHQVLRQHV GH UHIHUHQFLD \ SDUD HO DWHQXDGRU TXH FRQWUROD OD JDQDQFLD \ ODV TXH HVWDEOHFHQ HO FLFOR GH KLVWpUHVLV GHO FRPSDUDGRUDVtFRPRORV /('VTXHPRQLWRUL]DQODVGLVWLQWDVWHQVLRQHVGH DOLPHQWDFLyQGHOVLVWHPD &$3,,,6,67(0$0(-25$'2'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 )LJXUD,,,6LWXDFLyQGHSODFDVHQODFDUFDVDGHOHTXLSR (Q OD )LJ ,,, VH SUHVHQWD HO GLVHxR GHO SDQHO IURQWDO DEDMR ORV FRQHFWRUHV GH HQWUDGD SDUD TXH ORV FDEOHV QR PROHVWHQ DO RSHUDGRU HO GH OD VHxDO GH UHORM D OD L]TXLHUGD OR PiV DOHMDGR SRVLEOH GH ODV VHxDOHV GpELOHVFX\RV FRQHFWRUHVTXHGDQDODGHUHFKDDFRQWLQXDFLyQODVHxDOGH HQWUDGD GH UHIHUHQFLD 6LJXHQ HO GH OD VHxDO UHSURGXFLGD OD FRUULHQWH \ OD FDUJD(QODSHUWHVXSHULRUORVFRQPXWDGRUHV\HQHOFHQWURHOFRQHFWRUGH LQVHUFLyQSDUDODPXHVWUDEDMRSUXHED )LJXUD,,,3DQHOIURQWDOGHOHTXLSR )LQDOPHQWH VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV HVTXHPiWLFRV GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV FLUFXLWRV GH HVWH VLVWHPD TXH KDQ VLGR FDSWXUDGRV FRQ 25&$' SDUD OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH ORV 3&% (O OD]R SULQFLSDO GHO VLVWHPD )LJ ,,, \ ORV FLUFXLWRV SDUD REWHQHU ODV WHQVLRQHV GH UHIHUHQFLD \ ODV WUHV HWDSDV GHO ILOWUR )LJ ,,, TXHVHXELFDQHQHO3&%GHGREOHFDUDGHOD)LJ,,,SRUXQODGR\SRU RWURORV FRPSRQHQWHV DVRFLDGRVDORV FRQPXWDGRUHVGHOSDQHOIURQWDOORV /('V GH ODV IXHQWHV GH DOLPHQWDFLyQ \ ORV FRQHFWRUHV GH HQWUDGD \ GH VDOLGD)LJ,,, -,6DQWRV )LJXUD,,,(VTXHPiWLFRGHOOD]RSULQFLSDOGHOVLVWHPD &$3,,,6,67(0$0(-25$'2'(0(','$'(&255,(17(632/$5,=$&,Ï1 )LJXUD,,,(VTXHPiWLFRGHODVWHQVLRQHVGHUHIHUHQFLDILOWURHLQWHJUDGRU -,6DQWRV )LJXUD,,,(VTXHPiWLFRGHOSDQHOIURQWDOGHOHTXLSR &$3,96,67(0$'(,/80,1$&,Ï175$6(5$&21&2/256(&8(1&,$/ ,96,67(0$0,&52&21752/$'2'( ,/80,1$&,Ï175$6(5$&21&2/25 6(&8(1&,$/3$5$3$17$//$6'(&5,67$/ /Ë48,'2 ,9,QWURGXFFLyQ 8QD GH ODV DSOLFDFLRQHV WUDGLFLRQDOHV GH ORV &/V HV VX XWLOL]DFLyQ FRPR GLVSRVLWLYRV YLVXDOL]DGRUHV 7DO FRPR VH KD FRPHQWDGR HQ HO FDStWXOR , OD WHFQRORJtD PiV XWLOL]DGD HV OD PDWUL] DFWLYD 7)7 WDQWR HQ SDQWDOODV GH IRUPDWRV SHTXHxRV FRPR HQ ORV JUDQGHV 'HQWUR GH ODV IDVHV HVPpFWLFDV WDOYH]ODVTXHPiVDWHQFLyQKDQDWUDLGRSDUDVXSRWHQFLDODSOLFDFLyQFRPR GLVSOD\V VHDQ ORV PDWHULDOHV $)/&V >3HQD HW DO@ (VWRV PDWHULDOHV PXHVWUDQSURSLHGDGHVGHDOWRLQWHUpVGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDHOHFWURySWLFR (2 WDOHV FRPR XQD UHVSXHVWD GLQiPLFD UiSLGD XQD HVFDOD GH JULV DQDOyJLFD LQWUtQVHFD \ XQ DPSOLR iQJXOR GH YLVLyQ WRGDV HOODV PX\ DSURSLDGDV SDUD DSOLFDFLRQHV GH YLVXDOL]DFLyQ GH DOWDV SUHVWDFLRQHV >/DJHUZDOO@>3pUH]HWDO@ /DVSDQWDOODVGHFULVWDOOtTXLGRVRQGLVSRVLWLYRVTXHFRQWURODQHOSDVRGHOD OX] FRPR UHVSXHVWD D OD DSOLFDFLyQ GH WHQVLRQHV GH FRQWURO D VHQGRV HOHFWURGRVFRORFDGRVDDPERVODGRVGHOPDWHULDO(2DFWLYRGHOTXHHVWiQ FRQVWLWXLGDV 6H SXHGHQ IDEULFDU SDUD VHU LOXPLQDGDV GHVGH HO PLVPR ODGR GHVGHHOTXHVHREVHUYDQGHQRPLQiQGRVHUHIOHFWLYDVSDUDVHULOXPLQDGDV GHVGH HO ODGR FRQWUDULR WUDQVPLVLYDV R WDPELpQ FRPELQDQGR DPERV PRGRVGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWRHQHVWHFDVRVHGHQRPLQDQWUDQVIOHFWLYDV>2WyQ HWDO@ /DWpFQLFDGHJHQHUDFLyQGHFRORU±\HVFDODGHJULVHVXWLOL]DXQGLVSRVLWLYR GH UHWURLOXPLQDFLyQ SRVWHULRU GH /('V 5 * \ % TXH VH SUHVHQWD HQ GLVSRVLFLRQHV YDULDGDV VHJ~Q HO GLVHxR GHO IDEULFDQWH 'RV GH ODV PiV WtSLFDVVRQODGLVWULEXFLyQHQFHOGDXQLGDGFXDGUDGD[FRQUHIXHU]RGHXQ -,6DQWRV FRORU D]XO SDUD SDQWDOODV PiV FURPiWLFDV R YHUGH SDUD SDQWDOODV PiV EULOODQWHVRODOLQHDOHQKLOHUDVGHFDGDFRORULQFOLQDGDVUHVSHFWRDODV FROXPQDV (OEDUULGRVHFXHQFLDOSUHYLRUHFRUUHWUHVYHFHVFRQVHFXWLYDVODSDQWDOODSDUD FDUJDU ORV GDWRV GH FDGD FRORU HQ WRGDV ODV ILODV \ VyOR FXDQGR KD WHUPLQDGR HVWH SURFHVR VH HQFLHQGH HO GLVSRVLWLYR GH UHWURLOXPLQDFLyQ SRVWHULRU\VHXWLOL]DHOUHVWRGHOWLHPSRGHFXDGURSDUDIRUPDU\HVWDELOL]DU ODLPDJHQ>2WyQHWDO@ (VWDPRVSXHVHQSUHVHQFLDGHXQVLVWHPDGHLOXPLQDFLyQVHFXHQFLDOTXH HVHOREMHWRGHHVWHWUDEDMRHQHOTXHVHGHEHFRQWURODUHOLQVWDQWHSUHFLVR GHDSOLFDFLyQ\ODGXUDFLyQGHOLPSXOVROXPLQRVRGHFDGDFRORU\TXHWHQJD OD FDSDFLGDG GH PRGLILFDU OD LQWHQVLGDG GH GLFKR LPSXOVR FRQ HO ILQ GH DGHFXDU HO EULOOR GH OD SDQWDOOD D ODV FRQGLFLRQHV DPELHQWDOHV HQ TXH OD PLVPDYDDVHUXWLOL]DGD ,9'LVHxRH,PSOHPHQWDFLyQGHO6LVWHPD $QWHV GH HQWUDU HQ HO GHWDOOH GH OD LPSOHPHQWDFLyQ ItVLFD GHO VLVWHPD >)HUQiQGH]@ VH GHVFULELUiQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ ORV REMHWLYRV HVSHFtILFRV TXH VH SUHWHQGHQ DOFDQ]DU HQ HVWH WUDEDMR (Q FRQFUHWR VH SUHWHQGH GHVDUUROODUXQVLVWHPDGHLOXPLQDFLyQWUDVHUDRUHWURLOXPLQDFLyQVHFXHQFLDO SDUD SDQWDOODV GH FULVWDO OtTXLGR HQ FRORU TXH FXPSOD FRQ ORV UHTXLVLWRV TXHVHLQGLFDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ *HQHUDU LPSXOVRV OXPLQRVRV GH WUHV FRORUHV EiVLFRV 5*% TXH SHUPLWDQ UHSURGXFLU XQD SDOHWD GH FRORUHV OR PiV DPSOLD SRVLEOH *HQHUDU LPSXOVRV OXPLQRVRV FRQ XQD IUHFXHQFLD OR VXILFLHQWHPHQWH DOWD SDUD TXH HO RMR KXPDQR ORV LQWHJUH WHPSRUDOPHQWH\ORVLQWHUSUHWHFRPRXQDVHxDOFRQWLQXD &RQWURODU HO YDORU PHGLR GH OD LQWHQVLGDG OXPLQRVD HPLWLGD GHQWURGHXQDPSOLRUDQJRGHYDORUHV 'LVSRQHU ORV PHFDQLVPRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ H LQWHUFRQH[LyQ QHFHVDULRV SDUD OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO VLVWHPD HQ HO PDUFR GHO ODERUDWRULR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ GHO *UXSR GH 'LVSOD\V \ $SOLFDFLRQHV)RWyQLFDV*'$) &$3,96,67(0$'(,/80,1$&,Ï175$6(5$&21&2/256(&8(1&,$/ &RQVWUXLU XQ VLVWHPD GH GLPHQVLRQHV UHGXFLGDV TXH SHUPLWD VX DGDSWDFLyQ PHFiQLFD D ORV VLVWHPDV GH SUXHED GH SDQWDOODV \ PLFUR SDQWDOODV GH FULVWDO OtTXLGR REMHWR GH HVWXGLR GH HVWH WUDEDMRGHWHVLVXWLOL]DGRVHQHOODERUDWRULRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQGHO *'$) (QGHILQLWLYDTXHIRUPHSDUWH FRPRXQVXEVLVWHPDPiV GHO EDQFR GH SUXHEDV GH ODV SDQWDOODV GH &/ TXH VH SUHWHQGHQ RSWLPL]DU &RQHOILQGHGDUIOH[LELOLGDGDOVLVWHPDTXHVHSURSRQHVHRSWDSRUXWLOL]DU XQ PLFURFRQWURODGRU SDUD UHDOL]DU WRGDV ODV IXQFLRQHV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ JHQHUDFLyQGHVHxDOHV\FRQWUROGHORVDFWXDGRUHV ,9&RQILJXUDFLyQGHOVLVWHPD (OVLVWHPDTXHVHSURSRQH)LJ,9FRQVWDGHORVVLJXLHQWHVEORTXHV %/248('(/&21752/$'25HQFDUJDGRGHJREHUQDUHOQLYHOGH OXPLQRVLGDG GH OD SDQWDOOD GH FULVWDO OtTXLGR VHJ~Q ORV SDUiPHWURVSURFHGHQWHVGHXQVLVWHPDSULQFLSDO\DVHDXQ3&X RWURPLFURFRQWURODGRU )LJXUD,9(VTXHPDGHEORTXHVGHOVLVWHPDGHLOXPLQDFLyQSURSXHVWR %/248( '( &2081,&$&,21(6 SHUPLWH DO XVXDULR FRQWURODU HO QLYHOGHOXPLQRVLGDGGHODIXHQWH5*%GHOVLVWHPDPHGLDQWHOD -,6DQWRV WUDQVPLVLyQ GH VXV YDORUHV SRU XQ SXHUWR GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV VHULH56 '5,9(5'(,/80,1$&,Ï1)RUPDGRSRUODVIXHQWHVGHOX]5*% \ORVLQWHUUXSWRUHVHOHFWUyQLFRVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV %/248( '( &21(&725(6 GRQGH VH LQFOX\HQ WRGDV ODV FRQH[LRQHV QHFHVDULDV FRQWURO GH ORV LQWHUUXSWRUHV FRPXQLFDFLRQHV \ EDUUDV GH H[SDQVLyQ TXH SHUPLWDQ XQD PD\RUYHUVDWLOLGDGGHOVLVWHPD ,9(OHFFLyQGHORV&RPSRQHQWHV(OpFWULFRV\ÏSWLFRV (OGLVSRVLWLYRTXHGHWHUPLQDHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRHQODVDOLGDGHOVLVWHPDHV OD IXHQWH OXPLQRVD 3RU HVWH PRWLYR HV OD SULPHUD HOHFFLyQ TXH VH GHEH UHDOL]DU $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH WLHQH TXH VHOHFFLRQDU HO DFWXDGRU R LQWHUUXSWRU HOHFWUyQLFRTXHYDDFRQWURODUHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHGLFKDIXHQWHWHQLHQGR HQFXHQWDVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV)LQDOPHQWHVHHOLJHHOPLFURFRQWURODGRU ,9)XHQWH/XPLQRVD (O UHTXLVLWR SUHYLDPHQWH GHVFULWR GHVFDUWD OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH IXHQWHV GH OX] GH WLSR LQFDQGHVFHQWH R GH GHVFDUJD GHELGR D VX UHVSXHVWD WHPSRUDO OHQWD VREUH WRGR HQ HO WLHPSR GH FDtGD $GHPiV HO FRQWURO GH LQWHQVLGDG OXPLQRVD HPLWLGD VH FRPSOLFDUtD HQ HO FDVR GH TXH VH RSWDVH SRU ODV OiPSDUDV GH GHVFDUJD (Q DPERV FDVRV VHUtD QHFHVDULR XWLOL]DU ILOWURV GH FRORUSDUDREWHQHUORVFRORUHVSULPDULRV /D RSFLyQ FRQVLGHUDGD KD VLGR OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH GLRGRV /(' GH DOWD OXPLQRVLGDG(OPRGHORHOHJLGRHVHO/$7%7&GH265$0)LJ,9 )LJXUD,9)XHQWHOXPLQRVD/('WULFRORU/$7%7&GH265$0 &$3,96,67(0$'(,/80,1$&,Ï175$6(5$&21&2/256(&8(1&,$/ 6H WUDWD GH XQ GLVSRVLWLYLWR TXH LQFOX\H HQ XQ HQFDSVXODGR GH PRQWDMH VXSHUILFLDO WUHV FKLSV /(' FRQ ODV FRPSRQHQWHV 5*% TXH VH LQGLFDQ HQ OD 7DEOD,9,GRQGHVHLQFOX\HQSDUDFDGDGLRGRODVORQJLWXGHVGHRQGDGHOD OX]HPLWLGD\ODVWHQVLRQHVGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWR /DVGLPHQVLRQHVGHOGLVSRVLWLYRVRQGH[PPORTXHSHUPLWHDJUXSDU XQLGDGHVHQXQFXDGUDGRGHSRFRPiVGHXQFPGHODGR /RQJLWXGGH2QGDNJ 7HQVLyQ'LUHFWD 7$ &, P$ DP$WLS 5HG QP 9 %OXH QP 9 *UHHQ QP 9 &RORU 7$%/$,9&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHORV/(' &RPR\DVHKDFRPHQWDGRVHFRQHFWDQFXDWURGLVSRVLWLYRVSDUDIRUPDUOD IXHQWH OXPLQRVD &DGD /(' WLHQH FRQHFWDGD HQ VHULH XQD UHVLVWHQFLD SDUD OLPLWDUODFRUULHQWHDP$HQ*\%\DP$HQ53DUDXQDWHQVLyQGH DOLPHQWDFLyQGH9FFHOYDORUGHODUHVLVWHQFLDYLHQHGDGRSRUODH[SUHVLyQ ,9 RLED −i = Vcc − VLED I LED ,9 6LHQGR 9/(' OD FDtGD GH WHQVLyQ HQ FDGD GLRGR (Q OD 7DEOD ,9,, VH UHVXPHQORVYDORUHVGHUHVLVWHQFLDVFDOFXODGRVVLVHWRPD9FF 9MXQWR FRQ OD SRWHQFLD TXH GLVLSDUtDQ HQ HO FDVR GH IXQFLRQDU FRQ XQD 3:0 FRQ FLFORGHWUDEDMRGHO &RORU 5HVLVWHQFLD 3RWPi[LPDP: 5HG %OXH *UHHQ 7$%/$,99DORUHVGHODVUHVLVWHQFLDVSDUDFDGD/(' /DFRUULHQWHPi[LPDTXHGHEHFRQWURODUHOLQWHUUXSWRUVHUiGH[P$ P$SDUDODUDPDGHO/('URMR\GH[P$ P$HQFDGDXQDGH ODVRWUDVGRV -,6DQWRV (Q FXDQWR D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GLQiPLFDV GH ORV /('V HO IDEULFDQWH VROR PHQFLRQDTXHSXHGHDSOLFiUVHOHXQSXOVRGHVTXHHVXQWLHPSRTXH QRLPSRQHUHVWULFFLRQHVLPSRUWDQWHVVREUHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHHVWHVLVWHPDHQ OD DSOLFDFLyQ GHVHDGD \ VREUH HVWD EDVH VH FRPSUREDUi TXH HO GLVSRVLWLYR UHVSRQGHDGHFXDGDPHQWH ,9,QWHUUXSWRU(OHFWUyQLFR 6HKDHOHJLGRXQWUDQVLVWRU026)(7GHDFXPXODFLyQGHFDQDOQTXHSRQHD WLHUUD HO FRQMXQWR IRUPDGR SRU ORV /('V GH XQ PLVPR FRORU \ VXV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV UHVLVWHQFLDV (O PRGHOR ,5//1 GH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5HFWLILHU FXPSOH FRQ ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV QHFHVDULDV