El diseño de producto en el siglo XX

El diseño de producto en el siglo XX
Un experimento narrativo occidental
Isabel Campi i Valls
Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència ReconeixementSenseObraDerivada 3.0. Espanya de Creative Commons.
NoComercial
–
Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento - NoComercial – SinObraDerivada
3.0. España de Creative Commons.
This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercialNoDerivs 3.0. Spain License.
Un experimento
narrativo occidental
Investigación para obtener el grado de doctor
presentada por: Isabel Campi Valls.
Directora: Dra. Anna Calvera Sagué.
Tutor: Dr. Carles Ametller Ferretjans.
Programa EES H0907 Estudios Avanzados en Producciones Artísticas.
Departament de Disseny i Imatge.
Facultat de Belles Arts Sant Jordi.
Universitat de Barcelona.
Noviembre de 2015.
Imágenes y derechos de reproducción:
Las imágenes que se muestran en este trabajo de investigación se utilizan
como fuentes básicas referenciales, a título estrictamente informativo y
en un entorno académico restringido, sin ningún ánimo de lucro. Las imágenes son propiedad de sus legítimos dueños y, en la versión digital de
este trabajo, aparecen enmascaradas para preservarlas de usos indebidos. Para su correcta visualización debe consultarse la versión en papel.
$#
1D
D
6,ABC+1:01AB<@1):+,6:A),8B@:A+:8+,A,17>%@B,8:A,0%817>%@B1+:,8A,9%8J%A+,+1A,b
9:+C@%8B,,6A1/6:""%A2):7:6:A>6%8,A+,,ABC+1:?C,,8,66:AA,0%8,6%(:@%+:,AAC7%b
7,8B,18B,@,A%8B,I%?C,A:86C/%@,A+:8+,6%A+,.181)1:8,A+,+1A,9:A,0%),8F1A1(6,AY+:8b
+,A,%8B1)1>%,6.CBC@:+,6%>@:.,A1<8I+:8+,A,,AB%(6,),86:A6271B,AY%C8?C,A,%817>@,b
)1A:AY+,6+1A,9:):86%A%@B,A>6&AB1)%AY6%A%@B,A%>61)%+%AY6%%@?C1B,)BC@%I6%18/,81,@2%\%A
,A)C,6%A+,+1A,9:A:8,?C1>%@%(6,A%C8%)%8B,@%+,6%?C,7%8%C8.6C4:18),A%8B,+,,8,@b
/2%I)@,%B1F1+%+?C,)C%8+:,8B@%,8):8B%)B:):8,67C8+:>@:+C)B1F:>C,+,>@:+C)1@@,b
AC6B%+:A18B,@,A%8B,AIA:@>@,8+,8B,A\6.CBC@:>@:.,A1:8%6+,6+1A,9:A,6%(@%,8(C,8%>%@b
B,+,8B@:+,,66%AI>:@,AB%@%J<80,)@,2+::>:@BC8:+,+1)%@6,AC8%A>&/18%A%C8?C,A,%8
+,A1/C%6,A,18):7>6,B%A\
67%B,@1%6+1A>:81(6,>%@%C8%01AB:@1%+,6%,8A,9%8J%+,6+1A,9:,A7CI1@@,/C6%@\:(@,%6/Cb
8%A,A)C,6%AY):7:6%%C0%CAY,H1AB,C8%A:(@,%(C8+%8)1%+,,ABC+1:AI>C(61)%)1:8,A71,8b
B@%A?C,,8:B@:A)%A:A8:A,8.@,8B%7:A%6%7&A%(A:6CB%.%6B%+,B@%(%4:A+,18F,AB1/%)1<8Y:
>:@6:7,8:AY%6%.%6B%+,B@%+C))1:8,A%6,A>%9:6:%618/6-A\
6/C8:A),8B@:A%6,7%8,A):7:6%%C0%CAgpxpxbpxrrh:6%.+,67gpxtrbpxuwh0%8A%(1b
+:,H>:@B%@I71B1.1)%@):8/@%8,.1)%)1%ACA18B,8A:AIB@%C7&B1):A,H>,@17,8B:A>,+%/</1):A
71,8B@%A?C,:B@:AY):7:6%@%8(@::5)%+,7I:.@B+,,B@:1BY0%87:8:>:61J%+:,6+1A)C@b
A:+,6%,8A,9%8J%+,+1A,9:,8AB%+:A81+:A+,4%8+:%6%A:7(@%:B@%A,A)C,6%A?C,>:A,,8
C8%6%@/%B@%I,)B:@1%\
.18%6,A+,6A1/6:""Y,8>6,8%)%2+%+,6:AA1AB,7%A+,>@:+C))1<8.:@+1AB%I,8>6,8%,@%+,6
+,A%@@:66: +, 6% 71)@:,6,)B@<81)% I +, 6%A B,)8:6:/2%A +, 6% 18.:@7%)1<8Y %A2 ):7: +, 6% )@1A1A
7,+1:%7(1,8B%6I+,6%>-@+1+%+,@,.,@,8B,A-B1):A6%>%6%(@%_18F,AB1/%)1<8`,7>,J<%0%),@
%)B:+,>@,A,8)1%,86:A):8/@,A:A18B,@8%)1:8%6,A+,+1A,9%+:@,A\8,66:AA,18B,@>,6%(%%6%A
C81F,@A1+%+,A >%@% ?C, B:7%@%8 )%@B%A,8,6%AC8B:+,6%,8A,9%8J%+,6+1A,9:I%?C,A,,8b
B,8+2%?C,%+,7&A+,+%@@,A>C,AB%%6%A8,),A1+%+,A+,6>@,A,8B,0%(2%?C,,7>,J%@%F1AC%61b
J%@,A),8%@1:A+,.CBC@:\:?C,%>@18)1>1:A+,6A1/6:"",@%C8%>@&)B1)%+,:.1)1:A,0%(2%):8b
F,@B1+:,8C8%+1A)1>618%?C,66%7%(%%6%A>C,@B%A+,6%7&H17%18AB1BC)1<8%)%+-71)%Y6%C81b
F,@A1+%+Y>%@%@,)6%7%@C86C/%@%66%+:+,6%A)1,8)1%AI6%A0C7%81+%+,A\
LD514!9/+65&94
,/D81)0%@+C)0%8%8Y,86%,8A,9%8J%+,6+1A,9:A,>C,+,8):8A1+,@%@B@,A,B%>%A,F:6CB1b
F%AY?C,8:AA,@F1@&8>%@%,8B,8+,@)C&6,A.C,@:86%A%>:@B%)1:8,A+,6%A,A)C,6%A?C,7,8)1:b
8%@,7:AYI?C,A,+,A%@@:66%8%):8B18C%)1<8[p
p
Y1)0%@+[_+C)%B1:8%8+@:.,AA1:8%6@%)B1),18,A1/8`Y
5%#,
557 5Y :6\psY8LqYF,@%8:pxxwY>&/A\urbuu\
cpqvc
$#
H13&,!3!51,A6%+,6%A,A)C,6%A+,:.1)1:\6+1A,9:,7>,J<):7:C8:.1)1:,AB@,)0%b
7,8B,):8,)B%+:):86%18+CAB@1%61J%)1<8I):86%,7,@/,8)1%+,6:A7,+1:A+,):7C81)%)1<8+,
7%A%A\H1AB,6%)@,,8)1%Y7CI,HB,8+1+%,8B@,6:A>@:.,A1:8%6,AY+,?C,6%,8A,9%8J%+,6+1A,9:
+,(,1@%@,7:6?C,+,6%>@:.,A1<8IA,@F1@%ACA+,7%8+%A187,+1%B%A,86C/%@+,A1BC%@A,%AC
71A7:81F,6,18F,AB1/%@,6>@:/@,A:+,6%+1A)1>618%):7:B%6\AB%)@,,8)1%>@:F1,8,+,6%->:)%
,8?C,A,)@,%@:86%A,A)C,6%A+,%@B,A:.1)1:A:,A)C,6%A+,%@B,A18+CAB@1%6,A+:8+,6:A,ABCb
+1%8B,A %>@,8+2%8 6%A 0%(161+%+,A /,8,@%+%A +,8B@: +, )%+% A,)B:@\ AB, 7:+,6:Y B:+%F2% (%Ab
B%8B,,HB,8+1+:,8C@:>%YB,82%AC:@1/,8,86%,F:6C)1<88+CAB@1%6)C%8+:0C(:?C,,8.@,8b
B%@A,%6>@:(6,7%+,6%+,A%>%@1)1<8+,6:A/@,71:AIY>:@B%8B:Y+,AC%)B1F1+%+.:@7%+:@%>%@%
%):7,B,@6%.:@7%)1<8+,6:A:(@,@:A,86%A8C,F%AB-)81)%A+,>@:+C))1<8\%A0%(161+%+,A?C,
A,%+?C1,@,8,86%A,A)C,6%A+,:.1)1:B1,8,8?C,F,@(&A1)%7,8B,):86%AB-)81)%A+,B@%A.:@7%b
)1<8+,67%B,@1%6g),@&71)%YF1+@1:Y7,B%6,AY7%+,@%hI):86%AB-)81)%A+,,6%(:@%)1<8+,26G
6 4,5:7:B1F:A:@8%7,8B%6,A>%@%6%),@&71)%Y,6B,41+:I6%,AB%7>%)1<8\8/,8,@%6Y6:A):8:b
)171,8B:A):7>6,7,8B%@1:AA,A1BD%8,8,6B,@@,8:+,6%@B,Y>:@6:?C,+C@%8B,,6A1/6:"".C,
7CI.@,)C,8B,?C,6%A,A)C,6%A+,:.1)1:A18+CAB@1%6,A8%)1,@%8,AB@,)0%7,8B,F18)C6%+%A%6:A
7CA,:A\C8?C,6%)@,%B1F1+%+,AC8B%6,8B:,A,8)1%6Y6%+1A)1>618%+,6>@:I,)B:,86%A,A)C,6%A
+,:.1)1:8:,AB&7CI+,A%@@:66%+%I%?C,>@17%,6%>@,8+1J%4, +,6%A0%(161+%+,AB-)81)%AY6%A
)C%6,AA:8B@%8A71B1+%A>:@6:A7%,AB@:A+,B%66,@A1,8+:-AB,,66C/%@+:8+,A,@,%61J%8>1,J%A
@,%6,AI%)%(%+%A>:@6:A%6C78:A\
H4!$6- !51+,A)@1B%>:@C)0%8%8,A7&A):7>6,4%IB1,8,?C,F,@):8,6>@:/@,A:+,6
+1A,9: ):7: %)B1F1+%+ >,8A%8B,\ C8 %A2 ):8B18C% +,>,8+1,8+: ,8 )1,@B% 7%8,@% +, 6% >@:.,b
A1<8A,/D8,6,8.:?C,+,)%+%,A)C,6%\+1.,@,8)1%+,6%A,A)C,6%A+,:.1)1:Y,8,AB%,B%>%A,
%9%+,8,6,7,8B:A+,):8:)171,8B:%6%A0%(161+%+,AB-)81)%A\AB:A>,@.16%8C8>@:.,A1:8%67&A
61(,@%6%6?C,6:A):8:)171,8B:A?C,A,6,,8A,9%8A:86:A+,0:II8:6:A+,%I,@\8,AB%,B%>%Y
6%)6%A,+,>@:I,)B:A>%A%%:)C>%@C86C/%@),8B@%671,8B@%A?C,6:AB%66,@,A>%A%8%B,8,@C8
)%@&)B,@18AB@C7,8B%6\A+,)1@YA1@F,8>%@%F,@1.1)%@?C,6%A01><B,A1A+,B@%(%4::+,>@:I,)B:
A:8):@@,)B%A\8,66:AA,0%),87%?C,B%AI>@:B:B1>:A>:@?C,6:?C,A,,H1/,%C8+1A,9%+:@,A
?C,ACA1+,%AA,%8F1%(6,AY>,@:A,+%>:@AC>C,AB:?C,8:6%AF%%.%(@1)%@-6\%)6%A,+,>@:b
I,)B:AA,):8F1,@B,,8,66C/%@+:8+,A,0%),8,4,@)1)1:AA17C6%+:A+,6%>@&)B1)%>@:.,A1:8%6I
+:8+,,6+1A,9%+:@,H>,@17,8B%+:Y,8)%61+%++,7%,AB@:YA,>@:>:8,B@%8A71B1@%6:A%6C78:A
ACA0%(161+%+,A>@:I,)BC%6,A\AB% A,/C8+% ,B%>%Y % 71 4C1)1:Y A,181)1%,8,6>,@2:+:+,,8B@,b
/C,@@%A I 0% A1+: (%AB%8B, (1,8 ,ABC+1%+% ,8 ,6 )%A: %6,7&8 ,8 ,6 61(@: )::@+18%+: >:@ %8A
!18/6,@5 57 *5 46 :,#74%MULLGMUOO q)CI:A):8B,81+:AA:8+,/@%8CB161+%+
>%@%,8B,8+,@?C,6%%C0%CA8:.C,6%D81)%816%>@17,@%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:+,6,7%81%I7Cb
)0:7,8:A+,67C8+:\:?C,A2?C,+%)6%@:,A?C,,8%?C,671B1.1)%+:),8B@:6%,F:6C)1<8+,
C8%,A)C,6%+,:.1)1:0%)1%C8%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:7:+,@8:.C,7CI@&>1+%I>@,):J\,B:+%A
.:@7%AY6,7%81%8:,@%,6D81):>%2A+,::)1+,8B,>@,:)C>%+:>:@>:8,@,8A18B:82%6%)@,%b
)1<8 18+CAB@1%6 ):8 ,6 >,8A%71,8B: 7:+,@8: I ,6 %@B, +, F%8/C%@+1%\ ABC+1:A @,)1,8B,A 0%8
>C,AB:+,7%81.1,AB:?C,6:A 0+,:A)DB@%(%4%(%8,86%71A7%->:)%,8C8%+1b
@,))1<8B%8>%@,)1+%%6),8B@:)@,%+:>:@!%6B,@@:>1CA?C,%F,),AA,0%),+1.2)16A%(,@)C&6
+, 6%A +:A 18AB1BC)1:8,A ,@% 7&A F%8/C%@+1AB%\ %7(1-8 F,@,7:A ):7: ,8 AB%+:A 81+:A 6%
@%8(@::5)%+,7I:.@BA18B:81J%(%):86%7:+,@81+%+7,+1%8B,C8%>,+%/:/2%?C,A,0%b
66%(%,86%A%8B2>:+%A+,67:+,6:(%C0%CA1%8:\
H5!3!3!51YA,/D8,6,A?C,7%+,C)0%8%8Y,A%?C,66%,86%?C,6%.:@7%)1<8I6%>@&)b
B1)%A,%A:)1%8\#6:0%),8>:@C8%@%J<87CI17>:@B%8B,Y%A%(,@Y?C,,6%CB-8B1):@:6+,6%,8b
A,9%8J%+,6+1A,9:@,A1+,B%8B:,86%B@%8A71A1<8):7:,86%/,8,@%)1<8+,8C,F:A):8:)171,8b
q
!Y%8Ag+\h[5 57 *5 46 :,#74%MULLGMUOOY+\%C@CAY%+@1+Ypxwo\
cpqwc
$#
B:A\+,7&A+,,8A,9%@6%A0%(161+%+,A+,>@:I,)B:(&A1)%AI+,6:A%7>61:A):8:)171,8B:A?C,
A,8,),A1B%8>%@%C8,4,@)1)1:%CB<8:7:+,6%>@:.,A1<8Y6:A+:),8B,AA,+,+1)%8%18F,AB1/%@6%
8%BC@%6,J%+,6+1A,9:\%18F,AB1/%)1<8IY>:@6:B%8B:Y6%/,8,@%)1<8+,8C,F:A):8:)171,8B:A
A:(@,+1A,9:A,):8F1,@B,%A26%%)B1F1+%+),8B@%6+,6)C@@2)C6:%)%+-71):\AB%.%A,A<6:A,>C,b
+, +,A%@@:66%@ ,8 6% C81F,@A1+%+ : ,8 ,A)C,6%A +, >:AB/@%+:Y +:8+, ,6 B@%(%4: ,8 6%A %C6%A 8:
):8A1AB,B%8B:,81@%@,7:6?C,+,6%A+,7%8+%A+,67,@)%+:>@:.,A1:8%6):7:%8B1)1>%@A,%-6
:%6%A):8+1)1:8,A?C,6:+,B,@718%8\%18F,AB1/%)1<8B1,8+,%>6%8B,%@>@,/C8B%A?C,+,(,@&8
@,A>:8+,@A,+,8B@:+,)18)::+1,J%9:AI6%A,7>@,A%A8:%)C+,8%6:A),8B@:A?C,6%>@%)B1)%8
>%@%?C,6,A@,AC,6F%8C8>@:I,)B:):8)@,B:.:@7C6%+:>:@,6+,>%@B%7,8B:+,7%@5,B18/YA18:
>%@%?C,6,A%IC+,8%F1AC%61J%@ACA>@:(6,7%A%6%@/:>6%J:\
C8?C,+,A+,6:A%9:A:)0,8B%+,6A1/6:""Y6%18F,AB1/%)1<8.C,,6B,7%,AB@,66%+,6:A):8/@,b
A:A18B,@8%)1:8%6,AA:(@,6%,8A,9%8J%+,+1A,9:Y-AB%,7>,J<%>@%)B1)%@A,+,7:+:7CI>@,b
):J,86%:)0A)0C6,.E@,AB%6BC8/+,67.C8+%+%,8pxtrI)6%CAC@%+%,8pxuw\:7:F,@,b
7:A7&A%+,6%8B,Y,8%?C,6),8B@:A,>6%8B,%@:8C8%,8:@7,)%8B1+%++,>@,/C8B%A>%@%6:A
?C,,8%?C,6,8B:8),A8:0%(2%@,A>C,AB%YB%6,A):7:6%8,),A1+%+I,6+,A%@@:66:+,6%7,B:+:b
6:/2%Y6%%+,)C%+%@,6%)1<8,8B@,)1,8)1%I+1A,9:Y6%)@,%)1<8+,C8%)C6BC@%+,6+1A,9:%CB<8:b
7%I+1.,@,8)1%+%+,6%@B,Y6%A6171B%)1:8,A+,6.C8)1:8%61A7::6%+1):B:72%,8B@,B,:@2%I>@&)b
B1)%\,B:+:A7:+:AY%.18%6,A+,6:A%9:A)18)C,8B%I%,H1AB2%8,8,67C8+::B@:A),8B@:A>%b
@,)1+:A%6%.+,67\8AB%+:81+:AY0%(2%,6@%BB8AB1BCB,+,C,F%#:@5Y,68AB1BCB,:.
