&XDGHUQRVGHO&DULEH1o 13 63 HUELLA ECOLÓGICA EN EL ARCHIPIÉLAGO DE SAN ANDRÉS PROVIDENCIA Y SANTA CATALINA, RESERVA DE BIOSFERA SEAFLOWER RESUMEN &RQHOSURSyVLWRGHHYDOXDUHOXVRDFWXDOGHORVUHFXUVRVGHOD5HVHUYD 0DULQD6($)/2:(5VHFDOFXOyDSDUWLUGHHQFXHVWDVHOtQGLFHGH +XHOOD(FROyJLFD,+(\ODELRFDSDFLGDGHQODVLVODVGH6DQ$QGUpV\ 3URYLGHQFLD(OYDORUGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDREWHQLGRSDUD 6DQ$QGUpV\ 3URYLGHQFLDIXHGH'(\'(KHFWiUHDVJOREDOHV UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH (O EDODQFH HQWUH +XHOOD (FROyJLFD \ ELRSURGXFWLYLGDG DUURMy YDORUHV SRVLWLYRV LQGLFDQGR XQD UHVHUYD HFROyJLFD GH \ KHFWiUHDV SDUD 6DQ $QGUpV \ 3URYLGHQFLD UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH &RQ UHODFLyQ D &RORPELD ORV YDORUHV GH +XHOOD (FROyJLFD HVWiQ PX\ SRU HQFLPDHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQHOFDVRGH6DQ$QGUpVTXHORVXSHUDHQPiV GHOGREOH$XQTXHHVWDLVODQRFXHQWDFRQXQGp¿FLWHFROyJLFRQRWDEOH D~Q ORV UHVXOWDGRV VRQ SUHRFXSDQWHV SXHV ORV KiELWRV GH FRQVXPR \ JHQHUDFLyQGHUHVLGXRVGHODSREODFLyQHVWiQFHUFDQRVDODELRFDSDFLGDG GHORVHFRVLVWHPDVSRUORTXHQRSRGUtDQVHUPDQWHQLGRVHQHOWLHPSR 7HQLHQGRHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQORVSXQWRVDQWHULRUHVHOFiOFXORGHOD+XHOOD (FROyJLFD \ ELRFDSDFLGDG GH 6DQ $QGUpV \ 3URYLGHQFLD SUHWHQGH VHUYLUGHLQVWUXPHQWRGHVHQVLELOL]DFLyQDPELHQWDO\GHLQGLFDGRUGHODV SROtWLFDVKDFLDODVRVWHQLELOLGDGGHOD5HVHUYD,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD%LRVIHUD 6($)/2:(5 -RKQQ\$OHMDQGUR:DONHU&iUGHQDV, Rosell Robinson Fernández\-RVp Ernesto Mancera Pineda Palabras clave: +XHOOD (FROyJLFD ELRFDSDFLGDG 6DQ $QGUpV 3URYLGHQFLD0DU&DULEH5HVHUYD%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHUGp¿FLWHFROyJLFR ELRSURGXFWLYLGDG ABSTRACT To assess the current use of the resources of the marine reserve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niversidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Caribe. Dirección de correspondencia: jemancerap@ unal.edu.co 64 +XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQHO$UFKLSLpODJRGH6DQ$QGUpV3URYLGHQFLD\6DQWD&DWDOLQDUHVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU UHPDUNDEOHHFRORJLFDOGH¿FLWWKHUHVXOWVDUHVWLOOZRUU\LQJEHFDXVHFRQVXPHUKDELWVDQGZDVWH JHQHUDWLRQRIWKHSRSXODWLRQDUHFORVHWRWKHELRFDSDFLW\RIHFRV\VWHPVDQGWKHUHIRUHFRXOGQRW EHPDLQWDLQHGRYHUWLPH7DNLQJLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHDERYHSRLQWVFDOFXODWLQJWKHHFRORJLFDO IRRWSULQWDQGELRFDSDFLW\RI6DQ$QGUHVDQG3URYLGHQFHDLPVWRVHUYHERWKDQLQVWUXPHQWRI HQYLURQPHQWDODZDUHQHVVDVDQLQGLFDWRURISROLFLHVWRZDUGVVXVWDLQDELOLW\RIWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO ELRVSKHUHUHVHUYH6HDÀRZHU Keywords: (FRORJLFDO )RRWSULQW ELRFDSDFLW\ 6DQ $QGUHV 3URYLGHQFH &DULEEHDQ 6HD 6HDÀRZHU%LRVSKHUH5HVHUYHHFRORJLFDOGH¿FLWELRSURGXFWLYLW\ INTRODUCCIÓN /D SODQL¿FDFLyQ UHJLRQDO VH OLJD DO SHQVDPLHQWR HFRQyPLFR \ VRFLDO \ SODQWHD DO GHVDUUROOR FRPRXQLQGLFDGRUGHOFUHFLPLHQWRHFRQyPLFR(QHVWHFRQWH[WRODSHUVSHFWLYDGHXQDIXHUWH VRVWHQLELOLGDG ORFDO VH SUHVHQWD FRPR XQ DQiOLVLV GH OD FLXGDG VRVWHQLEOH HQWHQGLGD pVWD GHVGHODDUWLFXODFLyQXUEDQRUHJLRQDOPHGLDQWHODGLQiPLFDHFROyJLFDGHOXVR\GHWHULRURGHORV HFRVLVWHPDVRFDVLRQDGDSRUHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODVXUEHV\GHVFULWDPHGLDQWHLQGLFDGRUHV GHVRVWHQLELOLGDGTXHGHVDUUROODQORVFRQFHSWRVGHEcosistemas Estratégicos \ de Eco región Urbana&RQHOSDVDUGHORVDxRVVHKDLQFUHPHQWDGRHOFRQVXPRGHVDIRUDGRGHORV UHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV\VHUYLFLRVDPELHQWDOHVSURYHtGRVSRUHO$UFKLSLpODJR(VWHH[FHVLYRFRQVXPR