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El infanticidio
Irene González Hernando
conversos, reafirmando la Inquisición como institución clave de su política. En este marco
es donde se entiende la obra de Berruguete que podría haber unido en un mismo lienzo
dos acontecimientos separados en el tiempo, por un lado el juicio a Raimundo de Corsi
(celebrado en el siglo XIII) que culmina con el arrepentimiento de Raimundo y el perdón,
y por otro lado el juicio a los conversos acusados de haber asesinado al Santo Niño de La
Guardia y que culmina con el cumplimiento de la condena (los acusados son quemados en
la hoguera). Todo ello aparece presidido por Santo Domingo, aunque la presencia del
santo en el caso del juicio a los dos judíos sea totalmente anacrónica. Es una obra de
importante valor histórico, que nos muestra cómo los condenados eran obligados a llevar
el sambenito (tela en la que estaba inscrito que eran herejes) y la caperuza, reflejo de la
realidad social castellana del siglo XV.
Por último deberíamos mencionar en este apartado los casos de infanticidio de
procedencia bíblica. Las dos escenas veterotestamentarias, es decir Moisés salvado de las
aguas tras la orden de infanticidio del faraón y Salomón juzgando a las dos prostitutas que
se acusan mutuamente de infanticidio, aparecen con frecuencia en las Biblias ilustradas
del Occidente medieval. Por su parte, la matanza de los inocentes tuvo gran éxito en la
escultura románica y una importante proyección en las artes visuales del Gótico18.
Soportes y técnicas
Al ser tan variados los casos de infanticidio narrados en las fuentes medievales,
encontramos ejemplos de ello en un abanico relativamente amplio de soportes y técnicas:
escultura en piedra (véanse por ejemplo las representaciones románicas de la matanza de
los inocentes), miniatura (véanse por ejemplo las Cantigas para los infanticidios
domésticos y los motivados por cuestiones religiosas, y Biblias ilustradas para el juicio de
Salomón y Moisés salvado de las aguas), pintura sobre tabla (véase por ejemplo el auto de
fe de Berruguete), etc.
Precedentes, transformaciones y proyección
El infanticidio no es una problemática social exclusiva de la Edad Media, sino que
excede los límites cronológicos de este período, hallándola en casi cualquier época y
lugar, como una realidad sórdida, dura y muchas veces inexplicable, pero que va unida
indefectiblemente al ser humano. Sus motivaciones han cambiado a lo largo de la historia
(control de natalidad, pobreza extrema, tabúes sociales, discapacidad, odio religioso,
guerra, etc.), pero su presencia sobrepasa las artes medievales.
Prefiguras y temas afines
El infanticidio fue relacionado por los exegetas medievales con el aborto y la
contracepción. Así para el hombre medieval las medidas anticonceptivas, el aborto y el
infanticidio eran distintos grados de un mismo pecado19, que podía llegar a ser perdonado en
18
Esta iconografía ha sido extensamente analizada por GARCÍA GARCÍA, Francisco de Asís (2011), por
lo que remitimos a su artículo.
19
En relación a la comparación entre las medidas anticonceptivas y abortivas, ver McLAREN, Angus
(1990): p. 85.
Revista Digital de Iconografía Medieval, vol. V, nº 9, 2013, pp. 28-40.
e-ISSN: 2254-853X
35
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