,)08:6:/I+,01)%/:I,6,:@/1%8AB1BCB,:.,)08:6:/II,8@%8@,B%9%Y,6:I%6:66,/,
:.@B+,:8+@,A\
MD/4-5!! !-5!4C+4!46!+4 !35!4&- 6453&+!4
C8?C,B:+%F2%.%6B%8,ABC+1:A/,8,@%6,AA:(@,,68%)171,8B:I+,A%@@:66:+,6%A,A)C,6%A+,%@b
B,A18+CAB@1%6,AY+1A>:8,7:A+,%6/C8%A18F,AB1/%)1:8,A6:)%6,A,86%A?C,A,>:8,+,7%81.1,AB:
)<7:Y +,A+, ACA 181)1:AY 6% ,F:6C)1<8 8+CAB@1%6 ):8+C4: % C8% 8C,F% .:@7C6%)1<8 +, 6% ,8A,b
9%8J% %@B2AB1)% (%A%+% ,8 6% ):7>:A1)1<8 :@8%7,8B%6 I ,6 %>@,8+1J%4, ,8 ,6 B%66,@\ 8 %?C,66:A
>%2A,A?C,,7>@,8+2%86%F2%+,6%18+CAB@1%61J%)1<8YA,)@,%@:8,A)C,6%A+,%@B,%>61)%+:)CI:
.18,@%@,A:6F,@,6>@:(6,7%+,6%.:@7%)1<8+,6:AB@%(%4%+:@,A+,6%)@,%)1<8,86%7,+1+%?C,
6%A,8A,9%8J%A+,6:A/@,71:A+,7:AB@%(%8A,@18AC.1)1,8B,A\
8)6CA:%8B,A+,6%17>6%8B%)1<8+,6%7,)%81J%)1<8%/@%8,A)%6%I+,6%18B@:+C))1<8+,6F%>:@
I%%>%@,)1,@:8),8B@:A+,AB18%+:A%6%,8A,9%8J%+,6%@B,>@&)B1):\%A,A)C,6%A+,.18%6,A+,6
A1/6:" >%@B2%8+,6%1+,%16CAB@%+%I7:+,@8%Y+,?C,,6%@B,%>61)%+:%6%18+CAB@1%,AB%(%
66%7%+:%A,@C8%.C,8B,+,18/@,A:A\,,AB,7:+:,6+,AB18:+,6%@B,I%8:A,@2%A:6%7,8B,
A,@F1@%6:A>:+,@,AB,@@,8%6,A:%6%1/6,A1%YA18:B%7(1-8>:8,@A,%6A,@F1)1:+,6%18+CAB@1%8%b
)1:8%6I+,6%,):8:72%+,6AB%+:\%@,),A,@?C,6%A>@17,@%A,A)C,6%A):8,AB,:(4,B1F:.C,b
@:86%A)C,6%@%BC1B%+,1A,9:+,%@),6:8%gpvvthI6% @,CAA1A)0,5%+,71,+,@E8AB,C8+
,)0%81A)0,8!1AA,8A)0%.B,8g)%+,71%@B,I@B,A,)&81)%A+,@CA1%h+,pvww\
,A>C-A+,6%(:@1:A%A8,/:)1%)1:8,A):86%)%+,71%+,,66%A@B,A+,%8
,@8%8+:?C,:Ab
B,8B%(%,8A>%9%6%,H)6CA1F%+,6%,8A,9%8J%+,6%@B,Y,8pvvt6%C8B%+,:7,@)1:+,%@),b
6:8%.C8+<6%A)C,6%@%BC1B%+,1A,9:\%8,),A1+%++,,AB,),8B@:0%I?C,,8B,8+,@6%,8,6
):8B,HB:+,C8%)1C+%+?C,8:B,82%C8%):@B,Y,@%C817>:@B%8B,),8B@:):7,@)1%6I>@:+C)B1F:
I?C,Y%)%CA%+,6+,A,86%),+,6%C,@@%+,C),A1<8Y0%(2%>,@+1+:ACC81F,@A1+%+\%@),6:8%
>:A,2%C8%>C4%8B,18+CAB@1%+,,AB%7>%)1<8+,18+1%8%A)CI%A,7>@,A%AY+,A+,pvvqYI%,AB%b
(%8:@/%81J%+%A):7:6%,1%6:7>%8I1%+,
16%BA\,B@%B%(%+,C8%18+CAB@1%):8C8%6B:F%6:@
%9%+1+:?C,):7>,B2%18B,@8%)1:8%67,8B,,8>@,)1:I)%61+%+\%@%6:/@%@,6>@17,@:(4,B1F:6:A
cpqxc
$#
.%(@1)%8B,A +,(2%8 18F,@B1@ ,8 7,)%81J%)1<8 IY >%@% 6:/@%@ ,6 A,/C8+:Y ,8 +1A,9:\ 8 )C%6?C1,@
)%A:6%A)C,6%@%BC1B%+,1A,9:YB%7(1-866%7%+%_6:B4%`Y,AB%(%17>C6A%+%>:@/,8B,16CAb
B@%+%I):8F1A1<8+,.CBC@:IA,>,@)1(2%):7:C8%18AB1BC)1<87:+,@8%I%(1,@B%.@,8B,%6%A,Ab
)C,6%A/@,71%6,AY7C)0:7&A),@@%+%AI.%7161%@,A\
, 0% ,A>,)C6%+: (%AB%8B, A:(@, ,6 A1/81.1)%+: +, 6% >%6%(@% _+1A,9:` ,8 6% +,8:718%)1<8 +,
%?C,66,/,8+%@1:),8B@:\r%01><B,A1A7&AAC>,@.1)1%6%>C8B%?C,+1A,9:,@%A18<817:+,+1(C4:I
?C,>:@6:B%8B:A,B@%B%@2%+,C8%,A)C,6%+,%@B,):8F,8)1:8%6\18,7(%@/:Y6%01AB:@1%+:@%8b
8%%6F,@%AC/1,@,?C,8:A,B@%B<+,C8%A17>6,):8.CA1<8A18:?C,A,CB161J<6%>%6%(@%+1A,9:
>:@?C,A,?C,@2%,H>@,A%@C8):8),>B:+,)@,%)1<87&A7:+,@8:IF18)C6%+:%6%18+CAB@1%\s%6b
F,@%>@:A1/C,AC/1@1,8+:?C,+%+:A6:A.@,)C,8B,A):8B%)B:A,8B@,8/6%B,@@%I%B%6C9%>:@7:b
B1F:A):7,@)1%6,AYB-)81):AY.:@7%B1F:A:18)6CA:(-61):A8:A,@2%8%+%,HB@%9:?C,6:A.%(@1)%8B,A
+,18+1%8%A0C(1,@%8@,%61J%+:C8+,A>6%J%71,8B:A,7&8B1):+,6B-@718:,8(,8,.1)1:>@:>1:\
L. Muestras de estampados de indianas. Museo de Historia de Barcelona.
8 C8 ,ABC+1: 7CI >:@7,8:@1J%+: A:(@, 6% >,+%/:/2% ,8 ,AB% ,A)C,6%Y 16%@ -6,J +,7C,AB@%
?C,Y%C8?C,,6+1(C4:%)%+-71):,@%6%(%A,+,6%,8A,9%8J%Y,6:(4,B1F:,@%>@,>%@%@B-)81)%I
%@B2AB1)%7,8B,18+1F1+C:A>%@%,6+1A,9:+,,AB%7>%+:A\tC8?C,0%IC8%/@%8,A)%A,J+,+:b
)C7,8B:AY%B@%F-A+,%6/C8:A@,/6%7,8B:A+,6),8B@:I+,6%A(%A,A+,6:A>@,71:A?C,A,:B:@b
/%(%8 % 6:A %6C78:AY ,AB% 01AB:@1%+:@% 0% >:+1+: ,AB%(6,),@ ):8 )1,@B% >@,)1A1<8 6%A 7%B,@1%A
?C,A,17>%@B2%8\,/D8,6>@17,@@,/6%7,8B:gpvvuh,86%,A)C,6%A,+%(%8)6%A,A+,*.4 5=
.4,.5 ,6..5#!, 4.52*%* 56..5*.5."%%.5Y >5="%#745 56+2%A2):7:
. *.*,. 56+2\,B:+%A.:@7%A,86%A8:B1)1%AA:(@,6:A>@,71:AA,0%(6%(%+,%G
#745 56+2I+,*.4 5=.4,.5?C,6C,/:A,%7>61%@:8):8C8%7%B,@1%?C,A,66%7%(%
,: ,%0, *.4 5\ 8 )C%6?C1,@ )%A:Y ,8 6:A >@17,@:A +:)C7,8B:A ?C,+% )6%@: ?C, ,6 +1(C4:
r
8,6)%>2BC6:%8B,@1:@I%0,7:A0,)0:%6/C8%A@,.6,H1:8,AA:(@,,6A1/81.1)%+:+,6%>%6%(@%+1A,9:
,8A>%9%\ ,@6:A):7,8B%@1:A+,@:6:1(,@8%B,86%8:B%to\
s
Y88%[_8%,A):6%+,+1AA,8IB%8%F1%B):7,6pvvtW6/C8,A@,.6,H1:8A>:BA,@7%AA%
B,;@1?C,A,8B:@8%6%+,8:718%)1<+,6:B4%16^%7(1,8B)C6BC@%6:8F%8-1H,@`,8 \\[
*.6(MSSQ57 *467%6 %5 -.NLLLCA):6%+^@BY+\6:B4%Y%@),6:8%YqooqY>&/A\pobqp\
t
$Y16%@[_6A,8A,8I%7,8BA+,+1(C1H%6%C8B%+,:7,@*16%18+DAB@1%+,6,A18+1%8,A`
,8$Y6,Hg+\h[%,7564% * 5%,%, 54 *.,CMSOLGMTQLC
4 *.,7 4,5F%56/4%C8LpvY%@),6:8%YqoppY>&/A\wtbpqs\
cproc
$#
,@% C8% 7%B,@1% (&A1)% c66%7%+% 4%,%2%.5c ,8 6% .:@7%)1<8 +, B:+:A 6:A %6C78:AY 6:A )C%6,A
+,(2%8+:718%@6%>@:/@,A1F%7,8B,A1?C,@2%8>%A%@%6%A)6%A,A+,*.4 5\
%)1%pvvx6%,A)C,6%,7>,J<%18):@>:@%@7C)0%A,8A,9%8J%A+,,66%A@B,AY%+1AB18/C1@,8b
B@,_%@B,A8:(6,A`I_%@B,A7,8:@,A`I%+,4%@,8A,/C8+:>6%8:6%A,8A,9%8J%A>@&)B1)%A%+:>b
B%8+:,68:7(@,+,A)C,6%@%BC1B%+,6%A:(6,A@B,A\1,J%9:A7&AB%@+,I%A,+%(%87&A
>@,71:A%6%>18BC@%Y6%,A)C6BC@%Y6%%@?C1B,)BC@%I,6/@%(%+:Y>,@:,66:8:A1/81.1)%(%?C,0Cb
(1,@%8+,A%>%@,)1+:*.537 2%,6,+7 56452 46 , % ,6 56 <%.5 5 C=*"4%%0,
%,%,5A,/D8C8%7,7:@1%:.6%%$%5604%+,pvwx\u
,B:+%A.:@7%AYA,/D8 -6,JY6%,A)C,6%):8B18C<7%8B,81,8+:@,6%)1<8):86%18+CAB@1%+,18b
+1%8%AI81A1?C1,@%6%7,8B%61+%+%)%+-71)%816%C,@@%+,6
@%8)-A6:/@%@:8+,AF1@BC%@+,6B:b
+:AC)%@&)B,@+,),8B@:?C,):7>%/18%(%6%,8A,9%8J%+,6%A,66%A@B,A):86%,8A,9%8J%+,6
+1A,9:>%@%6%18+CAB@1%B,HB16\8,661(@:+,7%B@2)C6%A+,pwssbstA,,A>,)1.1)%(%?C,,86%,Ab
)C,6%A,)C@A%(%8437%6 674C 452 6%:=2%5( C4,6.C%7(. "%#74$7+,I%7(.
2*%.*"4%%0, 6 <%.52%,6.5C*.,5=.4.5E
C%8+: 6% 18+CAB@1% )%B%6%8% +, 6%A 18+1%8%A +,)%I< % .18%6,A +,6 A1/6: "" 6% _6:B4%` ):8B18C<
):7:),8B@::.1)1%6+,,8A,9%8J%+,6%A,66%A@B,A,8ACF,@A1<87&A%)%+-71)%\C):8F,@b
A1<8Y:B@%F,JY,8,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:,86:A%9:AA,A,8B%+,6A1/6:"",A:B@%01AB:@1%\v
,B:+%A.:@7%AY6%.%6B%+,+:)C7,8B:AA:(@,6%A)C,6%@%BC1B%+,1A,9:8:>,@71B,%8%61J%@
):8>@,)1A1<8,6-H1B::,6.@%)%A:+,6%.:@7%)1<8+,+1A,9%+:@,A>%@%6%18+CAB@1%+,18+1%8%A\
:A%(,7:A%)1,8)1%)1,@B%A16%,A)C,6%+,@1F<0%)1%6%,8A,9%8J%+,6%A,66%A@B,A%)%CA%+,
6%AB,8+,8)1%A%)%+,71)1AB%AIY,8)1,@B:7:+:@,B@</@%+%AY:>:@?C,6:A.%(@1)%8B,A+,18+1%8%A
.C,@:8@,B1@&8+:6,AC%>:I:\
8)%A:7CI16CAB@%B1F:+,,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:.@%)%A%+%.C,6%+,68AB1BCB:8+CAB@1%6+,%(%+,66Y
.C8+%+:,8pwurY>:@C8/@C>:+,tr,7>@,A%@1:A6%8,@:A):8,6:(4,B1F:+,,7>@,8+,@%))1:b
8,A):6,)B1F%A:@1,8B%+%A%7,4:@%@6%):7>,B1B1F1+%+Y%6%,H>:@B%)1<8+,B,41+:A+,6%8%I%6%
+1A)CA1<8+,6%A>:62B1)%A%@%8),6%@1%A+,6AB%+:\w68AB1BCB:,@%6%>@17,@%:@/%81J%)1<8):@>:b
@%B1F% 7:+,@8% +, 6:A .%(@1)%8B,A A%(%+,66,8A,A ?C, ):8A1+,@%(%8 ?C, 6% %)B1F1+%+ +,6 F1,4:
@,71:Y.C8+%+:,8,6A1/6:" Y,@%+,6B:+:18AC.1)1,8B,\
68AB1BCB:>CA:187,+1%B%7,8B,,87%@)0%,8A,9%8J%A/@%BC1B%A+,B,:@2%+,B,41+:AY):8B@%Ab
B,I%@7:82%+,):6:@,AY,6,7,8B:A+,7%B,7&B1)%AY7,)&81)%I?C271)%Y,):8:72%>:62B1)%Y+,b
@,)0:%+7181AB@%B1F:I)&6)C6:7,@)%8B16\%A)6%A,A,@%88:)BC@8%A,18)6CA:A,+%(%8,8+:718b
/:\C@1:A%7,8B,,AB%.:@7%)1<88:BCF:,6-H1B:?C,A,,A>,@%(%I6%+:),8)1%A,ACA>,8+1<%6
)%(:+,)18):%9:A%)%CA%+,6%.%6B%+,%6C78:A7%B@1)C6%+:A\,/D8,8%C6YC8%+,6:A7:B1b
F:A+,,AB%.%6B%+,18B,@-AA,+,(2%%60,)0:+,?C,6:AB@%(%4%+:@,AF,2%8,AB%.:@7%)1<8):7:
C8% >@:6:8/%)1<8 +, C8% 4:@8%+% +, B@%(%4: %/:B%+:@%\ :8 (C,8% 6</1)% )@,2%8 ?C, ):8 ,6
B1,7>:%)%(%@2%8%>@,8+1,8+:6:71A7:,86%,7>@,A%\
u
$Y16%@[2E%6\Y>&/A\poqbpor\
,@,661(@:?C,A,>C(61)<):87:B1F:+,6qqt%81F,@A%@1:[*.6(D57 *467%6 %5 -.MSSQC
5.*F46NLLLY,8,@%61B%B+,%B%6C8I%a,>%@B%7,8B+^8A,8I%7,8BbA):6%^@B6:B4%Y
%@),6:8%Yqooo\
w
Y:A,>\[_%.:@7%)1<+,+,6%)1CB%B18+CAB@1%61:@/%81BJ%)1<+,6^,7>@,A%@1%BY
pwpsbpxpr`,8 \\[*4 +% 4%,65 **CMQQUGNLLUC4#,%6>%0 +24 54%*
=%766%,7564%*Y
C8+%)1<@,71+,
%(@1)%8BA+,%(%+,66Y%(%+,66YqooxY>&/A\vsbqpr\
v
cprpc
$#
% +,7%8+% +, +1A,9%+:@,A ,A>,)1%61J%+:A %>%@,)1< B%7(1-8 ,8 6% 18+CAB@1% B,HB16 (@1B&81)%
)C%8+:-AB%>,@)1(1<?C,8:,@%)%>%J+,.:@7%@>:@A271A7%%6%)%8B1+%++,>@:.,A1:8%6,A+,
6%)@,%)1<8?C,8,),A1B%(%\%)1%pwsoA,)@,<,8%1A6,IC817>:@B%8B,),8B@:+,.%(@1)%)1<8
+,)0%6,AY6%>@17,@%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:.C8+%+%>:@,6:(1,@8:(@1B&81):\:A.%(@1)%8B,A>CA1,b
@:8/@%8+,A,A>,@%8J%A,8,AB%18AB1BC)1<8>,@:-AB%A>@:8B:A,F1,@:8+,.@%C+%AI%?C,6%,8b
A,9%8J%,@%>@,+:718%8B,7,8B,%)%+-71)%>:@6:?C,7C)0:A18+CAB@1%6,AA1/C1,@:8.:@7%8+:
%ACA+1A,9%+:@,A,8ACA>@:>1%A.&(@1)%A\6%,A)C,6%+,%1A6,I6,A1/C1<6%@,++,6%A:F,@8b
7,8B)0::6A:.,A1/8+,6%A?C,0%(6%@,7:A7&A%+,6%8B,\
8)C%6?C1,@)%A:6%,F:6C)1<88+CAB@1%6+,A,8)%+,8<C8>@:),A:7CI):7>6,4:+,,A>,)1%61b
J%)1<8,88C,F:A:.1)1:A?C,I%8:A,>:+2%8%>@,8+,@):7:%8B%9:,8,6B%66,@+,6%.%7161%:
+,6/@,71:\601AB:@1%+:@%7,A\)071,)0,8@,%61J<,8pxxtC8%18F,AB1/%)1<8A:(@,6:A:(@,b
@:A?C,@,%61J%(%8B%@,%A+,)@,%)1<8,86%18+CAB@1%(@1B&81)%+,6A1/6:""66,/%8+:%6%):8)6Cb