VHKDLQFUHPHQWDGRGHPDQHUDWDOTXHVHKDSXHVWRHQSHOLJURODHVWDELOLGDGGHOGHOLFDGRVLVWHPD LQWHUQRGHUHFXSHUDFLyQ\DEDVWHFLPLHQWR 'HELGRDOEDMRFRQRFLPLHQWRTXHVHWLHQHHQFXDQWRDORVLPSDFWRVJHQHUDGRVVREUHOD5HVHUYD GH%LRVIHUD6($)/2:(53URJUDPD³0DQDQGWKH%LRVSKHUH´0$%GHOD81(6&2HQHODxR 2000) (SEAFLOWER), se crea la necesidad de realizar estudios de caso debido a que no se FXHQWDFRQLQIRUPDFLyQFODUDDFHUFDGHFXiOSXHGHVHUHOSULQFLSDOFDXVDQWHGHOHVWDGRDFWXDO HQHOTXHVHHQFXHQWUDODLVOD3RUPHGLRGHHVWHHVWXGLRVHWUDWDUiGHGHPRVWUDUFXiOHVVRQORV SULQFLSDOHVLPSDFWRVVREUHHO$UFKLSLpODJRVXVFDXVDV\ODVSRVLEOHVFRQVHFXHQFLDVTXHWUDHQ FRQVLJR\DVtUHÀH[LRQDUVLODLVODVHHQFXHQWUDVREUHSREODGDVLODFDUJDSREODFLRQDODFWXDOGH ODLVODHVVXSOLGDSRUFRPSOHWR\VLQRVHQFRQWUDPRVVREUHH[SORWDQGRQXHVWURVUHFXUVRV &RQPLUDVDPHMRUDUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRVREUHORVLPSDFWRVDQWUySLFRVJHQHUDGRVHQHODUFKLSLpODJR VH FDOFXOy OD +XHOOD (FROyJLFD \ OD ELRFDSDFLGDG /D +XHOOD (FROyJLFD HV XQ LQGLFDGRU GH VRVWHQLELOLGDGTXHPLGHWRGRVORVLPSDFWRVTXHSURGXFHXQDSREODFLyQHQKHFWiUHDVJOREDOHV 8QDKHFWiUHDJOREDOHVXQDKHFWiUHDFRQODFDSDFLGDGPXQGLDOSURPHGLRGHSURGXFLUUHFXUVRV\ DEVRUEHUGHVHFKRV/D+XHOOD(FROyJLFDVHPLGHFRQEDVHHQGRViUHDVODQHFHVDULDSDUDSURGXFLU ORVUHFXUVRVUHTXHULGRVSRUXQDSREODFLyQFXOWLYRVSDVWRVERVTXHV\HOiUHDSDUDGLVSRQHU EDVXUDV DJXDV VHUYLGDV \ RWURV UHVLGXRV /D ELRFDSDFLGDG VH GH¿QH FRPR OD GLVSRQLELOLGDG GHUHFXUVRVVREUHXQDVXSHU¿FLHELROyJLFDPHQWHSURGXFWLYDVHJ~QFDWHJRUtDVFXOWLYRVSDVWRV PDUSURGXFWLYR\ERVTXHVH[SUHVDGDHQWpUPLQRVGRPLQDQWHV KDRSHUFiSLWDKDFDS/D FRPSDUDFLyQHQWUH+XHOOD(FROyJLFD\ELRFDSDFLGDGSHUPLWHFRQRFHUHOQLYHOGHGp¿FLWRUHVHUYD HFROyJLFDH[LVWHQWH:DFNHUQDJHO\5HHV(OSURSyVLWRSULQFLSDOGHOSUHVHQWHHVWXGLRHV KDFHUXQEDODQFHHQWUHODRIHUWDDPELHQWDODFWXDOGHOD5HVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHUFRPRXQ HQIRTXHFRPSOHPHQWDULRSDUDHQWHQGHUODSUREOHPiWLFDDPELHQWDODVRFLDGDDORVSURFHVRVGH XUEDQL]DFLyQ\ODVGHPDQGDVGHQDWXUDOH]DTXHJHQHUDQORVPRGRVGHYLGD\FRVWXPEUHVGH ORVKDELWDQWHV &XDGHUQRVGHO&DULEH1o 13 &RPR REMHWLYR JHQHUDO GH HVWH WUDEDMR VH SUHWHQGH HYDOXDU HO JUDGR GH GHPDQGD VREUH ORV HFRVLVWHPDV GH 6DQ$QGUpV \ 3URYLGHQFLD PHGLDQWH OD HVWLPDFLyQ GHO EDODQFH HQWUH +XHOOD (FROyJLFD\ELRFDFSDFLGDG(VWHWUDEDMRVHUiLQVXPRGHIXWXURVSODQHVGHPDQHMRGHOD5HVHUYD GHOD%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU&RPRREMHWLYRVHVSHFt¿FRVVHSUHWHQGHDQDOL]DUPHGLDQWHODSUXHED GH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDODLQÀXHQFLDGHODVFRPXQLGDGHVVREUHHOVLVWHPDGHUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV GHWHUPLQDUFXiOHVHOULHVJRTXHWLHQHODLVODGH6DQ$QGUpVGHQRFRQWDUFRQORVUHFXUVRVSDUD VXDEDVWHFLPLHQWR\SODQWHDUDOWHUQDWLYDV\SURSXHVWDVGHXVRUDFLRQDO\H¿FLHQWHGHORVUHFXUVRV GDODLVOD MÉTODOS Cálculo de una hectárea global &RQHO¿QGHSRGHUH[SUHVDUORVUHVXOWDGRVGHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQXQDVRODXQLGDGGHPHGLGD ODFRQWDELOLGDGGHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDQRUPDOL]DGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHiUHDVSDUDWHQHUHQFXHQWD ODVGLIHUHQFLDVHQODSURGXFWLYLGDGHQWUHHOPDU\ODWLHUUD7DEOD)DFWRUHVGHHTXLYDOHQFLD\ IDFWRUHVGHUHQGLPLHQWRVHXWLOL]DQSDUDFRQYHUWLU]RQDVUHDOHVGHKHFWiUHDVGHGLIHUHQWHVWLSRV GHWLHUUDVHQVXHTXLYDOHQWHDOQ~PHURGHKHFWiUHDVPXQGLDOHV Tabla 1. Tipos de terrenos productivos para el cálculo de la Huella Ecológica Cultivos 6XSHU¿FLHVFRQDFWLYLGDGDJUtFROD\TXHFRQVWLWX\HQODWLHUUDPiVSURGXFWLYD HFROyJLFDPHQWH(VGRQGHKD\XQDPD\RUSURGXFFLyQGHELRPDVDXWLOL]DEOH SRUODVFRPXQLGDGHVKXPDQDV Pastos (VSDFLRV XWLOL]DGRV SDUD HO SDVWRUHR GH JDQDGR \ HQ JHQHUDO FRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWHPHQRVSURGXFWLYDTXHODDJUtFROD Bosques 6XSHU¿FLHVIRUHVWDOHV\DVHDQQDWXUDOHVRUHSREODGDVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQ H[SORWDFLyQ Mar productivo 6XSHU¿FLHVPDULQDVHQODVTXHH[LVWHXQDSURGXFFLyQELROyJLFDPtQLPDSDUD TXHSXHGDVHUDSURYHFKDGDSRUODVRFLHGDGKXPDQD Transformación de los consumos en superficie biológica productiva apropiada a través de índices de productividad (OORHTXLYDOHDFDOFXODUODVXSHU¿FLHQHFHVDULDSDUDVDWLVIDFHUHOFRQVXPRPHGLRSRUKDELWDQWH GHXQGHWHUPLQDGRSURGXFWR3DUDHOORVHXWLOL]DQYDORUHVGHSURGXFWLYLGDG +8(//$(&2/Ï*,&$ &216802352'8&7,9,'$' /RVYDORUHVGHSURGXFWLYLGDGSXHGHQHVWDUUHIHULGRVDHVFDODJOREDORELHQVHSXHGHQFDOFXODU HVSHFt¿FDPHQWHSDUDXQGHWHUPLQDGRWHUULWRULR Déficit ecológico /DELRFDSDFLGDG GHXQWHUULWRULRVHGH¿QHFRPRODGLVSRQLELOLGDGGHUHFXUVRVVREUHXQDVXSHU¿FLH ELROyJLFDPHQWH SURGXFWLYD VHJ~Q FDWHJRUtDV FXOWLYRV SDVWRV PDU SURGXFWLYR \ ERVTXHV H[SUHVDGDHQWpUPLQRVGRPLQDQWHVKDRSHUFiSLWDKDFDS 65 66 +XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQHO$UFKLSLpODJRGH6DQ$QGUpV3URYLGHQFLD\6DQWD&DWDOLQDUHVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU /DFRPSDUDFLyQHQWUHORVYDORUHVGHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFD\ODELRFDSDFLGDGSHUPLWHFRQRFHUHO QLYHOGHGp¿FLWRH[FHVRHFROyJLFRH[LVWHQWHHQHOiPELWRGHHVWXGLR6LHOYDORUGHOD+XHOOD (FROyJLFDHVWiSRUHQFLPDGHODFDSDFLGDGGHFDUJDORFDOODUHJLyQSUHVHQWDXQGp¿FLWHFROyJLFR 6LSRUHOFRQWUDULRODFDSDFLGDGGHFDUJDHVLJXDORPD\RUDOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDODUHJLyQGLVSRQH GHH[FHGHQWHHFROyJLFRVLHPSUHWHQLHQGRHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQODVOLPLWDFLRQHVGHOLQGLFDGRU 8QGp¿FLWHFROyJLFRUHSUHVHQWDODFDQWLGDGSRUODFXDO/D+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGHXQDSREODFLyQ H[FHGHODELRFDSDFLGDGGLVSRQLEOHGHOWHUULWRULRGHHVWDSREODFLyQHQXQGHWHUPLQDGRDxR8QD QDFLyQ SXHGH RSHUDU VX HFRQRPtD FRQ XQ Gp¿FLW HFROyJLFR SRQLHQGR GHPDQGDV D ORV ELHQHV FRPXQHV\SXHGHDJRWDUVXVSURSLRVDFWLYRVHFROyJLFRV8QDSREODFLyQFRQXQD+XHOOD(FROyJLFD PHQRUTXHODGLVSRQLEOHSDUDVXELRFDSDFLGDGRSHUDFRPRXQDUHVHUYDHFROyJLFDORRSXHVWRD XQGp¿FLWHFROyJLFR8QSODQHWDDQXDOLJXDODODSURGXFWLYLGDGWRWDOGHPDWHULDOELROyJLFRTXHVH SXHGH XWLOL]DU SRU HO SODQHWD HQ XQ DxR GDGR /D FRPSDUDFLyQ HQWUH ORV YDORUHV GH OD +XHOOD (FROyJLFD\ODFDSDFLGDGGHFDUJDORFDOSHUPLWHFRQRFHUHOQLYHOGHDXWRVX¿FLHQFLDGHOiPELWRGH HVWXGLR7DO\FRPRVHLQGLFDHQOD7DEOD Tabla 2: Comparación entre la Huella Ecológica y la Capacidad de Carga Huella Ecológica > Capacidad de Carga /DUHJLyQSUHVHQWDXQGp¿FLWFROyJLFR Huella Ecológica = Capacidad de Carga /DUHJLyQHVDXWRVX¿FLHQWH (QHOPDUFRGHODVRVWHQLELOLGDGHOREMHWLYR¿QDOGHXQDVRFLHGDGHVHOGHGLVSRQHUGHXQD+XHOOD (FROyJLFDTXHQRVREUHSDVHVXFDSDFLGDGGHFDUJD\SRUWDQWRTXHHOGp¿FLWHFROyJLFRVHDFHUR 3DUDSURGXFLUFXDOTXLHUSURGXFWRLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHOWLSRGHWHFQRORJtDXWLOL]DGDVHQHFHVLWD XQÀXMRGHPDWHULDOHV\HQHUJtDSURGXFLGRVHQ~OWLPDLQVWDQFLDSRUVLVWHPDVHFROyJLFRV7DPELpQ HVWRVVLVWHPDVVRQIXQGDPHQWDOHVSDUDUHDEVRUEHUORVUHVLGXRVJHQHUDGRVGXUDQWHHOSURFHVR GH SURGXFFLyQ \ HO XVR GH ORV SURGXFWRV ¿QDOHV /RV HVSDFLRV QDWXUDOHV VRQ RFXSDGRV FRQ LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVYLYLHQGDVHTXLSDPLHQWRVHWFUHGXFLHQGRDVtODVVXSHU¿FLHGHORVHFRVLVWHPDV SURGXFWLYRV $XQTXH HVWH LQGLFDGRU LQWHJUD P~OWLSOHV LPSDFWRV KD\ TXH WHQHU HQ FXHQWD HQWUH RWURV ORV VLJXLHQWHV DVSHFWRV TXH VXEHVWLPDQ HO LPSDFWR DPELHQWDO UHDO QR TXHGDQ FRQWDELOL]DGRV DOJXQRVLPSDFWRVFRPRODFRQWDPLQDFLyQGHOVXHORODFRQWDPLQDFLyQGHODJXDODHURVLyQ\OD FRQWDPLQDFLyQDWPRVIpULFDDH[FHSFLyQGHO&226HDVXPHTXHODVSUiFWLFDVHQORVVHFWRUHV