TXH VH UHVXPHQ HQ OD )LJ,9 )LJXUD,9(VTXHPiWLFR\SULQFLSDOHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOLQWHUUXSWRU026)(7,5//1 (VWH GLVSRVLWLYR WLHQH XQD WHQVLyQ GH XPEUDO HQWUH SXHUWD \ IXHQWH PHQRU GH 9 OR TXH SHUPLWH TXH VHD DWDFDGR GLUHFWDPHQWH SRU OD VDOLGD GH XQD SXHUWD OyJLFD $Vt PLVPR SXHGH FRQWURODU XQD FRUULHQWH TXH HV PXFKR PD\RUGHOYDORUQHFHVDULRFRQHOILQGHSRGHUDxDGLUQXHYDVIXHQWHVGHOX] H[WHUQDVFRQWURODGDVSRUORVPLVPRVWUDQVLVWRUHV /D UHVSXHVWD GLQiPLFD GH HVWH LQWHUUXSWRU HV GHO RUGHQ GH QV SDUD ORV WLHPSRVGHVXELGD\GHEDMDGD\WLHQHXQUHWDUGRGHQVSDUDSDVDUGH RQDRIISRUORTXHFXPSOHVREUDGDPHQWHSDUDDWDFDUORV/('V ,90LFURFRQWURODGRU\3XHUWRGH&RPXQLFDFLRQHV (O GLVSRVLWLYR XWLOL]DGR SDUD JREHUQDU HO VLVWHPD HV XQ PLFURFRQWURODGRU $7&GHELWV\EDMRFRVWHWLHQHXQDSRWHQFLDGHFiOFXORVXILFLHQWH &$3,96,67(0$'(,/80,1$&,Ï175$6(5$&21&2/256(&8(1&,$/ SDUDODDSOLFDFLyQSURSXHVWDHLQFRUSRUDXQD8$57TXHIDFLOLWDMXQWRFRQXQ 0$;ODFRPXQLFDFLyQ56 (Q OD )LJ ,9 VH SUHVHQWD HO HVTXHPiWLFR GHO PLFURFRQWURODGRU HQ HO TXH VH SXHGHQ REVHUYDU ORV WHUPLQDOHV XWLOL]DGRV /DV OtQHDV 3:0 3:0 \ 3:0 VH FRQHFWDQ D XQD GH ODV HQWUDGDV GH VHQGDV SXHUWDV $1' GH GRV HQWUDGDV /D RWUD HQWUDGD GH ODV $1' UHFLEH OD VHxDO H[WHUQD GH (QDEOH (1 HQ OD )LJ ,9 TXH KDELOLWD HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH ORV /('V HQ HO SHULRGR GH WLHPSR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH GHVGH HO VLVWHPD GH FRQWURO H[WHUQR /DV VDOLGDV GH ODV $1' H[FLWDQ ODV SXHUWDV GH ORV 026)(7 GH IRUPD TXH FDGDLQWHUUXSWRUVHFLHUUDRQFXDQGRHVWDQGRDFWLYDODVHxDO(1HOSXOVR GHOD3:0HVWiHQQLYHODOWR 1 PWM1 EN1 2 U3A 3 74HCT08 Q1 R16 2 1 IRLL014N 10 )LJXUD,9(VTXHPiWLFRGHOPLFURFRQWURODGRULQGLFDQGRORVWHUPLQDOHVGH(6\ORV FRPSRQHQWHVQHFHVDULRVSDUDVXIXQFLRQDPLHQWRJUiILFDVXSHULRU\FLUFXLWRGH H[FLWDFLyQGHOLQWHUUXSWRUJUiILFDLQIHULRU -,6DQWRV /RV WHUPLQDOHV 5[' \ 7[' GHO PLFURFRQWURODGRU )LJ ,9 VH XWLOL]DQSDUD ODFRPXQLFDFLyQVHULH\VHFRQHFWDQDO0$;GHOD)LJTXHHVWDEOHFH ORVQLYHOHVGHOtQHDHVWiQGDUHVGHXQSXHUWR56 3RU ~OWLPR ORV WHUPLQDOHV 3 \ 3 PDUFDGRV FRPR ,17 H ,17 HQOD )LJ ,9 \ 3 D 3 GHO $7& VH FRQHFWDQ DO H[WHULRU SDUD SRVLEOHVDPSOLDFLRQHVRDSOLFDFLRQHVIXWXUDV (OFRQH[LRQDGRGHO0$;)LJ,9HVHOKDELWXDOSDUDHVWHGLVSRVLWLYR )LJXUD,9(VTXHPDDVRFLDGRDOSXHUWRGHFRPXQLFDFLRQHVVHULH /DSURJUDPDFLyQGHOPLFURFRQWURODGRU)LJ,9FRQVWDGHGRVSURFHVRV (O SURJUDPD SULQFLSDO TXH VH HQFDUJD GH OD JHQHUDFLyQ GH ODV RQGDV 3:0 TXH FRQWURODQ D ORV LQWHUUXSWRUHV D SDUWLU GH ORV GDWRVUHFLELGRVGHO3&SRUHOSXHUWRVHULH /D 6XEUXWLQD GH DWHQFLyQ DO SXHUWR VHULH TXH JHVWLRQD OD FRPXQLFDFLyQGHHVWHVLVWHPDFRQHO3& &$3,96,67(0$'(,/80,1$&,Ï175$6(5$&21&2/256(&8(1&,$/ )LJXUD,9(VWUXFWXUDGHOSURJUDPDSULQFLSDO\GHODVXEUXWLQDSDUDHOSXHUWRVHULHTXH VHHMHFXWDQHQHOPLFURFRQWURODGRU ,95HVXOWDGRV\'LVFXVLyQ $FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDQORVUHVXOWDGRVHOpFWULFRV\ySWLFRVUHODFLRQDGRV FRQHVWHVLVWHPD ,9)XQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODV)XHQWHVGH/X] (QODVIRWRJUDItDVGHOD)LJ,9VHSXHGHQREVHUYDUORV/('VHQFHQGLGRV 6LVHH[FLWDQVtPXOWiQHDPHQWHORVWUHVFRORUHVEiVLFRV5*%VHREWLHQHOX] EODQFD IRWR VXSHULRU L]TXLHUGD (Q ODV RWUDV IRWRV VH KD H[FLWDGR XQ VROR FRORUHQFDGDFDVR ,96HxDOHVGH&RQWUROGHOD,OXPLQDFLyQGHORV/('V 3:0 3DUDFRQWURODUHOEULOORGHODSDQWDOODVHDMXVWDODFRUULHQWHPHGLDDSOLFDGDD ORV/('VXWLOL]DQGRXQDPRGXODFLyQ3:0JHQHUDGDSRUHOPLFURFRQWURODGRU (Q OD )LJ ,9 VH SUHVHQWD XQD FDSWXUD GH OD SDQWDOOD GHO RVFLORVFRSLR GRQGHVHSXHGHREVHUYDUGLFKDIRUPDGHRQGDSDUDXQFLFORGHWUDEDMRGHO (VWHWLSRGHPRGXODFLyQSHUPLWHXQFRQWUROSUHFLVRGHODLOXPLQDFLyQ -,6DQWRV GH ORV /('V \D TXH UHVSRQGHQ DO YDORU PHGLR GH OD 3:0 \ PHMRUD HO WLHPSRGHYLGDGHORVPLVPRV )LJXUD,9)XQFLRQDPLHQWRGHORV/('VJHQHUDQGROX]EODQFD\ODVWUHVFRPSRQHQWHV5 URMD*YHUGH%D]XO )LJ,96DOLGDGHOPLFURFRQWURODGRUPRGXODFLyQ3:0FLFORGHWUDEDMR &$3,96,67(0$'(,/80,1$&,Ï175$6(5$&21&2/256(&8(1&,$/ &RPR \D VH KD PHQFLRQDGR DQWHULRUPHQWH OD RQGD 3:0 TXH JHQHUD HO PLFURFRQWURODGRU VROR WLHQH TXH JREHUQDU HO HQFHQGLGR GH ORV /('V HQ LQVWDQWHVPX\SUHFLVRV >2WyQ HWDO@ORTXHVH FRQWURODPHGLDQWHOD VHxDO(QDEOHH[WHUQDTXHVHDSOLFDDXQDSXHUWD$1'MXQWRFRQOD3:0(Q OD)LJ,9VHSUHVHQWDQODVIRUPDVGHRQGDREWHQLGDVFRQHVWHVLVWHPD )LJXUD,96HxDO(QDEOHDSOLFDGDDODSXHUWD$1'&KURMR\WHQVLyQDSOLFDGDDOD SXHUWDGHO026)(7&KD]XO ,95HVSXHVWD'LQiPLFD 3DUDFRPSUREDUTXHHOVLVWHPDHVFDSD]GHJHQHUDUORVLPSXOVRVGHOX]FRQ XQDYHORFLGDGVXILFLHQWHPHQWHUiSLGDVHKDUHDOL]DGRHOPRQWDMHGHOD)LJ ,9 /RVLPSXOVRVGHOX]JHQHUDGRVSRUORV/('VVHDSOLFDQDOIRWRGLRGRTXHORV FRQYLHUWH HQ FRUULHQWH (VWD FRUULHQWH VH DSOLFD D XQD UHVLVWHQFLD SDUD REWHQHUODWHQVLyQTXHVHPLGHFRQHORVFLORVFRSLR -,6DQWRV )LJXUD,90pWRGRGHPHGLGDGHODUHVSXHVWDHOHFWURySWLFDGLQiPLFDGHOVLVWHPD (QODWUD]DVXSHULRUGH ORVRVFLORJUDPDVGHOD)LJ,9VHWLHQHODIRUPD GH RQGD FDSWXUDGD HQ HO GUHQDGRU GHO 026)(7 PLHQWUDV TXH HQ OD WUD]D LQIHULRU VH UHSUHVHQWD OD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH VHxDO FDSWDGD SRU HO IRWRGLRGR SDUDGRVYDORUHVH[WUHPRVGHOFLFORGHWUDEDMRGHOD3:0 (QODSDUWHVXSHULRUGHOD)LJ,9VHHVWiJREHUQDQGRHOLQWHUUXSWRUFRQ XQ FLFOR GH WUDEDMR GHO \ VH KD DMXVWDGR OD EDVH GH WLHPSRV GHO RVFLORVFRSLRSDUDYHUHQGHWDOOHORVIODQFRVGHOLPSXOVROXPLQRVRJHQHUDGR SXGLpQGRVHREVHUYDUXQRVWLHPSRVGHVXELGD\GHEDMDGDFX\RYDORUHVGHO RUGHQGHV0LHQWUDVTXHHQODSDUWHLQIHULRUGHGLFKDILJXUDHODMXVWHVH KD UHDOL]DGR SDUD YHU XQ SHULRGR FRPSOHWR GH OD VHxDO 3:0 OXPLQRVD JHQHUDGDFRQXQFLFORGHWUDEDMRGHO &$3,96,67(0$'(,/80,1$&,Ï175$6(5$&21&2/256(&8(1&,$/ )LJXUD,95HVSXHVWDGLQiPLFDHOHFWURySWLFDGHOVLVWHPD3:0DODQFKXUDGH SXOVRVSDUWHVXSHULRU3:0DODQFKXUDGHSXOVRPVSDUWHLQIHULRU ,9&DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ&URPiWLFD 3DUD OD FDUFDWHUL]DFLyQ FURPiWLFD GH ORV HPLVRUHV ySWLFRV VH KD XWLOL]DGR XQ PRQRFURPDGRU $FWRQ 5HVHDUFK FRQ XQ IRWRPXOWLSOLFDGRU +DPPDPDWVX0RGLILFDQGRHOQLYHOGHPRGXODFLyQ3:0VREUHODH[FLWDFLyQ GHORV /('V5*%VHKDQREWHQLGRGLIHUHQWHVGLVWULEXFLRQHVHVSHFWUDOHVGH HQHUJtD 8WLOL]DQGR OD WHRUtD GHO (VSDFLR GH FRORU &,( VH KD GHWHUPLQDGR HO GLDJUDPD GH FURPDWLFLGDG &,( [\ >%DUULRV HW DO@ 6H SXHGH REVHUYDU HQODSULPHUDJUiILFDPRGXODFLyQ3:0HQWRGRVORVHPLVRUHV /(' TXH HO EODQFR GH UHIHUHQFLD HVWi GHVSOD]DGR KDFLD OD ]RQD GHO D]XO )LJ ,9 -,6DQWRV 0,9 0,9 520 520 0,8 0,8 530 G100R25 540 510 G100R50 0,7 550 G100 530 540 510 0,7 G100R75 550 G95 RG100 560 560 0,6 0,6 R100G75 R100G50 570 500 570 500 R100G25 0,5 0,5 580 G95R85 580 590 590 0,4 0,4 R75G50B25 600 600 610 620 0,3 490 0,2 R100 480 R85 830 B45R85 480 0,1 R85G95B45 (0.3343,0.3333) 0,1 B100 470 460 360 0 0 0,1 0,2 B45 RGB100(0.2744,0.2591) BR100 470 460 360 0 0,3 0,4 0,5 D 0,6 0,7 830 0,2 R100BG25 R100BG50 R100BG75 BG100 610 620 B45G95 0,3 490 0,8 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 E )LJXUD,9'LDJUDPDGHFURPDWLFLGDG&,(SDUDGLIHUHQWHVIDFWRUHVGH PRGXODFLyQ3:0DSOLFDGRVDORV/('V5*%FRQ5*\%DOD\FRQ5DO *DO\%DOE 3RGHPRV FRUUHJLU OD XELFDFLyQ GH HVWH EODQFR VL DFWXDPRV FRQYHQLHQWHPHQWHVREUHODFURPDWLFLGDGGHORVHPLVRUHV(VWRVHFRQVLJXH FDPELDQGR DSURSLDGDPHQWH HO QLYHO GH H[FLWDFLyQ 3:0 HQ FDGD FDVR /D GLVWULEXFLyQ HVSHFWUDO DQWHV \ GHVSXpV GH OD FRUUHFFLyQ GHO EODQFR GH UHIHUHQFLDSXHGHREVHUYDUVHHQOD)LJ,9 Spectrum Power (a.u.) 2 1,8 R(85%) G(95%) B(45%) 1,6 R(100%) G(100%) B(100%) 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 400 450 500 550 600 Wavelength (nm) 650 700 )LJXUD,9'LVWULEXFLyQHVSHFWUDOGHSRWHQFLDGHORV/('5*%DQWHV\GHVSXpVGHOD FRUUHFFLyQGHOEODQFRGHUHIHUHQFLD &$3,96,67(0$'(,/80,1$&,Ï175$6(5$&21&2/256(&8(1&,$/ ,9&RQFOXVLRQHV 5HVSHFWR GHO VLVWHPD GH LOXPLQDFLyQ WUDVHUD GHVFULWR HQ ORV DSDUWDGRV SUHYLRV SDUD VX DSOLFDFLyQ D SDQWDOODV PXOWLSOH[DGDV GH WLSR $)/& VH SXHGHQHVWDEOHFHUODVVLJXLHQWHVFRQFOXVLRQHV • 6HKDGLVHxDGR\FDOLEUDGRXQVLVWHPDGHLOXPLQDFLyQVHFXHQFLDO EDUDWR EDVDGR HQ HPLVRUHV FRPHUFLDOHV /(' 5*% HO FXDO FXHQWD FRQ XQD JUDQ IOH[LELOLGDG SDUD DGDSWDUVH D ORV UHTXHULPLHQWRV GH PXFKRV VLVWHPDV EDFNOLJKW HQ SDQWDOODV PXOWLSOH[DGDV$)/& • (O VLVWHPD HVWi EDVDGR HQ XQ HOHPHQWR GH FRQWURO FHQWUDO PLFURSURFHVDGRU \ XQ VLVWHPD HOHFWUyQLFR DX[LOLDU FDSD] GH DFRQGLFLRQDU ODV VHxDOHV HOHFWUyQLFDV UHTXHULGDV SRU ORV /(' SDUDVXFRUUHFWRIXQFLRQDPLHQWR • 6HKDORJUDGRXQDHVWUXFWXUDPHFiQLFDSDUDHOPRQWDMHDFRUGH FRQODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHOODERUDWRULRGRQGHYDDVHUXWLOL]DGRTXH SHUPLWH VX LQWHUFRQH[LyQ FRQ XQ 3& SDUD FRQWURODU ORV SDUiPHWURVGHODVIRUPDVGHRQGDTXHVHJHQHUDQHQHOPLVPR • 6H KD GHPRVWUDGR OD YHUVDWLOLGDG GHO VLVWHPD SXGLHQGR PRGLILFDU WDQWR VX FRQVXPR FRPR OD FURPDWLFLGDG GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV HPLVRUHV PHGLDQWH XQD LQWHUID] GH XVXDULR GHVDUUROODGDDOHIHFWR • 6HKDUHDOL]DGRXQDFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQFRPSOHWDGHOVLVWHPDWDQWR GHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDHOHFWUyQLFRFRPRySWLFRYHULILFDQGRTXH FXPSOH GH PDQHUD VDWLVIDFWRULD ORV UHTXLVLWRV LQLFLDOPHQWH HVWDEOHFLGRV &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ 96,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$ 3$17$//$6'(&5,67$//Ë48,'2'($/7$6 35(67$&,21(6 9,QWURGXFFLyQ /RV PDWHULDOHV &/ )HUURHOpFWULFR \ $QWLIHUURHOpFWULFR KDQ VLGR REMHWR GH QXPHURVDVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVHQORV~OWLPRVDxRVGHELGRDVXVSURPHWHGRUDV SURSLHGDGHV HOHFWURySWLFDV TXH ORV FRQYLHUWHQ HQ XQRV H[FHOHQWHV FDQGLGDWRV SDUD DSOLFDFLRQHV HQ SDQWDOODV SODQDV >/DJHUZDOO HW DO@ >9LUJLQLD@ 8QR GH ORV FDPSRV PiV DFWLYRV FRPR OtQHD GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ KD VLGR OD VtQWHVLV \ FUHDFLyQ GH QXHYDV PH]FODV FRQ SURSLHGDGHV PHMRUDGDV WDOHV FRPR UDQJR HVPpFWLFR DPSOLR HQ 7HPSHUDWXUDDOWDYHORFLGDGGHUHVSXHVWDHVWDELOLGDGTXtPLFDDODUJRSOD]R >:DWDQDEH HW DO@ >2WyQ@ HWF /D FRQVHFXHQFLD GLUHFWD GH WRGRHVWRKDVLGRXQDYDQFHLPSRUWDQWHHQQXHYDVSURSXHVWDVGHSDQWDOODV EDVDGDV HQ HVWRV PDWHULDOHV TXH UHTXLHUHQ GLVHxRV HVSHFtILFRV WDQWR GH IRUPDVGHRQGDDGHFXDGDV\SRUWDQWRGULYHUVTXHODVJHQHUHQFRPRGH IXHQWHV GH LOXPLQDFLyQ R EDFNOLJKWV TXH SURSRUFLRQHQ ODV PHMRUHV SUHVWDFLRQHV (2 SDUD GLFKDV SDQWDOODV >&DPSROL@ ><RVKLGD HW DO @>8UUXFKLHWDO@ 7DO FRPR VH KD PHQFLRQDGR OD IDEULFDFLyQ GH SDQWDOODV GH FULVWDO OtTXLGR