A1<8+,?C,6%18+CAB@1%61J%)1<88:0%(2%A1+:B%8%61,8%8B,81B%8+,>@,+%+:@%):7:6:A7:@%61Ab
B%AI,AB,B%A>@,B,8+2%8\x1,@B:,A?C,+,A%>%@,)1,@:8C8%/@%8)%8B1+%++,:.1)1:AB@%+1)1:8%b
6,A >,@:Y ):7: :)C@@, ,8 B:+%A 6%A @,F:6C)1:8,A B,)8:6</1)%AY B%7(1-8 %>%@,)1,@:8 :B@:A 7Cb
)0:A8C,F:A\
:@6:+,7&A%>%@,)2%C8%8C,F%)6%A,7,+1%+,B@%(%4%+:@,A):8C8>:+,@%+?C1A1B1F:6:AC.1b
)1,8B,7,8B,17>:@B%8B,):7:>%@%):8.1/C@%@6%>@17,@%A:)1,+%++,):8AC7:+,7%A%A\%@%
,AB%>,?C,9%(C@/C,A2%,6+1A,9:+,(,@2%):7C81)%@C8%A,@1,+,F%6:@,AA:)1%6,A\,B@%B%(%,8
,AB, )%A: +, C8% @,F:6C)1<8 +, )%@&)B,@ )C6BC@%6 >C,A 6% CB161+%+ >@&)B1)% +,6 :(4,B: 8: ,@% ,6
D81):@,?C1A1B:,H1/1(6,\%7:@%61+%++,6%A>,@A:8%AA,+,.181@2%>:@6%7:@%61+%++,ACA:(4,b
B:AY,A+,)1@>:@ACF%6:@,AB-B1):\8,AB,):8B,HB:Y,6+1A,9:+,6:A:(4,B:AY%C8?C,.C,@%,8b
B,8+1+:):7:):7>:A1)1<8:@8%7,8B%6:):7:6%7%81>C6%)1<8F1@BC:A%+,C8@,>,@B:@1:01AB<b
@1):Y%+?C1@2%6%7&H17%17>:@B%8)1%\:7:+14:,8pwsx,6):71B-A,6,))1:8%+:>%@%6%A,A)C,b
6%A+,+1A,9:(@1B&81)%A_6%F,8B%4%+,6(C,8+1A,9:,A?C,%>%@B%%6%A>,@A:8%A+,6:A:(4,B:A
+,/@%+%8B,AI+,6%A.@CA6,@2%A`\po
6>,A171A7:+,8/,6AYCA518I:@@1AA:(@,6:A,.,)B:A8,/%B1F:A+,6%7&?C18%8:,@%):7b
>%@B1+:>:@,67,8)1:8%+:):71B-?C,F,2%,8,66%,618AB@C7,8B:>@1F16,/1%+:>%@%+,7:)@%B1b
J%@,6):8AC7:I/,8,@%@6C/%@,A+,B@%(%4:,8,6A,)B:@%@B2AB1):\8:B@%A>%6%(@%AY6%7&?C18%
@,)6%7%(%7C)0%7%8:+,:(@%,A>,)1%61J%+%,8,6&7(1B:+,6%)@,%)1<8\6@,AC6B%+:.C,?C,
%>%@,)1,@:8+:),8%A+,8C,F%A18+CAB@1%A_/:(,@8%+%A>:@,6>@18)1>1:+,6+1A,9::@8%7,8B%6`
A,/D8>%6%(@%A+,6/@%8+,.,8A:@+,6%)%CA%+,6+1A,9:,8@%8@,B%9%Y,8@I:6,\A+,)1@Y
%>%@,)2%8>@:),A:A+,.%(@1)%)1<8,86:A?C,A,8,),A1B%(%C8):8:)171,8B:%@B2AB1):7CI,A>,b
)1%61J%+:I%?C,+,(2%B,8,@,8)C,8B%6%7%?C18%@1%Y6:A8C,F:A7%B,@1%6,AI6%+1F1A1<8+,6B@%b
(%4:\:6,1+,8B1.1)<B@,18B%8C,F%A18+CAB@1%A+,+1A,9::@8%7,8B%6:6:?C,?C1J&A0:I66%7%b
@2%7:A_7%8C.%)BC@%A+,+1A,9:`\8B@,,66%AA,,8):8B@%(%86%A,+%Y,6B,@)1:>,6:Y6%A7CA,61b
8%AY6%A%6.:7(@%AB,41+%AY6%A%6.:7(@%A,AB%7>%+%AY6:A)0%6,AY6:AB,41+:A+,6%8%I)%)0,71@%Y
6%>:@),6%8%Y6%6:J%Y,6/@,AY,6F1+@1:gA:>6%+:Y7:6+,%+:Y>@,8A%+:Y/@%(%+:I>18B%+:hY6%4:I,b
@2%Y6%.C8+1)1<8+,6%B<8Y6%.:@4%+,01,@@:I,6(%9:,6,)B@:62B1):\
x
Y%7,A\[_,):8A1+,@18/B0,
%)B:@IY@Bb%(:@Y%8+B0,)0::6A:.,A1/8
1818,B,,8B0b,8BC@I@1B%18`,8Y,881A\g+\h[ 5%#,%56.4=D,,6.*.#=Y
@,AAY%7(@1+/,b:8+:8YpxxtY>&/A\puvbpvv\
po
\ 2.46."6$ * 6.++%66 .,6$ $..*5." 5%#,CMTPU\&/\srs\
,7564%* :.*76%., 5%#,C :6\rD1B%+:>:@Y%7,A\[2E%6EC>&/\puw\
cprqc
$#
:A 8C,F:A :.1)1:A ?C, %>%@,)2%8 ,8 6%A 18+CAB@1%A %@B2AB1)%A @,?C,@2%8 C8% 7%8: +, :(@% %6B%b
7,8B,,A>,)1%61J%+%I6%A18F,AB1/%)1:8,A7&A@,)1,8B,A+,A71,8B,86%1+,%+,?C,6%7,)%81J%b
)1<8 >@:6,B%@1J< I %61,8< B:+% 6% 7%8: +, :(@%\ A: .C, ,8 >%@B,\ 8 ,6 &7(1B: +, 6% )@,%)1<8Y
7&A(1,8:)C@@1<6:):8B@%@1:Y,A:,AY?C,6:A,A>,)1%61AB%A,8_):7>:A1)1<8:@8%7,8B%6`A,7C6b
B1>61)%@:8\A2>:@,4,7>6:Y,8@%8@,B%9%,68D7,@:+,+1A,9%+:@,A+,,AB%7>%+:AA,+:(6<
,8B@,pwspIpwtpIYA,/D86:A),8A:A+,,7>6,:Y,8pwso0%(2%,8%8)0,AB,@?C181,8B:A+1b
A,9%+:@,A ?C, @,%61J%@:8 )%A1 7,+1: 7166<8 +, >@:I,)B:A B,HB16,A\pp % 71A7% B,8+,8)1% >:+2%
:(A,@F%@A,B%7(1-8,8A,)B:@,A?C,,AB%(%8@,%61J%8+:,6B@&8A1B:+,6%>@:+C))1<87%8C%6%6%
>@:+C))1<8 7,)%81J%+% B%6,A ):7: 6:A >%>,6,A >18B%+:AY 6:A 7,B%6,A 61/,@:AYpq 6% B,4,+C@2% ,8
B:+%AACAF%@1%8B,A18)6C1+:,6%)?C%@+Y6%,AB%7>%)1<8A:(@,%6/:+<8I6%8%I6%>@:+C))1<8+,
)0%6,A\pr>%@B1@+,6:A),8A:A+,:>,@%@1:AY)071,)0,8@,6%B1F1J%6%B,:@2%+,6%>@:6,B%@1J%)1<8
+,6:(@,@:18+CAB@1%6[
_A+1.2)16%@/C7,8B%@Y):7:0%),6%B,:@2%+,6%>@:6,B%@1J%)1<8Y?C,):86%7,)%81J%)1<8A,@,+C4:
6%/%7%+,:.1)1:AI?C,,681F,6+,):7>,B,8)1%+,6:A:>,@%@1:A+,)618<\:?C,:)C@@1<,8@,%61b
+%+.C,?C,+,8B@:+,C8>@:),A:+,+,A%@@:66:+,6)%>1B%61A7:18+CAB@1%67CI+,A1/C%6Y6%A0%(161b
+%+,Ag5)%**5h.C,@:8@,+,.181+%AI6%@,6%)1<8,8B@,6%%+?C1A1)1<8+,6%0%(161+%+I,6,AB%BCA+,6
B@%(%4%+:@ )%7(1<Z (@,F,7,8B,Y +C@%8B, 6%A +-)%+%A ?C, A1/C1,@:8 % pwro 6% 7,)%81J%)1<8 .C,
ps
%):7>%9%+%+,C8%@,F:6C)1<8,86%7%8,@%+,,+C)%@I.:@7%@6%.C,@J%+,B@%(%4:%@B2AB1)%`\ B@%):A%,A?C,,AB,>@:),A:A,+,A%@@:66%@%+,7:+:+,.1)1,8B,,18):7>6,B:6:)C%6/,8,@%(%
C8F%)2:?C,>@:F:)%(%,6>&81):,8B@,6:A18B,6,)BC%6,AF1)B:@1%8:A>%@%6:A)C%6,A6%)C6>%+,6
7%6+1A,9:A,,8):8B@%(%,8,6A1AB,7%,+C)%B1F:+,6:AB@%(%4%+:@,A%@B2AB1):A\
,A+,pwrv,6:(1,@8:(@1B&81):0%(2%)@,%+:6%@,++,6%A:F,@87,8B)0::6A:.,A1/8?C,
,8pwsxI%):8B%(%):8F,18B1D8),8B@:A\AB%A,A)C,6%A0%8A1+:C8:+,6:A)%>2BC6:A7&A:6F1b
+%+:A +, 6% 01AB:@1% +, 6% @,.:@7% F1)B:@1%8% +,6 +1A,9:\ :@7%67,8B, F1AB%A (%4: ,6 71A7:
>@1A7%8,/%B1F:+,,8@I:6,Y>,@7%8,),8):7:,6)01F:,H>1%B:@1:+,67%6/CAB:,8,6A1/6:
""\8%>:A1(6,)%CA%+,,AB%>,@),>)1<8@%+1)%,8,60,)0:+,?C,:6,A,>@:>CA:)@,%@C8
,AB%+:+,:>181<8,8,6:(1,@8:@,%61J%8+:C8%A,@1,+,)@2B1)%A>D(61)%A)CI::(4,B1F:,@%):8b
A,/C1@.:8+:A>%@%6%@,.:@7%%@B2AB1)%?C,-6A,>@:>:82%\18,7(%@/:Y,6):8AB%8B,%B%?C,%
6%A,A)C,6%A+,+1A,9:?C1J&AA,+,(2%%6+16,7%,8,6?C,A,+,(%B2%6%>@:>1%18+CAB@1%(@1B&81)%
,8B%8B:?C,>1:8,@%+,6%18+CAB@1%61J%)1<8\,A+,,6>@18)1>1:6%A,A)C,6%A(@1B&81)%A8:A%(2%8
A1 +,(2%8 >:8,@ ,6 -8.%A1A ,8 C8% .:@7%)1<8 B-)81)%7,8B, 7CI ,A>,)1%61J%+% : A1 (1,8 +,(2%8
>:8,@ ,6 -8.%A1A ,8 C8% .:@7%)1<8 %@B2AB1)% +, )%@&)B,@ 7&A /,8,@%61AB% ?C, ):7>@,8+1,@% ,6
>@:),A:+,)@,%)1<818+CAB@1%6,8ACB:B%61+%+\A2>C,A6%A,A)C,6%AA,):8F1@B1,@:8,8,6,A),8%b
@1:+,C8%%/@1%):8B@:F,@A1%)C6BC@%6\
,@: ):8A1+,@%+%A +,A+, ,6 >C8B: +, F1AB% 6%(:@%6Y ,A +,)1@Y):7: 6C/%@ +, .:@7%)1<8 >%@% 6:A
:(@,@:A%@B2AB1):A+,6%->:)%Y%?C,66%A,A)C,6%A+,+1A,9:8:.C,@:8B%818,.1)%),AI%?C,,8B@,
pwrvIpwswA,.:@7%@:8,8,66%A8%+%7,8:A?C,?C18),7160:7(@,AI7C4,@,A\pt8%?C,6>,b
@2:+:I+C@%8B,6%+-)%+%?C,6,A1/C1<Y6%A,A)C,6%AB:7%@:86%+,6%8B,@%>:@6:?C,A,@,.1,@,%
6%.:@7%)1<8+,6:AB@%(%4%+:@,A%@B2AB1):A>%@%6%A.&(@1)%A\C)0:A:(@,@:A)C%61.1)%+:A,7>,b
J%@:8%A,@):8B@%B%+:A,8.C8)1<8+,6%A0%(161+%+,A%+?C1@1+%A71,8B@%A?C,:B@:AF1,@:8,8
pp
&\Y>&/\pvq\
8B@,pwspIpwvp,81@718/0%7I0,..1,6+,68D7,@:+,>,@A:8%AB@%(%4%8+:,86:A:.1)1:A+,67,B%6
>%A<+,q\poo%r\voo71,8B@%A?C,Y,8pwsuYA,@,/1AB@%@:8rr\ooo8C,F:A+1A,9:A\
&\Y>&/\pvp\
pr
8%1A6,IYC8%+,)%+%A,A,8B%.%7161%AA,+,+1)%(%%6+1A,9:+,)0%6,A\
&\Y>&/\pvw\
ps
&\Y>&/\pvs\
pt
&\Y>&/\pvu\
pq
cprrc
$#
,AB%A,A)C,6%AC87,+1:>%@%7,4:@%@AC,AB%BCA6%(:@%60%AB%,6>C8B:+,?C,>@,.,@2%86%,Ab
)C,6%+,+1A,9:%6%.:@7%)1<8?C,>@:>:@)1:8%(%6%,7>@,A%\:A),8A:A+,B@%(%4%+:@,A,6%b
(:@%+:A%7,+1%+:A+,6A1/6:""@,F,6%8?C,6%A18+CAB@1%A%@B2AB1)%A(@1B&81)%A,7>6,%@:8>:@b
),8B%4,A7CIA1/81.1)%B1F:A+,7%8:+,:(@%)@,%B1F%.:@7%+%,8,A)C,6%A+,+1A,9:\pu
671B:A,/D8,6)C%6,86:A181)1:A+,6%>@:+C))1<87,)%81J%+%6%):8.1/C@%)1<8+,6:A>@:+C)b
B:A?C,+%(%,87%8:A+,.%(@1)%8B,A18,+C)%+:A:+,:(@,@:A%61,8%+:A+,(,@2%@,F1A%@A,%6%
6CJ+,,AB%A18F,AB1/%)1:8,A\:)1,@B:,A?C,7C)0:AB@%(%4%+:@,A?C,0%)2%8B%@,%A+,)@,%)1<8
,86%A,7>@,A%AA,%.%8%@:8,8%+?C1@1@8C,F:A):8:)171,8B:AB,)8:6</1):A\)071,)0,8%.1@7%
?C,6:A>@17,@:A,A.C,@J:A>%@%>@:>1)1%@6%C81<8,8B@,%@B,,18+CAB@1%BCF1,@:86C/%@,8,6>,b
@2:+:>:AB,@1:@%pwroI8:,86:A%9:AF,18B,+,6A1/6:""):7:A:AB1,8,,6@,6%B::@B:+:H:+,6%
7:+,@81+%+\8)6CA:A,>@,/C8B%A1%6%6CJ+,,AB:A+%B:A,A>,@B18,8B,):8B18C%@)@,I,8+:?C,
,6D81):B@%(%4:%@B2AB1):01AB<@1)%7,8B,@,6,F%8B,,@%,6?C,A,0%)2%,86:AB%66,@,A%@B,A%8:A
?C,0%(2%18A>1@%+:6%@,.:@7%+,!1661%7:@@1A\
%7,)%81J%)1<88:.C,C8_%):8B,)171,8B:`C8>@:),A:+1A):8B18C:I):7>6,4:,8,6?C,%>%b
@,)2%8.,8<7,8:A?C,%>C8B%(%8,8+1@,))1:8,A):8B@%>C,AB%A\,@:YA,/D8)071,)0,8[
_8AC):84C8B:,6/@C,A:+,6B@%(%4:+,%@B,18+CAB@1%6,8,6A1/6:""A,0%)2%":.4I8:,8):8b
B@% +, 6% .&(@1)% c>@17,@: >:@?C, 6% 7&?C18% 01J: ?C, )1,@B:A A,)B:@,A >@:+C)B1F:A @,)6%7%@%8
C8%7%I:@)%8B1+%++,B@%(%4:)@,%B1F:IYA,/C8+:Y>:@?C,,6A1AB,7%B@%+1)1:8%6+,%+?C1A1)1<8I
B@%8A71A1<8+,0%(161+%+,A+,7:AB@<A,@18%+,)C%+:YC8.,8<7,8:?C,.C,18B,8A1.1)%+:>:@,6
pv
8C,F:A1AB,7%+,.:@7%)1<8%@B2AB1)%?C,>@:>:@)1:8%(%,6,AB%+:`\ 1,@B:,A?C,6%7,)%81J%)1<8):8F1@B1<,8:(A:6,B:AC8%7C6B1BC++,:.1)1:AB@%+1)1:8%6,A6%8b
J%8+: % 6:A %@B,A%8:A % 6% >@:6,B%@1J%)1<8Y >,@: B%7(1-8 6: ,A ?C, >%@%6,6%7,8B, A, %(@1,@:8
7C)0%A>:A1(161+%+,A6%(:@%6,A,8,6A,)B:@+,6%)@,%)1<818+CAB@1%6\)071,)0,8):8)6CI,%.1@b
7%8+:?C,%+,7&A+,,A)C)0%@6:A6%7,8B:A+,CA518IACAA,/C1+:@,AY?C1J&A0%(@2%?C,,Ab
)C)0%@B%7(1-86%F:J+,6:AB@%(%4%+:@,A\,@:,AB:,AC8%18)</81B%\
C8?C, 8: B,8,7:A AC.1)1,8B,A +%B:A ):7: >%@% %.1@7%@ ?C, 6%A ,A)C,6%A 17>C6A%+%A +1@,)B%b
7,8B,>:@6%18+CAB@1%.C,@%8C8.@%)%A:Y,8,6A,8B1+:+,?C,8:%B@%2%8%6:AB@%(%4%+:@,A?C,
F,2%8,8,66%AC8%>@:6:8/%)1<8+,6%.&(@1)%Y6:?C,A2A%(,7:A,A?C,8:/:J%@:8+,7%A1%+:
+,6%>:I:+,6:A18B,6,)BC%6,A\
8,.,)B:Y,67:+,6:?C,:6,+,.,8+2%I?C,@2%17>6%8B%@8:,@%,6+,6%,A)C,6%b,7>@,A%A18:
,6+,6%,A)C,6%%A:)1%+%%67CA,:+,%@B,A%>61)%+%A\pw,A>C-A+,6%@,%BH01(1B1:8+,pwtp
A, @,C81< C8% ):6,))1<8 +, %@B,A +,):@%B1F%A ?C, A1@F1< >%@% )@,%@ ,6 ):7>6,4: 7CA,2AB1): +,