DJUtFROD JDQDGHUR \ IRUHVWDO VRQ VRVWHQLEOH SRU HMHPSOR TXH OD SURGXFWLYLGDG GHO VXHOR QR GLVPLQX\HFRQHOWLHPSR2EYLDPHQWHFRQHOWLHPSRODSURGXFWLYLGDGGLVPLQX\HDFDXVDGHOD HURVLyQFRQWDPLQDFLyQHQWUHRWURVIDFWRUHV /DVLVODVGH6DQ$QGUpV\3URYLGHQFLDHVWiQVLWXDGDVHQHOVHFWRURFFLGHQWDOGHOPDU&DULEHFRQ XQDH[WHQVLyQGH\.P2UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH9DUJDV(VWDVLVODVVHXELFDQVREUHXQD SODWDIRUPDLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHODFRQWLQHQWDOTXHSRVHHHQWUHRWURVHFRVLVWHPDVDUUHFLIHVULFRV HQUHFXUVRVSHVTXHURV\ELRGLYHUVLGDG)LJV\/DSREODFLyQHQ6DQ$QGUpVHVGH KDELWDQWHVXQDGHODVPiVGHQVDVHQODUHJLyQ&DULEH/DLVODGH3URYLGHQFLDTXHVHHQFXHQWUD DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHDNPGHO1RUHVWHGH6DQ$QGUpVSUHVHQWDXQDSREODFLyQDSUR[LPDGDGH KDELWDQWHV/DSULQFLSDODFWLYLGDGSURGXFWLYDHVHOWXULVPRTXHMXQWRFRQRWUDVDFWLYLGDGHV UHSUHVHQWDXQLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV'$1( &XDGHUQRVGHO&DULEH1o 13 Figura 1. Isla de San Andrés Figura 2. Isla de Providencia y Santa Catalina 67 +XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQHO$UFKLSLpODJRGH6DQ$QGUpV3URYLGHQFLD\6DQWD&DWDOLQDUHVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU (QHOSULPHUWULPHVWUHGHVHUHDOL]DURQHQFXHVWDVHQORVVHFWRUHV&HQWUR/RPD \ 6DQ /XLV GH OD LVOD GH 6DQ$QGUpV \ HQFXHVWDV HQ OD LVOD GH 3URYLGHQFLD 3DUD OD UHFROHFFLyQ GH GDWRV VH HPSOHy HO IRUPDWR HOHFWUyQLFR GLVSRQLEOH HQ OD :HE KWWSZZZ HDUWKGD\QHWIRRWSULQWLQGH[DVS GHO FXDO VH WRPDURQ ODV SUHJXQWDV EiVLFDV QHFHVDULDV SDUDHOGLVHxRGHODHQFXHVWD/DVSHUVRQDVHQFXHVWDGDVVHFODVLILFDURQSRUHGDGVH[R RFXSDFLyQ\SURFHGHQFLD/RVGDWRVIXHURQDQDOL]DGRVVHJ~QPHGLGDVGHWHQGHQFLDFHQWUDO \SUXHEDVt-student/RVUHVXOWDGRVVHFRPSDUDURQFRQYDORUHVQDFLRQDOHVFRQWLQHQWDOHV \PXQGLDOHV RESULTADOS (OYDORUGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDREWHQLGDSDUDODVLVODVGH6DQ$QGUpV\3URYLGHQFLDIXHGH '(\'(KHFWiUHDVJOREDOHVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH7DEOD$SULPHUDYLVWD VHSXHGHDSUHFLDUXQDGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHORVGDWRVGHODVLVODV\SRUHQGHHOHVWLORGHYLGD 'HLJXDOPDQHUDVHUHDOL]DURQFRPSDUDFLRQHVHVWDGtVWLFDVSDUDYHULILFDUORVUHVXOWDGRV\ HVWRVSURPHGLRVUHIOHMDURQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDV)LJ3DUDHOFDVRGH6DQ$QGUpV ORVYDORUHVPiVEDMRVVHREWXYLHURQHQHOVHFWRUGH6DQ/XLVVHJXLGRVSRU/RPD \&HQWUR 3,5 Hectárea Global 68 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 SAI PROV 0,5 0,0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 )LJXUD3URPHGLRVGHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDSDUDODVLVODV6DQ$QGUqV6$,\3URYLGHQFLD3529 /DEDUUDGHHUURULQGLFDHOLQWHUYDORGHFRQ¿DQ]DDO /DFRPSDUDFLyQHQWUHVH[RVLQGLFyTXHQRH[LVWHQGLIHUHQFLDVVLJQLILFDWLYDVHQORVYDORUHV GHO SURPHGLR GH +XHOOD (FROyJLFD QR REVWDQWH HO SURPHGLR HQ 6DQ $QGUpV IXH PD\RU SDUD ORV GDWRV JHQHUDOHV HQWUH JpQHURV LQGLFDQGR HVWR TXH QXHYDPHQWH VH HQFXHQWUDQ GLIHUHQFLDVHQWUHODVLVODV)LJ Hectárea Global &XDGHUQRVGHO&DULEH1o 13 MASCULINO SAI FEMENINO SAI MASCULINO PROV FEMENINO PROV 5.0 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 3 2,5 3,5 4 4,5 Figura 4. Promedio de la Huella Ecológica segùn sexo en las Islas de San Andrés y Providencia. /DEDUUDGHHUURULQGLFDHOLQWHUYDORGHFRQ¿DQ]DDO Hectárea Global /RV WUHV GLIHUHQWHV JUXSRV GH KDELWDQWHV GH OD LVOD GH 6DQ $QGUpV UHVLGHQWHV UDL]DOHV QR UDL]DOHV \ WXULVWDV HQFXHVWDGRV DUURMDURQ SURPHGLRV GH +XHOOD (FROyJLFD PX\ FHUFDQRV GH \UHVSHFWLYDPHQWHVLQTXHHVWDVGLIHUHQFLDVIXHUDQVLJQL¿FDWLYDVHVWDGtVWLFDPHQWH )LJ2EVHUYDQGRODVEDUUDVGHHUURUVHDSUHFLDTXHWFDPSRFRVHHQFXHQWUDQGLIHUHQFLDV