FRQQXHYRVPDWHULDOHV)/&$)/&SURGXFHGLVSRVLWLYRVFX\RVSDUiPHWURVGH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR VRQ GHVFRQRFLGRV R WLHQHQ XQRV PiUJHQHV GH YDULDFLyQ UHODWLYDPHQWH JUDQGHV >2WyQ HW DO @ 3RU HVWH PRWLYR QR H[LVWHQ FLUFXLWRV LQWHJUDGRV GLVSRQLEOHV FRPHUFLDOPHQWH SDUD UHDOL]DU OD H[FLWDFLyQ GHGLFKDVSDQWDOODV/DQHFHVLGDGGHFRQRFHUORVYDORUHVySWLPRVGH HVWRV SDUiPHWURVHVLPSUHVFLQGLEOHSDUDDERUGDUODSURGXFFLyQGHORVFLUFXLWRVGH H[FLWDFLyQ QHFHVDULRV SDUD FDGD QXHYR WLSR GH SDQWDOOD GH FULVWDO OtTXLGR TXHVHGHVDUUROOH>:DKO@ -,6DQWRV /DPHGLGDGHORVSDUiPHWURVHOpFWULFRV\ySWLFRVGHHVWDVQXHYDVSDQWDOODV SDVDSRUODGHILQLFLyQGHODVIRUPDVGHRQGDTXHKD\TXHDSOLFDUOH\SRUHO GHVDUUROORGHOHTXLSRRGULYHUTXHORJHQHUH(QODOLWHUDWXUDWpFQLFDH[LVWHQ SURSXHVWDV UHDOL]DGDV HQ HVWH VHQWLGR SHUR R ELHQ WLHQHQ XQ iPELWR GH DSOLFDELOLGDG UHGXFLGR >:DK@ >0DWXV]F]\N HW DO@ >%HFFKHUHOOL HWDO@>+DVHJDZDHWDO@HQFXDQWRDTXHHOQ~PHURGHSL[HOV TXH SHUPLWHQ GLUHFFLRQDU HV EDMR [ FDQDOHV R ELHQ QR SHUPLWHQ OD LQWHJUDFLyQ GH OD IXHQWH GH OX] GH IRUPD VLQFURQL]DGD FRQ HO GULYHU WDO FRPR VXFHGH HQ WRGRV ORV VLVWHPDV SURSXHVWRV KDVWDDKRUD (Q GHILQLWLYD DSRUWDEDQVROXFLRQHVSDUFLDOHV\QRSHUPLWtDQXQDHYDOXDFLyQHOHFWURySWLFD FRPSOHWDHQSDQWDOODVGHJDPDDOWDFRPRHVHOFDVRTXHDTXtQRVRFXSD (OVLVWHPDTXHDTXtVHSURSRQHUHVXHOYHHOSUREOHPDSODQWHDGRDOSHUPLWLU UHDOL]DU ODV SUXHEDV FRQGXFHQWHV D OD REWHQFLyQ GH GLFKRV SDUiPHWURV SRQLHQGR HQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR EDMR XQ HQWRUQR IOH[LEOH TXH VH SXHGH UHFRQILJXUDU HQ OtQHD ORV QXHYRV SURWRWLSRV GH SDQWDOODV )/&$)/& GHVDUUROODGDVKDVWDREWHQHUORVYDORUHVySWLPRVEXVFDGRV 9 (VWUXFWXUD \ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH XQD SDQWDOODGH&/ 7DOFRPRVHKDGHVFULWRHQDSDUWDGRVDQWHULRUHVXQDSDQWDOODGH&/WLHQH XQDHVWUXFWXUDGHWLSR³VDQGZLFK´(OFULVWDOOtTXLGRSURSLDPHQWHGLFKRHVWi FRQILQDGR HQWUH GRV VXSHUILFLHV VREUH ODV TXH VH GHSRVLWDQ ORV HOHFWURGRV TXH FRQIRUPDQ ORV St[HOHV GH OD SDQWDOOD $GHPiV WRGRV ORV PDWHULDOHV XWLOL]DGRV SDUD FRQVWUXLU GLFKDV VXSHUILFLHV DVt FRPR ORV HOHFWURGRV WLHQHQ TXHVHUWUDQVSDUHQWHVSDUDGHMDUSDVDUODOX]$GHPiVVHXWLOL]DQRWUDVGRV OiPLQDV KDELWXDOPHQWH SHJDGDV D OD VXSHUILFLH DQWHULRU \ SRVWHULRU GHO VDQGZLFK TXH FRQVWLWX\HQ ORV SRODUL]DGRUHV QHFHVDULRV SDUD HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOGLVSOD\ )LQDOPHQWH HQ SDQWDOODV WUDQVPLVLYDV KD\ TXH DJUHJDU HO VLVWHPD GH UHWURLOXPLQDFLyQ)LJ9 &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ )LJXUD9(VWUXFWXUDVLPSOLILFDGDGHXQD/&'JHQpULFD 7RGRV ORV HOHFWURGRV GH ORV St[HOHV GH XQD ILOD HVWiQ FRQHFWDGRV D XQ PLVPR WHUPLQDO HOpFWULFR R FRQH[LyQ GH ILOD 7RGRV ORV HOHFWURGRV GH ORV St[HOHV GH XQD FROXPQD SRU OD RWUD FDUD GHO FULVWDO OtTXLGR HVWiQ FRQHFWDGRVDXQPLVPRWHUPLQDOHOpFWULFRRFRQH[LyQGHFROXPQD 3RUORWDQWRSDUDDFWLYDUXQSt[HOVHGHEHDSOLFDUHQHOLQWHUYDORGHWLHPSR DGHFXDGR OD WHQVLyQ QHFHVDULD HQWUH ORV WHUPLQDOHV GH OD ILOD \ GH OD FROXPQDFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDGLFKRSt[HO7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDODRUJDQL]DFLyQ GH HVWH WLSR GH SDQWDOODV JHRPpWULFD \ GHO FRQH[LRQDGR OD DFWLYDFLyQ GH ORVSt[HOHVVHUHDOL]DSRUILODVFRPSOHWDV 3DUDUHSUHVHQWDUXQDLPDJHQILMDHQEODQFR\QHJURFRQHVFDODGHJULVHV KD\ TXH GRWDU D FDGD St[HO GH OD SDQWDOOD GH XQ YDORU GH WUDQVPLWDQFLD DFRUGH FRQ OD OXPLQDQFLD GHO St[HO HTXLYDOHQWH GH OD LPDJHQ \ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ UHWURLOXPLQDU OD SDQWDOOD FRQ OX] DSURSLDGD KDELWXDOPHQWH EODQFD6LODLPDJHQHVHQPRYLPLHQWRHVWDUiFRPSXHVWDSRUXQDVXFHVLyQ GH FXDGURV R LPiJHQHV ILMDV TXH VH UHSUHVHQWDQ FRQ XQD IUHFXHQFLD VXILFLHQWHPHQWHDOWDFRQUHVSHFWRDODUHVSXHVWDWHPSRUDOGHORMRGHIRUPD TXH XQ REVHUYDGRU KXPDQR WLHQH VHQVDFLyQ GH FRQWLQXLGDG HQ HO PRYLPLHQWRGHODHVFHQDTXHVHSUHVHQWDHQODSDQWDOOD -,6DQWRV 6L OD LPDJHQ HV HQ FRORU FDGD FXDGUR GH OD PLVPD HVWDUi FRPSXHVWR SRU WDQWRVFDPSRVFRPRFRPSRQHQWHVGHFRORUHQORVTXHVHGHVFRPSRQJDOD LPDJHQ (Q HO FDVR PiV KDELWXDO GH GHVFRPSRQHU OD LPDJHQ HQ VXV FRPSRQHQWHV 5*% 5 URMR * YHUGH \ % D]XO OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH OD LPDJHQ FRPSOHWD VXSRQGUi QHFHVDULDPHQWH OD SUHVHQWDFLyQ VHFXHQFLDO GH FDGD XQR GH ORV FDPSRV GHO FXDGUR UHWURLOXPLQDGRV FRQ OX] GHO FRORU FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH \ FRQ XQD IUHFXHQFLD GH UHSHWLFLyQ VXILFLHQWHPHQWH HOHYDGDSDUDUHFUHDUODVHQVDFLyQGHFRQWLQXLGDGHQHOREVHUYDGRU 6L VH WUDWD GH LPiJHQHV ILMDV XQ VROR FXDGUR VH UHSHWLUiQ VXFHVLYDPHQWH ORV GLVWLQWRV FDPSRV GHO PLVPR 6L OD LPDJHQ HV HQ PRYLPLHQWR XQD VXFHVLyQ GH FXDGURV HQ HO WLHPSR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D FDGD IUDPH VH SUHVHQWDUi FRQ OD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH VXFHVLyQ GH VXV UHVSHFWLYRV FDPSRV GH FRORU (QSDQWDOODV$)/&ODWUDQVPLWDQFLDGHFDGDSt[HOGHSHQGHUiGHODSRVLFLyQ UHODWLYD GH ODV PROpFXODV GHO FULVWDO OtTXLGR FRQWHQLGR HQWUH ORV HOHFWURGRV GH GLFKR St[HO VLHQGR GLFKD SRVLFLyQ GH ODV PROpFXODV IXQFLyQ GH OD GLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDODSOLFDGDDORVGRVHOHFWURGRVTXHFRQIRUPDQHOSt[HO \GHODGXUDFLyQGHOLQWHUYDORGHWLHPSRHQHOTXHVHDSOLFDGLFKDWHQVLyQ SURGXFWRYāW>0DWXV]F]\N@ 95HTXLVLWRVGHO6LVWHPDGH([FLWDFLyQ &RQ HVWH WUDEDMR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ VH SUHWHQGH HQWUH RWURV REWHQHU XQ PpWRGRQRYHGRVRGHJHQHUDU\DSOLFDUDODVSDQWDOODVGH$)/&ODVVHxDOHV HOpFWULFDV QHFHVDULDV SDUD UHSUHVHQWDU XQD LPDJHQ ILMD R HQ PRYLPLHQWR /DV LPiJHQHV D UHSUHVHQWDU VH REWLHQHQ FRQ XQD FiPDUD GH YtGHR R VH JHQHUDQGHVGHXQDIXHQWHH[WHUQDRHVWiQDOPDFHQDGDVHQODPHPRULDGH XQ RUGHQDGRU R HQ RWUR GLVSRVLWLYR FRPSDWLEOH FRQ HO VLVWHPD TXH DTXt VH GHVFULEH $GHPiVGHODVVHxDOHVGHLPDJHQSURSLDPHQWHGLFKDVRTXHFRQWLHQHQORV GDWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D ORV SDUiPHWURV ySWLFRV GH OD LPDJHQ VRQ QHFHVDULDVRWUDVVHxDOHVGHILOD\FROXPQDSDUDUHDOL]DUHOGLUHFFLRQDPLHQWR FRPSOHWR GH ORV St[HOHV $ ORV HIHFWRV GH HVWD WHVLV VH KDQ FODVLILFDGR HQ GRVWLSRVDVDEHU &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ • 6HxDOGHGLUHFFLRQDPLHQWRGHODVILODVGHODSDQWDOOD • 6HxDOHV GH GDWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV FRQ ODV LPiJHQHV TXH VH SUHWHQGHQUHSUHVHQWDUHQGLFKDSDQWDOOD (Q DPERV FDVRV ODV VHxDOHV VH UHSUHVHQWDUiQ PHGLDQWH WHQVLRQHV HOpFWULFDV 3DUD DOFDQ]DU HO REMHWLYR EXVFDGR VH KDQ GHVDUUROODGR ORV VLVWHPDV HOHFWUyQLFRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDUHDOL]DUODVVLJXLHQWHVIXQFLRQHV • *HQHUDUODVHxDOGHGLUHFFLRQDPLHQWR • 3URFHVDUODVVHxDOHVGHGDWRV • $SOLFDUODVWHQVLRQHVGHGLUHFFLRQDPLHQWR\GHGDWRVREWHQLGRVD ODSDQWDOOD • 5HWURLOXPLQDU OD SDQWDOOD HQ VLQFURQtD FRQ ODV VHxDOHV GH GLUHFFLRQDPLHQWR SDUD SRGHU REVHUYDU OD LPDJHQ UHSUHVHQWDGD WDQWRHQHVFDODGHJULVHVFRPRHQFRORU 'LFKRV VLVWHPDV XWLOL]DQ XQ PLFURFRQWURODGRU \ ORV FLUFXLWRV GH LQWHUID] FRQYHUWLGRUHVGHGDWRV'LJLWDO$QDOyJLFRDPSOLILFDGRUHVGHEDMD\GHDOWD WHQVLyQHWFQHFHVDULRVSDUDFRQHFWDUVHDODSDQWDOODGHFULVWDOOtTXLGR /D XWLOL]DFLyQ GHO PLFURFRQWURODGRU GRWD DO VLVWHPD TXH VH SURSRQH GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV ~QLFDV HQ FXDQWR D VX IOH[LELOLGDG SRU ODV SRVLELOLGDGHV GH SURJUDPDFLyQHQOtQHD\HQWLHPSRUHDOGHVGHXQRUGHQDGRUGHWRGRVORV SDUiPHWURVQHFHVDULRVSDUDHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRySWLPRGHFXDOTXLHUSDQWDOOD GHFULVWDOOtTXLGRFRQXQDUHVROXFLyQLQLFLDOPHQWHGHKDVWDó9*$ 9 )RUPDV GH 2QGD GH ODV 6HxDOHV (OpFWULFDV QHFHVDULDVSDUD5HSUHVHQWDUXQD,PDJHQ /DV SDQWDOODV GH $)/& WULHVWDGR DSURYHFKDQ HO SHFXOLDU FRPSRUWDPLHQWR ySWLFRGHHVWHPDWHULDO>%HQQLVHWDO@>4XLQWDQDHWDO@TXHGD OXJDUDXQGREOHFLFORGHKLVWpUHVLVHQVXIXQFLyQGHWUDQVIHUHQFLD(2)LJ -,6DQWRV 9SDUDDOPDFHQDUHOHVWDGRGHWUDQVPLWDQFLDGHOSt[HOVLQQHFHVLGDGGH FRPSRQHQWHVDFWLYRVDGLFLRQDOHVFRPRHVHOFDVRGHODV/&'7)7 6LVHTXLHUHHVWDEOHFHUXQFLHUWRQLYHOGHWUDQVPLVLyQySWLFDHQXQSt[HOGH OD SDQWDOOD VH OH GHEHUi DSOLFDU OD WHQVLyQ QHFHVDULD SDUD XQ SXQWR GH WUDEDMR GDGR SRU HMHPSOR ³D´ HQ OD )LJ 9 VL DKRUD VH GLVPLQX\H OD WHQVLyQDYDORUHVHQHOHQWRUQRGHODDEVFLVDGHOSXQWR³E´VHPDQWHQGUiVX WUDQVPLWDQFLD&XDQGRVHTXLHUDERUUDUHOGDWREDVWDFRQDQXODUODWHQVLyQ DSOLFDGD DO St[HO SXQWR ³G´ 3DUD DFHOHUDU HO ERUUDGR GHO GDWR GDGR TXH HVWRV PDWHULDOHV WLHQHQ XQ WLHPSR GH UHODMDFLyQ UHODWLYDPHQWH JUDQGH DQWHVGHDQXODUODWHQVLyQVHOHDSOLFDXQDGHSRODULGDGFRQWUDULDSXQWR³F´ >2WyQHWDO@ )LJXUD9'HVSOD]DPLHQWRSRUODFXUYDGHKLVWpUHVLV &RPR \D VH KD GLFKR DQWHULRUPHQWH DO VHU OD WHQVLyQ DSOLFDGD DO St[HO OD GLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDOHQWUHODGHILOD\ODGHFROXPQDDODSULPHUD VHOH GHQRPLQD GH GLUHFFLRQDPLHQWR \ D OD VHJXQGD GH GDWRV HVWD ~OWLPD LQFRUSRUDUiODVHxDOGHLPDJHQDODSDQWDOOD 96HxDOGH'LUHFFLRQDPLHQWRR%DUULGRGH)LODV (VWD VHxDO WLHQH VLHWH QLYHOHV GH WHQVLyQ GLIHUHQWHV WUHV VRQ SRVLWLYRV \ RWURVWUHVTXHVRQVXVVLPpWULFRVQHJDWLYRVDGHPiVGHOYDORUGHUHIHUHQFLD &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ GH ³9´ >%HQQLV HW DO@ >4XLQWDQD HW DO@ TXH VH DSOLFDQ GXUDQWH LQWHUYDORV GH WLHPSR HVSHFtILFRV (Q HO VLVWHPD TXH DTXt VH SURSRQHODGXUDFLyQGHORVLQWHUYDORVGHWLHPSR\GHORVYDORUHVGHWHQVLyQ FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDFDGDLQWHUYDORVHSXHGHQSURJUDPDU\KDFHUYDULDUHQ OtQHD\HQWLHPSRUHDOGXUDQWHVXIXQFLRQDPLHQWR$GHPiVODSRODULGDGGH ODVWHQVLRQHVVHLUiDOWHUQDQGRHQFDGDEDUULGRFRQHOILQGHTXHHOQLYHOGH FRUULHQWHFRQWLQXDDSOLFDGRDODSDQWDOODGH&/VHDQXOR)LJ9 (1) (1) (3) (4) (2) (2) (3) t (4) (1) )LJXUD96HxDOGHGLUHFFLRQDPLHQWRTXHVHDSOLFDVLPXOWiQHDPHQWHDWRGRVORVSt[HOHV GHXQDOtQHD6HOHFFLyQ3RODUL]DFLyQ3R]R\%RUUDGR /DVHxDOGHGLUHFFLRQDPLHQWRVHDSOLFDVLPXOWiQHDPHQWHDWRGRVORVSt[HOHV GHXQDILOD\FRQVWDGHORVVLJXLHQWHVQLYHOHVGHWHQVLyQ 6HOHFFLyQ R WHQVLyQ QHFHVDULD SDUD TXH HO FULVWDO OtTXLGR VH VLW~HHQHOXPEUDORHQHOPi[LPRGHWUDQVPLVLyQGHOX](QORV WHUPLQDOHV GH ODV FROXPQDV \ DO PLVPR WLHPSR TXH HO QLYHO GH VHOHFFLyQ VH DSOLFD D WRGRV ORV St[HOHV GH OD ILOD OD VHxDO GH GDWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH FRQ OD LPDJHQ D UHSUHVHQWDU KDFLHQGR YDULDUHOQLYHOGHWUDQVPLWDQFLDGHORVSt[HOHVDIHFWDGRV 3RODUL]DFLyQ ELDV R WHQVLyQ TXH PDQWLHQH HO QLYHO GH WUDQVPLWDQFLD HQ HO FULVWDO OtTXLGR (VWD WHQVLyQ FRQVWDQWH XQD YH] ILMDGD D SDUWLU GH OD FXUYD (2 