:CB0 ,8A18/B:8Y 0:I ):8:)1+: ):7: 1)B:@1% l 6(,@B CA,C7\ C%8+: ,8 pwtv A, %(@1< ,6
8C,F:,+1.1)1:Y6%)0::6:.,A1/8g0:I:I%6:66,/,:.@BhA,B@%A6%+<%6%A18AB%6%)1:8,A%+I%b
),8B,A\%1+,%+,%A:)1%@6%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:%67CA,:):8,6.18+,?C,6:A,ABC+1%8B,A%>@,8b
+1,@%86,))1:8,A+,%@B,:@8%7,8B%6):8AB1BCI<,666%7%+:_>@18)1>1:+,:CB0,8A18/B:8`\AB,
>@18)1>1:18A>1@<6%)@,%)1<8+,18AB1BC)1:8,AA1716%@,A,8B:+:,6:8B18,8B,\
pu
E$..*5." 5%#,D 2.465,2 45 *6%,#6. 6$,4,$$..*5CMTQLE
D
,7564%* :.*76%., 5%#,C.*EPE1B%+:>:@
&\Y>&/\pvv\
pv
&\Y>&/\pvv\
pw
8,6)%>2BC6:_%@,.:@7%A+,6%18+CAB@1%A%@B2AB1)%A,8@%8@,B%9%`
+,YA%(,6[% =*+6 4%C.*EME*%5 -. 24.76. ,575.4&# , 5C
A,,8)C,8B@%C8%+,A)@1>)1<87&A):7>6,B%+,,AB,>,@2:+:\
cprsc
$#
A2>:@,4,7>6:,6%@?C1B,)B:I,ABC+1:A:%6,7&8:BB.@1,+,7>,@@,A1+1<,8:8+@,A+C@%8B,
C8 B1,7>: ):18)1+1,8+: ):8 6% @,%B H01(1B1:8 +, pwtp\ C, >@:.,A:@ +, 7,B%6C@/1% ,8 :CB0
,8A18/B:8I+,FC,6B%%AC>%2A,A)@1(1<%55 ,$"6
,7564% 7,7,56g):8:72%Y18+CAB@1%I
%@B,h,86%?C,+,.,8+2%,6CA:4C1)1:A:+,6%7%?C18%@1%Y,6,A>2@1BC+,.@%B,@81+%+,8B@,7%,Ab
B@:AI%6C78:A+,B%66,@I6%7,4:@%+,6/CAB:+,6>D(61):7,+1%8B,6%)@,%)1<8+,7CA,:A+,%@b
B,A+,):@%B1F%A\
6 >@17,@ ),8B@: +,6 :8B18,8B, ?C, A,/C1@2% ,6 7:+,6: +, :CB0 ,8A1/B:8 A, ,AB%(6,),@2% ,8
1,8%\8pwusA,%(@1<,6AB,@@,1)01)0,ACA,C7.E@8+CAB@1,C8+C8ABI%6:A)C%B@:%9:AA,
6,%9%+1@2%C8%,A)C,6%+,%@B,A%>61)%+%A\6)%(:+,)18)C,8B%%9:AY,8pxpsY,AB%18AB1BC)1<8
I% B,82% B@,A /@%8+,A +,>%@B%7,8B:A g%@?C1B,)BC@%Y ,A)C6BC@% I >18BC@%h %A2 ):7: B%66,@,A +,
>@:I,)B:A,87,B%6Y),@&71)%Y,A7%6B,Y+1A,9:B,HB16I7:+%\C)0:A+,ACA>@:.,A:@,A.C,@:8
71,7(@:A+,6!1,8,@!,@5AB'BB,):8A1+,@%+:+C@%8B,6%->:)%+,6C/,8+AB16):7:,6@,.,@,8B,
1+,%6,86%):7(18%)1<8+,6%@B,):86%>,?C,9%18+CAB@1%\
:A6:/@:A+, 1,8%+C@%8B,6%A,/C8+%71B%++,6A1/6:"".C,@:8,7C6%+:A>:@:B@%A)1C+%+,A
+,0%(6%%6,7%8%\6626%A,A)C,6%A+,%@B,A%>61)%+%AA,:@/%81J%@:8)C1+%+:A%7,8B,+,%)C,@b
+:):8C8%F1A1<87,B:+:6</1)%?C,>@:/@,A<0%AB%,6A1/6:""7,@,)1,8+:,6@,):8:)171,8B:+,
6:A,8F1%+:A,HB@%84,@:A\
86%A>%9%.181A,)C6%@6%,8A,9%8J%+,6%A_%@B,AI:.1)1:A`.C,17>C6A%+%>:@6%8AB1BC)1<81b
(@,+,8A,9%8J%gh\
C8+%+%,8pwvu>:@
@%8)1A):18,@+,6:A2:AIC8/@C>:+,)%B,+@&b
B1):A,H>C6A%+:A+,6%C81F,@A1+%+>:@+,.,8+,@6%61(,@B%++,)&B,+@%I8,/%@A,%%4CAB%@ACA,8b
A,9%8J%A%6:A+:/7%A:.1)1%6,A+,6%@,61/1<8Y6%>:62B1)%I6%7:@%6Y6%,@%C8%18AB1BC)1<8>@1b
F%+%):7>@:7,B1+%):86%@,8:F%)1<8,+C)%B1F%Y)C6BC@%6IA:)1%6?C,Y0%AB%6%C,@@%1F16Y18b
B@:+C4:,8A>%9%6%A7&A%F%8J%+%AB,:@2%A>,+%/</1)%AI)1,8B2.1)%A?C,A,+,A%@@:66%(%8,8,6
,HB@%84,@:\ ,/D8 C8 ,ABC+1: +, :.2% :+@2/C,J ,@81AY 6% , ):8A1+,@%(% ?C, ,@% >,@,8B:@1:
18B@:+C)1@,8A>%9%C8%,8A,9%8J%>@:.,A1:8%6+,6:A:.1)1:A+%+%6%,A)%A%>@,A,8)1%I):7>,b
B1B1F1+%++,6:A>@:+C)B:A,A>%9:6,A,86:A.:@:A18B,@8%)1:8%6,A\px:8C8%A1+,%AA1716%@,A%6%A
+,CA518I:@@1AY6%A,>@:>:82%18B@:+C)1@6%+,AB@,J%7%8C%6>%@%,AB17C6%@6%)C%61+%+
%@B2AB1)%+,C8:A:(4,B:A+,):8AC7:+,/@%+%+:A>:@6%18+CAB@1%61J%)1<8%A2):7:>%@%+1/81.1b
)%@,6B@%(%4:I6%F1+%+,6:A%@B2.1),A\
:A)C@A:AI6%A,A)C,6%A+,)%>%)1B%)1<8?C,.C8+%@:86:A18AB1BC)1:81AB%A+1FC6/%@:8C8%,AB-B1b
)% F18)C6%+% % AC ,A>,)1%6 ):8),>)1<8 +, 6% )C6BC@% >:>C6%@ ,8B,8+1+% ):7: %6/: %B,7>:@%6 I
):7:F,@+%+,@:AC4,B:+,6%1AB:@1%Y+,6_>C,(6:,8B,@:)CI:B@%(%4:+,):84C8B:>@:+C),6%
)1F161J%)1<8`\qo %A %@B,A >:>C6%@,A A,@2%8Y >C,AY 6% 7%81.,AB%)1<8 F1AC%6 I 6% ):8)1,8)1% ,AB-B1)%
):6,)B1F%+,,AB%.:@7%+,)C6BC@%)CI%A,8)166,JA,1+,8B1.1)%(%7CI(1,8):86%A,H1/,8)1%A+,
A:(@1,+%+Y0C716+%+I@,.18%71,8B:?C,@,):7,8+%(%86:A.C8+%+:@,A+,6%\
@%8)1A):18,@0%(2%@,%61J%+:,ABC+1:AA:(@,6%A%@B,A18+CAB@1%6,A+:8+,B@%B%(%+,@,+,.181@I
,?C1>%@%@ 6:A ):8),>B:A +, 6% %@B,A%82% I ,6 %@B,\ 8 ,66:A 0%)2% 18B,@,A%8B,A @,.6,H1:8,A A:(@,
):7:6:A:(4,B:A0%),8C8F1%4,+,6:AA17>6,I6:@C+17,8B%@1:%6:):7>6,4:I+,61)%+:%7,b
px
$Y:.2%[_%A%@B,A>:>C6%@,A,86%8AB1BC)1<81(@,+,8A,9%8J%`
,8 \\[
,56%67%0,%4 ,5 -,>=4,%5.%, 4 *.5&.5E7 :52 452 6%:5Y
:,+1)1<8+,6%
C8+%)1<8
@%8)1A):18,@+,6:A2:Agh):8))1<8C6BC@%6A>%9:6%Y%+@1+Yqopr\
qo
AB%.@%A,+,%@B:6:7-:AA2:Y1)%@+:C(1:I%.%,66B%71@A,,8)C,8B@%,86*.#.24.:%5%.,*
+,675 . #0#%.= %,5647%0,24%+4%C
:@B%8,BY%+@1+YpwxoY>&/\"\
1B%+:>:@$Y:.2%[2E%6\Y>&/\u\
cprtc
$#
+1+% ?C, A, +,A%@@:66%8 6%A A:)1,+%+,A\qp ,/D8 :+@2/C,J ,@81AY ,6 >,8A%71,8B: +, 18,@ A,
1+,8B1.1)%(% ):8 C8% F1A1<8 :>B171AB% +,6 +%@G181A7: A:)1%6 %>@:H17&8+:A,Y %+,7&AY >,8A%b
71,8B:+,BC%@B166\qq%AF18)C6%)1:8,A):8,6>,8A%71,8B:(@1B&81):8:+,(,@2%8A:@>@,8+,@b
8:AI%?C,6%B,82%(C,8%A):8,H1:8,A18B,@8%)1:8%6,A\qr
6>@:/@%7%>,+%/</1):+,6%+,A+,AC.C8+%)1<8Y,8pwvuY18)6C2%B@%(%4:A+,B%66,@Y>%@B1)Cb
6%@7,8B,+,)%@>18B,@2%I+,(:@+%+:%6:A?C,B%7(1-8A,AC7%(%86%)C6BC@%%@B2AB1)%Y01AB<@1)%
IA:)1%6\:8,6B1,7>:A,):8A1+,@<?C,,AB,B1>:+,,8A,9%8J%AB%7(1-8+,(,@2%817>%@B1@A,%
6:A%+:6,A),8B,A+,A,)C8+%@1%+,7:+:?C,C8%+,6%A18AB1BC)1:8,A17>C6A%+%A>:@6%Y,6
8AB1BCB:bA)C,6%Y.C8+%+:,8pxpwY17>%@B2%)6%A,A+,):ABC@%Y7:+,6%+:Y.:B:/@%.2%Y6%(:@,AI
7,B%6\AB%AA1@F1,@:8+,7:+,6:>%@%6%A,8A,9%8J%A+,_B@%(%4:A7%8C%6,A`?C,8:.%6B%(%8,8
6:A18AB1BCB:AI,A)C,6%A,A>%9:6%A?C,?C,@2%8A,/C1@AC7:+,6:\,B:+%A.:@7%AY):7:AC/1,@,
:+@2/C,J,@81AY,AB,B1>:+,,8A,9%8J%AB%8(%A%+%A,86%A%@B,AI6::.1)1:A%CB<)B:8:A):8A:b
61+<,8%+@1+I,6),8B@:+,6%,828AC6%C8/CAB:>:):>@:>,8A:%6%A188:F%)1:8,A\C1J&A>:@
,AB%@%J<8,6:+,@81A7:I,6@B-):BCF1,@:8C87%I:@+,A%@@:66:,8%@),6:8%\
ND#/3,&0- !+/4 &4!. /3!4!-+!,-&
%A,A)C,6%A+,%@B,A%>61)%+%A:+,%@B,A18+CAB@1%6,AA1/81.1)%@:8C8>%A:7CI17>:@B%8B,,8,6
,AB%(6,)171,8B:+,C8%>,+%/:/2%+,6%)@,%)1<8?C,8:A,.C8+%7,8B%(%,86%B@%+1)1<8%)%b
+-71)%\,@:6%18A1AB,8)1%,8,6,ABC+1:+,6:A@,>,@B:@1:A01AB<@1):AY6%):7>:A1)1<8:@8%7,8B%6
I ,6 %>@,8+1J%4, +, B%66,@ ?C,+%@:8 AC>,@%+:A >:@ 6:A 0,)0:A\ :8 ,6 A1/6: ""Y 66,/%(% C8% A,b
/C8+%,F:6C)1<88+CAB@1%6Y6%+,6%,6,)B@1)1+%+Y,6>,B@<6,:I6:A8C,F:A7,+1:A+,):7C81)%b
)1<8+,7%A%A[6%.:B:/@%.2%Y,6)18,I6%@%+1:\
>,A%@+,?C,,6@B:CF,%CBCF:6%F1@BC++,%(@1@8C,F%A>,@A>,)B1F%A>%@%C8%)@,%)1<8%@b
B2AB1)%ACA),>B1(6,+,18B,@,A%@A,>:@)C%6?C1,@>@:(6,7%+,+1A,9:Y+,A+,6%7%)@:,A)%6%0%AB%
6%71)@:,A)%6%Y%666,/%@,6A1/6:""A,0%)2%,F1+,8B,?C,C8%.:@7%)1<8(%A%+%,8C8):8),>B:
A1(%@2B1):+,(,66,J%I,8C8:A7-B:+:A+,>@:+C))1<8A,71%@B,A%8%6,A8:@,A:6F2%8%+,)C%+%b
7,8B,,6>@:(6,7%+,6%)@,%)1<818+CAB@1%6\:@6:+,7&AY,67C8+:+,6%@B,,H>,@17,8B<C8%
%CB-8B1)%@,F:6C)1<8I6:A@,.,@,8B,A,AB-B1):A+,6>%A%+:?C,+%@:8+,.181B1F%7,8B,%@@18):8%b
+:AY)C,AB1:8%8+:):8,66:,67:+,6:+,:CB0,8A18/B:8\
%(@2%?C,18F,AB1/%@)C%8+:6%>%6%(@%+1A,9:+,4<+,A,@A18<817:+,):7>:A1)1<8:@8%7,8b
B%6I,7>,J<%A,@A18<817:+,C8>@:),A:7C)0:7&A%(AB@%)B:Y):7>6,4:I%CB:@@,.6,H1F:\1b
/C1,8+:,6,A?C,7%,F:6CB1F:+,C)0%8%8Y>:+@2%7:AA1BC%@,6)%7(1:,86,7%81%,86:A%9:A
?C,A1/C1,@:8%6%@17,@%C,@@%C8+1%6\%@,.:@7%+,6%A,A)C,6%A+,%@B,+,F%8/C%@+1%I
AC ):8F,@A1<8 ,8 ,A)C,6%A +, +1A,9: ,8 C8 A,8B1+: 7:+,@8: .C, %662 ,A>,)1%67,8B, 18B,8A% :Y
qp
Y
@%8)1A):[_ABC+1:AA:(@,6%A%@B,A18+CAB@1%6,AI)%@B%A61B,@%@1%A`Y
45.+2* 65 4,%5.%, 4 *.5&.5C :6\" Y>&/A\qbpx\
qq
$Y:.2%[2E%6\Y>&/\u\
23
6/@%818A>1@%+:@+,18,@IACAC),A:@Y%8C,6%@B:6:7-:AA2:Y0%(2%A1+:C%8
%)C8+:1%9:Y
1@,)B:@,8,@%6+,8AB@C))1<8D(61)%Y/@%8@,8:F%+:@+,6:A,ABC+1:A+,6%01AB:@1%+,6%@B,I6%)C6BC@%
?C,,86:A%9:AA,B,8B%+,6A1/6:""%A,A:@<%6:CB0,8A18/B:8CA,C7g:I 1)B:@1%l6(,@B
CA,C7hA:(@,6%):7>@%+,%8B1/E,+%+,A,A>%9:6%AI,A)@1(1<,661(@:8+CAB@1%646%,2%,\
1%9:):8:)2%6%A,H>,@1,8)1%A+,6!:518/,8^A:66,/,Y+:8+,0%(2%,8A,9%+:CA518
IY%ACFC,6B%Y)@,<C8%,A)C,6%+,8+CAB@1%A%@B2AB1)%A,8%8C%8+,6:A,I,A\
&E
cpruc
$#
>:@6:7,8:AY,AB&7CI(1,8+:)C7,8B%+%\qs6.,8<7,8:+,6%%C0%CAY):8A1+,@%+%)%A1):7:
6%>@17,@%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:+,67C8+:Y0%I?C,A1BC%@6:,8B:8),A,8,6):8B,HB:7&A%7>61:
+,C8:A1+,%6,A,+C)%B1F:A):7>%@B1+:A>:@C8:A),8B@:A?C,%A>1@%(%8%.:@7%@>@:.,A1:8%6,A
)C%61.1)%+:A,8&7(1B:A+,6%)@,%)1<88:B@%+1)1:8%6,AI?C,B,82%8?C,F,@):88C,F%A@,%61+%b
+,A>@:+C)B1F%AY)C6BC@%6,AYA:)1%6,AI):7,@)1%6,AB%6,A):7:6%>C(61)1+%+Y,6+1A,9:/@&.1):Y,6
,A)%>%@%B1A7:Y,618B,@1:@1A7:Y6%7:+%Y,6+1A,9:+,>@:+C)B:AI+,7C,(6,A%A2):7:B%7(1-8
6%.:B:/@%.2%I,6)18,\
OD46!+!4%&5< !7-&%
@%+1)1:8%67,8B,Y A, 0%8 ):8A1+,@%+: ):7: %8B,),+,8B,A +1@,)B:A +, 6% %C0%CA 6%A ,A)C,6%A
?C,,8@IF%8+, ,6+,.C8+<,8!,17%@g6 +%,4%. 46 5
,7564%* 5YpxoqI6%57 *
4,7*(., 46 5="%%.5Ypxovh\18,7(%@/:Y6:A** 4 5 24 ,%>( =<2 G
4%+ ,6%0, 46 2*%.=46 %4 .C8+%+:A,8pxoq,86%)1C+%++,D81)0>:@,@7%8
(@1ABI!160,7F:8,(A)01BJ.C,@:87C)0:7&A188:F%+:@,AI>:>C6%@,A?C,6:A),8B@:A+,
!,17%@IYA18+C+%YAC>,+%/:/2%.C,7&A%F%8J%+%\,/D8>%@,),YF%8+, ,6+,%)C+1<%,66:A
>%@%18.:@7%@A,A:(@,6:A7-B:+:A+,,8A,9%8J%%>61)%+:A,8ACAB%66,@,AI!%6B,@@:>1CAY8:
A:6%7,8B, 6:A F1A1B%(% % 7,8C+:Y A18: ?C, 0%AB% 6%A F2A>,@%A +, AC ,H161: 7%8BCF: ):8B%)B:A
>,@A:8%6,A):8!160,7,(A)01BJ\qt 2. Brazalete de plata y esmalte realizado en la escuela Debschiz de Múnich, en 1901.