VLJQL¿FDWLYDVHQODFRPSDUDFLyQHQWUHJUXSRVGHHGDGHQFDGDLVOD)LJV\ 4,5 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 SAI RAIZAL SAI NO RAIZAL SAI TURISTAS PRV RAIZAL 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 )LJXUD3URPHGLRGHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQWUHVGLIHUHQWHVJUXSRVGHKDELWDQWHVHQOD,VOD GH6DQ$QGUpV/DEDUUDGHHUURULQGLFDHOLQWHUYDORGHFRQ¿DQ]DDO 3DUDHOFiOFXORGHODELRSURGXFWLYLGDGGHODVLVODVVHLQWURGXMHURQHQXQVRORGDWRODViUHDVGH ERVTXHV\GHSDVWRVGHLJXDOPDQHUDVHWXYRHQFXHQWDTXHODDJULFXOWXUDHQ6DQ$QGUpV\ 3URYLGHQFLDHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHGHSDQFRJHUGDWRVREWHQLGRVGHOD6HFUHWDULDGH$JULFXOWXUD\ 3HVFD'HSDUWDPHQWDO'HHVWDIRUPDUHVXOWDURQKHFWiUHDVELRSURGXFWLYDVJOREDOHVSDUD6DQ $QGUpV\+HFWiUHDVELRSURGXFWLYDVJOREDOHVSDUD3URYLGHQFLD6LHQGRHQDPERVFDVRVPX\ LPSRUWDQWHHOPDUSURGXFWLYR7DEOD 69 Hectárea Global +XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQHO$UFKLSLpODJRGH6DQ$QGUpV3URYLGHQFLD\6DQWD&DWDOLQDUHVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU 4,0 3,5 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 18-31,1 31,1-44 44,1-57 57,1-70 70, 1-83 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3,5 3 4,5 4 )LJXUD3URPHGLRGHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDVHJ~QJUXSRGHHGDGHVHQOD,VODGH6DQ$QGUpV/D EDUUDGHHUURULQGLFDHOLQWHUYDORGHFRQ¿DQ]DDO 3,0 Hectárea Global 70 18-31 31,1-44 44,1-57 70,1-83 57,1-70 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 0 1 2 3 5 4 6 )LJXUD3URPHGLRGHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDVHJ~QJUXSRGHHGDGHVHQOD,VODGH3URYLGHQFLD /DEDUUDGHHUURULQGLFDHOLQWHUYDORGHFRQ¿DQ]DDO (OEDODQFHHQWUH+XHOOD(FROyJLFD\ELRSURGXFWLYLGDGDUURMyYDORUHVSRVLWLYRVLQGLFDQGRXQD UHVHUYDHFROyJLFDGH\KHFWiUHDVSDUD6DQ$QGUpV\3URYLGHQFLDUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH 7DEOD Tabla 3. Valores promedio de Huella Ecológica, discriminados por categorías, en hectáreas JOREDOHV393URYLGHQFLD396$,6DQ$QGUpVLVOD3DUD6$,VHHVSHFL¿FDQORVVHFWRUHV Centro, Loma y San Luis CATEGORIAS RESIDENCIA P.V S.A.I CENTRO LOMA SAN LUIS RAIZAL NO RAIZAL TURISTA &XDGHUQRVGHO&DULEH1o 13 CATEGORIAS SEXO EDAD S.A.I CENTRO LOMA SAN LUIS MASCULINO FEMENINO Amas de Casa Estudiantes PROMEDIO ,QWHUYDORGHFRQ¿DQ]D Desviación Estándar Valor Máximo Valor Mínimo Varianza Número encuestas ACTIVIDAD P.V (OSURPHGLRGHORVGDWRVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQORVSDUiPHWURVDQDOL]DGRVSDUDODVGRV ,VODVVHPDQWXYLHURQHQWUHXQYDORUGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD7DEOD(VWHYDORU LQGLFDTXHODGHPDQGDGHODSREODFLyQGHODV,VODVVREUHODELRVIHUDHQFRPSDUDFLyQFRQ OD ELRFDSDFLGDG SURPHGLR GH KHFWiUHDV JOREDOHV SHUVRQD 7DEOD QR UHSUHVHQWD WDQWRSHOLJURGHOOHJDUDXQDGHXGDHFROyJLFD\TXHODVLVODVSXHGHQSURGXFLUORVUHFXUVRV HFROyJLFRVTXHXWLOL]DQ(ODQWHULRUDQiOLVLVVHDSOLFDDOFRQMXQWRGHODVLVODVDOLQGLYLGXDOL]DU HVWHJUXSRVHREWLHQHTXHSDUDODLVODGH6DQ$QGUpVVHHQFXHQWUDXQGpILFLWRUHVHUYD HFROyJLFDGHKHFWiUHDVJOREDOHVSHUVRQD7DEOD+D\TXHWHQHUHQFXHQWDTXH SDUDORVUHVXOWDGRVDQWHULRUHVVHHPSOHDURQORVGDWRVREWHQLGRVGHODWRWDOLGDGGHSHUVRQDV HQFXHVWDGDVSHUVRQDV $OUHDOL]DUXQDLQFOXVLyQGHODViUHDVPDULQDVGHORVFD\RVLVORWHV\EDQFRVSHVTXHURVGHO DUFKLSLpODJRHQODHFXDFLyQGHELRFDSDFLGDG7DEODDVHREWLHQHTXHHVWDDUURMDXQRVYDORUH GHUHVHUYDDOWRV\DOGLYLGLUORHQWUHHOQ~PHURGHKDELWDQWHVGHODUFKLSLpODJRPXHVWUDTXHHVWH FXHQWDFRQXQDFDSDFLGDGGHKHFWiUHDVELRSURGXFWLYDVKDELWDQWH)yUPXOD 7DEOD&iOFXORGHODELRFDSDFLGDGXQLGDGHVHQKHFWiUHDVJOREDOHV Zonas Agrícolas Zona de bosques Zona marítima Total San Andrés Providencia Área 71 72 +XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQHO$UFKLSLpODJRGH6DQ$QGUpV3URYLGHQFLD\6DQWD&DWDOLQDUHVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU Tabla 4a. Cálculo de la biocapacidad en hectáreas regionales Área Zonas Agrícolas Zona de bosques Zona marítima Reserva de Biosfera ,QFOX\HÈUHDPDULQDGH ORVFD\RV Total 6LWHQHPRVHQFXHQWDODSURGXFWLYLGDGGHODUHVHUYDGHELRVIHUDHQFRQWUDVWHFRQVXSREODFLyQ VH SXHGH REWHQHU OD FDSDFLGDG GH FDUJD GH OD PLVPD SRU PHGLR GH OD VLJXLHQWH IyUPXOD %LRFDSDFLGDGUHJLRQDO1~PHURGH+DELWDQWHV Fórmula 1 172444.372 59573 ha = 2.89 hab 7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDHOUHVXOWDGRGHODDQWHULRUHFXDFLyQ\REVHUYDQGRTXHDQLYHOQDFLRQDOORV GDWRVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDVRQGHKHFWDUHDVKDE7DEODVHUHVWDODELRFDSDFLGDGGHO DUFKLSLpODJRFRQOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDQDFLRQDO\HVWDDUURMDXQYDORUGHKHFWDUHDVKDEGH VXSHUiYLWHQODUHVHUYDGHELRVIHUD (ODQWHULRUPpWRGRTXHFRQVLGHUDORVGDWRVGHODSREODFLyQUHJLRQDOWRWDOELRFDSDFLGDGUHJLRQDO WRWDO\+XHOOD(FROyJLFDDQLYHOQDFLRQDOHVXWLOL]DGRJHQHUDOPHQWHHQORVLQIRUPHVDQXDOHVGH +XHOOD(FROyJLFDJHQHUDGRVSRUHQWLGDGHVJXEHUQDPHQWDOHV Tabla 5. Huella Ecológica y Biocapacidad de San Andrés y Providencia y su comparación a nivel QDFLRQDO\JOREDOLQIRUPH3ODQHWD9LYR global ha/ persona 'p¿FLWR UHVHUYD Ecológica global ha/ persona Mundial Países Ricos Huella Ecológica Total global ha/ persona Países Pobres ÈIULFD $VLD3DFL¿FR Asia Central Norte América 8QLyQ(XURSHD 5HVWRGH(XURSD América Latina Colombia San Andrés Providencia Reserva de Biosfera Población millones Biocapacidad Total &XDGHUQRVGHO&DULEH1o 13 Huella Ecológica/RVSURPHGLRVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDSDUDODVLVODVGH6DQ$QGUpV\3URYLGHQFLD YDULDURQHQXQUDQJRHQWUH\)LJSDUDXQDHVWLPDFLyQFRQ,QWHUYDORGH&RQ¿DQ]DGHO VHREWXYRYDORUHVGHSDUD6DQ$QGUpV\SDUD3URYLGHQFLD)LJ&RPSDUDQGR FRQOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGHO0XQGRTXHHVGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD\ODGH&RORPELDTXHHVGH KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDLQIRUPHSODQHWDYLYRDQLYHOPXQGLDOODV,VODVSXHGHQHVWDUWHQLHQGRXQD GHXGDHFROyJLFDSHURDQLYHOUHJLRQDOVHPDQWLHQHHQXQYDORUHVWDEOHGHVRVWHQLELOLGDG /DYDULDFLyQVHJ~QHOJpQHURHQODVLVODVVHSUHVHQWDSDUDODSREODFLyQIHPHQLQDGH6DQ$QGUpVFRQ XQSURPHGLRGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD3DUDODSREODFLyQPDVFXOLQDVHSUHVHQWDXQSURPHGLR GHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD3DUDOD,VODGH3URYLGHQFLDORVYDORUHVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDRVFLODQ HQWUH\KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDFRQXQLQWHUYDOR GHFRQ¿DQ]DGHSDUDODSREODFLyQ 0DVFXOLQD\SDUDODSREODFLyQ)HPHQLQD)LJ (QOD)LJXUDVHDQDOL]DHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHOSURPHGLRGH+XHOOD(FRORJtDSDUDODVGRVLVODVVHJ~Q HOOXJDUGHSURFHGHQFLDGHODSREODFLyQ6HREVHUYDTXHSDUDODFRPXQLGDGUDL]DOGH6DQ$QGUpVVH SUHVHQWDXQSURPHGLRGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD/DSREODFLyQQRUDL]DO GH6DQ$QGUpVSUHVHQWyXQSURPHGLRGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD/DSREODFLyQWXULVWDGH6DQ $QGUpVSUHVHQWyXQSURPHGLRGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD(QODLVODGH 3URYLGHQFLDQRVHHQFXHVWyDQLQJXQDFRPXQLGDGQRUDL]DOGHODLVODWXULVWDV/DSREODFLyQUDL]DO SUHVHQWyXQSURPHGLRGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD (QFXDQWRDOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDVHJ~QODVHGDGHVVHSXHGHREVHUYDUTXHSDUD XQDHGDGHQWUHDxRVKD\XQSURPHGLRGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDSDUDDxRVVH SUHVHQWDXQSURPHGLRGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDSDUDVHSUHVHQWDXQSURPHGLRGH KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDSDUDXQDHGDGGHKD\XQSURPHGLRGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD \SDUDXQDHGDGGHVHSUHVHQWDXQSURPHGLRGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD)LJ /D FRPSDUDFLyQ GH OD +XHOOD (FROyJLFD SRU HGDGHV SDUD OD LVOD GH 3URYLGHQFLD SUHVHQWy YDORUHV SURPHGLRSDUDODHGDGHQWUHDxRV+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDSDUDOD HGDGHQWUHGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDSDUDODHGDGHQWUHVHSUHVHQWyGH KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDSDUDODHGDGHQWUHDxRVGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD\SDUDOD HGDGHQWUHDxRVGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD Hectárea Global /D )LJXUD SHUPLWH YHU TXH OD +XHOOD (FROyJLFD GH ORV HVWXGLDQWHV GH 6DQ$QGUpV SUHVHQWD XQ SURPHGLRGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDPLHQWUDVTXHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVGH 3URYLGHQFLDSUHVHQWDXQSURPHGLRGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD 3,0 2,5 2,0 1,5 ESTUDIANTES SAI ESTUDIANTES PROV 1,0 0,5 0,0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 Figura. 8: Promedios de Huella Ecológica para estudiantes de San Andrés y Providencia 73 +XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQHO$UFKLSLpODJRGH6DQ$QGUpV3URYLGHQFLD\6DQWD&DWDOLQDUHVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU En la Figura 9 se relaciona a las amas de casa de tres sectores de la isla de San Andrés con sus UHVSHFWLYRVYDORUHVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFD6HREVHUYDTXHHQHOVHFWRUGHOFHQWURODVDPDVGHFDVD SUHVHQWDQXQSURPHGLRGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQDODVDPDVGHFDVD GHOVHFWRUGHOD/RPDSUHVHQWDQXQ3URPHGLRGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD\ODVDPDVGHO VHFWRUGH6DQ/XLVSUHVHQWDQXQSURPHGLRGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD 3,5 Hectárea Global 74 3,0 2,5 AMAS DE CASA CENTRO AMAS DE CASA LOMA AMAS DE CASA SAN LUIS 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 0 1 2 4 3 )LJXUD3URPHGLRVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDSRU2FXSDFLyQ\SRUVHFWRUHVSDUD6DQ$QGUpV (QOD)LJXUDVHREVHUYDHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHOSURPHGLRGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGHODVGRVLVODV VHJ~QVXRFXSDFLyQ(QHVWHFDVRDOFRPSDUDUODVDPDVGHFDVDGHFDGDLVODVHSUHVHQWDSDUD OD LVOD GH 6DQ$QGUpV XQ SURPHGLR GH KHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD \ SDUD 3URYLGHQFLD VH SUHVHQWDXQSURPHGLRGHKHFWiUHDVSHUVRQD 6 5 Amas de casa San Andres Amas de casa Providencia 4 3 2 1 0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 Figura 10. Promedios de Huella Ecológica por ocupación para San Andrés y Providencia &XDGHUQRVGHO&DULEH1o 13 DISCUSIÓN (ODQiOLVLVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDELRFDSDFLGDG\HOEDODQFHHQWUHHVWRVGDXQDLGHDGHODVLWXDFLyQ GHVRVWHQLELOLGDGDPELHQWDOHQ6DQ$QGUpV\3URYLGHQFLDDOLJXDOTXHHOFRQMXQWRGHODUFKLSLpODJR 5HVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU &RPSDUDQGRORVUHVXOWDGRVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDGHOSUHVHQWHHVWXGLRFRQORVUHSRUWDGRVHQHO LQIRUPHGH3ODQHWDYLYR::)HOSURPHGLRSDUD3URYLGHQFLDHVLJXDODOSURPHGLR PXQGLDOSHURHOGH6DQ$QGUpVHVPiVHOHYDGR)LJ7DEOD(OYDORUREWHQLGRSDUD6DQ $QGUpVHVPiVDOWRTXHSDUDFXDOTXLHUSDtVGHODUHJLyQVRORFRPSDUDEOHFRQ7ULQLGDG\7REDJR )LJ /RV YDORUHV GH ELRFDSDFLGDG HQ DPEDV LVODV HVWiQ SRU HQFLPD GHO YDORU