PDQWLHQH HO QLYHO GH WUDQVPLWDQFLD HVWDEOHFLGR GXUDQWH HO SXOVR GH VHOHFFLyQ HQ OD SDQWDOODGH&/ 3R]R ZHOO LPSXOVR GH SRODULGDG LQYHUVD D ODV GRV WHQVLRQHV DQWHULRUHV TXH WLHQH FRPR PLVLyQ D\XGDU R DFHOHUDU HO PHFDQLVPR GH UHODMDFLyQ GHO FULVWDO OtTXLGR DQWHV GHO FRPLHQ]R GH XQ QXHYR FLFOR GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ PHMRUDQGR OD UHVSXHVWD GLQiPLFDGHODSDQWDOOD -,6DQWRV %RUUDGR UHVHW WHQVLyQ QXOD TXH SHUPLWH OD UHODMDFLyQ FRPSOHWDGHO&/\XQERUUDGRFRPSOHWRSUHYLRGHOSt[HODQWHVGH FDUJDUORGHQXHYRFRQODLQIRUPDFLyQGHOVLJXLHQWHIUDPH 96HxDOHVGH'DWRVH,OXPLQDFLyQ &DGD FXDGUR GH OD LPDJHQ TXH VH GHVHD UHSUHVHQWDU FRQVWDUi GH ORV FDPSRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D ODV FRPSRQHQWHV GH FRORU URMR5 YHUGH* \ D]XO% (VWH VLVWHPD UHSUHVHQWD VHFXHQFLDOPHQWH ODV WUHV FRPSRQHQWHV FRQ XQD IUHFXHQFLD GH UHSHWLFLyQ VXILFLHQWHPHQWH DOWD GH WDO PDQHUD TXH HO RMR KXPDQRTXHHVHOGHVWLQDWDULRGHODLPDJHQUHDOLFHODLQWHJUDFLyQGHpVWD FRPR VXPD DGLWLYD GH VXV FRPSRQHQWHV GH FRORU /DV RSHUDFLRQHV TXH UHDOL]DHOVLVWHPD)LJ9VHUHVXPHQHQORVVLJXLHQWHVSDVRV 6H DOPDFHQD XQ FDPSR 5 y * y % GH OD LPDJHQ HQ XQD PHPRULD ORFDO GHO VLVWHPD TXH OODPDUHPRV PHPRULD GH LPDJHQ &RPLHQ]D OD H[SORUDFLyQ GH OD SDQWDOOD FRQ HO ILQ GH ³FDUJDU´ HO FDPSR GH OD LPDJHQ D UHSUHVHQWDU 'XUDQWH HO SXOVR GH VHOHFFLyQGHODILODVHDSOLFDQHQWRGDVODVFROXPQDVDODYH] ORV YDORUHV GH WUDQVPLWDQFLD FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D ORV St[HOHV GH GLFKD ILOD $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ OD VHxDO GH GLUHFFLRQDPLHQWR SDVD DO QLYHO GH SRODUL]DFLyQ HQ OD SULPHUD ILOD \ DO GH VHOHFFLyQ HQ OD VHJXQGD FDUJiQGRVH ORV GDWRV GH OD VHJXQGD OtQHD GH OD LPDJHQ\DVtVXFHVLYDPHQWHKDVWDFRPSOHWDUWRGDODSDQWDOOD 6H DFWLYD OD UHWURLOXPLQDFLyQ WUDV XQ LQWHUYDOR GH HVWDELOL]DFLyQ FRQ HO FRORU FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH DO FDPSR GH OD LPDJHQTXHKHPRVFDUJDGR)LJ9 6HUHSLWHQORVSDVRV\SDUDORVVLJXLHQWHVFDPSRVGHO FXDGUR(QHOFDVRGHWHQHUTXHDOWHUQDUODSRODULGDGGHODVHxDO GH ILOD VH UHSLWH XQR GH ORV FDPSRV GH FDGD FXDGUR HQ HVWH FDVR HO YHUGH * SDUD DVHJXUDU TXH FDGD FDPSR VH DSOLTXH VLHPSUHFRQODPLVPDSRODULGDGGHODVHxDOGHILOD)LJ9 &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ )LJXUD9$SOLFDFLyQVHFXHQFLDOGHORVGLVWLQWRVFDPSRVGHXQFXDGURHLOXPLQDFLyQGH ORVFXDGURVFRQHOFRORUFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH6ROXFLyQSRUUHIXHU]RGHOFRORUYHUGH 6HFXHQFLD5*%* 9&RQILJXUDFLyQGHO6LVWHPD3URSXHVWR (Q OD )LJ 9 VH SUHVHQWD HO HVTXHPD GH EORTXHV SURSXHVWR 'HQWUR GHO UHFXDGUR GH OtQHDV SXQWHDGDV VH HQFXHQWUDQ VLWXDGDV ODV XQLGDGHV HVSHFtILFDVGHOHTXLSRGHOVLVWHPDDODVTXHVHDxDGHQXQRUGHQDGRU\OD SDQWDOODGHFULVWDOOtTXLGRTXHVHGHVHDFRQWURODU /DPLVLyQGHORUGHQDGRUHVDFWXDUGHLQWHUID]FRQHOXVXDULRSDUDHOFRQWURO GH ORV SDUiPHWURV GH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR \ DOPDFHQDU ODV LPiJHQHV D UHSUHVHQWDU6HXWLOL]DQGRVFDQDOHVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUH HORUGHQDGRU\ HOHTXLSRHVSHFtILFR -,6DQWRV • 8QFDQDOELGLUHFFLRQDO7[5[3DUiPHWURVHQOD)LJ9SDUDHO DMXVWH HQ OtQHD GH ORV YDORUHV DVLJQDGRV D ORV SDUiPHWURV GHO VLVWHPD \ SDUD HO HQYLyUHFHSFLyQ GH RWUDV VHxDOHV GH FRQWURO QHFHVDULDV • 8Q FDQDO XQLGLUHFFLRQDO 5[ ,PDJHQ HQ OD )LJ 9 GH DOWD YHORFLGDG GHGLFDGR DOHQYtR GH ODVLPiJHQHV FDPSR D FDPSR GHVGHHORUGHQDGRUKDFLDODPHPRULDGHLPDJHQ Microcontrolador Ordenador Tx/Rx Parámetros Rx Imagen Memoria de Imagen Interfaz Columnas COLUMNAS LCD Interfaz Filas LCD FILAS LCD DAT DIR CON IMG )LJXUD9(VTXHPDGHEORTXHVJHQHUDOGHOVLVWHPD (O PLFURFRQWURODGRU & DFW~D FRPR RUJDQL]DGRU GH WRGR HO VLVWHPD VXV IXQFLRQHVSULQFLSDOHVVRQ • &DUJDU ORV YDORUHV GH ORV SDUiPHWURV GH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR SURYHQLHQWHVGHORUGHQDGRU &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ • *HQHUDUODVHxDOGHVHOHFFLyQGHILOD\GLUHFFLRQDUODPLVPDDOD SRVLFLyQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHGHODSDQWDOOD • *HQHUDUODVVHxDOHVGHVLQFURQLVPRQHFHVDULDVSDUDFRQWURODUHO WUiILFRGHGDWRVGHODLPDJHQHQWUHHORUGHQDGRUODPHPRULDGH LPDJHQ\ODSDQWDOODGHFULVWDOOtTXLGR /DVEDUUDV'$7GDWRV',5GLUHFFLRQHV&21FRQWUROH,0*LPDJHQGH OD )LJ 9 GLVWULEX\HQ \ FRQWURODQ ODV VHxDOHV HQWUH ORV GLIHUHQWHV VXEVLVWHPDVGHOHTXLSR /DLQWHUID]GHFROXPQDVUHFLEHORVGDWRVGHODVHxDOGHLPDJHQDWUDYpVGH OD EDUUD ,0* UHDOL]D OD FRQYHUVLyQ GH ORV GDWRV GH OD VHxDO GH LPDJHQ HQ XQDWHQVLyQDQDOyJLFD\ORVDSOLFDHQORVWHUPLQDOHVGHO/&'HVWDEOHFLHQGR ORV QLYHOHV DGHFXDGRV SDUD HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH OD SDQWDOOD GH FULVWDO OtTXLGR /D LQWHUID] GH ILODV SRU RWUR ODGR UHFLEH ORV GDWRV SRU OD EDUUD '$7 FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D ORV YDORUHV GH WHQVLyQ TXH HQ FDGD LQVWDQWH GH WLHPSR VH WLHQHQ TXH DSOLFDU D ORV WHUPLQDOHV GH ODV ILODV JHQHUDQGR GLFKDV WHQVLRQHV DQDOyJLFDPHQWH \ PDQWHQLHQGR VXV QLYHOHV HQ ORV LQWHUYDORV GH WLHPSRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV 9,PSOHPHQWDFLyQGHOVLVWHPD (QHVWHDSDUWDGRVHSUHVHQWDQORVFRPSRQHQWHVItVLFRV\OyJLFRVGHVWLQDGRV DODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOVLVWHPDSURSXHVWR(QSULPHUOXJDUVHSXHGHYHUHQOD )LJ 9 XQD UHFUHDFLyQ GHO HVTXHPD GH EORTXHV GH OD )LJ 9 6H KD LQFOXLGR HO EORTXH GH LOXPLQDFLyQ WUDWDGR HQ HO FDStWXOR ,9 GH HVWD WHVLV 7RGRVORVVXEVLVWHPDVItVLFRVREMHWRGHHVWHFDStWXORVHXELFDQHQHOEORTXH GHQRPLQDGR³+$5':$5(X&3ODFDV´ &RQUHODFLyQDOD)LJ9HOSURWRWLSRGHVDUUROODGRFRQWURODHQXQSULPHU FDVRGHHVWXGLRXQDSDQWDOODGH[St[HOHVDUULEDDODL]TXLHUGDSHUR HVHVFDODEOHDOQ~PHURGHFROXPQDV\GHILODVTXHVHGHVHHQ(OKDUGZDUH GHLOXPLQDFLyQHVFRQWURODGRGHVGH HO3&SHURUHFLEHODVyUGHQHVDWUDYpV HVWH VLVWHPD /RV GDWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D ODV LPiJHQHV TXH VH TXLHUHQ UHSURGXFLU HQ OD SDQWDOOD FX\R SHVR SXHGH OOHJDU D VHU HOHYDGR SDUD -,6DQWRV LPiJHQHV GH JUDQ WDPDxR XWLOL]DQ XQD FDQDO XQLGLUHFFLRQDO GH DOWD YHORFLGDG86%FRQXQDWDVDGHKDVWD0EV3RU~OWLPRHO3&DFW~D GH LQWHUID] FRQ HO XVXDULR \ FRQWUROD WDQWR ORV YDORUHV GH ORV SDUiPHWURV TXHVHHVWDEOHFHQRPRGLILFDQHQOtQHD\HQWLHPSRUHDOFRPRHOHQYtRGH ODV LPiJHQHV D UHSUHVHQWDU TXH SXHGHQ HVWDU DOPDFHQDGDV HQ pO R HVWDU VLHQGRFDSWXUDGDVSRUXQGLVSRVLWLYRSHULIpULFRFRQHFWDGRDOPLVPR3& $GHPiVGHOKDUGZDUHVRQQHFHVDULRVORVSURJUDPDVRVRIWZDUHTXHKDJDQ IXQFLRQDUHVWHVLVWHPDTXHVHSUHVHQWDUiQWDPELpQHQHVWHDSDUWDGR 9+DUGZDUH (O FRQMXQWR FRQ WRGRV ORV FRPSRQHQWHV GHO KDUGZDUH TXH LQWHJUDQ HO VLVWHPD VH SUHVHQWD HQ OD )LJ 9 (O GLVHxR HV PRGXODU SRU WDQWR VH SRGUi DPSOLDU SDUD SHUPLWLU FRQWURODU SDQWDOODV FRQ HO Q~PHUR GH St[HOHV TXH VHD QHFHVDULR FRQ OD ~QLFD OLPLWDFLyQ TXH VH FRPHQWDUi SRVWHULRUPHQWH 7RGRHOFRQMXQWRHVWiJREHUQDGRSRUXQPLFURFRQWURODGRU³GV3,&)´ TXHDVXYH]UHFLEHORVSDUiPHWURVGHODVVHxDOHVTXHJHQHUDGHVGHXQ3& D WUDYpV GH XQ SXHUWR VHULH 56 SDUWH VXSHULRU GH OD )LJ 9 (Q ORV SiUUDIRVTXHVLJXHQVHUHFRUUHUiHOFRQWHQLGRGHOD)LJ9GHDUULEDKDFLD DEDMR \ GH L]TXLHUGD D GHUHFKD &RQ HO ILQ GH IDFLOLWDU HO FRQH[LRQDGR FRQ ORVGHPiVVXEVLVWHPDVVHKDGLVHxDGRXQD³3/$&$'(&21(&725(6'(/ X&´ GRQGH VH UHFLEHQ \ GHVGH OD TXH VH UHSDUWHQ WRGRV ORV SXHUWRV GHO PLFURFRQWURODGRU (O VLVWHPD GH LOXPLQDFLyQ GH OD SDQWDOOD WUDWDGR HQ HO FDStWXOR ,9 VH FRPXQLFD FRQ HO '63,& PHGLDQWH HO VHJXQGR SXHUWR 56 GH pVWH WDPELpQUHFLEHODVWUHVVHxDOHVGHHQDEOHTXHKDELOLWDQHOHQFHQGLGRGHORV /('VHQVLQFURQtDFRQODVHxDOGHH[SORUDFLyQGHODSDQWDOOD /D PHPRULD GH LPDJHQ XQD 5$0 GH GREOH SXHUWR VH FDUJD FRQ ORV GDWRV GHODLPDJHQGHVGHHO3&DWUDYpVGHXQSXHUWR86%\GHVFDUJDGLFKRV GDWRVDODVFROXPQDVGHO/&'ILODDILODHQORVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVLQWHUYDORV GH VHOHFFLyQ GH ODV PLVPDV /D EDUUD ,0* VH FRUUHVSRQGH FRQ HO ³%86 '$726&2/801$6´GHOD)LJ9 &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ )LJXUD9'LDJUDPDJHQHUDOGHOVLVWHPDLQFOXLGRVORVFRPSRQHQWHVVXEVLVWHPDV\HTXLSRVSHULIpULFRV -,6DQWRV /D GHQRPLQDGD ³3/$&$ %$6( &21(;,Ï1 ),/$6 < &2/801$6´ GHILQH HO WDPDxR GHO VLVWHPD (Q HO SURWRWLSR LQLFLDOPHQWH FRQVWUXLGR SDUD HVWH WUDEDMR GH WHVLV WLHQH FDSDFLGDG SDUD GRV SODFDV GH FDQDOHV XQD SDUD ILODV\RWUDSDUDFROXPQDVSHURVHSRGUtDFRQVWUXLUSDUDUHFLELUHOQ~PHUR GHSODFDVQHFHVDULDVSDUDXQDSDQWDOODFXDOTXLHUDGH1[0St[HOV/D~QLFD OLPLWDFLyQ TXH VH HVWDEOHFH HVWi LPSXHVWD SRU OD Pi[LPD IUHFXHQFLD GH FXDGUR TXH VH TXLHUD LPSRQHU HQ OD UHSURGXFFLyQ GHYtGHR FRQMXQWDPHQWH FRQHOFLFORGHWUDEDMRJOREDOGHLOXPLQDFLyQGHODSDQWDOOD (VWD SODFD ³FHQWUDO´ GLVWULEX\H WRGDV ODV VHxDOHV QHFHVDULDV SDUD HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GH ODV SODFDV GH ILODV \ GH FROXPQDV PHGLDQWH FRQHFWRUHV SDUD3&%\DVXYH]FRQWLHQHORVFRQHFWRUHVQHFHVDULRVSDUDORVWHUPLQDOHV GHODVILODV\GHODVFROXPQDVGHODSDQWDOODGH&/ (QODSDUWHLQIHULRUGHOD)LJ9VHUHSUHVHQWDQVHQGDVSODFDVGHILODV\GH FROXPQDV -XQWR FRQ HO & HVWRV GRV VXEVLVWHPDV SXHGHQ FRQVLGHUDUVH FRPR OD SDUWH PiV LPSRUWDQWH \ QRYHGRVD GHO VLVWHPD \D TXH VRQ ORV LQWHUIDFHVTXHJRELHUQDQGLUHFWDPHQWHORVWHUPLQDOHVGHODSDQWDOODGH&/ /D FRQVWLWXFLyQ GH HVWDV GRV SODFDV HV VLPLODU )LJ 9 &RQVWDQ GH XQ FRQYHUWLGRUGLJLWDODDQDOyJLFR'$&XQDPSOLILFDGRULQYHUVRUGHJDQDQFLD XQLWDULDXQPXOWLSOH[RUDQDOyJLFRVZLWFKTXHDSOLFDODVHxDOGHVDOLGDGHO '$& R VX LQYHUVD DO DPSOLILFDGRU GH VDOLGD \ HO FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH DPSOLILFDGRU GH VDOLGD (VWH DPSOLILFDGRU PDUFD OD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH ODV GRV SODFDV PLHQWUDV TXH HQ OD GH FROXPQDV VH XWLOL]D XQ DPSOLILFDGRU RSHUDFLRQDO GH SURSyVLWR JHQHUDO HO 7/ HQ OD GH ILODV VH XWLOL]D XQR FDSD]GHDSOLFDUXQEDUULGRGHWHQVLRQHVGHKDVWD9HO23$ )LJXUD9(VTXHPDFRQWRGRVORVFRPSRQHQWHVGHOKDUGZDUHLPSOHPHQWD &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ -,6DQWRV )LJXUD9(VTXHPDGHEORTXHVGHODVSODFDVSDUDODVFROXPQDV\SDUDODVILODV (O '$& HV XQ FRQYHUWLGRU FRPHUFLDO HO $' TXH FRQWLHQH FDQDOHV FRQ XQ UHJLVWUR GH HQWUDGD \ RWUR DVRFLDGR D ORV FRQYHUWLGRUHV OR TXH SHUPLWH FDUJDU ORV GDWRV GLJLWDOHV VHFXHQFLDOPHQWH FDQDO D FDQDO \ GHVFDUJDUORVVLPXOWiQHDPHQWH7RGRHOORFRQXQWLHPSRGHHVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GHVQHFHVDULRSDUDXQFRUUHFWRIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOVLVWHPD (Q OD )LJ 9 VH SUHVHQWD HO