>,A%@+,B@%B%@A,+,C8),8B@:>@1F%+:Y6%A)C,6%,(A)01BJBCF:C8,8:@7,-H1B:IA,A%(,
?C,,8B@,pxoqIpxps.:@7<%7&A+,q\ooo%6C78:AB%8B:%6,7%8,A):7:,HB@%84,@:A\(@1AB
+,4<6%+1@,))1<8+,6%,A)C,6%,8pxos>:@7:B1F:A+,A%6C+I%)%CA%+,ACA+1A)@,>%8)1%A):8
,(A)01BJY?C1,87%8B,82%?C,,6%@B,+,(2%A,@6%,H>@,A1<8+,6%A:)1,+%+):8B,7>:@&8,%I8:
6%,H>@,A1<8+,6%18+1F1+C%61+%++,6%@B1AB%\
qs
!18/6,@,H>61)%?C,A,F1::(61/%+:%0%),@C8%A,6,))1<8+,)%A:A6:)C%617>61)%?C,
,86,7%81%,H1AB2%8,8%?C,6>,@2:+:7&A,A)C,6%A?C,6%A)18):?C,A,@,A,9%8,8AC61(@:\
,@[!Y%8A\g+\h[5 57 *5 46 :,#74%MULLGMUOOC+\%C@CAY%+@1+Ypxwo\
qt
!Y,6/%[_%,A)C,6%+,,(A)01BJ+,C81)0`
,8!Y%8A\g+\h[2E%6\YpxwoY>&/\vp\
cprvc
$#
,(A)01BJ,@%Y%+,7&AYC80:7(@,7CI%)B1F:Y,7>@,8+,+:@,18/,81:A:,8)C,AB1:8,A:@/%81b
J%B1F%AYI8:A<6:)@,<B%66,@,A+,8B@:+,6%,A)C,6%A18:?C,.1@7<%)C,@+:A):8B%66,@,A,HB,@b
8:A+,),@&71)%Y)%@>18B,@2%IB,HB16,A,86:A?C,A,>@:+C)2%87:+,6:A+1A,9%+:A,8AC),8B@:Y
?C,6C,/:A,):7,@)1%61J%(%8%B@%F-A+,C8%@,8B%(6,I7CI(1,8:@/%81J%+%,+1B:@%\:AB%66,b
@,A,@%8Y>C,AY>%@%,(A)01BJ,68D)6,:+,B:+%6%,8A,9%8J%IC87:+,6:+,>@:+C))1<8[
_:AB%66,@,A):8+C4,@:8%C8):8:)171,8B:7&A@1/C@:A:+,6%B-)81)%):7:>@18)1>1:):8.1/C@%b
+:@+,.:@7%AYI%6%)%>%)1+%++,+1AB18/C1@,8B@,>@:(6,7%A+,,4,)C)1<8%@B,A%8%6Y18+CAB@1%6I
7,)&81)%@,A>,)B1F%7,8B,Y):86:)C%6,6B@%(%4:%@B,A%8%6A,@,):8:)1<):7:6%B%@,%>,+%/</1b
)%7&A17>:@B%8B,Y):7:,67,4:@@,?C1A1B:18)6CA:>%@%6%@,6%)1<8+,6%@B1AB%):86%F1B%61+%++,
6%A.:@7%A,8A271A7%AY18+,>,8+1,8B,7,8B,+,6%B-)81)%>:@7,+1:+,6%)C%6AC@4%8\,):8A1b
+,@%(%):7:>@18)1>1:,6?C,8:A<6:A,+1A,9%@%>%@%B:+%A6%AB-)81)%A18+CAB@1%6,A>:A1(6,AA18:
qu
?C,%+,7&A6:A+1A,9:A66,/%@%8%@,%61J%@A,` %A)C,6%,(A)01BJA,01J:7CI.%7:A%,H>:81,8+:6:AB@%(%4:A+,ACAB%66,@,AYB%8B:,8ACA
>@:>1:A6:)%6,A):7:B%7(1-8,8+1F,@A%A)1C+%+,A%6,7%8%A\@:.,A:@,AI%6C78:A+,6%A)C,b
6%>%@B1)1>%@:8):8/@%8-H1B:,86%/@%8,H>:A1)1<8+,6%,CAB)0,!,@5(C8+?C,BCF:6C/%@,8
:6:81%,8pxpsI?C,.C,)6%CAC@%+%%8B,A+,B1,7>:%6,AB%66%@6%/C,@@%\,(A)01BJ+,4<6%+1b
@,))1<8+,6%,A)C,6%,8pxps>%@%B@%A6%+%@A,%%88:F,@Y+:8+,6,0%(2%A1+::.@,)1+:,6)%@/:
+,+1@,)B:@+,6%A)C,6%C81)1>%6+,@B,A%82%I+,@B,A8+CAB@1%6,A\8B:8),AA,+,7:AB@<
?C, ,@% C8% .1/C@% 17>@,A)18+1(6, ,8 ,6 ),8B@: +, D81)0Y >:@?C, % >%@B1@ +, %?C,6 7:7,8B:
+,)%I<:AB,8A1(6,7,8B,\
PD6%64BLTLTGLTNN
8B,B:+:0%I?C,+,)1@?C,6%%C0%CA8:.C,C8)%A:%1A6%+:I?C,ACB@%I,)B:@1%0%I?C,,8b
B,8+,@6%,8,6):8B,HB:+,C8%->:)%,86%?C,Y+,%)C,@+:):8,6,A?C,7%,F:6CB1F:+,C)0%b
8%8Y6%A,A)C,6%A+,@B,A>61)%+%A:+,:.1)1:Y%18AB%8)1%A+,6)@,)171,8B:>@:/@,A1F:+,6%A:b
)1,+%++,):8AC7:I+,6%)C6BC@%+,7%A%AY,F:6C)1:8%@:8@&>1+%7,8B,0%)1%,67:+,6:+,,Ab
)C,6%+,+1A,9:>@:.,A1:8%6\
,B:+:A7:+:A0%I?C,@,):8:),@?C,6%%C0%CA):8AB1BCI,C8)%A:18A<61B:>C,AB:?C,A1,B,
+-)%+%A +,A>C-A +, AC )1,@@, B:+%F2% ,4,@), C8% ,8:@7, .%A)18%)1<8 A:(@, ,6 7C8+: )C6BC@%6Y
>,+%/</1):I%@B2AB1):A1,8+::(4,B:+,):8AB%8B,A,ABC+1:AY18F,AB1/%)1:8,AI>C(61)%)1:8,A\8
)C%6?C1,@)%A:Y0%I?C,A,9%6%@?C,,6>@:>1:@:>1CAY%6:6%@/:+,B:+%ACF1+%YA,)C1+<7CI
(1,8+,71B1.1)%@6%18AB1BC)1<8>@:7:)1:8%8+:,H>:A1)1:8,AY>C(61)%)1:8,AY@,>:@B%4,AI>:81,8b
+:,A>,)1%6-8.%A1A,86:A%9:A?C,):@@,A>:8+1,@:8%AC7%8+%B:\qvC@%8B,6:A%9:A+,6%C,b
@@%
@2%6%%C0%CAA,>@,A,8B%(%):7:C8(%AB1<8+,6%8B1.%A)1A7:IC8%18AB1BC)1<8187C8,%6%
18.6C,8)1%+,6):7C81A7:Y6:)C%6,@%C8%18B,@>@,B%)1<8+,AC01AB:@1%8:+,7%A1%+:@1/C@:A%\
qu
@%/7,8B:+,6%A%8:B%)1:8,A18-+1B%A+,,(A)01BJ)1B%+:>:@
!Y,6/%[2E%6E,8!Y%8A\g+\h[2E%6\YpxwoY>&/\vv\
qv
C@%8B,6:A%9:A)18)C,8B%IA,A,8B%6%%C0%CA/:J<+,C8,8:@7,>@,AB1/1:)C6BC@%6,86%,>D(61)%
,+,@%66,7%8%?C,)C6718<):86%,H>:A1)1<81B18,@%8B,QL-.5 *7$75Y?C,A,18%C/C@<
,8BCBB/%@B+:8+,):8B%(161J<v\oooF1A1B%8B,A\ ,@Y%C6[_%%C0%CA,86%,>D(61)%
,+,@%6
6,7%8%[C8%0,@,8)1%%),>B%+%+,6%,>D(61)%+,!,17%@`,8
Y,%8818,I
Y,B,@[
7$75Y+\=8,7%88Y:6:81%YqoooY>&/\ts\:AB,@1:@7,8B,6%,H>:A1)1<8F1%4%@2%%:8+@,AY
7AB,@+%7Y%@2AY01)%/:Y:@:8B:Y%A%+,8%YC,8:A1@,AI:51:\ ,@ \\[QL-.5 *7$75Y
CA,:+,,66%A@B,A+,C,8:A1@,AY%B&6:/:H>:A1)1<8CA,:+,,66%A@B,AYC,8:A1@,AYpxvo\
cprwc
$#
B@%A,A)C,6%A+,6>,@2:+:+,,8B@,/C,@@%A,H>,@17,8B%@:8C8%B@%I,)B:@1%A1716%@I,7>1,J%8%
A,@,ABC+1%+%AY>,@:8:%6)%8J%86%)%B,/:@2%+,71B:\qw6>:+,@+,):8F:)%B:@1%+,6k.,8<7,8:
%C0%CA`B:+%F2%%>%@,),):7:7&A18A<61B:A1B,8,7:A,8)C,8B%ACA+17,8A1:8,AYI%?C,,6
),8B@:.C8)1:8<A<6:+C@%8B,)%B:@),%9:AI>:@,66%>%A%@:8C8:Ap\qto%6C78:AY+,6:A)C%6,A
66,/%@:8 % /@%+C%@A, %>,8%A C8:A too\ %7>:): A, B@%B< C8% %@7:81:A% ):7C81+%+ +, ,8A,b
9%8B,AI%>@,8+1),A+,6%A%@B,A%>61)%+%AY6%%@?C1B,)BC@%I,6+1A,9:Y81+,C8%18AB1BC)1<8):0,b
@,8B,I7:8:62B1)%I%?C,BCF:C8%%))1+,8B%+%01AB:@1%66,8%+,B,8A1:8,A18B,@8%AI,HB,@8%A\
%4:6%+1@,))1<8+,!%6B,@@:>1CAY%88,A,I,@I1,AF%8+,@:0,6%,A)C,6%%AC71<@:6,A
+1.,@,8B,A,18)6CA:):8B@%>C,AB:AYI,66:.C,7:B1F:+,+C@%A>:6-71)%AY+,A,@)1:8,AIB,8A1:b
8,A,8B@,,6>@:.,A:@%+:Y,6%6C78%+:I6:A,AB%7,8B:A>:62B1):A\
%>@,/C8B%,A,8B:8),AX+<8+,,AB&6%+1.,@,8)1%W&A?C,,8AC>@&)B1)%I,8ACA@,AC6B%+:AY
B%8(@166%8B,A>,@:,A)%A:AY?C1J&A6%+1.,@,8)1%,AB&,86%@%+1)%61+%++,ACA>:ABC@%AY,86%.C,@b
J%+,ACA):8F1))1:8,AI,86%,8:@7,)%8B1+%++,B,AB17:81:A,A)@1B:AI.:B:/@&.1):A?C,+,4<I
?C,0:I>,@71B,8@,6,,@I@,18B,@>@,B%@):8B18C%7,8B,AC6,/%+:\qx
PDLD &3!&0- !+5!33/1&64
8 pxpx !%6B,@ @:>1CA @,)1(1< ,6 ,8)%@/: +, +1@1/1@ 6% 7$75 566* ?C, %6 %7>%@: +,6
:(1,@8:+,6%8C,F%,>D(61)%+,!,17%@AC@/2%+,6%.CA1<8+,+:A18AB1BC)1:8,A>@,,H1Ab
B,8B,A,8!,17%@[%A)C,6%@%8+C)%6%4:8%+,@B,A6&AB1)%AI6%A)C,6%@%8+C)%6%b
4:8%+,@B,AI.1)1:A+1@1/1+%>:@,8@IF%8+, ,6+,%8B,A+,6%@17,@%C,@@%C8+1%6\ro
%+,8:718%)1<8%C0%CAY:_)%A%+,):8AB@C))1<8`Y7&A?C,%6:A>@:+C)B:AY%6C+2%@:7&8B1b
)%7,8B,%6%A_%C0EBB,`7,+1,F%6,Ac/@,71:A+,):8AB@C)B:@,A+,)%B,+@%6,Ac):8A1+,@%+%A
):7:):7C81+%+,A+,B@%(%4:C81+%A>:@,6%@B,I6%)@,,8)1%,8C8%:(@%):84C8B%\8,67%b
81.1,AB: .C8+%)1:8%6 +, pxpx c16CAB@%+: ):8 C8% )%B,+@%6 H16:/@%.1%+% >:@ I:8,6 ,1818/,@cY
@:>1CA18F:)%(%,6>%>,6+,6%%@?C1B,)BC@%):7:18B,/@%+:@%+,B:+%A6%A%@B,A,18A1AB2%,8
6%8,),A1+%++,.%7161%@1J%@%6%@B1AB%):8,6B@%(%4:7%8C%6[
28
+,7&AY6%,H1AB,8)1%+,6%C0%CA@)01F,8,@628Y+:8+,A,)CAB:+1%C8%>%@B,17>:@B%8B,
+,6%+:)C7,8B%)1<8+,6%,A)C,6%Y%A2):7:6%@,AB%C@%)1<8+,6%AA,+,A+,!,17%@I,AA%C
g):8F,@B1+%AI%,8),8B@:A+,>,@,/@18%4,)C6BC@%6h):8B@1(CI,8B:+%F2%7&A%@,.:@J%@,671B:
I%_7CA,%61J%@6:`\
qx
@%)1%A%,AB,6,/%+:A,0%80,)0:,86:AD6B17:A%9:A+:A17>:@B%8B,A,H>:A1)1:8,A\ ,@[
Z
Y
Z
[7$75E., 267*. *Y%B4,%8BJYAB.16+,@8Yqoox\
Y%@@IZY,%0[7$75MUNUGMUOOY0,CA,C7:.:+,@8@BY
C,F%#:@5Yqoox\
ro
%8+, ,6+,,@%(,6/%I.@%8)<.:8:>:@6:?C,Y%6,AB%66%@6%/C,@@%YBCF:?C,%(%8+:8%@6,7%81%\
8pxpt>@:>CA:%!%6B,@@:>1CAYC8%@?C1B,)B:+,)6%@%+%7,8B,7:+,@8:Y):7:C8:+,ACA>:A1(6,A
AC),A:@,A\8,8,@:+,pxpu@:>1CA,8B@,/<%6%A%CB:@1+%+,A+,!,17%@C818B,61/,8B,7,7:@&8+C7
,8,6?C,>@:>:82%C8%,A)C,6%+,%@B,I):8AB@C))1<8+,AB18%+%%)@,%@C88C,F:>,@.16>@:.,A1:8%6
?C,@,C81,@%6%A)C%61+%+,A+,6%@B1AB%Y,618+CAB@1%6I,6B-)81):\C@%8B,6%@%8C,@@%Y@:>1CA
.C,7:F161J%+:Y0,@1+:I):8+,):@%+:>,@:8::6F1+<AC>@:I,)B:\
8pxpx%)C+1<.@,)C,8B,7,8B,%!,17%@IA,01J:.18%67,8B,):8,6,8)%@/:+,6%+1@,))1<8
+,68C,F:),8B@:\:A+:)C7,8B:A+,,AB,>,@2:+:>C,+,8):8AC6B%@A,,8
!Y%8A\[7$75E %+4C 557C 4*%,CMUMUGMUOOYCAB%F:161Y%@),6:8%Ypxvt
ipK,+1)1<8[ ,@6%/@(@\%A)0l:\Y@%7A)0,Ypxuqj\%AB%%0:@%,661(@:+,!18/6,@
):8AB1BCI,6%.C,8B,7&A):7>6,B%+,B,HB:A+,6%%C0%CAB@%+C)1+:A%6,A>%9:6\
cprxc
$#
_V6.18D6B17:+,)C%6?C1,@%)B1F1+%+.1/C@%B1F%,A6%%@?C1B,)BC@%U8:B@:AB1,7>:A6%71A1<8
7&A ,H),6A% +, 6%A %@B,A .1/C@%B1F%A ,@% +,):@%@ 6:A ,+1.1)1:AY I >:@ ,66: .:@7%(%8 >%@B, +,
.:@7%18A,>%@%(6,+,6%/@%8%@?C1B,)BC@%\86%%)BC%61+%+A,,8)C,8B@%8,8C8,AB%+:+,%1Ab
6%71,8B:%CB&@?C1):+,6?C,>C,+,8,A)%>%@A:6%7,8B,7,+1%8B,C8%):6%(:@%)1<8):8A)1,8b
B,+,B:+:A%?C,66:A?C,%)BD%8,8,AB,)%7>:i\\\jV@?C1B,)B:AY,A)C6B:@,AY>18B:@,AYB:+:A
0,7:A +, F:6F,@ %6 %@B,A%8%+:U : ,H1AB, _C8 %@B, >@:.,A1:8%6`\ : 0%I 818/C8% +1.,@,8)1%
rp
AC(AB%8)1%6,8B@,,6%@B1AB%I,6%@B,A%8:\6%@B1AB%,AC8%@B,A%8:+,81F,6AC>,@1:@\` :@ :B@% >%@B, 0%I ?C, ,8B,8+,@ ?C, 6% %C0%CA 8%)2% 4CAB: +,A>C-A +, 6% >-@+1+% +, C8%
/C,@@%?C,0%(2%+,F%AB%+:,6>%2AI?C,0%(2%%6B,@%+:6%F1A1<8:>B171AB%+,6>:A1B1F1A7:I
6%18+CAB@1%61J%)1<8\@:>1CA.:@7C6%(%C8>@:I,)B:?C,%A>1@%(%%6%@,8:F%)1<8A:)1%6>C,A
)@,2%?C,%B@%F-A+,6%@,18B,/@%)1<8+,B:+%A6%A%@B,AA,66,/%@2%%C8%,H>@,A1<8,AB162AB1)%
,H>@,A1F%+,6%7:+,@8%8%)1<8%6,7%8%\:8,66:>:82%,87%@)0%C8%CB:>2%?C,,@%.@CB:
