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REV. INVES TIG. ALTO AND IN
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Ch lnaoajpa ]np_qhk) oa ^]o] aj h] na]he`]` mqa dku aj `] ah Lqark A `eck Nnk_ao]h Naj]h nacqh] aj oq ]np_qhk /3-)
naola_pk ]h ]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk mqa b]_qhp] ] hko _eq`]`]jko `a ] lea ] ]nnaop]n ] qj `ahej_qajpa ej bn]c]jpe) ao `a_en
ejia`e]p]iajpa `aolq o `a na]hev]n qj da_dk lqje^ha) `a^eaj`k lkjanhk `a ejia`e]pk ] `eolkoe_e j `a h] _kieo]n]
i o _an_]j] `a h] Nkhe_] L]_ekj]h `ah Nan ) l]n] mqa oa lnk_a`] `a ]_qan`k ] hko lnk_a`eieajpko aop]^ha_e`ko lkn
h] hau) naolap]j`k pk`]o h]o c]n]jp]o mqa lnaop] ah jqark _ `eck lnk_ao]h laj]h u h] _kjopepq_e j Nkhpe_] `ah Cop]`k)
]o_kik h]o jkni]o u pn]p]`ko ejpanj]_ekj]hao `a hko mqa ah Nan ao l]npa) aj _kj_kn`]j_e] _kj ah `a^e`k lnk_aok)
oej ai^]nck aj h] jkni] ^]fk _kiajp]nek oa d]j `apa_p]`k b]haj_e]o lkn b]hp] `a _]l]_ep]_e j aj h]o lanokj]o
b]_qhp]`]o) ao `a_en hko _eq`]`]jko knc]jev]`ko l]n] lnarajen hko eh_epko laj]hao mqa lq`ean]j cajan]noa aj oqo
_ki qje`]`ao ]^qo]j `ah `ana_dk mqa hao b]_qhp]) lkn _q]jpk aopko oa at_a`aj aj ah i]hpn]pk u ]^qok `a hko
`ahej_qajpao mqa okj oknlnaj`e`ko u ]nnaop]`ko rqhjan]j`k oqo `ana_dko bqj`]iajp]hao _kik okj h] ejpacne`]`
boe_]) i kn]h u d]op] h] lnkle] re`] oeaj`k ]fqope_e]`ko lkn h] bqne] `a h] pqn^] oeaj`k ]fqope_e]`ko u i]hpn]p]`ko)
l]o]j`k hko _eq`]`]jko `a _kh]^kn]`knao `a h] fqope_e] ] `ajqj_e]`ko lkn haoekjao harao) cn]rao u d]op] lkn dkie_e`ek)
] _]qo] `a qj] i]h] ejpanlnap]_e j k `aoejbkni]_e j `a h] b]_qhp]` mqa lkoaaj) _kj i]ukn ej_e`aj_e] aj h]o vkj]o
qn^]jk i]ncej]hao u _kiqje`]`ao _]ilaoej]o+
N]n] iepec]n aopa `aohev ok_e]h _kjoe`ank mqa ah Cop]`k `a^a knc]jev]n ] hko _eq`]`]jko mqa ejpacn]j h]o nkj`]o `a
oacqne`]` `a oqo _kiqj]o _kj qj pn]^]fk aj _kjfqjpk _kj h] Nkhe_] L]_ekj]h `ah Nan u h]o iqje_el]he`]`ao ]
pn]r o `a oqo oanaj]vcko+
Cj ah lnaoajpa ]np_qhk) daiko `ao]nnkhh]`k qj] r]op] atlhe_]_e j a ejpanlnap]_e j `a h]o jkni]o lnk_ao]hao laj]hao
mqa _kjopepquaj ah ia_]jeoik hac]h `ah pn]p]ieajpk ] hko `ahej_qajpao mqa okj oknlnaj`e`ko aj bh]cn]j_e] `ahe_per])
`ao_ne^eaj`k hko namqeoepko b _pe_ko mqa lnar h] haceoh]_e j) ]o_kik h] ehac]he`]` aj ah ]_pq]n ]^qoerk `a h] b]_qhp]`
`a h] mqa aop j lnai qje`ko u h] `abajo] hac]h mqa pk`ko hko oanao dqi]jko _kjp]iko `a ]_qan`k ] hko `ana_dko