HVTXHPiWLFR GHO '$& FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D OD SODFD GH ILODV HO GH OD SODFD GH FROXPQDV VLJXH XQ HVTXHPD DQiORJR 6H SXHGHQREVHUYDUWRGDVODVEDUUDVRFRQMXQWRVGHVHxDOHVSXHVWRVHQMXHJR • $$SDUDGLUHFFLRQDUHOFDQDO • '%'% HO EXV GH GDWRV GRQGH VH DSOLFDQ ORV YDORUHV GH OD DPSOLWXGGHORVLPSXOVRVGHODIRUPDGHRQGDGHILODVRHOYDORU GHODOXPLQDQFLDGHOSt[HOHQODVFROXPQDV • 2)2)VRQODVVDOLGDVGHORVFRQYHUWLGRUHV &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ • /DV VHxDOHV GH FRQWURO SDUD OD FDUJD GH GDWRV HQ HO UHJLVWUR GH HQWUDGD \ OD GHVFDUJD GH pVWH KDFLD ORV FRQYHUWLGRUHV \ OD VDOLGD • /DWHQVLyQGHUHIHUHQFLD\ODDOLPHQWDFLyQ U1A A0 A1 A2 A3 CS_DAC EN_DAC LD_DAC 5v RS_DAC Vref 24 25 26 27 30 29 31 28 15 2 4 42 14 44 5 41 A0 A1 A2 A3 CS* EN* LD* R/W* RS* VREF VCC VCC VDD VDD VEE VEE DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7 O0 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9 O10 O11 O12 O13 O14 O15 DACGND DGND1 DGND2 NC 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 OF0 OF1 OF2 OF3 OF4 OF5 OF6 OF7 OF8 OF9 OF10 OF11 OF12 OF13 OF14 OF15 3 32 43 1 AD8600AP )LJXUD9(VTXHPiWLFRGHO'$&GHODSODFDGHILODV /D FDGHQD GH DPSOLILFDFLyQ GH FDGD FDQDO WLHQH XQD SULPHUD HWDSD GH JDQDQFLDXQLGDGLQYHUVRUD)LJ9/DHQWUDGD\ODVDOLGDGHGLFKDHWDSD VHFRQHFWDQHQODVHQWUDGDVGHOPXOWLSOH[RUDQDOyJLFR)LJ9GHIRUPD TXH HQ OD VDOLGD VH SXHGHQ VHOHFFLRQDU YHUVLRQHV SRVLWLYDV R QHJDWLYDV GH ODVVHxDOHVGHVDOLGDGHO'$& /DVHJXQGDHWDSDGHDPSOLILFDFLyQFRPR\DVHKDGLFKRGLVWLQJXHORVGRV WLSRV GH SODFDV HQ OD GH ILODV OD JDQDQFLD GHEH VHU PD\RU TXH HQ OD GH FROXPQDV \D TXH OD VDOLGD GHO '$& HV HQ ORV GRV FDVRV GH OD PLVPD DPSOLWXG (Q OD SODFD GH ILODV VH KDQ SUHYLVWR VHQGRV SRWHQFLyPHWURV TXH SHUPLWHQ DMXVWDU OD JDQDQFLD GH OD HWDSD GH VDOLGD GH FDGD FDQDO SRU VHSDUDGR -,6DQWRV +40V NC 0 SPDT Analog Switch U7A NO 0 1 COM 0 3 2 R7 10k + 6 SOF0 4 5 4 3 + U8 7 1 +15V R3 11k OPA445AU 2 - OF0 11 R5 22k TL084CD -40V -15V R11 12k R12 200K R9 22k )LJXUD9(VTXHPiWLFRGHORVDPSOLILFDGRUHVGHXQFDQDOGHODSODFDGHILODV (O FLUFXLWR LQWHJUDGR XWLOL]DGR SDUD HO PXOWLSOH[RU DQDOyJLFR $'* FRQWLHQH FXDWUR FDQDOHV OD FRQPXWDFLyQ VH UHDOL]D VLPXOWiQHDPHQWH HQ WRGRVORVFDQDOHVSDUDFDGDFLFORGHODVHxDOGHH[SORUDFLyQGHODSDQWDOOD U3 2 9 12 19 NC NC NC NC 0 1 2 3 4 7 14 17 1 10 11 20 INV +15V 16 5 -15V NO1 NO2 NO3 NO4 COM1 COM2 COM3 COM4 3 8 13 18 COM 0 COM 1 COM 2 COM 3 NC1 NC2 NC3 NC4 IN1 IN2 IN3 IN4 V+ V- GND 0 1 2 3 6 NO NO NO NO ADG333ABRSZ )LJXUD9(VTXHPiWLFRGHOPXOWLSOH[RUDQDOyJLFRGHFXDWURFDQDOHV (Q OD )LJ 9 VH SXHGHQ YHU IRWRJUDItDV UHDOL]DGDV D ODV SODFDV GH ILODV GXUDQWH HO PRQWDMH HQ OD VXSHULRU HO ]yFDOR GHO '$& \ HQ OD LQIHULRU ORV SRWHQFLyPHWURVSDUDHODMXVWHGHODJDQDQFLDHQWUHRWURV &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ )LJXUD9(VTXHPiWLFRGHO'$&GHODSODFDGHILODV 3DUD HO UHVWR GH VXEVLVWHPDV VH KDQ UHDOL]DGR ODV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV 3&% TXHVHSXHGHQREVHUYDUHQXQDIRWRJUDItDGHOPRQWDMHGHOFRQMXQWRHQOD )LJ9'63,&3ODFDGHFRQHFWRUHV0HPRULD\SXHUWR86% 3ODFDEDVHGHFRQH[LyQILODV\FROXPQDV3ODFDVGHILODV\GHFROXPQDV\ %DVWLGRUFRQXQDPLFURSDQWDOOD$)/& (Q OD )LJ 9 VH KD IRWRJUDILDGR XQ GHWDOOH GHO PRQWDMH SDUD SRGHU REVHUYDUODFRORFDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDGHUHWURLOXPLQDFLyQGHODSDQWDOOD -,6DQWRV 5 3 6 4 2 1 )LJXUD9&RQILJXUDFLyQGHOPRQWDMHGHOVLVWHPDSDUDODFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGH/&'V )LJXUD9&RQILJXUDFLyQGHOPRQWDMHGHOVLVWHPDSDUDODFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGH/&'V 'HWDOOHGHOVLVWHPDGHUHWURLOXPLQDFLyQ &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ 96RIWZDUH 6RQ QHFHVDULRV GRV FRQMXQWRV GH DSOLFDFLRQHV SDUD TXH HO VLVWHPD UHDOLFH VXV IXQFLRQHV FRUUHFWDPHQWH (Q SULPHU OXJDU KDEUi TXH GRWDU DO PLFURFRQWURODGRU GHO ILUPZDUH FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH FRQ pVWH HO VLVWHPD VHUi FDSD]GHIXQFLRQDUFRQXQRVSDUiPHWURVSRUGHIHFWRGHILQLGRVHQHOPLVPR $VtPLVPRVHUiQHFHVDULDXQDDSOLFDFLyQTXHFRUUDHQHO3&\TXHGRWHDO FRQMXQWRGHXQLQWHUID]TXHSHUPLWDHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRRODPRGLILFDFLyQGH ORVGLIHUHQWHVSDUiPHWURVFRQILJXUDEOHVTXHVHKDQGHILQLGRDQWHULRUPHQWH \TXHKDFHQSOHQDPHQWHIXQFLRQDOODSURSXHVWDSUHVHQWDGDHQHVWHWUDEDMR GHWHVLVGRFWRUDO 93URJUDPDFLyQGHO0LFURFRQWURODGRU'63,& (O SURJUDPD TXH KDFH IXQFLRQDU DO PLFURFRQWURODGRU GHILQH HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO VLVWHPD (Q OD )LJ 9 VH SUHVHQWD HO IOXMRJUDPD GH GLFKRSURJUDPD 8QD YH] TXH VH KD FRQILJXUDGR H LQLFLDOL]DGR HO X& VH HQWUD HQ HO OD]R SULQFLSDOGHOSURJUDPD(QSULPHUOXJDUGHEHPRVHVWDEOHFHUHOFDPSRTXH VHHVWiUHSUHVHQWDQGRSRUHMHPSORHOURMR$SDUWLUGHDKtHOSURJUDPDYD HMHFXWDQGRODVIXQFLRQHVSDUDHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODSDQWDOOD /DSULPHUDIXQFLyQTXHHMHFXWDVHKDGHQRPLQDGR³38/62'(6(/(&&,Ï1 326,7,92´ODVWDUHDVTXHUHDOL]DVRQ • 7HQVLyQGHILODVLQLQYHUWLU • 7HQVLyQGHFROXPQDLQYHUWLGD • 3UHFDUJDGHOWLPHUFRQHOYDORUGHOWLHPSRGHVHOHFFLyQGHOFLFOR SRVLWLYR • /D]RGHH[SORUDFLyQGHODSDQWDOODSRUILODV o &RPLHQ]D OD FXHQWD GHO LQWHUYDOR GHO SXOVR GH VHOHFFLyQ SRVLWLYRILODQ o &DUJD\GHVFDUJDHQORV'$&GHILODVGHODDPSOLWXGGHO LPSXOVRGHVHOHFFLyQSRVLWLYR -,6DQWRV o 'HVFDUJDHQORV'$&GHFROXPQDVGHODILODQGHSt[HOHV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVYDORULQYHUWLGR o &DUJDHQHOUHJLVWURGHHQWUDGDGHORV'$&GHFROXPQDV ODILODQGHVGHODPHPRULDGHLPDJHQ o &XDQGR WHUPLQD OD FXHQWD GHO LQWHUYDOR GH VHOHFFLyQ GHVFDUJD HQ HO UHJLVWUR GH HQWUDGD GH ORV '$& GH ILODV GH OD DPSOLWXG GHO LPSXOVR GH SRODUL]DFLyQ ELDV SRVLWLYR 8QDYH]TXHVHKDQEDUULGRWRGDVODVILODV\DVHWLHQHFDUJDGRHOFDPSRGH FRORU URMR HQ OD SDQWDOOD VH ERUUD OD PHPRULD GH LPDJHQ ³%255$'2 0(025,$ 5$0´ \ VH FXHQWD HO LQWHUYDOR GH WLHPSR GHO ³38/62 (67$%,/,=$&,Ï1326,7,92´ $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH HMHFXWD OD IXQFLyQ ³38/62 32/$5,=$&,Ï1 326,7,92´ 'XUDQWH HO WLHPSR TXH VH PDQWLHQH OD WHQVLyQ GH SRODUL]DFLyQ OD SDQWDOOD DOPDFHQDORVYDORUHVGHWUDQVPLWDQFLDFDUJDGRVHQWRGRVORVSt[HOHVHVHO PRPHQWRGHLOXPLQDUFRQOX]URMD (O WLHPSR HQ HO TXH VH HVWi LOXPLQDQGR OD SDQWDOOD VH DSURYHFKD SDUD UHDOL]DURWUDVWDUHDV$VDEHU • 7HQVLyQGHILODVLQLQYHUWLU • 3UHFDUJD GHO WLPHU FRQ HO YDORU GHO WLHPSR GH SRODUL]DFLyQ GHO FLFORSRVLWLYR • &DUJD HQ ORV '$& GH ILODV OD DPSOLWXG GHO LPSXOVR GH SR]R GHO FLFORSRVLWLYR &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ )LJXUD93URJUDPDSULQFLSDOGHOPLFURFRQWURODGRU • &RPRHQHOFLFORSRVLWLYRVHUHSUHVHQWDQORVFDPSRV5\%\HQ ORV QHJDWLYRV HO * XQD YH] HVWDEOHFLGR HQ HO TXH HVWDPRV VH UHDOL]DQGLVWLQWDVDFFLRQHV -,6DQWRV o &DPSR 5 DFWLYDFLyQ GHO HQDEOH SDUD HO /('5 5$0 HQ PRGR HVFULWXUD SHWLFLyQ DO 3& SRU 56 GHO FDPSR YHUGH GH OD LPDJHQ SDUD VX DOPDFHQDPLHQWR HQ PHPRULD o 3ULPHU FDPSR * DFWLYDFLyQ GHO HQDEOH SDUD HO /('* 5$0 HQ PRGR HVFULWXUD SHWLFLyQ DO 3& SRU 56 GHO FDPSR D]XO GH OD LPDJHQ SDUD VX DOPDFHQDPLHQWR HQ PHPRULD o &DPSR % DFWLYDFLyQ GHO HQDEOH SDUD HO /('% 5$0 HQ PRGR HVFULWXUD SHWLFLyQ DO 3& SRU 56 GHO FDPSR URMR GHO VLJXLHQWH FXDGUR GH OD LPDJHQ SDUD VX DOPDFHQDPLHQWRHQPHPRULD o 6HJXQGRFDPSR*DFWLYDFLyQGHOHQDEOHSDUDHO/('* SHWLFLyQ DO 3& SRU 56 GH ORV SDUiPHWURV GHO VLVWHPDSDUDVXDFWXDOL]DFLyQVLSURFHGH(OVLVWHPDVH SXHGHDFWXDOL]DUHQOtQHDDODIUHFXHQFLDGHFXDGUR • &XDQGR WHUPLQD OD FXHQWD GHO LQWHUYDOR GH SRODUL]DFLyQ VH DSDJDQORV/('V5\%\VHHMHFXWDODVLJXLHQWHIXQFLyQ (O WLHPSR GH LOXPLQDFLyQ VH XWLOL]D HQ ORV FXDWUR FDPSRV GH FDGD FXDGUR SDUDFRPXQLFDFLRQHVHQWUHHOX&\HO3&7UHVGHHOORVSDUDGHVFDUJDUHQOD PHPRULDGHLPDJHQORVWUHVFDPSRVGHFRORU5*%UHFXpUGHVHTXHHQFDGD FXDGURVHUHSLWHHOFDPSRYHUGH\HOFXDUWRSDUDDFWXDOL]DUORVSDUiPHWURV GHIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOVLVWHPD /DVLJXLHQWHIXQFLyQHV³38/6232=2326,7,92´/DWHQVLyQGHSR]RWLHQH SRODULGDG FRQWUDULD HQ FDGD FLFOR D OD GH VHOHFFLyQ \ SRODUL]DFLyQ \ VH DSOLFDVLPXOWiQHDPHQWHDWRGDVODVILODV+D\TXHSUHFDUJDUHOWLPHUFRQHO YDORUGHOWLHPSRGHSR]RGHVFDUJDUORV'$&HQWRGDVODVILODV\HVSHUDUD TXHWHUPLQHODFXHQWDSDUDSDVDUDODVLJXLHQWHIXQFLyQ &RQ OD IXQFLyQ ³38/62 %255$'2 326,7,92´ VH WHUPLQD OD H[SORUDFLyQ FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH DO FDPSR \ DQWHV GH FRPHQ]DU FRQ HO VLJXLHQWH VH GHEH GHMDUWRGRSUHSDUDGR/DVDFFLRQHVTXHVHUHDOL]DQVRQ &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ • 3UHFDUJD GHO WLPHU FRQ HO YDORU GHO WLHPSR GH ERUUDGR GHO FLFOR SRVLWLYR • 6HSRQHQDFHURWRGRVORV'$&GHILODV • &DUJD HQ HO UHJLVWUR GH HQWUDGD GH ORV '$& GH FROXPQDV OD ILOD GHVGHODPHPRULDGHLPDJHQ • &XDQGR WHUPLQD OD FXHQWD GHO LQWHUYDOR GH ERUUDGR VH WHUPLQD HOOD]RSDUDHOFDPSRFRQVLGHUDGR $OFRPHQ]DUXQDQXHYDH[SORUDFLyQDFRQWLQXDFLyQGHOFDPSR5YLHQHHO* VH UHSLWH HO SURFHVR SHUR KD\ TXH WHQHU HQ FXHQWD FyPR HV OD IRUPD GH RQGDGHILODVHQHVWHFDVRVHUiQHJDWLYD\SRUWDQWRKDEUiTXHLQYHUWLUOD WHQVLyQGHILODV\GHMDUVLQLQYHUWLUODGHFROXPQDV 93URJUDPDFLyQGHO3& /DDSOLFDFLyQTXHVHHMHFXWDHQHO3&DFW~DFRPRLQWHUID]HQWUHODSHUVRQD TXHXWLOL]DHOVLVWHPDGHH[FLWDFLyQGHSDQWDOODVGH&/\HOSURSLRVLVWHPD 6X IXQFLyQ SULQFLSDO HV OD GH WUDQVPLWLU KDFLD HO PLFURFRQWURODGRU \ OD SDQWDOODGH&/XQDLQIRUPDFLyQTXHLQFOX\HLODGHILQLFLyQGHORVYDORUHV GH WRGRV ORV SDUiPHWURV GH OD IRUPD GH RQGD GH ILODV LL ORV QLYHOHV GH UHWURLOXPLQDFLyQ \ LLL OD VHFXHQFLD GH LPiJHQHV D UHSURGXFLU D SDUWLU GH ORVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDUFKLYRVDOPDFHQDGRVHQHOSURSLR3& (Q OD )LJ 9 VH SXHGH YHU HO GLDJUDPD GH IOXMR GH HVWD DSOLFDFLyQ 8QD YH]HMHFXWDGDVHSXHGHQHVWDEOHFHUHQODYHQWDQDSULQFLSDOORVSDUiPHWURV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVXQDYH]DFWLYDGRHOERWyQ2Q2II)LJ9 • (OHFFLyQGHOQ~PHURGH)LODV\GH&ROXPQDVGHODSDQWDOODGH&/ EDMRSUXHED • )UHFXHQFLD GH YtGHR )36 FRPR HO Q~PHUR GH FXDGURV SRU VHJXQGR D UHSUHVHQWDU (O SURJUDPD FDOFXOD \ UHSUHVHQWD ORV SHULRGRVGHFXDGUR\GHFDPSRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV • 3DUiPHWURVGHODIRUPDGHRQGDGHILODVWDQWRSDUDHOVHPLFLFOR SRVLWLYRFRPRSDUDHOQHJDWLYR • ,QWHQVLGDG GH FRORU SDUD FDGD IXHQWH SULPDULD GHO LOXPLQDGRU 5*% -,6DQWRV )LJXUD93URJUDPDSULQFLSDOGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHO3& &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ )LJXUD99HQWDQDSULQFLSDOGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHLQWHUID]GHOVLVWHPD 3DUD SRGHU HQYLDU OD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV tWHPV TXH VH KDQ HVWDEOHFLGR SDUD HO VLVWHPD VH WLHQHQ TXH FRQILJXUDU ORV SXHUWRV GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV HQWUH HO 3& \ HO KDUGZDUH GH FRQWURO GH OD SDQWDOOD 3XOVDQGR HQ ORV ERWRQHV ³&RQILJXUDU 56´ \ ³&RQILJXUDU 86%´ GH OD YHQWDQD SULQFLSDO GH OD )LJ 9 VH DEUHQ ODV GH OD )LJ 9 GRQGH VH SXHGHQHOHJLUORVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVSDUiPHWURVGHORVSXHUWRV )LJXUD99HQWDQDVGHFRQILJXUDFLyQGHORVSXHUWRVGHFRPXQLFDFLRQHVHQWUHHO3&\ HOPLFURFRQWURODGRU -,6DQWRV 8QDYH]HVWDEOHFLGRVORVSDUiPHWURVHQODSDQWDOODGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHO3& VL VH SXOVD HO ERWyQ ³(QYLDU´ pVWD KDUi OD WUDQVPLVLyQ GH ORV PLVPRV D GHPDQGD GHO PLFURFRQWURODGRU GXUDQWH HO LPSXOVR GH SRODUL]DFLyQ GHO VHJXQGRFDPSR* )LQDOPHQWH KD\ TXH HVWDEOHFHU OD WUDQVPLVLyQ GH ODV LPiJHQHV D UHSUHVHQWDUHQODSDQWDOOD'LFKDVLPiJHQHVVHHQFXHQWUDQDOPDFHQDGDVHQ HO3&&DGDFXDGURGHODLPDJHQVHGHVFRPSRQHHQVXVFDPSRV5*\% DQWHVGHVHUHQYLDGDDODPHPRULDGHLPDJHQGHVGHODTXHVHFDUJDUiHQ ODSDQWDOOD (O ERWyQ ³$EULU 6HFXHQFLD´ GH OD YHQWDQD SULQFLSDO GH OD DSOLFDFLyQ HQ OD )LJ 9 SHUPLWH XWLOL]DU XQD VHFXHQFLD GH LPiJHQHV DOPDFHQDGDV HQ HO 3& SDUD JHQHUDU XQD DQLPDFLyQ DG KRF SDUD UHDOL]DU SUXHEDV GH IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO HTXLSR TXH VH SUHVHQWD HQ HVWH WUDEDMR GH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ (Q OD YHQWDQD TXH VH DEUH DO SXOVDU GLFKR ERWyQ )LJ 9 VH PXHVWUD HO WDPDxR GH OD LPDJHQ HQ St[HOHV \ SXHGH FRQILJXUDU OD YHORFLGDGGHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHODVLPiJHQHVTXHVHHQYtDQDODSDQWDOOD )LJXUD99HQWDQDGHFRQILJXUDFLyQSDUDODVDQLPDFLRQHV &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ 95HVXOWDGRV\'LVFXVLyQ (Q HVWH DSDUWDGR VH SUHVHQWDQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV REWHQLGRV FRQ HO VLVWHPD REMHWR GH HVWH FDStWXOR KDELpQGRVH XWLOL]DGR WDPELpQ HO VLVWHPD GH UHWURLOXPLQDFLyQWUDWDGRHQHOFDStWXOR,9 6H PXHVWUDQ ODV IRUPDV GH RQGD JHQHUDGDV \ TXH VH DSOLFDQ DOD SDQWDOOD GH $)/& \ OD SDQWDOODXWLOL]DGD SDUD ODV SUXHEDV FRQ LPiJHQHV \ GLYHUVRV IRWRJUDPDVLOXVWUDWLYRVGHVXIXQFLRQDPLHQWRDVtFRPRHOPDUFRHQHOTXH VHKDQLQWHJUDGRORVWUDEDMRVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQUHDOL]DGRVDOHIHFWR 9)RUPDVGH2QGD*HQHUDGDVSRUHO(TXLSR /DVIRUPDVGH RQGDSDUDODVILODVJHQHUDGDVSRUHOVLVWHPDVHSXHGHQ YHU HQOD)LJ98WLOL]DQGRXQDSDQWDOODWHVWLQLFLDOGH$)/&GH[St[HOHV VH SUHVHQWDQ GRV FDVRV HQ ORV TXH OD WHQVLyQ GH VHOHFFLyQ HV GH 9 FRQ XQDGXUDFLyQGHV\ODGHSRODUL]DFLyQGH9\HQORVTXHHOSXOVRGH SR]RWLHQHXQDDPSOLWXGGH9\GXUDFLyQGHV(QDPEDVFDSWXUDVVH REVHUYDQ HQ SULPHU OXJDU ORV SXOVRV GH SR]R GH XQ FDPSR TXH HVWiQ VXSHUSXHVWRVSDUDODVGRVILODV\DFRQWLQXDFLyQGHOLQWHUYDORGHERUUDGRR UHVHWGHPVORVLPSXOVRVGHVHOHFFLyQGHOFDPSRVLJXLHQWHVHJXLGRVGHO QLYHOGHWHQVLyQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDODSRODUL]DFLyQ D E )LJXUD9)RUPDVGHRQGDJHQHUDGDVSRUHOVLVWHPDSDUDODVILODV\D\SDUDODV ILODV\GHXQDSDQWDOODGH[St[HOHV (Q OD VLJXLHQWH FDSWXUD )LJ 9 VH WLHQHQ SRU XQ ODGR OD VHxDO GH VHOHFFLyQ GH OD ILOD HQ D]XO \ SRU RWUR HQ URMR OD VHxDO GH GDWRV GH -,6DQWRV LPDJHQ DSOLFDGD D OD FROXPQD &RPR VHxDO GH GDWRV VH DSOLFDURQ WHQVLRQHVFRQDPSOLWXGHVGH9\GH9TXHSRGUtDQFRUUHVSRQGHUVHFRQ St[HOHVFX\RVQLYHOHVGHWUDQVPLVLyQVHDQQXOR\WRWDOUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH )LJXUD9)RUPDVGHRQGDGHODILODD]XO\GHODFROXPQDURMRDSOLFDGDVSRUHO VLVWHPDDOGLVSOD\EDMRSUXHED 93UXHEDVGH)XQFLRQDPLHQWR (VWH VLVWHPD KD VLGR XWLOL]DGR HQ HO PDUFR GH XQ SUR\HFWR HXURSHR GHO 9 3URJUDPD0DUFR>+(0,1'@HQHOTXHHVWXYRSDUWLFLSDQGRHO*UXSRGH 'LVSOD\V \ $SOLFDFLRQHV )RWyQLFDV *'$) GH OD 8QLY &DUORV ,,, (Q GLFKR SUR\HFWR+(0,1'+HOPHW0RXQWHG0LQLDWXUH,QIRUPDWLRQ'LVSOD\6\VWHP 5HI ,67 HO *'$) HUD UHVSRQVDEOH GHO ZRUNSDFNDJH UHODFLRQDGR FRQ HO GLVHxR GH OD HOHFWUyQLFD GH FRQWURO GHO PLFURGLVSOD\ GHO FDVFR GH ERPEHUR HO FXDO HVWi IDEULFDGR FRQ WHFQRORJtD GH FULVWDO OtTXLGR DQWLIHUURHOpFWULFR WULHVWDGR FRQ UHVSXHVWD (2 VLPpWULFD (O REMHWLYR HUD GLVHxDU \ FRQVWUXLU XQ FDVFR SDUD ERPEHURV \ ))66 FRQ YLVLyQ GLUHFWD \ YLVLyQ YLUWXDO VXSHUSXHVWDV \ GRWDGR GH VLVWHPDV VHQVRUHV LQWHJUDGRV &iPDUD,5VHQVRUHVJDVKXPRHWF>2WyQHWDO@ (O SURWRWLSR GH PLFURSDQWDOOD VREUH HO TXH VH UHDOL]DURQ ORV HQVD\RV SDUD REWHQHUODVPHMRUHVSUHVWDFLRQHV(2VHSUHVHQWDHQOD)LJ9\FRQVWD GHODVVLJXLHQWHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ 3DQWDOOD GH ò SXOJDGD §[PP GH &/ DQWLIHUURHOpFWULFR FRQUHVROXFLyQó9*$[St[HOHV 8QDHVFDODGHJULVGHQLYHOHVELWV )XQFLRQDDIUHFXHQFLDGHYtGHRHLQFRUSRUDFRORU )LJXUD90LFURSDQWDOODGHó9*$UHDOL]DGDFRQWHFQRORJtDGH$)&/IDEULFDGDSRUHO *UXSRGH&ULVWDOHV/tTXLGRVGHOD830SDUDHOSUR\HFWR+(0,1' 3DUDSRGHUPDQLSXODUHOSURWRWLSRVHKDGLVHxDGR\FRQVWUXLGRXQEDVWLGRU DPHGLGDTXHVHSXHGHYHUHQODIRWRJUDItDGHOD)LJ9HQQHJURFRQOR TXH VH HYLWDQ SRVLEOHV DYHUtDV SRU URWXUDV HQ ORV FLUFXLWRV LPSUHVRV IOH[LEOHV TXH FRQHFWDQ ORV YLGULRV FRQ ORV 3&% TXH VRSRUWDQ ORV FRQWDFWRV HOpFWULFRVSDUDORVFRQHFWRUHV (VWH WLSR GH PLFURSDQWDOOD SXHGH UHVXOWDU DSWD WDPELpQ SDUD GLVSRVLWLYRV PXOWLPHGLD SRUWiWLOHV 3'$V WHUPLQDOHV GH WHOpIRQRV PyYLOHV UHSURGXFWRUHV 03 YLGHRFiPDUDV QDYHJDGRUHV HWF 3UHVHQWD OD YHQWDMD GH TXH VH WUDWD GH XQD WHFQRORJtD SDVLYD IUHQWH D ODV DFWXDOHV PLFURSDQWDOODV 7)7 WHFQRORJtD DFWLYD TXH VRQ ODV TXH DFWXDOPHQWH GRPLQDQ HO PHUFDGR GH ORV GLVSRVLWLYRV GH HOHFWUyQLFD GRPpVWLFD (VWR SRGUtDVXSRQHUXQDUHGXFFLyQHQSUHFLRDOVHUPiVIiFLOVXIDEULFDFLyQ -,6DQWRV 8QD YH] UHDOL]DGR HO PRQWDMH TXH VH KD SUHVHQWDGR HQ OD )LJ 9 VH SURFHGHDODVHOHFFLyQGHXQiUHDGHODSDQWDOODSDUDODFRQH[LyQDOVLVWHPD GHFRQWUROTXHVHSUHVHQWD 'HVSXpVGHYDULRVLQWHQWRVVHFRQVLJXHORFDOL]DUXQDSRUFLyQGHODSDQWDOOD GH[St[HOHV)LJ9HQODTXHDXQTXHODVILODV\SRUXQODGR\ \ SRU RWUR HVWiQ FRUWRFLUFXLWDGDV VH YDQ D SRGHU UHDOL]DU ODV SUXHEDV QHFHVDULDV SDUD GHPRVWUDU HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWR GHO VLVWHPD GH LQVWUXPHQWDFLyQTXHVHSUHVHQWD )LJXUD90LFURSDQWDOOD$)/&DWDPDxRQDWXUDO\GHWDOOHDOPLFURVFRSLRUHSUHVHQWDQGR XQGDPHURHQEODQFR\QHJUR (QWUH ODV SUXHEDV UHDOL]DGDV VH YDQ D SUHVHQWDU HQ SULPHU OXJDU GRV IRWRJUDPDV GH OD FDSWXUD GH XQ YtGHR FRQ XQ PLFURVFRSLR GH EDMR FRVWH FRQHFWDGR SRU 86% DO 3& GRQGH XQD EDUUD YHUWLFDO EODQFD VH GHVSOD]D GH L]TXLHUGDDGHUHFKDSRUODSDQWDOOD)LJ9 &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ )LJXUD9&DSWXUDGHGRVIRWRJUDPDVGHXQYtGHRGRQGHXQDEDUUDEODQFDYHUWLFDOVH GHVSOD]DGHL]TXLHUGDDGHUHFKDSRUODSDQWDOOD (Q VHJXQGR OXJDU HQ OD )LJ 9 VH PXHVWUD XQD LPDJHQ ILMD HQ FRORU UHSURGXFLGD HQ OD SDQWDOOD EDMR SUXHED 5HFXHUGHVH TXH OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ HQFRORUHQHVWHWLSRGHSDQWDOODVVHUHDOL]DPHGLDQWHODPXOWLSOH[DFLyQHQ HOWLHPSRGHODGHVFRPSRVLFLyQHQORVFDPSRVGHFRORUEiVLFRV5*%GHOD LPDJHQRULJLQDO )LJXUD9,PDJHQILMDHQFRORUUHSURGXFLGDSRUHOVLVWHPDHQODSDQWDOOD$)/& )LQDOPHQWH HQ OD )LJ 9 VH UHSURGXFHQ WUHV IRWRJUDPDV GHO YtGHR FDSWXUDGR FRQ HO PLFURVFRSLR 86% GH XQD DQLPDFLyQ HQ FRORU TXH HVWi DOPDFHQDGDFRPRHQORVFDVRVDQWHULRUHVHQHOPLVPR3&GHVGHHOTXHVH FRQWURODHOVLVWHPD )LJXUD9&DSWXUDGHWUHVIRWRJUDPDVGHOYtGHRGHXQDDQLPDFLyQHQFRORU UHSURGXFLGDHQODSDQWDOOD$)/&EDMRSUXHED -,6DQWRV (OIRWRJUDPDGHOFHQWURTXHDSDUHFHFRPR³GHVHQIRFDGR´VHFRUUHVSRQGH FRQ XQD FDSWXUD GHO PLFURVFRSLR UHDOL]DGD GXUDQWH OD WUDQVLFLyQ HQWUH GRV IRWRJUDPDVGHODUHSURGXFFLyQGHODDQLPDFLyQ 3RU ~OWLPR OD )LJ 9 PXHVWUD HO SURWRWLSR GH FDVFR GHVDUUROODGR HQ HO PDUFRGHOSUR\HFWR+(0,1'GRQGHVHREVHUYDODXELFDFLyQGHOPLFURGLVSOD\ DODDOWXUDGHXQRGHORVRMRVGHOERPEHUR )LJXUD9&DVFRGHERPEHURVGHVDUUROODGRSDUD+(0,1' 9&RQFOXVLRQHV /DV FRQFOXVLRQHV PiV UHOHYDQWHV DVRFLDGDV D HVWH VLVWHPD VH SXHGHQ UHVXPLUHQ 6H KD GHVDUUROODGR XQ VLVWHPD PLFURFRQWURODGR \ SURJUDPDEOH FRQ HO ILQ GH SRGHUOR DSOLFDU DOD FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ \ RSWLPL]DFLyQ GH GLVWLQWRV WLSRV GH SDQWDOODV PXOWLSOH[DGDV FRQ GLIHUHQWHV FULVWDOHVOtTXLGRV &$396,67(0$'((;&,7$&,Ï1352*5$0$%/(3$5$3$17$//$6'(&/ 3HUPLWH OD JHQHUDFLyQ GH ORV LQWHUYDORV GH WLHPSR \ GH ODV DPSOLWXGHVGHODVVHxDOHVGHILOD\GDWRVFROXPQDVFRQYDORUHV TXHVHSXHGHQUHFRQILJXUDUHQOtQHD 3HUPLWHODJHVWLyQGHOWUiILFRGHORVGDWRVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVFRQ OD LPDJHQ \ WUDWDPLHQWR GH ORV PLVPRV SDUD VX DSOLFDFLyQ D OD SDQWDOODGHFULVWDOOtTXLGR 5HDOL]DOD JHQHUDFLyQ GH ODV VHxDOHV GH FRQWURO QHFHVDULDV SDUD UHWURLOXPLQDU OD SDQWDOOD GH IRUPD VLQFURQL]DGD FRQ ODV VHxDOHV GH ILODV \ GH FROXPQDV PHGLDQWH XQD PDWUL] GH /('V FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDODVFRPSRQHQWHVGHFRORU5*% (O VLVWHPD HQ OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ PHQFLRQDGD SHUPLWH OD RSWLPL]DFLyQGHORVSDUiPHWURVHOpFWULFRV\ySWLFRVGHSDQWDOODV SODQDVTXHXWLOLFHQQXHYRVPDWHULDOHV&/GH~OWLPDJHQHUDFLyQ 3HUPLWH XQD HYDOXDFLyQ SUHOLPLQDU GH ODV SUHVWDFLRQHV (2 GH SURWRWLSRVGHSDQWDOODVSODQDVGH&/GHDOWDVSUHVWDFLRQHV 3UHVHQWD DOWD IOH[LELOLGDG GH JHQHUDFLyQ GH IRUPDV GH RQGD DGDSWDEOHV D FXDOTXLHU WLSR GH WHFQRORJtD GH SDQWDOOD SODQD GH &/ KDVWD ó 9*$ FRQ SRVLELOLGDG GH H[WHQVLyQ D PD\RUHV UHVROXFLRQHV 3HUPLWHODYHULILFDFLyQRQOLQHGHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODSDQWDOOD SODQD\SRVLELOLGDGGHRSWLPL]DFLyQ(2GHODPLVPD 5HSUHVHQWDXQQXHYRGLVHxR\HVWUDWHJLDGHVLQFURQLVPRSDUDOD UHWURLOXPLQDFLyQ GH GLFKDV SDQWDOODV SHUPLWLHQGR TXH GLFKD UHWURLOXPLQDFLyQ IRUPH SDUWH GHO SURWRFROR GH FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ \ RSWLPL]DFLyQGHODV/&'EDMRHVWXGLR /D DUTXLWHFWXUD GHO VLVWHPD KD VLGR GLVHxDGD DG KRF SDUD SHUPLWLU XQ FRQWURO GH WRGDV ODV YDULDEOHV GH ODV VHxDOHV GH GLUHFFLRQDPLHQWR\GDWRV\VXPRGLILFDFLyQHQWLHPSRUHDO &$39,&21&/86,21(6<',)86,Ï1'(5(68/7$'26 9,&21&/86,21(6),1$/(675$%$-26)878526 <',)86,Ï1<75$16)(5(1&,$'( 5(68/7$'26 (VWDWHVLVDEDUFDHOGHVDUUROORGHYDULRVVLVWHPDVHOpFWULFRV\HOHFWURySWLFRV FRQFHSWXDOPHQWH GLIHUHQWHV SHUR FRQ REMHWLYRV DSOLFDWLYRV FHQWUDGRV HQ OD FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQHOpFWULFD\ySWLFD\VXSRVWHULRURSWLPL]DFLyQGHSDQWDOODV