+,ACB1,7>:>C,AA,7:F2%,8C8%+1):B:72%)@2B1)%[+,A,%(%_):8AB@C1@`%6/:8C,F:%>%@B1@
+, 6: F1,4:Y +, 6:A ,A):7(@:A 1+,:6</1):A +, C8% 18)1>1,8B, 7:+,@81+%+ %(:@B%+%\rq %
%C0%CA8%)2%):8F:)%)1<8):8AB@C)B:@%I%671A7:B1,7>:):8C8%F1A1<8+,6%@B,7CI>@<b
H17%%6H>@,A1:81A7:YI%?C,,@%,8,AB,7:F171,8B:+,F%8/C%@+1%+:8+,7161B%(%86:A%@b
B1AB%A>:62B1)%7,8B,7&A>@:/@,A1AB%A+,6:A>%2A,A),8B@:,C@:>,:AI?C,@:>1CAAC>:%B@%,@
0%)1%AC>@:I,)B:\6/C8:AY):7:BB,8Y%8+1A85IY%@)5AY6,,:)06,77,@.C,@:8A18+Cb
+%6:A>,+%/:/:A7&A%F%8J%+:A+,ACB1,7>:\
3. Edificio de la Escuela Granducal Sajona en Weimar, proyectada por Henry Van de Velde.
4. Cubierta del manifiesto fundacional de la Bauhaus, diseñado por Lyonel Feininger.
:A)C%B@:>@17,@:A%9:A+,6%,A)C,6%,ABCF1,@:87%@)%+:A>:@B@,7,8+%A+1.1)C6B%+,A0Cb
7%8%AI,):8<71)%AI%?C,A,0,@,+<>%@B,+,6%8B1/C:>@:.,A:@%+:Y?C,8:A,A,8B2%1+,8B1b
.1)%+:):8,68C,F:>@:I,)B:YIC8>%@+,,+1.1)1:A,A):6%@,AA186CJ%@B1.1)1%6I):86:AB%66,@,A
rp
,@!%6B,@@:>1CA[_@:/@%7%+,6%%C0%CAAB%B%6+,!,17%@`
,8!Y%8A\[2E%6\Y>&/\so\
rq
Y1):6,[_%.16:A:.2%+,6%%C0%CA[@2B1)%%6%)C6BC@%ICB:>2%A:)1%6`Y
,8
Y,%8818,I
Y,B,@[7$75C+\=8,7%8Y:6:81%YqoooY>&/\qq\
cpsoc
$#
+,A7%8B,6%+:A>C,AB:?C,0%(2%8A1+:CB161J%+:A):7:%67%)-8I0:A>1B%67161B%@+C@%8B,6%
/C,@@%\+,7&AY6:A/%AB:A+,7%8B,8171,8B:I)%6,.%))1<8,@%818A:AB,81(6,AI%?C,+,(2%8
AC.@%/%@A,,8,6):8B,HB:+,C8%B@,7,8+%18.6%)1<8?C,,7>:(@,)2%%6%18AB1BC)1<8I%6:A
%6C78:A+,B%6.:@7%?C,18)6CA:0C(:?C,.%)161B%@6,A@:>%I%617,8B%)1<8\
6 >@18)1>1:Y ,6 >6%8 +, ,ABC+1:A ,@% 7CI ,H>,@17,8B%61AB% I 8: +1.,@2% +,7%A1%+: +,6 >6%8b
B,%+:,8:B@%A,A)C,6%A@,.:@7%+%A\18,7(%@/:YC8%+,6%A%>:@B%)1:8,A7&A:@1/18%6,A.C,
,6 C@A: @,61718%@ +,A%@@:66%+: >:@ :0%88,A BB,8Y ,6 )C%6 >@,B,8+2% 61(,@%@ 6:A 17>C6A:A
)@,%B1F:A+,618+1F1+C:7,+1%8B,C8%>,+%/:/2%7CI188:F%+:@%?C,A,(%A%(%,8,6%8&61A1A
c8:6%):>1%c+,6%A/@%8+,A:(@%A+,6>%A%+:%A2):7:,8,6,ABC+1:+,6%AB,HBC@%AY6:A7%b
B,@1%6,AI6%A6,I,A+,6):6:@I6%.:@7%\+,7&A+,C8,H),6,8B,>,+%/:/:YBB,8,@%C8>,@b
A:8%4,(%AB%8B,,H)-8B@1):?C,A,0%66%(%7CIF18)C6%+:%6%A,)B%7%J+,1AB%\7>@172%%ACA
6,))1:8,AC8)%@&)B,@.C,@B,7,8B,,A>1@1BC%61AB%,18B,8B%(%0%),@%+,>B:A7,+1%8B,C8@-b
/17,8+,F1+%7CI%A)-B1):\
, %)C,@+: ):8 6% .16:A:.2% %@B,A%8%Y ,8 6% %C0%CA A, >@:/@,A%@2% ,8 6:A ,ABC+1:A A,/D8 ,6
7:+,6:/@,71%6[%6>@17,@81F,6+,_%>@,8+1J`6,AC),+,@2%,6+,_:.1)1%6`>%@%:(B,8,@.18%6b
7,8B,,6B2BC6:+,_7%,AB@:`A1A,AC>,@%(%,6,H%7,8,86%):@@,A>:8+1,8B,&7%@%+,@b
B,A%8:A\%)%>%)1+%++,188:F%)1<8+,6%%C0%CA+,!,17%@YC8%F,JAC>,@%+:A6:A>@17,b
@:A%9:A+,>,8C@1%Y.C,.%F:@,)1+%>:@C8A1AB,7%+,%>@,8+1J%4,,86:AB%66,@,A+:8+,6:A
%6C78:AB@%(%4%(%8BCB:@1J%+:A>:@C8_7%,AB@:+,6%.:@7%`gC8%@B1AB%hIC8_7%,AB@:+,
B%66,@`g%@B,A%8:h\AB,A1AB,7%A17C6B&8,:+,B%66,@b+:),8)1%,@%6:?C,+1AB18/C2%6%%C0%CA
+,:B@%A,A)C,6%A@,.:@7%+%A\,A>C-A+,B@,A%9:A+,7C)0:AB1BC(,:AY0%)1%pxqq,6A1AB,b
7%(1>:6%@,7>,J<%):8A:61+%@A,I6:A@,AC6B%+:A>%@,)2%8,A>,@%8J%+:@,A\
8 >@:(6,7% 18A:6C(6, .C, 6% 18AB%6%)1<8 +,6 B%66,@ +, ),@&71)% ?C, A, C(1)< .18%67,8B, ,8
:@8(C@/Y%C8:Aro7\+,!,17%@I?C,:(61/%(%%B@%(%4%@%6:A%6C78:A,8):8+1)1:8,A
7CI>@,)%@1%A\%A+1.1)C6B%+,A7%B,@1%6,A8:A1/81.1)%@:8C8:(AB&)C6:>%@%?C,,6B%66,@+,
),@&71)%%A2):7:,6+,B,41+:A.C,@%86:A>@17,@:A,8A,@@,8B%(6,AI,8@,)1(1@,8)%@/:A+,
6%18+CAB@1%\6B%66,@B,HB16.C,:)C>%+:)%A128B,/@%7,8B,>:@7C4,@,AI%?C,6%%+7181AB@%b
)1<8+,6%,A)C,6%):8A1+,@%(%?C,-Ab
B%,@%AC%)B1F1+%+_8%BC@%6`,18B,8B%b
(% >,@AC%+1@6%A >%@% ?C, 8: ,8B@%@%8
,8:B@:AB%66,@,A_17>@:>1:A`+,ACA,b
H:Y B%6,A ):7: )%@>18B,@2% : 7,B%6,A\
@<81)%7,8B, ,6 B%66,@ B,HB16 66,/< % A,@
C8:+,6:A7&A@,8B%(6,A+,6%,A)C,6%\
%@% @:>1CAY ,6 B,%B@: ,@% C8 7,+1:
1+,%6 +, 18B,/@%)1<8 +, 6:A >@:(6,7%A
+,6,A>%)1:Y,6)C,@>:Y,67:F171,8B:Y6%
.:@7%Y6%6CJY,6):6:@I,6A:81+:+,7:b
+: ?C,Y (%4: AC +1@,))1<8Y ,6 B%66,@ +,
B,%B@: BCF: C8 17>:@B%8B2A17: >%>,6 5. Reconstrucción de los figurines del Ballet Triádico
>,+%/</1):\,A+,pxqr0%AB%pxqx.C, de Oscar Schlemer.
+1@1/1+: >:@ ,6 ,H),6,8B, %@B1AB% A)%@
)06,77,@?C1,8Y>%@B1,8+:+,6,H>@,A1:81A7:Y.C,,F:6C)1:8%8+:0%)1%C8):8),>B:7&AA,)Cb
6%@1J%+: I ,H>,@17,8B%6 +, 6% %))1<8 +@%7&B1)%\ %@% )06,77,@Y ,6 )C,@>: 0C7%8: ,@% ,6 ,6,b
7,8B:),8B@%6+,C8%A>%8B:717%AI+%8J%A,86%A?C,-AB,%+?C1@2%):8)1,8)1%+,A271A7:,8
@,6%)1<8):8,6,A>%)1:,8,6?C,A,7:F2%\C/@%8188:F%)1<8):8A1AB2%,86%):8,H1<8?C,
cpspc
$#
,AB%(6,)2% ,8B@, ,6 )C,@>: ,8 7:F171,8B: I 6% %@?C1B,)BC@% ):7: .,8<7,8: ,A>%)1%6\ CA
:(@%A7&A6:/@%+%A.C,@:8,6%66,B@1&+1):I,6%66,B,)&81):Y(%A%+:,8,6):8),>B:+,6%
_/,:7,B@2% +, 6% ,A),8%`Y A,/D8 ,6 )C%6 6%A .1/C@%A /,:7-B@1)%A ?C, 6:A (%16%@18,A @,):@@2%8
,@%81+-8B1)%A%6%A.:@7%A+,6%A.1/C@%A+,6:A>,@A:8%4,A\
>,A%@+,?C,,67%81.1,AB:.C8+%)1:8%6%6C+2%18A1AB,8B,7,8B,%6%%@?C1B,)BC@%Y-AB%8:A,
>:+2%B:+%F2%,8A,9%@>:@.%6B%+,7,+1:A,):8<71):AY+,7:+:?C,@:>1CA+1:.%)161+%+,A
%6:A,ABC+1%8B,A>%@%?C,):6%(:@%@%8,8ACA>@:>1:A>@:I,)B:A\8pxqoY,6,ABC+1:+,@:b
>1CAI+:6.,I,@@,)1(1<,6,8)%@/:+,+1A,9%@6%)%A%+,6):7,@)1%8B,+,7%+,@%A+:6.
:77,@.,6+YC8%F1F1,8+%C81.%7161%@?C,A,):8AB@C1@2%):8C8%>%@B1+%+,B,)%):7>@%+%%
C8(%@):+,A/C%J%+:\8,AB,>@:I,)B:>%@B1)1>%@2%8%)B1F%7,8B,6:A%6C78:A+,6%,A)C,6%Y
,8)CI:AB%66,@,AA,@,%61J%@2%>@&)B1)%7,8B,B:+%6%+,):@%)1<818B,@1:@\
%8B:6%)%A%:77,@.,6+):7:6%>@:+C))1<8+,6%%C0%CA,8,AB:A%9:A+,A>@,8+2%8C8%
,AB-B1)%18,?C2F:)%7,8B,,H>@,A1:81AB%I%@B,A%8%\%A+1):B:72%A17>62)1B%A,8,67%81.1,AB:
.C8+%)1:8%6 ,7>,J%(%8 % >:8,@A, ,8 ,F1+,8)1% >C,A 8: ?C,+%(% )6%@: ?C, 6% %@B,A%82%Y ,6
,H>@,A1:81A7:I6%A%)B1BC+,A72AB1)%A.C,@%86%7,4:@0,@@%71,8B%>%@%):6%(:@%@):86%18b
+CAB@1%\ :A ,8)%@/:A ,HB,@1:@,A I 6%A %)B1BC+,A ,H)-8B@1)%A ,8.@,8B%@:8 % @:>1CA I % BB,8
?C1,8Y%+,7&A+,+1@1/1@,6C@A:@,61718%@Y,@%7%,AB@:+,.:@7%+,F%@1:AB%66,@,A\1,8b
B@%A,6>@17,@::>18%(%?C,6:A,8)%@/:A,@%88,),A%@1:A>%@%,F1B%@,6%1A6%71,8B:+,6%,Ab
)C,6%Y,6A,/C8+::>18%(%?C,-AB:A+,AF1@BC%(%86%6%(:@>,+%/</1)%\%7,8B%(6,7,8B,Bb
B,8%(%8+:8<6%,A)C,6%,8%(@16+,pxqr>,@:,66:B,82%6%F1@BC++,+,4%@%@:>1CA6%F2%61b
(@,0%)1%C8%.:@7%)1<8+,):@B,7&AB-)81):I@%)1:8%6\
6. Primer sello de la Bauhaus, Karl Peter Röhl, 1919.
7. Segundo sello de la Bauhaus, Oscar Schlemer, 1921-1922.
8:+,6:AA1/8:A>@,)C@A:@,A+,,AB,)%7(1:0%(2%A1+:6%%+:>)1<8+,C88C,F:A,66:+1A,b
9%+:>:@A)%@)06,77,@,8pxqpY?C,ACAB1BC2%6:A%8B1/C:A,7(6,7%A7,+1,F%6,AY>:@C8
/,:7,B@1J%+:IA,F,@:>,@.160C7%8:18A)@1B:,8C8)2@)C6:\&AJ6<:0:6I%/IYC8F,@A&B16
.:B</@%.:YB1></@%.:I+1A,9%+:@0D8/%@:>%@B1+%@1:+,6%AB,A1A+,6):8AB@C)B1F1A7:@CA:YA,b
@2%,6>@18)1>%6%61%+:+,@:>1CA,86%@,.:@7%?C,A,%8C8)1%(%\C18.6C,8)1%A,+,4<A,8B1@
B%8B:,8,6C@A:@,61718%@):7:,86:AB%66,@,A+:8+,>:@>@17,@%F,JA,%(:@+<,6+1A,9:
+,A+,C8>,@A>,)B1F%:(4,B1F%I.C8)1:8%6,8:>:A1)1<8+1@,)B%):8%?C,66:A>@:.,A:@,A?C,
+,.,8+2%86%%)B1F1+%+%@B2AB1)%):7:C8%@,F,6%)1<8,A>1@1BC%6\
cpsqc
$#
, B:+:A 7:+:AY ,6 )%7(1: +, :@1,8B%)1<8 +, 6% ,A)C,6% A, 0%66%(% @,.:@J%+: >:@ +1F,@A:A
.%)B:@,A,HB,@8:A,8B@,6:A)C%6,AA,):8B%(%6%18.6C,8)1%+,6/@C>:I+,6%@,F1AB%0:6%8+,A%
6%(*\,A+,pxqpAC62+,@,1+,<6:/:0,:F%8:,A(C@/A,0%(2%18AB%6%+:,8!,17%@,Ab
>,@%8+:):8,66::(B,8,@C8%>6%J%+,>@:.,A:@,86%,A)C,6%+,@:>1CA\1,8B@%AB%8B:17b
>%@B2%>@1F%+%7,8B,C8)C@A:+,):7>:A1)1<8Y%6?C,%)C+2%88:>:):A%6C78:A+,6%%C0%CA
,8 )CI%A >@:+C))1:8,A >@:8B: ,7>,J%@2% % %>%@,),@ ,6 @,>,@B:@1: 8,:>6%AB1)1AB% +, .:@7%A
>C@%AY /,:7-B@1)%A I %(AB@%)B%A I +, ):6:@,A >@17%@1:A\ %8 :,A(C@/ ,@% C8 %)-@@17: +,b
B@%)B:@+,6%A):@@1,8B,A,H>@,A1:81AB%AI)@1B1)%(%6%18AB1BC)1<8+,@:>1CA%6,/%8+:?C,)%b
@,)2%+,C8_>@18)1>1:/,8,@%6`\
8)C%6?C1,@)%A:,6)%7(1:+,:@1,8B%)1<8+,6%,A)C,6%0%)1%B,A1A?C,>@:8B:A,1+,8B1.1)%b
@2%8):8,6:F171,8B::+,@8::(,+,)2%B%7(1-8%)%7(1:A,86%A,H>,)B%B1F%A,):8<71b
)%A+,6,7%81%\88:F1,7(@,+,pxqrA,0%(2%,.,)BC%+:C8%@,.:@7%7:8,B%@1%I%>@18b
)1>1:A +, pxqsY ,6 6%8 %G,A 6:/@< ,AB%(161J%@ 6% 18+CAB@1%\ %7(1-8 ,A 18B,@,A%8B, A,9%6%@
):7:,8%?C,66:A71A7:A%9:AY,6_.:@+1A7:`%>%@,)2%,8C@:>%)<7:6%8C,F%+:)B@18%18b
+CAB@1%6@%)1:8%61J%+:@%+,67,@)%+:I)%>%J+,+,7:)@%B1J%@,6):8AC7:\%@%7C)0:A%6,b
7%8,A6%CB:>2%F%/%7,8B,A:)1%61AB%?C,):8B,7>6%(%6%7&?C18%):7:C8,8,71/:1(%%
A,@ACAB1BC1+%>:@,6>@:/@%7%)%>1B%61AB%+,6)@,)171,8B:,):8<71):1818B,@@C7>1+:\rr
8pxqrY,6/:(1,@8:+,C@18/1%,AB%(%17>%)1,8B,>:@F,@6:A@,AC6B%+:A+,6%,A)C,6%?C,
,AB%(% AC(F,8)1:8%8+: I ):8+1)1:8< AC %>:I: ,):8<71): % 6% @,%61J%)1<8 +, %))1:8,A ?C,
7:AB@%@%86:AB@%(%4:A+,6:A%6C78:A\A2>C,AY+,4C61:%:)BC(@,+,pxqrBCF1,@:86C/%@,8
!,17%@C8%A,@1,+,7%81.,AB%)1:8,A+,AB18%+%A%+1FC6/%@6%6%(:@+,6%,A)C,6%\C7:7,8b
B:)C6718%8B,.C,6%`,7%8%%C0%CA`>@:/@%7%+%+,6pt%6px+,%/:AB:+C@%8B,6%?C,A,
>@,A,8B%@:8,6** 64%%.I,6** 6 ,%.+,)06,77,@YA,,AB@,8%@:8:(@%A+,F%b
@1:A):7>:A1B:@,A):8B,7>:@&8,:AYA,>@:I,)B%@:88C,F:A.167,AIA,+1)B%@:8):8.,@,8)1%A\
8:A7,A,A%8B,AY@:>1CA0%(2%>C(61)%+:C86%@/:7%81.1,AB:66%7%+:
= 5647674 *7$75 566*,8,6?C,%>:AB%(%>:@C8%8C,F%C81+%+,8B@,_%@B,IB-)81)%`Y6,7%?C,
F,82%%ACAB1BC1@6%A%8B1/C%A):8A1/8%A(%A%+%A,86%C81+%++,6%@B,I6%%@B,A%82%[
_1,8B@%A6%18+CAB@1%I6%A7&?C18%AA,%8C8%.18%61+%+,86C/%@+,C87,+1:>%@%61(,@%@>@:b
/@,A1F%7,8B,6%A.C,@J%A,A>1@1BC%6,A+,6>,A:+,6B@%(%4:7,)&81):Y,618+1F1+C:)%@,),@&+,61b
(,@B%+I6%A:)1,+%+8:>:+@&:@+,8%@A,\i\\\j:7:?C1,@%?C,6%A.C,@J%A%@B2AB1)%A(1,8.:@7%b
+%AY %?C,66%A ?C, A,@2%8 )%>%),A +, >@:>:@)1:8%@ 6% %80,6%+% C81+%+ % 6% 18+CAB@1% .%6B%8Y +,
,66:A,18.1,@,?C,>%@%6%.CBC@%.:@7%)1<8+,B:+:A6:A?C,>:A,,8B%6,8B:>%@%6%A%@B,A>6&Ab
B1)%A0%),.%6B%[64(.246%. 544.**. ,6** 4 5 24.7%0,C 564 $+ ,6 *%#.