PXQGLDO UHVXOWDQGRHQXQEDODQFHSRVLWLYRUHVHUYDTXHGL¿HUHGHOEDODQFHQHJDWLYRGp¿FLWHVWLPDGR SDUDHOSODQHWDHQVXFRQMXQWR Figura 11. Distribución de la Huella Ecológica a nivel mundial. Tomado de www.wwf.org.co 75 76 +XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQHO$UFKLSLpODJRGH6DQ$QGUpV3URYLGHQFLD\6DQWD&DWDOLQDUHVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU Figura 12. Huella Ecológica América Latina y El Caribe. Tomado de www.wwf.org.co &XDGHUQRVGHO&DULEH1o 13 &RQUHODFLyQD&RORPELDORVYDORUHVGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDHVWiQPX\SRUHQFLPDHVSHFLDOPHQWH HQHOFDVRGH6DQ$QGUpVTXHVXSHUDHQPiVGHOGREOHOD+XHOODGH&RORPELD$XQTXHHVWD LVODQRFXHQWDFRQXQGp¿FLWHFROyJLFRQRWDEOHD~QORVUHVXOWDGRVVRQSUHRFXSDQWHVSXHVORV KiELWRVGHFRQVXPR\JHQHUDFLyQGHUHVLGXRVGHODSREODFLyQHVWiQFHUFDQRVDODELRFDSDFLGDG GHORVHFRVLVWHPDVSRUORTXHQRSRGUtDQVHUPDQWHQLGRVHQHOWLHPSR6LVHFRQVLGHUDTXHHO EDODQFH VXEHVWLPD HO LPSDFWR DPELHQWDO UHDO DO QR LQFOXLU LPSDFWRV FRPR FRQWDPLQDFLyQ GHO VXHORDJXDDWPyVIHUDDH[FHSFLyQGHO&22\TXHDVXPHTXHODVSUiFWLFDVHQORVVHFWRUHV DJUtFRODJDQDGHUR\SHVTXHURVRQVRVWHQLEOHVODVLWXDFLyQHVPiVXUJHQWHD~Q 'HRWUDSDUWHSHVHDVXVOLPLWDFLRQHVHOtQGLFHGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFDSODQWHDHQUHODFLyQDOD HVWUDWHJLDGHODVRVWHQLELOLGDGRSRUWXQLGDGHVTXHKD\TXHGHVWDFDU$JUXSDHQXQVRORYDORUOD LQWHQVLGDGGHOLPSDFWRTXHXQDFRPXQLGDGKXPDQDHMHUFHVREUHORVHFRVLVWHPDVWDQWRSRUHO FRQVXPRGHUHFXUVRVFRPRSRUODJHQHUDFLyQGHUHVLGXRV$VtPLVPROD+XHOOD(FROyJLFDSHUPLWH GH¿QLU\YLVXDOL]DUODGHSHQGHQFLDGHODVVRFLHGDGHVKXPDQDVUHVSHFWRDOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHORV HFRVLVWHPDVGHOSODQHWDDSDUWLUGHVXSHU¿FLHVDSURSLDGDVSDUDVDWLVIDFHUXQGHWHUPLQDGRQLYHO GHFRQVXPR &RQVLGHUDQGRORVSXQWRVDQWHULRUHVHOFiOFXORGHOD+XHOOD(FROyJLFD\ELRFDSDFLGDGGH6DQ $QGUpV\3URYLGHQFLDHVXQDEXHQDDSUR[LPDFLyQDOSDQRUDPDDFWXDOHQHOTXHVHHQFXHQWUDOD 5HVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU6HDÀRZHU$VtHVWRVFiOFXORVVRQXQUHFXUVRYDOLRVRSDUDWRPDU PHGLGDV \ DFFLRQHV FRUUHFWLYDV \ SUHYHQWLYDV GH PDQHUD TXH VH ORJUH PLQLPL]DU \ HYLWDU ODV SRVLEOHVLPSOLFDFLRQHVGHODDFFLyQDQWUySLFDVREUHORVHFRVLVWHPDV RECOMENDACIONES Para la disminución del índice de Huella Ecológica en la isla de San Andrés, se requiere realizar XQDDFWLYDFLyQGHODFDGHQDSURGXFWLYDHVGHFLUUHDOL]DUMRUQDGDVGHHGXFDFLyQHLQFHQWLYDFLyQ SDUD HO VHFWRU DJURSHFXDULR GH ODV LVODV 'H HVWD PDQHUD VH UHGXFLUtDQ ODV LPSRUWDFLRQHV GH SURGXFWRV\HODSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVGHO$UFKLSLpODJRVHIRPHQWDUtDFRQ HOGHVDUUROORGHODSURGXFLyQOLPSLDORFDO7DOFDPELRWDPELpQGLVPLQXLUtDODSURGXFFLyQGH&22 \UHVLGXRV ,QFHQWLYDUODHGXFDFLyQDPELHQWDOYLQFXODQGRODVHQWLGDGHVHGXFDWLYDVDORVSUR\HFWRVGHRUGHQ DPELHQWDOSDUDHGXFDU\FRQFLHQWL]DUDODSREODFLyQPiVMRYHQGHODLVODHVIXQGDPHQWDOGDGR TXHHVWDSREODFLyQH[KLELyHOPD\RUtQGLFHGH+XHOOD(FROyJLFD 6HDFRQVHMDLPSXOVDUORVSUR\HFWRVGHRUGHQIRUHVWDOFRQHO¿QGHDXPHQWDUODEDMDGHQVLGDG IRUHVWDOSUHVHQWHHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQODLVODGH6DQ$QGUpV 77 78 +XHOOD(FROyJLFDHQHO$UFKLSLpODJRGH6DQ$QGUpV3URYLGHQFLD\6DQWD&DWDOLQDUHVHUYDGH%LRVIHUD6HDÀRZHU BIBLIOGRAFÍA '$1( &HQVR *HQHUDO 1LYHO 1DFLRQDO 'HSDUWDPHQWR$GPLQLVWUDWLYR 1DFLRQDO GH (VWDGtVWLFD 9DUJDV**HRORJtDGHOD,VODGH6DQ$QGUpV&RORPELD*HRORJtD&RORPELDQDSS ¿JV%RJRWi :DFNHUQDJHO0\5HHV:(2XU(FRORJLFDO)RRWSULQW5HGXFLQJ+XPDQ,PSDFWRQWKH (DUWK*DEULROD,VODQG%&1HZ6RFLHW\3XEOLVKHUV ::),QWHUQDWLRQDO/LYLQJ3ODQHW5HSRUW*ODQG6ZLW]HUODQG AGRADECIMIENTOS &UpGLWRIRWRV*RRJOH(DUWK0DXULFLR6DOD]DU)RWR/DXUD$JXDV)RWRV$QWKRQ\ 5RMDV)RWR0RQLFD-D\)RWRV$OH[DQGUD7REDU)RWRV-RKQQ\:DONHU)RWRV