dqi]jko u ah naolapk ] h] `ecje`]` lkn ah `ana_dk ] h] re`]) hk mqa aop aop]^ha_e`k lqjpq]hiajpa aj h]o _kj_hqoekjao
]nne^]`]o aj ah lnaoajpa ]np_qhk+
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Rdeo ]npe_ha eo ^]oa` kj pda na]hepu pd]p pk`]u pda Las Aneiej]h Nnk_a`qna Ak`a nacqh]pao ej ?npe_ha /3- pdanakb)
nac]n`ejc pda _epevajzo ]nnaop pd]p ailksano kn`ej]nu _epevajo pk ]nnaop ] _nei ej]h ej pda ]_p) ea ei ia`e]pahu bkhhksejc
]j kbbajoa ]j` od]hh lqp ep eiia`e]pahu ]r]eh]^ha pk pda ja]naop _kiieooekjan kb pda L]pekj]h Nkhe_a kb Nanq) pk ^a
]llnklne]pa ej ]__kn`]j_a sepd lnk_a`qnao aop]^heoda` ^u h]s) naola_pejc ]hh pda cq]n]jpaao lnkre`a` ^u pda jas
laj]h _k`a ]j` _kjopepqpekj Qp]pa lkhe_u ]j` nacqh]pekjo ]j` ejpanj]pekj]h pna]peao pk sde_d Nanq eo ] l]npu) ej ]__kn`]j_a
sepd `qa lnk_aoo) ^qp ej pda op]j`]n` qj`an nareas sana `apa_pa` b]ehqnao `qa pk h]_g kb pn]ejejc lanokjo ]qpdkneva`)
ea _epevajo knc]jeva` pk lnarajp _neiej]h ]_po pd]p iecdp ]neoa ej pdaen _kiiqjepeao ]^qoa pda h]s ]hhksejc pdai)
^a_]qoa pdaoa ]na at_aa`a` ej pda ieopna]piajp ]j` ]^qoa kb kbbaj`ano sdk ]na _]qcdp ]j` ]nnaopa` rekh]pejc pdaen
bqj`]iajp]h necdpo oq_d ]o lduoe_]h) ikn]h ejpacnepu ]j` pk yo heba ^aejc ata_qpa` ^u pda bqnu kb pda ik^ ^aejc ata_qpa`
]j` ieopna]pa`) bnki _epevajo pk fqope_a _khh]^kn]pkno nalknpa` ^u iejkn) oanekqo ejfqnu ]j` araj iqn`an) ^a_]qoa kb ]
ieoqj`anop]j`ejc kn ieoejbkni]pekj b]_qhpu lkooaooejc) sepd pda decdaop ej_e`aj_a ej i]ncej]h qn^]j ]na]o ]j` nqn]h
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Rk iepec]pa pdeo ok_e]h b]qt l]o G pdejg pda op]pa odkqh` knc]jeva pda _epevajo pd]p i]ga ql pda nkqj`o sepd pdaen
_kii qjepeao skngejc pkcapdan sepd pda L]pekj]h Nkhe_a kb Nanq ]j` iqje_el]hepeao pdnkqcd epo oanaj]vcko+
Gj pdeo l]lan) sa d]ra `arahkla` ]j atpajoera atlh]j]pekj ]j` ejpanlnap]pekj kb _neiej]h lnk_a`qn]h nqhao pd]p _kjopepqpa
pda hac]h ia_d]jeoi kb pna]piajp pk kbbaj`ano sdk ]na _]qcdp ej _nei ej]h na`*d]j`a`) `ao_ne^ejc pda b]_pq]h
namqenaiajpo ]o lnao_ne^a` ^u h]s ]j` ehhac]hepu ej pda ]_p ]^qoa kb pda lksan pk sde_d pdau ]na pnqhu amqella` ]j`
hac]h `abajoa pd]p ]hh dqi]j ^aejco d]ra) ]__kn`ejc pk dqi]j necdpo ]j` naola_p bkn pda `ecjepu kb pda necdp pk heba)
sde_d eo aop]^heoda` kj peia ej pda _kj_hqoekjo na]_da` ej pda lnaoajp ]npe_ha+
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Cj jqaopnk N]o) pk`k oqfapk ej bn]c]jpe lk`n oan ]lnadaj`e`k lkn
_q]hmqean _eq`]`]jk k lkn h] Nkhe_] L]_ekj]h) ]`ai o aop j