rs
7, ,5 -,> <6 *.5 * + ,6.5 .,"%#74%0,=575* = 5 .,5647%0,\` %A,H>:A1)1:8,AI%)B:A>@:/@%7%+:A>:@6%%C0%CA.C,@:8C8-H1B:+,>D(61):I+,)@2B1b
)%Y 6: )C%6 ,8 7C)0:A %A>,)B:A %F%6%(% ,6 )%718: +, 6%A @,.:@7%A ?C, 0%(2% ,7>@,8+1+:
@:>1CA\8%+,6%A%))1:8,A7&A,A>,)B%)C6%@,A.C,6%):8AB@C))1<8+,C8>@:B:B1>:+,)%b
A1B%,H>,@17,8B%6A1BC%+%,8,6_:@8`?C,A,:.@,)2%%6:A:4:A+,6>D(61):):7:6%>,@A:81b
.1)%)1<8+,6>@:/@%7%+:),8B,\6+1A,9:,@%+,,:@/C)0,I6:AB%66,@,A+,6%,A)C,6%A,
F:6)%@:8,8,AB,>@:I,)B:@,%61J%8+:6%):8AB@C))1<8Y,67:(161%@1:I6:A):7>6,7,8B:A\%
_%CA%7:@8`,@%C8%>,?C,9%F1F1,8+%B1>:+,AB18%+%%C8CB<>1):_%@@1:%C0%CA`+,
.%7161%A7:+,AB%A\C%A>,)B:+,.:@7%A)D(1)%AY%CAB,@%AI(6%8)%AIAC@%+1)%67:+,@81b
rr
@%85!01B.:@+Y7$75Y+1)1:8,A,AB18:Y%@),6:8%YpxxtY>&/\psq\
%A)C@A1F%A,AB&8,8,6:@1/18%6\AB,B,HB:>C,+,):8AC6B%@A,28B,/@:,8Y:C@+,A[
_!%6B,@@:>1CA[+,%I,AB@C)BC@%+,6%%C0%CAAB%B%6`,84%+ 45:,#74%546&56%5E
<6.5=.7+ ,6.5\+\%(:@Y%@),6:8%YpxwrY>&/A\qqubqsw\
rs
cpsrc
$#
+%+6,F%61<8:>:)%A)@2B1)%A,8B@,6%):8A,@F%+:@%A:)1,+%++,!,17%@%A2):7:7C)0%A
%6%(%8J%A,8B@,6:A%@?C1B,)B:A+,F%8/C%@+1%\rt
PDMD+534+ /!446
,@:6:A6:/@:A+,6%%C0%CAB,82%8+,B@%)B:@,AY,8B@,:B@%A):A%A>:@?C,,86,7%81%Y+,Ab
>C-A+,6%@,F:6C)1<8@CA%Y6%)@,%)1<87:+,@8%A,1+,8B1.1)%(%):86%A.C,@J%A+,1J?C1,@+%A\
%%C0%CA,7>,J<%A,@:(4,B:+,C8%)%7>%9%+,+,A>@,AB1/1:?C,6%%)CA%(%+,A,@C8
),8B@:(:6)0,F1?C,,18B,@8%)1:8%61AB%?C,8:,8A,9%(%C8%@B,,H>@,A1F:+,6%AB@%+1)1:8,A
%6,7%8%A\%,A)C,6%,7>,J<%B,8,@A,@1:A>@:(6,7%A):86%A%CB:@1+%+,A+,C@18/1%YA:(@,
B:+:%>%@B1@+,6po+,.,(@,@:+,pxqsY)C%8+:,86%A,6,))1:8,A@,/1:8%6,A/%8%@:86:A>%@b
B1+:A+,+,@,)0%A?C,+,A+,0%)2%B1,7>:@,)6%7%(%8,6)1,@@,+,6%%C0%CA\68C,F:/:b
(1,@8:):8A,@F%+:@?C,:AB,8B%(%6%7%I:@2%+,)1+1<+,AB1BC1@%6+1@,)B:@I+,4%@+,.18%8)1%@
6%,A)C,6%\1F,@A:A18B,6,)BC%6,A18B,@),+1,@:8%.%F:@+,6),8B@:Y,8,A>,)1%6,6>@,A1+,8B,
+,6%,CAB)0,!,@5(C8+Y%8A:,6J1/>,@:,8pxqsAC+1A:6C)1<8.C,C80,)0:\>,A%@+,
?C, 6% ,A)C,6% ?C,@2% A,@ %>:62B1)% ,AB: 8: 6, ,F1B%(% A,@ ):7(%B1+% ):8 7,+1:A >:62B1):A\ru
:@AC,@B,Y,6),8B@:0%(2%/%8%+:C8,8:@7,>@,AB1/1:>,+%/</1):I+1F,@A%A)1C+%+,A%6,b
7%8%AA,:.@,)1,@:8%%):/,@6:\
18%67,8B,A,:>B<>:@6%)1C+%++,,AA%CI%?C,6%>@:b
>C,AB%+,AC%IC8B%71,8B:,@%6%?C,>%@,)2%:.@,),@7&A):8B18C1+%+\%%C0%CAA,):8b
F,@B2%%A2,8C8),8B@:7C81)1>%6\
:A+2%AsIt+,+1)1,7(@,+,pxqu6%%C0%CA18%C/C@%(%AC8C,F%A,+,,8,AA%C\,B@%b
B%(%+,C88C,F:I@%+1%8B,,+1.1)1:>@:I,)B%+:>:@,6,ABC+1:+,@:>1CA\:@AC/@%8)6%@1b
+%+ ):7>:A1B1F%Y >:@ ACA F:6D7,8,A ,H>@,A1F:A +, 6%A +1.,@,8B,A .C8)1:8,A I >:@ ,6 CA: +,
7C@:):@B18%+,F1+@1:,8,6%6%+,6:AB%66,@,AY6:)C%6>,@71B2%C8%/@%8,8B@%+%+,6CJ8%BCb
@%6Y,AB,,+1.1)1:0%A1+:):8A1+,@%+:+,A+,,8B:8),A):7:C8%+,6%A:(@%A7&A,7(6,7&B1b
)%A+,6:F171,8B::+,@8:\:A18B,@1:@,AI,6,?C1>%71,8B:.C,@:8+1A,9%+:AI):8AB@C1b
+:A,86:AB%66,@,A+,6%,A)C,6%+,7:+:?C,):8,66:A,0%)2%I%@,%61+%+,6AC,9:+,):8b
B,7>6%@6%%@?C1B,)BC@%):7:,6,7,8B:18B,/@%+:@+,B:+%A6%A%@B,A\
% ,8A,9%8J% +, C8 +1A,9: :@1,8B%+: % 6% >@:+C))1<8 18+CAB@1%6 +, :(4,B:A %>%@,)2% )6%@%b
7,8B, ):7: C8% ,H1/,8)1% >@:/@%7&B1)% (%A%+% ,8 ,AB@1)B:A )@1B,@1:A +, 188:F%)1<8 I .C8b
)1:8%61+%+\:):A7,A,A%8B,A+,6%18%C/C@%)1<8+,68C,F:),8B@:Y@:>1CA,H>61)%(%,8C8%
0:4%17>@,A%6:A>@18)1>1:A+,>@:+C))1<8+,6%%C0%CA[
_618+1F1+C:?C,A,+,+1)%%6%>@:I,)B%)1<8+,.:@7%A8C,F%AA<6:A18:>1,@+,8C8)%+,F1Ab
B%ACA>@:/@,A:A+,A)C(@1,8+:8C,F:A7%B,@1%6,AI8C,F:A7-B:+:A+,):8AB@C))1<8Y>C,+,
%+?C1@1@6%)%>%)1+%++,,AB%(6,),@C8%@,6%)1<8F1F%,8B@,:(4,B:AIB@%+1)1<8Y+,A%@@:66%8+:
%>%@B1@+,%?C2C8%8C,F%%)B1BC+.@,8B,%6%B-)81)%[
b),>B%)1<8+,)1+1+%+,6%7(1,8B,F1F:+,6%A7&?C18%AI6:AF,02)C6:A\
b
1/C@%)1<8:@/&81)%+,6:A:(4,B:A(%A%+%,8AC>@:>1%6,IF18)C6%+%%6>@,A,8B,
A18,7(,66,)171,8B:A@:7&8B1):A81,HB@%F%/%8)1%A\
b171B%)1<8%.:@7%AI):6:@,A.C8+%7,8B%6,AB2>1):AY):7>@,8A1(6,A>%@%B:+:A\
b17>61)1+%+,86%7C6B1>61)1+%+Y,):8:72%+,,A>%)1:Y7%B,@1%YB1,7>:I+18,@:\
b%)@,%)1<8+,7:+,6:A,AB&8+%@>%@%6:A:(4,B:A+,CA:):B1+1%8:,AC8%8,),A1+%+A:)1%6\
rt
C@%8B,6%_,7%8%%C0%CA`BCF:6C/%@,8!,17%@6%@,C81<8%8C%6+,6%!,@5(C8+
):86:?C,6%A%))1:8,A+,6%,A)C,6%%+?C1@1,@:8+,187,+1%B:C8%@,A:8%8)1%?C,1(%7C)0:7&A
%66&+,AC&7(1B:6:)%6\ ,@5 <2.5%%., 5DMUNOG4%+ 4 <2.5%%0, *7$75C+,661(@:+,1@6:B\
ru
,@ aY%/+%6,8%[_6,AB@%8/C6%71,8B:+,6%%C0%CA+,!,17%@`
,87$75MUMUGMUOOY+\,8,+15B%A)0,8Y:6:81%Ypxxw\
cpssc
$#
%A,H1/,8)1%A+,6%7%I:@>%@B,+,6:A0:7(@,AACAB%8)1%67,8B,A:86%A71A7%A\%)%A%I6:A
:(4,B:A+,CA:+:7-AB1):):@@,A>:8+,8%C8%8,),A1+%+/,8,@%6IAC>@:I,)B%)1<8,AB&7&A
rv
F18)C6%+%%6%@%J<8?C,%6A,8B171,8B:\` >@:F,)0%8+:,6B@%A6%+:YA,@,02J:,6>6%8+,,ABC+1:AIA,C81.1)%@:8%6/C8:AB%66,@,A):8,6
.18+,:>B171J%@6%)%>%)1+%+>@:+C)B1F%+,6%,A)C,6%\+,7&AAC%)B1F1+%+I+,8:718%)1<8
I%8::(,+,)2%B%8B:%6%F18)C6%)1<8):8,67%B,@1%6I6%B-)81)%Y):7:):@@,A>:8+,@2%%C8%
,A)C,6% +, %@B,A %>61)%+%AY A18: ?C, %+:>B%(%8 C8 )%@&)B,@ 7&A >@:I,)BC%6Y ):7: ):@@,Ab
>:8+,@2% % C8% ,A)C,6% +, +1A,9: ,8 6% ?C, 6:A B%66,@,A B1,8,8 C8% :@1,8B%)1<8 7&A 18AB@Cb
7,8B%6,8)%718%+%%>@:+C)1@>@:B:B1>:A\
8. Edificio de la Bauhaus en Dessau.
%7%I:@188:F%)1<8+,,AA%C.C,@:86:A)C@A:A+,%@?C1B,)BC@%Y?C,%>%@B1@+,pxqvbpxqw
,7>,J%@:8 % 17>%@B1@A, @,/C6%@7,8B, (%4: 6% @,A>:8A%(161+%+ +,6 %@?C1B,)B: AC1J: %88,A
,I,@\ :A B%66,@,A A, @,%/@C>%@:8 +, %)C,@+: ):8 )@1B,@1:A 7&A >@<H17:A % 6% >@&)B1)% +,6
+1A,9:Y A, +,)1+1< ?C, :0:6Ib%/I ):8B18C%@2% ,8 ,6 C@A: @,61718%@ I ?C, %8+1A85I I
6,,):8B18C%@2%8,8,6A,718%@1:(&A1):+,.:@7%\
@:>1CA ):8A1/C1< %+,7&A 6% 6,/%61J%)1<8 +, C8% A:)1,+%+ 6171B%+% >%@% 6% ,H>6:B%)1<8 ):b
7,@)1%6+,6:A>@:+C)B:A@,%61J%+:A,8,6),8B@:)CI:AB%66,@,A>%A%(%8%A2%B,8,@C8+:(6,
>%>,6>,+%/</1):I>@:+C)B1F:\:7:6%A:)1,+%+):8),+2%)%+%F,J7&A61),8)1%A+,,H>6:b
B%)1<8%,7>@,A%A?C,,8)%@/%(%8>@:I,)B:A%6%,A)C,6%Y-AB%A,):8F1@B1<A,/D86%,H>@,b
A1<8+,6%->:)%,8C8_6%(:@%B:@1:,H>,@17,8B%6`
>%@B1@+,pxqt@:>1CAI:0:6Ib%/I17>C6A%@:86%>C(61)%)1<8+,6:A7$759$ 4Y:
_1(@:A+,6%%C0%CA`Y6:A)C%6,AB,82%8):7::(4,B1F:B@%B%@%),@)%+,>@:(6,7%A)C6BC@%b
rv
!%6B,@@:>1CA_%C0%CA,AA%C[@18)1>1:A+,6%>@:+C))1<8+,6%%C0%CA`
,8!Y%8A\[2E%6\Y>&/\pr\
cpstc
$#
6,AY%@B2AB1):AY)1,8B2.1):AIB-)81):A\,7%8BCF:A1,7>@,C8)@1B,@1:7CI%(1,@B:,8B:+:6:
?C,A,@,.,@2%%6%>%@B1)1>%)1<8+,%CB:@,A,HB,@8:AI%?C,A,+,A,%(%?C,6%>C(61)%)1<8A,
):8F1@B1,@%,8C8>:@B%F:J+,6%A):@@1,8B,A7:+,@8%A\%)::@+18%)1<8I,6+1A,9:):@@2%8%
)%@/:+,:0:6Ib%/IIY0%AB%pxroYA,>C(61)%@:8C8B:B%6+,)%B:@),F:6D7,8,A\+,7&A
+,6:A61(@:AYB%7(1-8A,>C(61)%(%C8%@,F1AB%+,AB18%+%%7:AB@%@6%A@,%61J%)1:8,A+,6%,Ab
)C,6%I%)%>B%@%71/:A+,6%18AB1BC)1<8\rw
8pxqu6%%C0%CA:(BCF:6%+,8:718%)1<8:.1)1%6+,_:)0A)0C6,.E@,AB%6BC8/`:A)C,6%
C>,@1:@+,1A,9:Y6:?C,6%+1AB18/C2%+,6%A)C,6%+,@B,AI.1)1:AA1BC%+%,86%71A7%
)1C+%++,,AA%C\:A+:),8B,A+,4%@:8+,A,@_7%,AB@:A`>%@%):8F,@B1@A,,8_>@:.,A:@,A`I
,6A1AB,7%+C%6+,,8A,9%8J%,8,6B%66,@A,1(%%(%8+:8%8+:,86%7,+1+%?C,A,18):@>:@%b
(%8%6%+:),8)1%_4<F,8,A7%,AB@:A`I%/@%+C%+:AY)%>%),A+,,8A,9%@+,%)C,@+:):86:
?C,@:>1CA+,8:718%(%_C88C,F:Y0%AB%%0:@%18,H1AB,8B, .*.4.424*%,7564%C
*.5."%%.5=*.,5647%0,?C,A,%7%,AB@:+,6%B-)81)%I+,6%.:@7%`\,A%>%@,)2%%A26%
.1/C@%+,6_7%,AB@:%@B,A%8:`,86%7,+1+%?C,,6@,B:I%8:,@%7:+,@81J%@6%%@B,A%82%A18:
,8A,9%@C8%8C,F%+1A)1>618%>@:I,)BC%6\
%AB@%+1)1:8%6,A.1,AB%A+,6%%C0%CA%+?C1@1,@:8,8,AA%CC8)%@&)B,@,A>,)B%)C6%@I6,b
/,8+%@1:IA,):8B,7>6%(%8):7:C8%>@:6:8/%)1<8+,6>@:/@%7%,A):6%@\C+1A,9:,@%)C1b
+%+:A%7,8B, >6%81.1)%+: ,8 ,6 B%66,@ +, B,%B@: +, )06,77,@ % >%@B1@ +, C8 B,7% ?C, A,
+,A%@@:66%(%,86%A18F1B%)1:8,AY6%%7(1,8B%)1<8I6:A+1A.@%),A\%A.1,AB%A,@%8%7,81J%+%A
>:@C8%(%8+%+,4%JJ?C,A,01J:.%7:A%0%AB%,8,@628B:)%8+:7DA1)%17>@:F1A%+%\rx
%)1%pxqwY6%,A)C,6%F:6F1<%B,8,@>@:(6,7%A,):8<71):A>C,A6%AC(F,8)1<8>D(61)%B,8b
+2%%(%4%@I6%A:)1,+%+6171B%+%8:,@%B:+%F2%@,8B%(6,\+,7&AY0%(2%>@:.C8+%AB,8A1:8,A
,8B@,,6>@:.,A:@%+:I%?C,Y>:@C8%>%@B,Y:0:6Ib%/II,I,@A,0%66%(%8,8.@,8B%+:A
+,.,8+1,8+:>:ABC@%A:>C,AB%A,8@,6%)1<8%6>%>,6,AB-B1):IA:)1%6+,6+1A,9:71,8B@%A?C,Y
>:@:B@%Y6:A>@:.,A:@,Ab%@B1AB%A>@:B,AB%(%8%6,/%8+:?C,A,A,8B2%87%@/18%+:A%)%CA%+,
6% :@1,8B%)1<8 B-)81)% +,6 ),8B@:\ :A1(6,7,8B,Y ,AB, )D7C6: +, >@:(6,7%A I ,6 )%8A%8)1:
.C,@:86%)%CA%+,6%A:@>@,8+,8B,+171A1<8+, !%6B,@@:>1CA,8%?C,671A7:%9:Y?C1,8
7%81.,AB< ?C, +,A,%(% +,4%@ 6% +1@,))1<8 +, 6% %C0%CA >%@% +,+1)%@A, ,H)6CA1F%7,8B, %6
,4,@)1)1:+,6%%@?C1B,)BC@%\
PDND &3!&0- !--!4!;!3
8pxqw@:>1CA),+1<6%+1@,))1<8%%88,A,I,@YA,/C@%7,8B,,6+1@,)B:@7,8:A):8:)1+:
+,6%%C0%CAI%?C,ACB%@,%A,0%A16,8)1%+:Y%7,8C+:Y>:@7:B1F:A>:62B1):A\,I,@,AB%b
(%7CIF18)C6%+:%67:F171,8B:)::>,@%B1F1AB%Y%6%@,F1AB%c+,.,8A:@%+,C8%%@?C1B,)b
BC@%@%+1)%67,8B,.C8)1:8%61AB%?C,@,)0%J%(%B:B%67,8B,6%8:)1<8+,%@B,cI%6%1+,:6:/2%
+,6:8AB@C)B1F1A7:@CA:\>,A%@+,0%(,@A1+:>@:>C,AB:>:@@:>1CAY?C1,8)@,2%?C,,b
I,@>:A,2%18+C+%(6,A)C%61+%+,A>,+%/</1)%AY,68C,F:+1@,)B:@B,82%C8%>:ABC@%)6%@%7,8b
B,):8B@%@1%%AC%8B,),A:@I+,)6%@<%6B:7%@>:A,A1<8+,AC)%@/:?C,6%8C,F%:@1,8B%)1<8
+,6%,8A,9%8J%A,@2%)6%@%7,8B,.C8)1:8%6Y):6,)B1F1AB%I>@:+C)B1F%\,0,)0:,8ACA,A)%b
A:A8C,F,%9:A+,F1+%6%,A)C,6%A,0%(2%/%8%+:C8%)1,@B%.%7%+,),8B@:+,>@:+C))1<8
,61B1AB%,86%7,+1+%?C,,8,66%A,0%)2%C8+1A,9:+,F%8/C%@+1%?C,,@%A:6%7,8B,):7b
rw
,@_,A61F@,A+C%C0%CAb%@,FC,+C%C0%CA`,8 aY%/+%6,8%[
7$75CMUNUGMUOOY,8,+15B%A)0,8Y,@628YpxxoY>&/A\prvbprx\
rx
%@%7&A18.:@7%)1<8A:(@,6%A.1,AB%AI6%F1+%):B1+1%8%,86%%C0%CAF,@[
Y,@),+,Ag+\h[7$75 " 56CMUMUGMUOOY
C8+%)1<%%1H%Y%@),6:8%Yqoot\
cpsuc
$#
>@,8+1+: >:@ C8% 718:@2%\ ,I,@ >@,B,8+2% ):7(%B1@ ,AB% %C@,:6% %(@1-8+:A, % 6% @,%61+%+
A:)1%6I>@:7:F1,8+:C8+1A,9:?C,A%B1A.1)1,@%_8,),A1+%+,A+,6>C,(6:,86C/%@+,%8A1%A
