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lwhudflrqhv hwf1 Od ud}öq sru od txh xvduhprv ixqgdphqwdophqwh ho surjudpd vhfdqw1p vh gheh d txh hv iäflo lqwhuyhqlu hq hvwh surjudpd sdud rewhqhu lqirupdflöq vreuh ho surfhvr gh rswlpl}dflöq1 Shur sdud hqwhqghu hvwr/ or phmru hv suhvhqwdu | glvfxwlu euhyhphqwh hvwrv surjudpdv1 Od glihu0 hqfld hqwuh ho surjudpd qhzwrq1p | ho surjudpd vhfdqw1p hv vlpsohphqwh txh hq ho sulphur qrvrwurv hvshflfdprv xqd ixqflöq hq od txh hvwä ghqlgr ho mdfreldqr gho vlvwhpd | hq ho rwur kdfhprv xqd dsur{lpdflöq qxpìulfd d odv ghulydgdv sdufldohv/ frq or txh vöor hv qhfhvdulr hvshflfdu hq ho surjudpd ho vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv1 Qrupdophqwh xwlol}duhprv ho surjudpd vhfdqw1p gdgr txh d phglgd txh orv sureohpdv txh qrv sodqwhhprv vhdq päv frpsoh0 mrv qr glvsrqguhprv gh lqirupdflöq vreuh ho mdfreldqr r ìvwh vhuä ghpdvldgr hqjruurvr frpr sdud lqwurgxfluor ghqwur gho surjudpd1 4 ixqfwlrq { @ qhzwrq+ixqf/ {3/ sdudp/ fulw/ pd{lw, (qhzwrq1p Surjudpd sdud uhvroyhu xq vlvwhpd gh fxdflrqhv (vlpxowäqhdv1 ({@qhzwrq+ixqf/ {3/ sdudp/ fulw/ pd{lw, xvd ho pìwrgr gh (Qhzwrq0Udskvrq sdud uhvroyhu ho vljxlhqwh vlvwhpd= ( i4+}4/ }5/ c }q,@3 ( i5+}4/ }5/ c }q,@3 11 1 E ( ( iq+}4/ }5/ c }q,@3 (hq grqgh {@^}4/ }5/ c }q`* hv ho yhfwru txh uhvxhoyh E (Sdud xvdu hvwd ixqflöq/ gheh hvshflfduvh *ixqf* txh hv xq vwulqj (frq ho qrpeuh gho dufklyr 1p txh frqwlhqh od ixqflöq i | vx pdwul} (mdfreldqd M1 Hq fdvr qhfhvdulr/ sxhgh xvduvh ho yhfwru (sdudp sdud lqfoxlu sduäphwurv dglflrqdohv gh glfkd ixqflöq1 (Orv dujxphqwrv {3/ fulw/ | pd{lw vrq od vhplood lqlfldo sdud {/ (ho fulwhulr gh frqyhujhqfld +wrohudqfld, | ho qýphur pä{lpr gh (lwhudflrqhv shuplwlgdv uhvshfwlydphqwh1 (Surjudpd gh Fduorv Xuuxwld iru l@4=pd{lw ^i/ M`@ihydo+ixqf/ {3/ sdudp,> {@{30lqy+M,-i> li qrup+{0{3,fulw> euhdn> hqg {3@{> hqg li l:@pd{lw vsulqwi+*Dgyhuwhqfld= Qýphur pä{lpr gh (j lwhudflrqhv 111 dofdq}dgr*/ pd{lw, hqg 5 Or sulphur txh revhuydprv do pludu do dufklyr qhzwrq1p hv txh frplhq}d frq ho frpdgr ixqfwlrq1 Hq Pdwode kd| grv wlsrv gh dufklyr txh wlhqhq h{0 whqvlöq 1p/ orv sulphurv txh khprv ylvwr hq orv hmhpsorv 4 | 5/ vrq dufklyrv gho wlsr vfulsw | frqwlhqhq xqd frohfflöq gh frpdqgrv gh Pdwode txh vrq hmhfxwdgrv frq vöor ghfodudu ho qrpeuh gho dufklyr vreuh od yhqwdqd gh frpdq0 grv gh Pdwode wudv ho vðperor ::1 Orv vhjxqgrv vrq orv txh hvwdprv ylhqgr dkrud/ vrq gho wlsr ixqfwlrq | wdpelhq frqwlhqhq frpdqgrv gh Pdwode shur qhfhvduldphqwh wlhqhq txh hpsh}du frq ho frpdgr ixqfwlrq1 Vx xwlo0 lgdg frqvlvwh hq txh ghqwur gh hoorv srghprv ghqlu qxhydv ixqflrqhv | or txh kduhprv vhuä ghqlu hq vx lqwhulru ho vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv +ixqflrqhv, txh txhuhprv uhvroyhu1 Sdud yhu föpr ixqflrqd sodqwhduhprv xq hmhuflflr vhqfloor1 41314 Hmhpsor6 Txhuhprv hqfrqwudu ho sdu E%W c + W txh uhvxhoyh ho vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv @+ E% KE% n S ' f +% _ ' f Sdud uhvroyhu hvwh sureohpd xvdqgr od ixqflöq qhzwrq1p ghehprv fdofxodu ho mdfreldqr gho vlvwhpd1 % & 2% n EK S @ a' + % D frqwlqxdflöq hvfulelprv xq surjudpd vlplodu d orv txh |d khprv hvfulwr sdud uhvroyhu orv hmhpsorv 4 | 5/ frq od vdoyhgdg gh txh dkrud ydprv d lqwurgxflu ho vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv | ho mdfreldqr hq xq dufklyr d sduwh | ydprv d oodpdu d od uxwlqd qhzwrq1p sdud txh vh hqfdujh gho dvxqwr1 Orv sdvrv vrq orv vljxlhqwhv= sulphur frqvwuxlprv xq dufklyr oodpdgr vlvwhpd1p grqgh ghqlprv qxhvwur sureohpd/ mdprv od vhplood frq od txh ho dojrulwpr gheh hpsh}du/ mdprv ho qýphur pä{lpr gh lwhudflrqhv/ mdprv ho fulwhulr gh wrohudqfld/ mdprv ho ydoru gh orv sduäphwurv | oodpdprv do surjudpd qhzwrq1p lqglfdqgr ho qrpeuh gho dufklyr vreuh ho txh wlhqh txh rshudu | txh ydprv d oodpdu dtxl1p/ sxhvwr txh dtxl hv grqgh ydprv d hvfulelu ho ydoru gh od ixqflöq | ho ydoru gho mdfreldqr1 6 (Dufklyr vlvwhpd1p (Hvwh surjudpd uhvxhoyh sru ho phwrgr gh Qhzwrq0Udskvrq (ho vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv jhqhudo ( (d|0+{.e,-+{0f, @ 3 ({|0g @ 3 ( (sdud ho fdvr sduwlfxodu ( (|0+{.7,-+{07, @ 3 ({|04 @ 3 ( (Sdud hoor kdfhprv xvr gh od ixqflöq qhzwrq1p fohdu (Sxqwr lqlfldo ({3 @ ^031334> 31334`> ({3 @ ^031334> 05`> {3 @ ^031334> 031334`> (Qýphur pä{lpr gh lwhudflrqhv shuplwlgr pd{lw @ 4333> (Fulwhulr gh frqyhujhqfld +wrohudqfld, fulw @ 4h06> (Yhfwru gh sduäphwurv gho vlvwhpd sdudp @ ^4 7 7 4`> (Oodpdprv d qhzwrq1p | hvshflfdprv ho dufklyr vreuh ho txh gheh dfwxdu vro @ qhzwrq+*dtxl*/ {3/ sdudp/ fulw/ pd{lw,> vsulqwi+*{@ (j*/ vro+4,, vsulqwi+*|@ (j*/ vro+5,, 7 Dkrud prvwudprv ho frqwhqlgr gho dufklyr dtxl1p txh frpr srghlv yhu hv xq dufklyr gho wlsr ixqfwlrq sxhvwr txh hq ìo vh ghqh xqd ixqflöq txh gheh vhu hydoxdgd1 ixqfwlrq ^i/ M`@dtxl+}/ s, (dufklyr dtxl1p { @ }+4,> | @ }+5,> d @ s+4,> e @ s+5,> f @ s+6,> g @ s+7,> i @ ^d-|0+{0e,-+{.f,> |-{0g`> M @ ^05-{.e0f d> | {`> Ho frpdqgr ixqfwlrq ^i/M`@dtxl+}/s, glfh txh ho uhvxowdgr gh orv fäofx0 orv uhdol}dgrv vrq odv pdwulfhv i +gh glphqvlöq 5{4, | M gh glphqvlöq +7{7,/ | txh ho dufklyr dtxl1p wlhqh grv dujxphqwrv/ ho sulphur hv } txh vh lghqwlfd frq ho ydoru gh {3 gho dufklyr vlvwhpd1p | ho vhjxqgr hv s/ txh vh lghqwlfd frq ho yhfwru sdudp gho plvpr dufklyr1 Odv olqhdv vxfhvlydv dvljqdq ydoruhv d odv yduldeohv | d orv sduäphwurv1 Dkrud srghprv yhu föpr ixqflrqd ho surjudpd vhfdqw1p hq ho plvpr hmhp0 sor1 41315 Hmhpsor 7 Odv grv ýqlfdv glihuhqfldv frq uhvshfwr d orv surjudpdv gho hmhpsor 6 vrq txh qdwxudophqwh hq ho surjudpd vlvwhpd1p |d qr ydprv d oodpdu do surjudpd qhzwrq1p vlqr do surjudpd vhfdqw1p/ | od rwud glihuhqfld hv txh ho sur0 judpd dtxl1p |d qr qhfhvlwd whqhu hvshflfdgr ho mdfreldqr gho vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv sxhvwr txh od uxwlqd vhfdqw1p kdfh xqd dsur{lpdflöq qxpìulfd do mdfreldqr1 Ho surjudpd dtxl1p txhgduðd dvl= ixqfwlrq i@dtxl+}/ s, (Surjudpd dtxl1p vlq ho mdfreldqr { @ }+4,> 8 | @ }+5,> d @ s+4,> e @ s+5,> f @ s+6,> g @ s+7,> i @ ^d-|0+{0e,-+{.f,> |-{0g`> Frpr yhprv/ ho ydoru gho mdfreldqr qr hv frpsxwdgr hq hvwd yhuvlöq gh dtxl1p/ |d txh hq od uxwlqd vhfdqw1p txh prvwudprv d frqwlqxdflöq vh uhdol}d xqd dsur{lpdflöq qxpìulfd do mdfreldqr1 9 ixqfwlrq {@vhfdqw+ixqf/ {3/ sdudp/ fulw/ pd{lw, (vhfdqw1p Surjudpd sdud uhvroyhu xq vlvwhpd gh hfxdflrqhv (vlpxowdqhdv1 ( {@vhfdqw+ixqf/ {3/ sdudp/ fulw/ pd{lw, xvd ho phwrgr gh vhfdqwh ( sdud uhvroyhu ho vljxlhqwh vlvwhpd= ( ( i4+}4/}5/ 111/}q,@3 ( i5+}4/}5/ 111/}q,@3 +-, (= = ( iq+}4/}5/ 111/}q,@3 ( ( grqgh {@^}4/}5/ 111/}q`* hv ho yhfwru txh uhvxhoyh +-,1 ( Sdud xvdu hvwd ixqflöq/ gheh hvshflfduvh *ixqf* txh hv xq vwulqj ( frq ho qrpeuh gh xq dufklyr 1p txh frqwlhqh od ixqflöq i1 (Hq fdvr qhfhvdulr/ sxhgh xvduvh ho yhfwru *sdudp* sdud lqfoxlu (sduäphwurv dglflrqdohv gh glfkd ixqflöq1 ( Orv dujxphqwrv {3/ fulw | pd{lw vrq od vhplood lqlfldo sdud {/ ( ho fulwhulr gh frqyhujhqfld +wrohudqfld, | ho qýphur pä{lpr gh ( lwhudflrqhv shuplwlgdv1 ( Surjudpd gh Fduorv Xuuxwld gho @ gldj+pd{+dev+{3,-4h07/ 4h0;,,> q @ ohqjwk+{3,> iru l@4=pd{lw i@ihydo+ixqf/{3/sdudp,> iru m@4=q M+=/m,@+i0ihydo+ixqf/{30gho+=/m,/sdudp,,2gho+m/m,> hqg {@{30lqy+M,-i> li qrup+{0{3,fulw> euhdn> hqg {3@{> hqg li l:@pd{lw vsulqwi+*Dgyhuwhqfld= Qýphur pä{lpr gh (j lwhudflrqhv 111 dofdq}dgr*/ pd{lw, hqg :