b]_qhp]`ko ] `apajan) oej i]j`]pk fq`e_e]h+
Bao`a `ah -. `a fqhek `ah /--6) pk`] lanokj] lqa`a lnk_a`an ]h
]nnaopk `a _q]hmqean oqfapk aj _]ok `a bh]cn]jpa `ahepk) ]h lkjanoa
aj recaj_e] aj pk`k ah l]o h] Jau L /604/) mqa ik`ebe_] hko
]np_qhko /26 u /3- `ah jqark A `eck Nnk_ao]h Naj]h) nabane`ko
lna_eo]iajpa ]h ]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk u ] h] `apaj_e j oej i]j`]pk
fq`e_e]h)] mqeaj oknlnaj`] aj bh]cn]jpa `ahepk+ J] lneian] `eolkoe_e j
nabeana mqa h] Nkhe_] `apaj`n ) oej i]j`]pk fq`e_e]h) ] mqeaj
oknlnaj`] aj bh]cn]jpa `ahepk+ Cteopen bh]cn]j_e]) ]`ai o) _q]j`k
h] na]hev]_e j `ah da_dk lqje^ha ao ]_pq]h u) aj ao] _en_qjop]j_e]) ah
]qpkn ao `ao_q^eanpk) k _q]j`k ao lanoacqe`k u _]lpqn]`k
ejia`e]p]iajpa `a d]^an na]hev]`k ah ]_pk lqje^ha) k oe ao
oknlnaj`e`k _kj k^fapko k dqahh]o mqa narahaj mqa ]_]^] `a
afa_qp]nhk+
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_]oko ]jpao `ao_nepko) pk`] lanokj] p]i^e j lk`n lnk_a`an ]h
]nnaopk aj aop]`k `a bh]cn]j_e] `ahe_per]+ ?cnac] mqa) aj ao]
_en_qjop]j_e]) `a^an ajpnac]n aj bkni] ejia`e]p] ] h] Nkhe_] i o
_an_]j]) ]h ]nnaop]`k u ] h]o _ko]o mqa _kjopepqu]j ah _qanlk `ah
`ahepk+
?mq) oa ajpaj`an lkn ajpnac] ejia`e]p] ah peailk mqa `ai]j`]
ah `enecenoa ] h] `alaj`aj_e] lkhe_e]h i o _an_]j] k ]h lkhe_] mqa
oa d]hha lkn ejia`e]_ekjao `ah hqc]n) `ap]hh] ah aola_e]heop] `ah
Gjopepqpk `a Babajo] Jac]h) A o]n @]v j Qaiej]nek) mqeaj ]oaran]
mqa aj jejc j _]ok ah ]nnaopk ]qpknev] ] aj_ann]n k i]jpajanhk
lner]`k `a oq he^anp]`) aj qj hqc]nl ^he_k k lner]`k) d]op] oq ajpnac]
] h] ]qpkne`]` lkhe_e]h+
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_kjop]n h] ajpnac] u h]o `ai o _en_qjop]j_e]o `a h] ejpanraj_e j+
J] haceoh]_e j aj kpnko l]oao p]i^e j ateopa h] lkoe^ehe`]` `ah
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aj hko _]oko `a `ahepk bh]cn]jpa) _q]hmqean lanokj] lqa`a `apajan
]h ej_qhl]`k lkje j`khk oej `aikn] `a h] ]qpkne`]` ejia`e]p]+ Oqa
_kj h] lqaop] aj recaj_e] `a h] Jau L /604/) hk bqj`]iajp]h oan
ejbkni]n ] h] kleje j l ^he_] ok^na hk mqa ao ah ]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk)
mqa jk ao lnkle]iajpa qj] `apaj_e j) h] mqa okhk _kilapa ] h]
NLN+ Jqack) lna_eo]n mqa `e_d] b]_qhp]` okhk eilhe_] _kj`q_en ]h
]nnaop]`k ejia`e]p]iajpa ] qj] _kieo]n] k ]qpkne`]` i o _an_]j]
u mqa lkn jejc j ikperk `a^a ateopen ]hc j ]_pk `a rekhaj_e]+
Gcq]hiajpa) ah oqfapk `a^a d]hh]noa aj aop]`k `a bh]cn]j_e] u jk
lknmqa ] qjk oa ha k_qnn] k lqa`] okola_d]n `a h+ N]n] iafkn