GH &/ DQWLIHUURHOpFWULFR SUHIHUHQWHPHQWH DXQTXH VX DOFDQFH VH H[WLHQGH WDPELpQDRWURWLSRGHWHFQRORJtDVGH&/GHPDWUL]SDVLYD$FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH HVWDEOHFHUiQ ODV FRQFOXVLRQHV \ WUDEDMRV IXWXURV PiV UHOHYDQWHV SDUD FDGD XQR GH HOORV \ VH PRVWUDUi OD GLIXVLyQ \ WUDQVIHUHQFLD GH UHVXOWDGRV DVRFLDGRVDHVWHWUDEDMR 9,&RQFOXVLRQHV)LQDOHV 3RUORTXHUHVSHFWDDOVLVWHPDGHPHGLGDGHFRUULHQWHVGHFRQPXWDFLyQ SRODUL]DFLyQ \ FLFORV GH KLVWpUHVLV HQ St[HOHV GH SDQWDOODV $)/& GH PDWUL] SDVLYDODVFRQFOXVLRQHVVRQ 6H KD GLVHxDGR H LPSOHPHQWDGR XQ VLVWHPD HOHFWUyQLFR QRYHGRVR FDSD] GH PHGLU YDORUHV PX\ SHTXHxRV GH FRUULHQWHV Q$$ HQ FDSDFLGDGHV GH EDMR YDORU WtSLFDPHQWH S)Q) DVRFLDGDVDORVSt[HOHVGHODSDQWDOOD$)/& (O VLVWHPD KD VLGR PRGLILFDGR YHUVLyQ PHMRUDGD HQ DOJXQRV DVSHFWRV UHVSHFWR D OD SULPHUD YHUVLyQ LPSOHPHQWDGD GDQGR FRPR UHVXOWDGR XQ HTXLSR PiV UREXVWR IOH[LEOH FRQ PD\RU LQPXQLGDG D IXHQWHV GH UXLGR \ FRQ XQD UHVSXHVWD GLQiPLFD PHMRUDGD (O VLVWHPD SHUPLWH FDUDFWHUL]DU GH XQ PRGR UHODWLYDPHQWH VHQFLOOR ODV SURSLHGDGHV HOpFWULFDV PiV UHOHYDQWHV GH ODV -,6DQWRV SDQWDOODV $)/& IDFLOLWDQGR FRQ HVWD LQIRUPDFLyQ DFRPHWHU HO GHVDUUROOR GH IRUPDV GH RQGD \ GH GULYHUV HILFLHQWHV SDUD SDQWDOODV PXOWLSOH[DGDV $)/& GH JDPD DOWD FRQ IUHFXHQFLD GH YtGHRHVFDODGHJULVHV\FRORU (Q FXDQWR DO VLVWHPD GH UHWURLOXPLQDFLyQ ODV FRQFOXVLRQHV PiV UHOHYDQWHVVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV 6H KD GLVHxDGR \ FDUDFWHUL]DGR XQ VLVWHPD GH LOXPLQDFLyQ WUDVHUD FRQ FRORU VHFXHQFLDO PLFURFRQWURODGR EDUDWR \ EDVDGR HQHPLVRUHVFRPHUFLDOHV/('5*%GHDOWDHILFLHQFLDHOFXDOHV IiFLOPHQWHDGDSWDEOHDORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVHOHFWUyQLFRV\ySWLFRV GHODVSDQWDOODVPXOWLSOH[DGDV$)/& 6HKDPHFDQL]DGRGHIRUPDUREXVWDGRWiQGROHGHODVLQWHUIDFHV QHFHVDULDV SDUD TXH SXHGD VHU IiFLOPHQWH FRQHFWDEOH D XQ 3& SDUD FRQWURODU ORV SDUiPHWURV GH ODV IRUPDV GH RQGD GH ORV GULYHUVGHORV/('V 6H KD GHPRVWUDGR OD YHUVDWLOLGDG GHO VLVWHPD SXGLHQGR PRGLILFDU WDQWR VX FRQVXPR FRPR OD FURPDWLFLGDG GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV HPLVRUHV PHGLDQWH XQD LQWHUID] GH XVXDULR GHVDUUROODGDDOHIHFWR 3RU ~OWLPR SRU OR TXH UHVSHFWD DO VLVWHPD GH H[FLWDFLyQ \ RSWLPL]DFLyQ HOHFWURySWLFDGLVHxDGRODVFRQFOXVLRQHVREWHQLGDVVRQ 6H KD GLVHxDGR \ FDUDFWHUL]DGR H[SHULPHQWDOPHQWH XQ VLVWHPD GHH[FLWDFLyQSURJUDPDEOHSDUDJHQHUDUIRUPDVGHRQGDGHILODV \ FROXPQDV DSURSLDGDV SDUD GLUHFFLRQDU SDQWDOODV $)/& PXOWLSOH[DGDV (VWH GULYHU GH ILODV \ FROXPQDV SXHGH VHU FRPELQDGR FRQ HO VLVWHPD GH UHWURLOXPLQDFLyQ LPSOHPHQWDGR FDStWXOR ,9 GDQGR OXJDU D XQD KHUUDPLHQWD TXH HV FDSD] GH RSWLPL]DU ODV SUHVWDFLRQHV (2 GH OD SDQWDOOD $)/& EDMR HVWXGLR VHOHFFLRQDQGR ORV YDORUHV PiV DSURSLDGRV GH ODV VHxDOHV GH H[FLWDFLyQ DVt FRPR ODV FRRUGHQDGDV GH FRORU \ HO EULOOR GHO EDFNOLJKW &$39,&21&/86,21(6<',)86,Ï1'(5(68/7$'26 (OGULYHUGLVHxDGRHQVXFRQILJXUDFLyQDFWXDOHVFDSD]GHH[FLWDU [ St[HOHV GH XQD SDQWDOOD $)/& SHUR GHELGR D VX FRQGLFLyQPRGXODUSUHVHQWDODYHQWDMDGHTXHHVHVFDODEOHDXQ Q~PHUR GH St[HOHV 1[0 FXDOTXLHUD FRQ OD ~QLFD UHVWULFFLyQ GHO FLFOR GH WUDEDMR JOREDO GH OD LOXPLQDFLyQ GH OD SDQWDOOD TXH GLVPLQX\H DO DXPHQWDU HO Q~PHUR GH ILODV OR TXH KDUtD GLVPLQXLU HO EULOOR GH OD LPDJHQ UHSURGXFLGD HQ FRQGLFLRQHV QRUPDOHVGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWR 9,7UDEDMRV)XWXURV 5HVSHFWR GH ORV WUDEDMRV IXWXURV SDUD PHMRUDU ODV SUHVWDFLRQHV GH ORV VLVWHPDVHOHFWUyQLFRV\RHOHFWURySWLFRVGHVDUUROODGRVFDEHFLWDUORVTXHD FRQWLQXDFLyQVHLQGLFDQ 6LVWHPDGHPHGLGDGHSURSLHGDGHVHOpFWULFDVGHSt[HOHVGH SDQWDOODV$)/&6HSRGUtDPHMRUDUHOILOWURSDVREDMRDFWXDOSRU XQR PiV VHOHFWLYR \ FRQ XQD IUHFXHQFLD GH FRUWH PD\RU SHUPLWLHQGR XQD PHMRU UHVSXHVWD GLQiPLFD GHO VLVWHPD 7DPELpQ VH SRGUtD UHDOL]DU XQ FRQWURO DXWRPiWLFR GH JDQDQFLD &$* HQ OXJDU GH XWLOL]DU HO FRQWURO PDQXDO DFWXDOPHQWH LPSOHPHQWDGR 6LVWHPDGHUHWURLOXPLQDFLyQEDVDGRHQ/('VSDUDLOXPLQDU SDQWDOODV $)/& PXOWLSOH[DGDV GH PDWUL] SDVLYD (VWH VLVWHPD SRGUtDPHMRUDUVXVSUHVWDFLRQHVDxDGLpQGROHXQDySWLFDDX[LOLDU TXH DFRQGLFLRQH ODV VHxDOHV SURFHGHQWHV GH ORV /(' 5*% GH IRUPDTXHWRGRHOEDFNOLJKWVHUHSDUWDPiVXQLIRUPHPHQWHSRU ODVXSHUILFLHGHODSDQWDOODDLOXPLQDU7DPELpQVHSRGUtDDxDGLU XQVLVWHPDUHDOLPHQWDGRFRQXQVHQVRUIRWRGHWHFWRUTXHPLGD ODLOXPLQDFLyQDPELHQWHGHWDOIRUPDTXHGHSHQGLHQGRGHOQLYHO GHOX]H[WHULRUORV/('VHPLWDQPiVRPHQRVLQWHQVLGDG 6LVWHPDGHH[FLWDFLyQ\RSWLPL]DFLyQGHSDQWDOODV$)/&GH PDWUL] SDVLYD 'DGDV ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV WpFQLFDV GHO PLFURFRQWURODGRU XWLOL]DGR pVWH QR SXHGH JHVWLRQDU XQ WUiILFR GH GDWRV PD\RU TXH HO QHFHVDULR SDUD H[FLWDU XQD SDQWDOOD GH -,6DQWRV [ St[HOHV 6L OD UHVROXFLyQ GH OD SDQWDOOD FUHFLHUD VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH VH WHQGUtD TXH XWLOL]DU DOJ~Q GLVSRVLWLYR GHGLFDGRFRPRXQ'63RXQD)3*$ORTXHREOLJDUtDDUHSODQWHDU ODDUTXLWHFWXUDGHOGULYHUXWLOL]DGR1RREVWDQWHHQODDFWXDOLGDG QRVHFRQVLGHUDQHFHVDULR\DTXHQXHVWURREMHWLYRHVHYDOXDU\ RSWLPL]DU SDQWDOODV GH EDMDPHGLD UHVROXFLyQ QXQFD VXSHULRU D ó9*$XWLOL]DQGRPDWHULDOHV&/$)GH~OWLPDJHQHUDFLyQ 9,'LIXVLyQ\7UDQVIHUHQFLDGH5HVXOWDGRV /RV GLIHUHQWHV WUDEDMRV GHVDUUROODGRV HQ HVWD WHVLV KDQ JHQHUDGR ORV UHVXOWDGRV FLHQWtILFRWHFQROyJLFRV TXH VH GHVFULEHQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ \ TXH DEDUFDQDVSHFWRVFRPRLHOGLVHxRGHGULYHUVSDUDGLVSRVLWLYRVGH&/LL GLVHxR GH FLUFXLWRV HVSHFtILFRV SDUD OD FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ HOHFWURySWLFD \ HO PRGHODGRGHGLVSRVLWLYRV&/LLLHOGLVHxRHOHFWUyQLFR\ODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQ GH VLVWHPDV GH LOXPLQDFLyQ WUDVHUD SDUD SDQWDOODV PXOWLSOH[DGDV \ LY GHVDUUROOR GH LQVWUXPHQWDFLyQ HOHFWURySWLFD \ VLVWHPDV GH DGTXLVLFLyQ GH GDWRVHQWUHRWURV /RV IRUPDWRV GH GLIXVLyQ IXHURQ GH YDULRV WLSRV DUWtFXORV HQ UHYLVWDV LQGH[DGDV FRPXQLFDFLRQHV D FRQJUHVRV H[KLELFLRQHV HQ IHULDV WHFQROyJLFDVVROLFLWXGGHSDWHQWHVHWF 9,$UWtFXORVHQUHYLVWDVFLHQWtILFDVLQGH[DGDVHQ-&5 & 9i]TXH] -06 3HQD 6 9DUJDV , 3pUH] $%*RQ]DOR 9 8UUXFKL 5 9HUJD]-0RQWDOYR50DQ]DQDUHV-,6DQWRV$/$UDQGD³'LVSOD\VDQG 3KRWRQLFV $SSOLFDWLRQ *URXS $FWLYLWLHV´ DUWtFXOR LQYLWDGR ),%(5 ,17(*5$7('237 -RVp 0 6iQFKH] 3HQD -RVp ,VLGUR 6DQWRV ,VDEHO 3pUH] &DUPHQ 9i]TXH] DQG $QD %HOpQ *RQ]DOR ³$Q $QDORJXH'LJLWDO ,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ 6\VWHP IRU &KDUDFWHUL]LQJ WKH (OHFWULFDO %HKDYLRU RI $QWLIHUURHOHFWULF /LTXLG &U\VWDO 'LVSOD\3L[HOV´-31-$33/3+<6$ &$39,&21&/86,21(6<',)86,Ï1'(5(68/7$'26 & 0DUFRV -& 7RUUHV -0 6iQFKH]3HQD -, 6DQWRV ³7HPSHUDWXUH )UHTXHQF\&RQYHUWHUXVLQJD/&&HOODVD6HQVLQJ(OHPHQW´HQSURFHVRGH UHYLVLyQ6HQVRUV 9,$UWtFXORVHQSURFHHGLQJVGHFRQIHUHQFLDV -06 3HQD -, 6DQWRV 5 0DQ]DQDUHV 9 8UUXFKL , 3pUH] - & 7RUUHV ³5RZ DQG &ROXPQ 'ULYHUV IRU $GGUHVVLQJ )XOO &RORU DQG 9LGHR 5DWH $QWLIHUURHOHFWULF/LTXLG&U\VWDO0LFURGLVSOD\V´3URF63,( GRL -RVp 0 6 3HQD -RVp , 6DQWRV -XDQ & 7RUUHV 1RHPt *DRQD &DUPHQ 9i]TXH] DQG 'DYLG 4XHVDGD (QKDQFHG ,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ 6\VWHP WR &KDUDFWHUL]H WKH (OHFWULF %HKDYLRU RI $)/& 'LVSOD\V 3URF 63,( 5GRL 9,&RQJUHVRV\)HULDV([SRVLFLRQHV -06iQFKH]3HQD&9i]TXH],3pUH]98UUXFKL59HUJD]69DUJDV $% *RQ]DOR - 0RQWDOYR 5 0DQ]DQDUHV -, 6DQWRV $/ $UDQGD ³5HVHDUFK $FWLYLWLHV RI 'LVSOD\V DQG 3KRWRQLF $SSOLFDWLRQV *URXS´ 9 ,QIRGLVSOD\&DPSLQDV%UDVLO , 6DQWRV 5 0DQ]DQDUHV & 9i]TXH] -06 3HQD ³$ &RVW(IIHFWLYH ,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ 6\VWHP WR 0HDVXUH 6ZLWFKLQJ &XUUHQWV RI $)/& 'LVSOD\V´ 2372(/¶/HJDQpV(VSDxD -063HQD-,6DQWRV59HUJD]&9i]TXH]93XHUWD³3URJUDPPDEOH 'ULYHU WR $GGUHVV D [ )XOO &RORXU 0XOWLSOH[HG $)/& 'LVSOD\ ´ (XURSHDQ &RQIHUHQFHRQ/LTXLG&U\VWDOV(&/&¶-DFD(VSDxD -063HQD&9i]TXH],3pUH]98UUXFKL59HUJD]-&7RUUHV 0$ -XUDGR-,6DQWRV50DQ]DQDUHV³(OHFWURRSWLFDO'LVSOD\5HVHDUFKLQWKH &DUORV,,,8QLYHUVLW\RI0DGULG´9,,,QIRGLVSOD\)ORULDQySROLV%UDVLO :.%DMGHFNL-02WyQ-,6DQWRV59HUJD]98UUXFKL-063HQD ³6LPXOWDQHRXV0HDVXUHPHQWRI6ZLWFKLQJ&XUUHQWVDQG+\VWHUHVLVRI$)/& -,6DQWRV 'LVSOD\V´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO /LTXLG &ULVWDO &RQIHUHQFH ,/&&¶ /MXEOMDQD (VORYHQLD -& 7RUUHV -06 3HQD , 3pUH] 9 8UUXFKL 5 0DQ]DQDUHV -, 6DQWRV ³&RUULHQWHVGH&RQPXWDFLyQHQ&pOXODVGH&ULVWDO/tTXLGR$QWLIHUURHOpFWULFR FRQ5HVSXHVWD(OHFWURySWLFD$VLPpWULFD´2372(/¶(OFKH(VSDxD *UXSRGH'LVSOD\V\$SOLFDFLRQHV)RWyQLFDV³'LVWLQWDV7HFQRORJtDVÏSWLFDV FRQ &RQWURO (OHFWUyQLFR DO 6HUYLFLR GHO 6HFWRU ,QGXVWULDO ODV 7HOHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV\ORV'LVFDSDFLWDGRV´([SRVLFLyQ9,)HULD0DGULGSRUOD &LHQFLD0DGULG(VSDxD *UXSRGH'LVSOD\V\$SOLFDFLRQHV)RWyQLFDV³7HFQRORJtDVÏSWLFDVDSOLFDGDV D ODV 7HOHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV \ OD 'LVFDSDFLGDG´ ([SRVLFLyQ 9,, )HULD 0DGULG SRUOD&LHQFLD0DGULG(VSDxD - , 6DQWRV 0 3 *RQ]DOH] - 0 6 3HQD & 9i]TXH] ³6LVWHPD GH 5HWURLOXPLQDFLyQ SDUD 3DQWDOODV GH &ULVWDO /tTXLGR $QWLIHUURHOpFWULFR FRQ (VFDOD GH *ULV \ &RORU´ 9,,, &RQJUHVR 1DFLRQDO GHO &RORU 0DGULG (VSDxD ' %DUULRV $)3 5RPiQ 5 9HUJD] -, 6DQWRV -06 3HQD ³&KURPDWLF &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI D 5*%/(' %DFNOLJKW 6\VWHP IRU DQ $QWLIHUURHOHFWULF /&'´ &,( ([SHUW 6\PSRVLXP RQ $GYDQFHV LQ3KRWRPHWU\ DQG &RORULPHWU\ 7XULQ,WDOLD -, 6DQWRV *DUFtD $ )HUQiQGH]3DFKHFR 5RPiQ -0 6iQFKH] 3HQD ³6LVWHPD0LFURFRQWURODGRGH,OXPLQDFLyQ7UDVHUD6HFXHQFLDOHQ&RORU\HQ %ODQFR\1HJURSDUD3DQWDOODVGH&ULVWDO/tTXLGR´6$$(,¶/HJDQpV &RPR LQIRUPDFLyQ DGLFLRQDO VH OLVWDQ D FRQWLQXDFLyQ ORV SUR\HFWRV HQ ORV TXH KD SDUWLFLSDGR HO GRFWRUDQGR PiV OLJDGRV D OD UHDOL]DFLyQ GH HVWH WUDEDMRGHWHVLV 9,3UR\HFWRV\FRQWUDWRV 7tWXORGHOSUR\HFWR)RWyQLFD$SOLFDGDDOD&UHDFLyQGH7HFQRORJtDVÏSWLFDV \VX7UDQVIHUHQFLDD(PSUHVDV)$&727(0&05()6(63 &$39,&21&/86,21(6<',)86,Ï1'(5(68/7$'26 'XUDFLyQ (QWLGDGILQDQFLDGRUD&RPXQLGDGGH0DGULG ,QYHVWLJDGRUSULQFLSDO-RVp02WyQ6iQFKH]830 ,QYHVWLJDGRUUHVSRQVDEOHSRU8&0-RVp06iQFKH]3HQD (QWLGDGHV 3DUWLFLSDQWHV *UXSR GH )RWyQLFD $SOLFDGD 830 *UXSR GH 'LVSOD\V \ $SOLFDFLRQHV )RWyQLFDV 8&0 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH 0HWURORJtD &6,& *UXSR GH 2SWRHOHFWUyQLFD 2UJiQLFD 85-& *5,)2 8$+ /DERUDWRULRV,,,9&6,& 1~PHURGHLQYHVWLJDGRUHVSDUWLFLSDQWHV )LQDQFLDFLyQUHFLELGDWRWDO¼ )LQDQFLDFLyQUHFLELGD8&0¼ 7tWXORGHOSUR\HFWR)RWyQLFD$SOLFDGDDOD&UHDFLyQGH7HFQRORJtDVÏSWLFDV \VX7UDQVIHUHQFLDD(PSUHVDV)$&727(0&05HI6(63 'XUDFLyQ ,QYHVWLJDGRUSULQFLSDO-RVp02WyQ6iQFKH]830 ,QYHVWLJDGRUUHVSRQVDEOHSRU8&0-RVp06iQFKH]3HQD (QWLGDGHV 3DUWLFLSDQWHV *UXSR GH )RWyQLFD $SOLFDGD 830 *UXSR GH 'LVSOD\V \ $SOLFDFLRQHV )RWyQLFDV 8&0 'HSDUWDPHQWR GH 0HWURORJtD &6,&\*UXSRGH2SWRHOHFWUyQLFD2UJiQLFD85-& 1~PHURGHLQYHVWLJDGRUHVSDUWLFLSDQWHV )LQDQFLDFLyQUHFLELGDWRWDO¼ )LQDQFLDFLyQUHFLELGD8&0¼ 7tWXOR GHO SUR\HFWR 'HVDUUROOR GH 3DQWDOODV EDVDGDV HQ &ULVWDOHV /tTXLGRV $QWLIHUURHOpFWULFRV \ 'LRGRV 2UJiQLFRV (OHFWUROXPLQLVFHQWHV SDUD 6LVWHPDV 3RUWiWLOHV(VSHFLDOL]DGRVGH$OWR9DORU$xDGLGR5HI7(&& 'XUDFLyQ (QWLGDGILQDQFLDGRUD0(& ,3-RVp06iQFKH]3HQD )LQDQFLDFLyQUHFLELGD¼ 7tWXOR GHO SUR\HFWR 2SWLPL]DFLyQ GH 9HQWDQDV ,QWHOLJHQWHV SDUD $SOLFDFLRQHV'RPyWLFDV\'LVHxRGHOD(OHFWUyQLFDGH&RQWURO5HI 375 23 (QWLGDGILQDQFLDGRUD0(& 'XUDFLyQ -,6DQWRV ,3-RVp06iQFKH]3HQD )LQDQFLDFLyQUHFLELGD¼ 7tWXOR GHO SUR\HFWR +HOPHW0RXQWHG 0LQLDWXUH ,QIRUPDWLRQ 'LVSOD\ 6\VWHP+(0,1' (QWLGDGILQDQFLDGRUD8(5HI,67²930 'XUDFLyQGHVGH KDVWD ,QYHVWLJDGRUUHVSRQVDEOH-RVp06iQFKH]3HQD &XDQWtDGHODVXEYHQFLyQ¼ 7tWXOR GHO FRQWUDWR 'LVSOD\ $QWLIHUURHOpFWULFR FRQ &RORU \ D )UHFXHQFLD GH 9tGHR (PSUHVDDGPLQLVWUDFLyQILQDQFLDGRUD7(&',6',63/$<6,%e5,&$ 'XUDFLyQGHVGH$EULO KDVWD6HSWLHPEUH ,QYHVWLJDGRUSULQFLSDO-RVp0DQXHO6iQFKH]3HQD )LQDQFLDFLyQUHFLELGD3WDV¼ 9,3DWHQWHV 7tWXOR 6LVWHPD \ 0pWRGR SDUD OD &DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ \ 2SWLPL]DFLyQ GH 3DQWDOODVGH&ULVWDO/tTXLGRGH$OWDV3UHVWDFLRQHVHQWUiPLWHGHVROLFLWXG ,QYHQWRUHV SR GH ILUPD -RVp 0 6iQFKH] 3HQD -RVp ,VLGUR 6DQWRV *DUFtD (QWLGDGWLWXODU8QLYHUVLGDG&DUORV,,,GH0DGULG 1RWD$SUREDGDSRUODFRPLVLyQGHLQYHQFLRQHVGHOD8&0\FXHQWDFRQLQIRUPH SUHOLPLQDUVREUHHVWDGRGHODUWHUHDOL]DGRSRU2(30 %,%/,2*5$)Ë$ %,%/,2*5$)Ë$ >%DFNHWDO@ 8%DFNHWDO³1DQRPDWHULDOVEDVHG HOHFWURFKURPLFV IRU SDSHU TXDOLW\ GLVSOD\´ $GY 0DWHU± >%DUULRVHWDO@ '%DUULRV$)35RPiQ59HUJD]-,6DQWRV -06 3HQD ³&KURPDWLF &KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI D 5*%/(' %DFNOLJKW 6\VWHP IRU DQ $QWLIHUURHOHFWULF /&'´ &,( ([SHUW 6\PSRVLXP RQ $GYDQFHV LQ 3KRWRPHWU\ DQG &RORULPHWU\ 7XULQ ,WDOLD >%DUVRXNRYHWDO@ ( %DUVRXNRY - 5 0DFGRQDOG ³,PSHGDQFH 6SHFWURVFRS\ 7KHRU\ ([SHULPHQW DQG $SSOLFDWLRQV´ :LOH\ ,QWHUVFLHQFH 3XEOLFDWLRQV 86$ >%LVZDVHWDO@ .DUDEL %LVZDV 6LGGDUWKD 6HQ 3UDQDE .XPDU 'XWWD ³5HDOL]DWLRQ RI D &RQVWDQW 3KDVH (OHPHQW DQG LWV SHUIRUPDQFH VWXG\ LQ D GLIIHUHQWLDWRU FLUFXLW´ ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RI &LUFXLWV DQG 6\VWHPV,, >%OLQRY@ /0%OLQRY9*&KLJULQRY(OHFWURRSWLF(IIHFWV LQ /LTXLG &U\VWDO 0DWHULDOV 6SULQJHU 1HZ <RUN S >%RKDQQDQ@ * : %RKDQQDQ ³$QDORJ UHDOL]DWLRQ RI D IUDFWLRQDO RUGHU FRQWURO HOHPHQW´ :DYHOHQJWK (OHFWURQLFV86$ -,6DQWRV >&ODUNHWDO@ 1$&ODUNDQG67/DJHUZDOO³6XEPLFURVHFRQG ELVWDEOHHOHFWURRSWLFVZLWFKLQJLQOLTXLGFU\VWDOV´ $SSO3K\V/HWW >&RPLVNH\@ % &RPLVNH\ -' $OEHUW + <RVKL]DZD - -DFREVRQ ³$Q HOHFWURSKRUHWLF LQN IRU DOOSULQWHG UHIOHFWLYH HOHFWURQLF GLVSOD\V´ 1DWXUH >'KDYpHWDO@ . 'KDYp 3 5XGTXLVW 67 /DJHUZDOO + 3DXZHOV : 'U]HZLQVNL 5 'ąEURZVNL ³6ROXWLRQ RI WKH GDUN VWDWH SUREOHP LQ DQWLIHUURHOHFWULF OLTXLG FU\VWDO GLVSOD\V´ $SSO 3K\V /HWW >'DVK@ 6 'DVK ³7)7/&' )DEV ,V ELJJHU DOZD\V EHWWHU"´,QIRUP'LVSOD\ >'H*HQQHV@ 3 * GH *HQQHV 7KH 3K\VLFV RI /LTXLG &U\VWDOV 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV 2[IRUG QG HG >'RQQDGLHX@ $ 'RQQDGLHX ³(OHFWURFKURPLFPDWHULDOV´0DWHU 6FL(QJ%±± >)HUQiQGH]@ $ )HUQiQGH]3DFKHFR 5RPiQ ³3)& 6LVWHPD GH ,OXPLQDFLyQ HQ &RORU \ HQ %ODQFR \ 1HJUR SDUD 0LFURSDQWDOODV EDVDGDV HQ &ULVWDOHV /tTXLGRV $QWLIHUURHOpFWULFRV´ 'SWR 7HFQ (OHFWUyQLFD 8QLYHUVLGDG&DUORV,,, >)RUXP@ 'LVSOD\ )RUXP ³/&' VWLOO WKH IXWXUH´ 'LVSOD\ 6ROXWLRQV >)XMLPXUDHWDO@ < )XMLPXUD 7 .DPLMR DQG + <RVKLPL ³,PSURYHPHQW RI RSWLFDO ¿OPV IRU KLJK SHUIRUPDQFH /&'V´ 3URFHHGLQJV RI 63,( ± %,%/,2*5$)Ë$ >)QIVFKLOOLQJ@ - )QIVFKLOOLQJ DQG 0 6FKDGW ³3K\VLFV DQG (OHFWURQLF 0RGHO RI 'HIRUPHG +HOL[ )HUURHOHFWULF /LTXLG &U\VWDO 'LVSOD\V´ --$3 >*HQQHV@ 3* GH *HQQHV DQG - 3URVW ³7KH 3K\VLFV RI /LTXLG &U\VWDOV´ QG HGLWLRQ &ODUHQGRQ 3UHVV 2[IRUG >*UDI@ 5XGROI ) *UDI 2VFLOODWRU &LUFXLWV 1HZQHV %RVWRQS >+HLNHQIHOG@ -DVRQ +HLNHQIHOG 3DXO 'U]DLF -RQJ6RXN <HR 7LP .RFK ³$ FULWLFDO UHYLHZ RI WKH SUHVHQW DQG IXWXUH SURVSHFWV IRU HOHFWURQLF SDSHU´ -RXUQDO RI WKH6,' >-(-DQJHWDO@ -(-DQJHWDO³LQHOHFWURFKURPLFGLVSOD\ZLWK SDVVLYH PDWUL[ GULYLQJ´ 6,' 6\PSRVLXP 'LJHVW >-RQHV@ 6. -RQHV :( +RZDUG ³2/('&026 FRPER RSHQVDQHZZRUOGRIPLFURGLVSOD\V´/DVHU)RFXV :RUOGSS >-RQVFKHU@ $ . -RQVFKHU ³'LHOHFWULF UHOD[DWLRQ LQ VROLGV´ &KHOVHD'LHOHFWULFV3UHVV/RQGRQ >/DJHUZDOO@ 67 /DJHUZDOO ³)HUURHOHFWULF DQG $QWLIHUURHOHFWULF /LTXLG &U\VWDOV´ :KLOH\9&+ :HLQKHLP >/LDQHWDO@ 5& /LDQJ HW DO 6\PSRVLXP 'LJHVW 7HFK 3DSHUV >/ySH]@ 0 3LODU /ySH] 'HO &DVWLOOR 7HVLV 'RFWRUDO ³3DQWDOODV GH FULVWDOOtTXLGR DQWLIHUURHOpFWULFR FRQ GLUHFFLRQDPLHQWRSDVLYR´830 -,6DQWRV >/XHGHU@ ( /XHGHU ³/LTXLG FU\VWDO GLVSOD\V DGGUHVVLQJ VFKHPHV DQG HOHFWURRSWLFDO HIIHFWV´ -RKQ :LOH\ DQG6RQV >0HWDNLGHV@ * 0HWDNLGHV 0 %RXNHUFKH \ 7 6NRUGDV (XURSHDQ &RPPLVVLRQ '* ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6RFLHW\ ,67 3URJUDPPH 3URF 7KH QG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 'LVSOD\ 5HVHDUFK FRQIHUHQFH 1L]D )UDQFLD >0RQWEDFKHWDO@ ( 0RQWEDFK HW DO ³)OH[LEOH HOHFWURQLF VNLQ GLVSO D\´6,'6\PSRVLXP'LJHVW >0XãHYLþ@ , 0XãHYLþ 5 %OLQF % äHNã ³7KH SK\VLFV RI IHUURHOHFWULF DQG DQWLIHUURHOHFWULF OLTXLG FU\VWDOV´ :RUOG6FLHQWLILF6LQJDSRUHSS >1$&ODUNHWDO@ 1$ &ODUN & &UDQGDOO 0$ +DQGVFK\ 05 0HDGRZV 50 0DO]EHQGHU &6 3DUN DQG -= ;XH )/& 0LFURGLVSOD\V )HUURHOHFWULFV >1$&ODUN@ 1$ &ODUN )HUURHOHFWULF /&' 6 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH 6HYHQWHHQWK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 'LVSOD\ 5HVHDUFK &RQIHUHQFH RI WKH 6RFLHW\ IRU ,QIRUPDWLRQ 'LVSOD\7RURQWR&DQDGD00 >1DJDUDL@ 0 1DJDUDM <3 3DQDULQ -. 9LM & .HLWK & 7VFKLHUVNH ³/LTXLG FU\VWDO GLVSOD\ PRGHV LQ D QRQWLOWHGEHQWFRUHELD[LDOVPHFWLFOLTXLGFULVWDO´ $SSOLHG 3K\VLFV /HWWHUV >2WyQHWDO@ -0 2WyQ ; 4XLQWDQD 3/ &DVWLOOR $ /DUD 9 8UUXFKL 1 %HQQLV ³$QWLIHUURHOHFWULF /LTXLG &U\VWDO'LVSOD\V´2SWR(OHFWURQ5HY %,%/,2*5$)Ë$ >2WyQHWDO@ - 0 2WyQ - 0 6iQFKH] 3HQD ) 2ODUWH $ 6HUUDQR6XSOHPHQWR&ULVWDOHV/tTXLGRV081'2 (/(&75Ï1,&2S >2WyQHWDO@ -02WyQ-063HQD;4XLQWDQD-/*D\R DQG 9 8UUXFKL ³$V\PPHWULF 6ZLWFKLQJ RI $QWLIHUURHOHFWULF /LTXLG &ULVWDO &HOOV´ $SSO 3K\V /HWW >3DUNHWDO@ :6 3DUN - .DQJ &* -KXQ ': &KRL . < +DQ 7 <RRQ DQG -& .LP ³0RGLILHG (TXLYDOHQW &LUFXLW 0RGHO IRU )UXVWUDWHG $QWLIHUURHOHFWULF /LTXLG &U\VWDO 'LVSOD\V´ 3URF RI WKH ,QW 0HHWLQJRQ,QIRUPDWLRQ'LVSOD\ >3DUN@ . 6 3DUN + - /HH < - .LP ³6XUIDFH GHSHQGHQFH RI HOHFWURRSWLFDO SURSHUWLHV LQ DQWLIHUURHOHFWULF OLTXLG FU\VWDO IRU WKLQ ILOP WUDQVLVWRUDGGUHVVLQJ´'LVSOD\V >3HQDHWDO@ -06 3HQD , 3pUH] , 5RGUtJXH] & 9i]TXH] 9 8UUXFKL ; 4XLQWDQD - 'H )UXWRV DQG -0 2WyQ ³(OHFWULFDO $QWLIHUURHOHFWULF 0RGHO /LTXLG IRU 7KUHVKROGOHVV &U\VWDO &HOOV´ )HUURHOHFWULFV >3HQDHWDO@ -RVp06iQFKH]3HQD-RVp,VLGUR6DQWRV,VDEHO 3pUH] &DUPHQ 9i]TXH] DQG $QD %HOpQ *RQ]DOR ³$Q$QDORJXH'LJLWDO,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ6\VWHPIRU &KDUDFWHUL]LQJ WKH (OHFWULFDO %HKDYLRU RI $QWLIHUURHOHFWULF /LTXLG &U\VWDO 'LVSOD\ 3L[HOV´ -$31-$33/3+<6$ >3HQDHWDO@ -063HQD,3pUH]98UUXFKL-&7RUUHVDQG -0 2WyQ ³7HPSRUDO (OHFWULFDO 5HVSRQVH RI &KLUDO 6PHFWLF /LTXLG &ULVWDO 'LVSOD\V ZLWK 9: VKDSHG (OHFWURRSWLFDO &KDUDFWHULVWLF´ 2SWR (OHFWURQ5HY -,6DQWRV >3pUH]HWDO@ ,VDEHO 3pUH] - 0 6 3HQD - & 7RUUHV 5 0DQ]DQDUHVDQG-02WyQ³6LQXVRLGDO9ROWDJH &RQWUROOHG 2VFLOODWRU %DVHG RQ D /LTXLG &U\VWDO &HOODV9DULDEOH&DSDFLWDQFH´-$31-$33/3+<6 // >3pUH]HWDO@ ,VDEHO 3pUH] -XDQ &DUORV 7RUUHV -RVp 0DQXHO 6iQFKH]3HQD ³2EWHQFLyQ GH OD 5HVSXHVWD (OHFWURÏSWLFD GH 'LVSRVLWLYRV GH &ULVWDO /tTXLGR $QWLIHUURHOpFWULFR D SDUWLU GH OD 0HGLGD GH &RUULHQWH´2372(/¶%LOEDR(VSDxD >4XHVDGD@ ' 4XHVDGD 6iQFKH] ³3)& 6LVWHPD GH ,QVWUXPHQWDFLyQ SDUD OD &DUDFWHUL]DFLyQ GH &ULVWDOHV /tTXLGRV $QWLIHUURHOpFWULFRV´ 'SWR 7HFQ(OHFWUyQLFD8&0 >5DVKLG@ 0 + 5DVKLG 0LFURHOHFWURQLF &LUFXLWV $QDO\VLV DQG'HVLJQ3:6%RVWRQS >5DVKLG@ 0+5DVKLG 0LFURHOHFWURQLF &LUFXLWV $QDO\VLV DQG'HVLJQ&HQJDJH/HDUQLQJS >5XGTXLVW@ 3 5XGTXLVW \ 67 /DJHUZDOO ³2SWLFDO 5HVHDUFK RQ &KLUDO 6PHFWLFV´ 7HFKQLFDO 0HHWLQJ 'XEOtQ >6KLQHWDO@ %KXP -DH 6KLQ .\XQJ &KHRO &KRL +HXQJ 6LN 7DH 6DQJ 6LN 3DUN ³&KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI DQ DGGUHVV GLVFKDUJH LQ DF SODVPD GLVSOD\ SDQHOV´ ,((( 7UDQV 3ODVPD 6FL >6KLQRGD@ 7 6KLQRGD ³)DEULFDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV RI SODVPD GLVSOD\ SDQHOV´ ,((( ,QGXVWU\ $SSOLFDWLRQV &RQIHUHQFH >6PLWK@ &$6PLWK³$UHYLHZRI/&'WHFKQRORJLHV´&LUFXLW :RUOG± %,%/,2*5$)Ë$ >6WHIIHQ@ .LP6WHIIHQ³/DUJHGLVSOD\UHSRUW´,QVLJKW0HGLD >6X]XNLHWDO@ .6X]XNL.<DPDPRWR+.DML\DPD6+R1 8HPXUD . 0XUDRND ³$QDO\VLV IRU GLVFKDUJH UDGLDWLRQ G\QDPLFV LQ DOWHUQDWLQJ FXUUHQW SODVPD GLVSOD\ SDQHOV´ - $SSO 3K\V >6X]XNL@ <6X]XNL&KHQ*XR3LQJ80DQQD³5HDOL]DWLRQ RI ILHOG VHTXHQWLDO FRORU LQ VLPSOH PDWUL[ DQWLIHUURHOHFWULFOLTXLGFU\VWDOGLVSOD\VE\XWLOL]LQJ IDVW SUHWUDQVLWLRQDO UHVSRQVH´ $SSOLHG 3K\VLFV ([SUHVV >9LUJLQLD@ - 9LUJLQLD ³7KH IXWXUH ORRNV EULJKW IRU /&' 79´ ,QIRUP'LVSOD\ >:HUQHU@ .HQ:HUQHU³&KDQJLQJIRFXVIURPELJWRVPDOO´ ,QIRUP'LVSOD\ >:HUQHU@ .HQ :HUQHU ³$02/(' 'LVSOD\V &XUUHQW 'HYHORSPHQWV DQG 5HFNOHVV 3UHGLFWLRQV´ 6,' /RV$QJHOHV86$ >:HVWHUOXQGHWDO@ 6:HVWHUOXQGDQG/(NVWDP³&DSDFLWRUWKHRU\´ ,((( 7UDQV RQ 'LHOHFWULFV DQG (OHFWULFDO ,QVXODWLRQ ><DPDJXFKLHWDO@ 7 <DPDJXFKL < +DUD + )XMLZDUD * ,WRK DQG + 2NXPXUD ³(TXLYDOHQW &LUFXLW 0RGHO IRU 7KUHVKROGOHVV $QWLIHUURHOHFWULF /LTXLG &U\VWDO 'LVSOD\V´--$3 ><DQJHWDO@ '.<DQJDQG67:X³)XQGDPHQWDOVRI/LTXLG &U\VWDO 'HYLFHV´ -RKQ :LOH\ 6RQV /WG &KLFKHVWHU -,6DQWRV ><RVKLGDHWDO@ $ <RVKLGD $ 6XJLPRWR 7 0L\DGHUD DQG 6 0L\DJXFKL ³2UJDQLF OLJKW HPLWWLQJ GHYLFHV RQ SODVWLF VXEVWUDWHV´ - 3KRWRSRO\PHU 6FL 7HFKQROYROSS >=ROWRZVNLHWDO@ 3 =ROWRZVNL ³2Q WKH (OHFWULFDO &DSDFLWDQFH RI ,QWHUIDFHV ([KLELWLQJ &RQVWDQW 3KDVH (OHPHQW %HKDYLRXU´ -RXUQDO RI (OHFWURDQDO\WLFDO &KHPLVWU\