abe_]_e] `a h] jkni]) oan] na_kiaj`]^ha nach]iajp]n ah ]nnaopk) ]
pn]r o qj `a_napk oqlnaik l]n] `]nha i o ah]ope_e`]`+ Nna_eo]n hk
mqa oecjebe_] ah ]nnaopk) oqo _kj`e_ekjao k _en_qjop]j_e]o) heiepao ]h
qok `a h] bqanv]) peailk `ah pn]oh]`k ] h] ]qpkne`]`+ Gj_hqoera h]o
naolkjo]^ehe`]`ao aj mqa ej_qnnen]j hko _eq`]`]jko _q]j`k
at_a`]j aop]o ]pne^q_ekjao+
J]o _kiqj]o `a^aj bef]n qj nach]iajpk je_k `a ]_pq]_e j `a hko
ieai^nko `ah oanaj]vck)l]n] `ap]hh]n aj hk ]`iejeopn]perk h] i]jan]
`a lnk_a`an) bkni]o u ]_pq]_ekjao `a hko ieai^nko `a aopa oanre_ek
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h] jkni] laniepen ] pk`k _eq`]`]jk ] aba_pq]n ah ]nnaopk `a _q]hmqean
kpnk mqa ej_qnn] aj bh]cn]j_e] `ahe_per]) _kj ah bej `a _ki^]pen _kj
i]ukn abe_]_e] h] `ahej_qaj_e]+ N]qp]o mqa na_kieaj`]j hko
laj]heop]o7
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]jpa _]oko `a bh]cn]jpa `ahepk+ R]ilk_k ]h ]nnaop]`k oa ha lk`n
lner]n `a oq he^anp]`) oa] aj qj hqc]n cn]j`a k lamqa k) _kik qj]
_]o]) oejk mqa ejia`e]p]iajpa `a^an oan lqaopk ] `eolkoe_e j `a
h] lkhe_] j]_ekj]h+
Qacq j`k) h] _eq` ]`]j] `a^a ] _pq]n _kj lna_]q_e j u
naolkjo]^ehe`]` bnajpa ] aop] jqar] b]_qhp]`) lqao aop aj neaock
oq ejpacne`]`) mqa iq_d]o ra_ao lqa`a oan oq lnkle] re`]+ Ran_ank)
pajan lnaoajpa mqa iq_d]o ra_ao aopko oqfapko jk ]_p ]j okhko)
_kik atlaneaj_e] o mqa jk d] ateope`k jejc j _]ok aj mqa qj
`ahej_qajpa aj bh]cn]j_e] `ah `ahepk jk d]u] kbna_e`k naoeopaj_e] ]h
lkhe_]+
Akj ah lnaoajpa ]np_qhk) lnapaj`k `aheiep]n _kik k^faperk cajan]h
`apaniej]n h]o _kjoa_qaj_e]o `ah ]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk u ah ]^qok `ah
`ana_dk u _kik k^faperko aola_be_ko) _kjk_an hko b]_pknao `ah
]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk u ah ]^qok `ah `ana_dk) `apaniej]n _q hao okj
hko ikperko `ah ]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk u ah ]^qok `ah `ana_dk) G`ajpebe_]n
h]o _]qo]o `ah ]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk u ah ]^qok `ah `ana_dk) _kjk_an
ah lnk^hai] `ah ]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk u ah]^qok `ah `ana_dk aj jqaopnk
l]o+
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eilknp]jpao hkcnko aj h]o nacekjao) laoa ]h peailk pn]jo_qnne`k
`ao`a h] recaj_e] `a h] jkni] u oq ]lhe_]_e j) d]op] h] ba_d] d]
d]^e`k `ajqj_e]o lkn ]^qoko u i]hpn]pko ] hko ]nnaop]`ko+ Ch ]nnaopk
_eq`]`]jk ao qj] ia`e`] eilnkreo]`] mqa jk ao reopk _kik qj]
ia`e`] at_al_ekj]h ) aj ah ikiajpk `ah _neiaj) aj bkni]
ejia`e]p] k `ajpnk `ah lank`k `a h] bh]cn]j_e]) oejk _kik h] l]j]_a]
k h] okhq_e j ]h lnk^hai] `a h] ejoacqne`]` _eq`]`]j] u) p]i^e j)
h] dann]ieajp] mqa ja_aoep] ah Qanaj]vck l]n] d]_anh] i o aba_perk
ah ]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk7 na]he`]`) ]iaj]v] l]n] h] he^anp]` u pn]ca`e]
l]n] h] lkhe_]+
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]lna_e]j oq he^anp]` hk_kikpkn] lknmqa ao `ahe_]`k lkjan aj i]jko
`a lanokj]o jk _]l]_ep]`]o ]hnaola_pk+ Q]^aiko `a _]oko pn ce_ko
`a _eq`]`]jko mqa d]j ]dkn_]`k ] oqo r_pei]o %`ahej_qajpao& k
hko d]j pknpqn]`k d]op] i]p]nhko) _kik ah _]ok u oe aok oq_a`a aj
h]o _eq`]`ao) mq jk oq_a`an aj hko `eopnepko i o ]haf]`ko k aj
h]o _kiqje`]`ao _]ilaoej]o aj `kj`a h]o nkj`]o u _kiep o `a
]qpk`abajo])oej d]^anoa b]_qhp]`k ah]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk) u] `apeajaj
u lner]j `a h] he^anp]` ] hko _eq`]`]jko+ Tak qj bqjaopk lnao]cek u
pajck ikperko l]n] aop]n lnak_ql]`]) lknmqa lkn i o `ahej_qajpao
mqa oa]j hko ]nnaop]`ko _kik oanao dqi]jko aopko _qajp]j _kj
`ana_dko bqj`]iajp]hao mqa ^nej`] jqaopn] _]np] i]cj] a
ejopnqiajpko ejpanj]_ek j]hao ok^na ` ana_dk o dqi] jko+
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b]_qhp]` ] hko _eq`]`]jko ok^na ah pai]) ao qj] lnklqaop] lahecnko]
l]n] h] he^anp]` `a h]o lanokj]o lknmqa jk oa pki] aj _qajp] _eanpko
]ola_pko _kik ah da_dk `a mqa ah Qanaj]vck jk aop lnal]n]`k
l]n] afan_an aop] b]_qhp]` k mqa l]n] ]nnaop]n ] qj] lanokj]) ]o
oa] mqa pk`k ]nnaopk ] qj _eq`]`]jk `ai]j`]) namqeana oacqen qj]
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oanea `a lnk_a`eieajpko+ Cteopaj iq_dko _eq`]`]jko mqa _qajp]j
_kj ]ni]o u he_aj_e] l]n] lknp]nh]o u oe lkn ]v]n `ah `aopejk okj
paopecko `a qj ]o]hpk aj `kj`a hko `ahej_qajpao qpehev]j ]ni]o) jk
ha ]nnkf]n i]nc]nep]o k lea`n]o) o]_]n oq ]ni] u d]^n qj
ajbnajp]ieajpk _kj h] oa_qah] `a iqanpko u dane`ko+ Qe h] ieoi]
lkhe_] peaja nal]nko l]n] qpehev]n oq ]ni] lknmqa oa ateca
n]_ekj]he`]` u lnklkn_ekj]he`]`) lkn mq `a^aiko aolan]n mqa qj
_ereh k _eq`]`]jk _ki j u _knneajpa lqa`] d]_an qok `a oq ]ni] `a
i]jan] n]_ekj]h lnklkn_ekj]h+ Nkn hk mqa ao iajaopan h] qncajpa
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jqian]h `ko+
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1+ Cop] _]l]_ep]_e j ] hko _eq`]`]jko `a^a ej_hqen _kj_alpko _h]nko
ok^na ah p niejk `a ]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk mqa jk oecjebe_] BCRCLAGML+
J] `apaj_e j ao qj] b]_qhp]` ejdanajpa `a h]o ]qpkne`]`ao
aj_]nc]`]o `a d]_an _qilhen h] hau+ Ch ]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk `a^a oan
_kjoe`an]`k _kik qj] ?NPCFCLQGML ikiajp ja] d]op] mqa
hhacqa h] lkhe_] l]n] d]_anoa _]nck `ah lnk^hai]+
2+ Jko ikiajpko lkopaneknao ]h da_dk lqa`aj ej_hqok oan k^fapk
`a `erano]o ejpanlnap]_ekjao) _kik lkn afailhk mq oq_a`a oe ah
]nnao pk jk oa lnk`q_a ] jpa qj `ahepk bh]cn]jpa) lkn i]h]
ejpanlnap]_e j k ]lhe_]_e j `a h] hau=) h]o lanokj]o mqa aba_pq]nkj
ah ]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk oan]j `ajqj_e]`ko lkn `ahepk `a oa_qaopnk
%]np_qhk .2/ `ah A `eck Naj]h&+
3+ Nkn kpnk h]`k) jejcqj] lkhe_] aj ah iqj`k d] ]h_]jv]`k ah jerah
`a ]qpkoqbe_eaj_e] _kik l]n] ecjkn]n h] l]npe_el]_e j `a oqo
_eq`]`]jko8 lkn ah _kjpn]nek) ] ia`e`] mqa l]o] ah peailk) h]
l]npe_el]_e j _eq`]`]j] ao _]`] rav i o ejpajo]) jk okhk aj
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aj ]hcqjko ]ola_pko `a receh]j_e] u _kjpnkh `ah `ahepk) ok^na pk`k aj
]mqahhko pannepkneko `kj`a h] receh]j_e] lkhe_e]h ao lk_] k jqh]+
4+ Nkn hk p]jpk) qj] lnklqaop] aop]n] kneajp]`] d]_e] h] l]npe_el]_e j
_eq`]`]j] _kik qj] ia`e`] at_al_ekj]h aj ah]nnaopk `a lanokj]o
mqa aop j _kiapeaj`k `ahepko bh]cn]jpao) oeailna u _q]j`k h] jkni]
aop `a^e`]iajpa nach]iajp]`] u ateop] qj] ejpajo] _]il] ] `a
_kj_eajpev]_e j lkn hko ia`eko `a _kiqje_]_e j) l]n] arep]n mqa
hko _eq`]`]jko oa atlkjc]j) oej lnklkj noahko) ] oepq]_ekjao
cn]rao mqa lk`n]j lkjan aj neaock oqo re`]o) k) _]ok _kjpn]nek)
lkn at_aok `a _ahk _kiajp]j ]n^epn]nea`]`ao+
5+ Jko ikiajpko lkopaneknao ]h da_dk lqa`aj ej_hqok oan k^fapk
`a `erano]o ejpanlnap]_ekjao) _kik lkn afailhk mq oq_a`a oe ah
]nnaopk jk oa lnk`q_a ]jpa qj `ahepk bh]cn]jpa) lkn i]h]
ejpanlnap]_e j k ]lhe_]_e j `a h] hau=) h]o lanokj]o mqa aba_pq]nkj
ah ]nnaopk oan]j `ajqj_e]`ko lkn `ahepk `a oa_qaopnk %]np_qhk .2/
`ah A `eck Naj]h&+
6+ Cop] _]l]_ep]_e j ] hko _eq`]`]jko `a^a ej_hqen _kj_alpko _h]nko
ok^na ah p niejk `a ]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk mqa jk oecjebe_] BCRCLAGML+
J] `apaj_e j ao qj] b]_qhp]` ejdanajpa `a h]o ]qpkne`]`ao
aj_]nc]`]o `a d]_an _qilhen h] hau+ Ch ]nnaopk _eq`]`]jk `a^a oan
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hhacqa h] lkhe_] l]n] d]_anoa _]nck `ah lnk^hai]+
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