+,6C4:`\AB%):8A1/8%%.,)B<%B:+:A6:AB%66,@,A?C,>%A%@:8%,8B,8+,@A,):7:_(@1/%+%A`
:_)-6C6%A`+,):8AB@C))1<8+,6_):6,)B1F:>%@%,6>C,(6:`,8?C,A,):8F,@B1@2%6%,A)C,6%Y6%
)C%6+,4%(%+,):8B,7>6%@A,%A271A7%):7:C8.,8<7,8:%@B2AB1):\,I,@>C(61)%(%,86%
@,F1AB%+,6%,A)C,6%?C,[
k.,5647%4 57,24. 5.%.*0#%.E.,5647%4,. 57,24. 5. 56!6%.i\\\j
:8AB@C1@,AA<6:,8>%@B,C8>@:),+171,8B:B-)81):\6+1%/@%7%,):8<71):
A:86%A+1@,)B@1),A?C,+,B,@718%8,6,A?C,7%+,6>@:I,)B:+,6%):8AB@C))1<8\
:8AB@C1@I%8:,AC8%B%@,%18+1F1+C%6,86%?C,A,@,%61J%86%A%7(1)1:8,A%@?C1B,)B<81)%A\
:8AB@C1@,AC8B@%(%4:):84C8B:+,%@B,A%8:A,18F,8B:@,A\81)%7,8B,,6?C,A%(,
+:718%@6:A>@:),A:AF1B%6,AB@%(%4%8+:,8):6%(:@%)1<8):86:A+,7&A>C,+,
):8A1+,@%@A,@,%67,8B,C8(C,8):8AB@C)B:@\
:8AB@C1@YA1%8B,A@,>@,A,8B%(%C88,/:)1:18+1F1+C%6g.%F:@,)1+:>:@6%+,A:)C>%)1<8
I>:@6%,A)%A,J+,F1F1,8+%Ah%0:@%,AC8%,7>@,A%):6,)B1F%+,B:+%6%8%)1<8\
so
/-4536&3!440+//3$-&<&0-C/3$-&<&0-4/&+B5"-&B!/-0,&B14&/+0$&Dk 68C,F:+1@,)B:@%B%)<,8B-@718:A+C@2A17:A6%7:@.:6:/2%/,:7,B@1J%8B,I8,:>6%AB1)1AB%
?C,)%@%)B,@1J%(%B:+:A6:A>@:+C)B:A+,6%,A)C,6%@,+C)1-8+:6:A%C8,A?C,7%B1A7:,H),b
A1F:\A2>C,AY,8.@%8)%):8B@%+1))1<8):8AC%8B,),A:@YA,,8.@,8B<%6%>%@%+:4%+,+1@1/1@6%
%C0%CA%B%)%8+:+1@,)B%7,8B,,6,AB16:?C,6%71A7%0%(2%/,8,@%+:\sp
%4: 6% ):@B% +1@,))1<8 +, ,I,@ A, @,%61J< C8% >@:.C8+% @,,AB@C)BC@%)1<8 +, 6:A >6%8,A +,
,ABC+1:[A,+:(6<6%+C@%)1<8+,6C@A:@,61718%@IA,>CA:C8/@%8-8.%A1A,86:A,6,7,8B:A
%(AB@%)B:AI%8%62B1):AZ6:AB%66,@,AA,F:6)%@:8,86%%)B1F1+%+):8AB@C)B1F%Y6%)C%6>%A%(%%
B,8,@7C)0%A7&A0:@%A+,+,+1)%)1<8Z,6+,>%@B%7,8B:+,%@?C1B,)BC@%+1F1+1+:,86%AA,)b
)1:8,A+,_,:@2%+,6%):8AB@C))1<8`I_:8AB@C))1<8`>@:>1%7,8B,+1)0%YA,):8F1@B1<,8,6
,4,F,@B,(@%+:@+,F%@1:AB%66,@,A\
C@%8B,,6)C@A:pxrobpxrp6%A@,.:@7%A.C,@:818)6CA:7&A%66&,86%7,+1+%?C,A,%6%@/%b
(%86:A,ABC+1:AYA,%(:62%86%A)6%A,A+,>18BC@%IA,17>%@B2%C8%B,:@2%+,6%)@,%)1<8,H)6Cb
A1F%7,8B, 7%B,@1%61AB%\ % /@%8 %>:@B%)1<8+,,I,@.C,>@:)6%7%@?C,6%18F,AB1/%)1<8+,
6%A8,),A1+%+,AA:)1%6,AI6%@,A>:8A%(161+%+A:)1%6,@%8C8):7>:8,8B,,A,8)1%6+,6:.1)1:+,
+1A,9%@\%4:AC+1@,))1<8A,@,%61J%@:8F%@1:A>@:I,)B:A>%@%,6IC8B%71,8B:I:@/%81A7:A
>D(61):AI6:AB%66,@,AA,>6%8B,%@:8A,@1%7,8B,,6>@:(6,7%+,6%):8AB@C))1<818+CAB@1%6\
>,A%@+,AC1+,:6:/2%18,?C2F:)%7,8B,7%@H1AB%Y,I,@A,6%A%@@,/6<>%@%?C,6:AB%66,@,A+,
6%,A)C,6%.C,@%8>:@.18@,8B%(6,A7,+1%8B,6%):8B@%B%)1<8+,>@:I,)B:A+,+1A,9:I6%):8b
),A1<8 +, 61),8)1%A +, ,H>6:B%)1<8 % ,7>@,A%A +, >%>,6 >18B%+:Y B,41+:AY 7C,(6,A I >C(61)1b
+%+\:8,6+18,@::(B,81+:YA,>:+2%8):8),+,@(,)%AI,7>,J%(%%F1A6C7(@%@A,C8%01>:b
B-B1)%%CB:.18%8)1%)1<8\
67%8+%B:+,,I,@.C,(@,F,\C:@1,8B%)1<8>,+%/</1)%@,A>:8+2%)6%@%7,8B,%61+,%@1:
7%@H1AB%I8:AC>:,F1B%@?C,+,8B@:+,6%%C0%CAA,:@/%81J%@%C8%)-6C6%+,6>%@B1+:):b
so
#Y%88,A[_:8AB@C1@`,8!Y%8A\[2E%6\>&/\pwtY
g6%A)C@A1F%AI6%A8,/@1B%A,AB&8,8,6:@1/18%6h\
sp
C%8+:,I,@A,+,.,8+1<+,AC+,AB1BC)1<8>C(61)<C8%)%@B%%(1,@B%%6%6)%6+,+,,AA%C
,86%?C,@,6%B%(%6:A/@%8+,A,A.C,@J:A?C,BCF:?C,0%),@+C@%8B,AC7%8+%B:>%@%+,AB@C1@
C8,AB16:%C0%CA+,)%@&)B,@,8+:/&71):I@,:@1,8B%@6%>@:+C))1<8+,6%,A)C,6%0%)1%
:(4,B1F:A+,)%@&)B,@A:)1%6I):8AB@C)B1F:\ ,@#Y%88,A[_1,H>C6A1<8+,6%%C0%CA\
%@B%%(1,@B%%6%6)%6+,,AA,Y,AA%C`,8!Y%8A[2E%6\Y>&/\pxx\
cpsvc
$#
7C81AB% ?C, B,@718< >:@ %>@:>1%@A, +, AC +1A)C@A: I >:@ >@,B,8+,@ 61+,@%@ 6% ,A)C,6%\ AB:
)%CA<C8%>@:.C8+%+1F1A1<8,8B@,6:A%6C78:A?C,>@,.,@2%8,ABC+1%@I6:A?C,>@,.,@2%8+,b
+1)%@A,%6%%))1<8>:62B1)%\,I,@8:6:/@<):0,A1:8%@C8,?C1>:+,>@:.,A:@,A%+0,@1+:A%
AC)%CA%IAC>-@+1+%+,%CB:@1+%+,@%):8B,7>6%+%):8>@,:)C>%)1<8>:@,6IC8B%71,8B:\
AB: :)C@@2% %6 71A7: B1,7>: ?C, 6% ,A)C,6% ,7>,J%(% % A,@ )6%@%7,8B, 0:AB1/%+% >:@ 6%
>@,8A%+,+,@,)0%A\>@:F,)0%8+:C8>,?C,9:%):8B,)171,8B:Y,I,@.C,+,AB1BC1+:.C671b
8%8B,7,8B,Y)1@)C8AB%8)1%?C,:(,+,)2%B%8B:%6%A>@,A1:8,A18B,@8%A+,%?C,66:A>@:.,A:b
@,A?C,F,2%8,8>,61/@:AC>C,AB:+,B@%(%4:c%8+18A5II6,,c):7:%6%A>@,A1:8,A,HB,@b
8%A+,6:A+1>CB%+:A):8A,@F%+:@,A+,6%@,/1<8Y,18)6CA:+,6>@:>1:@:>1CAY?C,8:.C,)%b
>%J+,+1/,@1@6%A+C@%A)@2B1)%A?C,,I,@0%(2%0,)0:%AC7:+,6:>,+%/</1):\:7:):8b
A,)C,8)1%+,AC),A,Y,I,@A,.C,%:A)D):8C8%_(@1/%+%@:4%+,6%%C0%CA`):8,6:(b
4,B1F:+,>%@B1)1>%@,86%):8AB@C))1<8+,6A:)1%61A7:\
PDOD &3!&0- !&!49- !3/%!
68C,F:+1@,)B:@A,@2%,6%@?C1B,)B:1,AF%8+,@:0,?C1,8%6B:7%@>:A,A1<8+,6)%@/:A,
,8):8B@<):8C8%,A)C,6%7CI>:61B1J%+%I,80C,6/%>:@,6),A,+,,I,@\%A7,+1+%A?C,
B:7<>%@%@,A:6F,@6:A>@:(6,7%A.C,@:8%(1,@B%7,8B,%CB:@1B%@1%AI,AB%(%8%>:I%+%A>:@,6
%6)%6+,+,,AA%C[),@@<6%,A)C,6%+C@%8B,8C,F,7,A,AY+,A%6:4<%6:Aqu%6C78:A@,A1+,8b
B,AY,H>C6A<A184CAB1.1)%)1<8%6:A@,>@,A,8B%8B,A+,6:A,ABC+1%8B,AI@,+%)B<C8:A8C,F:A,Ab
B%BCB:A?C,):8A%/@%(%86%%C0%CA,H)6CA1F%7,8B,%6%%)B1F1+%+%@B2AB1)%I%6%%@?C1B,)BC@%\
%4:AC+1@,))1<8gpxrobpxrrh6%,8A,9%8J%A,@,+C4:%B@,A%9:AY,6B%66,@+,%@?C1B,)BC@%A,
):8F1@B1<,8,6),8B@:+,6%,8A,9%8J%I,6C@A:@,61718%@+,4<+,A,@:(61/%B:@1:>%@%>%A%@
%A,@:>B%B1F:\%%)B1F1+%++,6:AB%66,@,A+,>@:+C))1<8A,@,+C4:7C)0:Y):86%):8A1/C1,8b
B,):8AB,@8%)1<8+,6:A%6C78:A?C,I%8:>:+2%8:(B,8,@(,)%A):8,66%\1,AF%8+,@:0,
@,.:@J<C8%,8A,9%8J%(%A%+%,86%+1A)1>618%,AB-B1)%I6%)%61+%+I,H1/1<C8%18B,8A1.1)%)1<8
+,6%A0:@%A+,+1(C4:718171J%8+:7C)0:%?C,68D)6,:),8B@%6+,6%,8A,9%8J%?C,):8A1Ab
B2%,86%18B,/@%)1<8+,6%B,:@2%,86%>@&)B1)%\
,A+,pxroY,6>%@B1+:%)1:8%6:)1%61AB%1(%/%8%8+:,6,))1:8,A,8B:+:A6:A*, 4,7>,b
J%8+:>:@,6+,C@18/1%)CI%)%>1B%6,@%,AA%C\,,7>,J%(%%F,@%1B6,@):7:,6A%6F%+:@
+, 6% >%B@1% %C8?C, AC >:62B1)% )C6BC@%6 ,AB%(% %(1,@B%7,8B, ,8 ):8B@% +,6 %@B, 7:+,@8:%6
?C,):8A1+,@%(%):7:_+,/,8,@%+:`Y_(:6)0,F1?C,`I_,HB@%84,@:`:_%8B1b%6,7&8`\>,A%@
+,?C,6%%C0%CA):8B%(%):8C8>@,AB1/1:18B,@8%)1:8%618)C,AB1:8%(6,I+,?C,1,AF%8
+,@:0,6%0%(2%%>%@B%+:B:B%67,8B,+,6%>:62B1)%Y,6IC8B%71,8B:F:B<AC+1A:6C)1<8,6
qq +, %/:AB: +, pxrq\ , B:+:A 7:+:A A, ):7>@:7,B1< % ?C, 6:A >@:.,A:@,A A1/C1,@%8 ):b
(@%8+:ACAAC,6+:A0%AB%6%,HB18)1<8+,ACA):8B@%B:A\
87,+1%B%7,8B,Y 6% ,A)C,6% @,)1(1< :.,@B%A +, %/+,(C@/ I +, ,1>J1/Y ?C, B:+%F2% ,AB%(%8
/:(,@8%+%A>:@6%A:)1%6b+,7:)@%)1%\8AC6C/%@1,AF%8+,@:0,Y?C,>:@A,@,6D6B17:+1b
@,)B:@:AB,8B%(%6%B1BC6%@1+%++,6%A61),8)1%A):8,68:7(@,7$75Y>@,.1@1<B@%A6%+%@6%,Ab
)C,6%%,@628>%@%?C,):8B18C%@%):7:),8B@:>@1F%+:\662A,%6?C16%@:86:A6:)%6,A+,C8%
%8B1/C%.&(@1)%+,B,6-.:8:A+,A%.,)B%+%+:8+,A<6:A,>C+:17>%@B1@,6A,7,AB@,+,18F1,@8:
+,6)C@A:pxrqbrrI%?C,,6pp+,%(@16+,pxrr6%,A)C,6%.C,@,/1AB@%+%I)6%CAC@%+%Y>@,AC8b
B%7,8B,%)CA%+%+,%6(,@/%@7%B,@1%6+,>@:>%/%8+%%8B1b8%J1\84C81:Y,6181AB,@1:+,@Cb
A1%>%@%6%1,8)1%Y,6@B,I6%+C)%)1<8):8+1)1:8<AC@,%>,@BC@%%6+,A>1+:+,%8+18A5II
+,C+G1/16(,@A0,17,@I%6%17>6%8B%)1<8+,C8>6%8+,,ABC+1:A+,:@1,8B%)1<88%)1:8%6b
A:)1%61AB%\:A>@:.,A:@,A+,)1+1,@:8,6px+,4C61:+,pxrr?C,>@,.,@2%8),@@%@6%,A)C,6%%8b
B,A?C,%),>B%@,AB%A):8+1)1:8,A\
cpswc
$#
PDPD+634/3!+&,&-3
%%C0%CA.C,C8%,A)C,6%+,%@?C1B,)BC@%I+1A,9:+:8+,A,@,%61J%(%87C)0%A>@&)B1)%A
%@B2AB1)%AI>:+@2%7:A,HB,8+,@8:A%?C2,87D6B1>6,A.%),B%A+,ACB@%I,)B:@1%?C,0%8A1+:
:(4,B:+,>:@7,8:@1J%+:A,ABC+1:AYB%6,A):7:,6B,%B@:Y6%+%8J%Y6%)@,%)1<8%@B2AB1)%61(@,Y
6%7DA1)%Y6%A.1,AB%AY6:A1+,%6,ACB<>1):AY,6>%>,6+,6%A7C4,@,AY,B)\sq18,7(%@/:8:A+,b
B,8+@,7:A,A>,)2.1)%7,8B,,8%?C,66%A7%B,@1%AIB%66,@,A,86:A?C,A,%>@,)1%7&A)6%@%b
7,8B, 6% ,F:6C)1<8 +, C8 >@:I,)B: >,+%/</1): ?C,Y >%@B1,8+: +, C8 >6%8B,%71,8B: 181)1%6
(%A%+: ,8 6% 7:+,@81J%)1<8 +, C8% %@B,A%82% %@B2AB1)%Y ,AB-B1)%7,8B, 18.6C,8)1%+% >@17,@:
>:@,6,H>@,A1:81A7:I6C,/:>:@,68,:>6%AB1)1A7:Y,F:6C)1:8<@&>1+%7,8B,0%)1%,6+,A%@@:b
66: +, C8% 7,B:+:6:/2% +, +1A,9: :@1,8B%+% % 6% @,%61J%)1<8 +, >@:I,)B:A >%@% 6% 18+CAB@1%Y
):8),(1+:A%>%@B1@+,)@1B,@1:A@1/C@:A%7,8B,.C8)1:8%61AB%A,17>@,/8%+:A+,@,A>:8A%(161b
+%+A:)1%6\%7(1-8,A+,AC7:18B,@-A%8%61J%@6%,F:6C)1<8+,6C@A:@,61718%@I%?C,18b
+C+%(6,7,8B, ,A C8: +, 6:A 6,/%+:A 7&A F%61:A:A +, 6% ,A)C,6% ,8 6% 7,+1+% ?C, B:+%F2%
):8B18C%18A>1@%8+:,8A,9%8J%>@:>,+-CB1)%+,6+1A,9:\
6C@A:@,61718%@Y?C,:(61/%B:@1%7,8B,+,(2%8@,%61J%@B:+:A6:A%6C78:A%8B,A+,,8B@%@
,8C8B%66,@,A>,)2.1):Y.C,C8:+,6:A>@:I,)B:A>,+%/</1):A7&A:@1/18%6,A+,6%%C0%CAI
AC,F:6C)1<8.C,C8.1,6@,.6,4:+,6:A)%7(1:A?C,%)%,)1,@:8,86%,A)C,6%\
6>@:I,)B:181)1%6+,6C@A:@,61718%@A,+,(1<.C8+%7,8B%67,8B,%:0%88,ABB,8Y0:7(@,
+,/@%8B%6,8B:%@B2AB1):I7CI+:B%+:>%@%6%>,+%/:/2%Y?C,%8B,A+,,8B@%@,86%%C0%CAY
0%(2%,H>,@17,8B%+:,8AC>@:>1%,A)C,6%+,%@B,,8 1,8%6:A8C,F:A7-B:+:A+,,8A,9%8b
J%%@B2AB1)%>%@%6:A819:AY18A>1@%+:A,86:A7-B:+:A+,
@%851J,5Y+,A)C(@1+:@+,6k%@B,18b
.%8B16k\6-H1B:+,ACA,H>,@1,8)1%A18B,@,A<F1F%7,8B,%@:>1CAY,6)C%66:66%7<%!,17%@
>%@%>6%81.1)%@I+1@1/1@,6C@A:&A1):\
:A:(4,B1F:A>,+%/</1):A+,BB,8,@%87CI%7(1)1:A:A,86%7,+1+%?C,8:A,>6%8B,%(%,6
+,A%@@:66:+,6%A0%(161+%+,AB-)81)%A+,6%6C78:):8F1AB%A%AC,8B@%+%,86:AB%66,@,A,18b
)6CA:1(%7&A%66&+,6%>@,AC8B%61(,@%)1<8+,6:A6%AB@,A,+C)%B1F:A%+?C1@1+:A%8B,A+,,8b
B@%@,86%%C0%CA\,/D8BB,8Y,8,6C@A:@,61718%@A,B@%B%(%+,.:@7%@>,@A:8%61+%+,A
28B,/@%AI+,.:7,8B%@6%A)%>%)1+%+,A)@,%B1F%A+,6%6C78:7&A%66&+,ACA>:A1(6,A%>61)%b
)1:8,A>@&)B1)%AI+,%)C,@+:):8,6,A>2@1BC)@2B1):):86%)C6BC@%+,6%->:)%\sr
1/C1,8+:6%A,8A,9%8J%A+,AC>@:.,A:@,8BCBB/%@BY+:6.=BJ,6Y:0%88,ABB,8:@/%81J%b
(%6%A)6%A,A%>%@B1@+,+:A>:6:A:>C,AB:A?C,A,+,8:718%(%8_8:@7%IA,8A%)1<8`I?C,
>@,B,8+2%80%),@):7>%B1(6,A%?C,66:A%A>,)B:A7&A:(4,B1F%(6,A+,6%)@,%)1<8):86%18BC1b
)1<8 AC(4,B1F%\ %A )6%A,A A, 181)1%(%8 ):8 ,4,@)1)1:A +, @,6%4%)1<8 ):@>:@%6 +,AB18%+:A % 6%
>@,>%@%)1<8+,6:A,4,@)1)1:A+,@1B7:?C,A,0%)2%8%):8B18C%)1<8\6@1B7:,@%>%@%BB,8
%6/:7&A?C,C8@,)C@A:)@,%B1F:Y,@%C8%,H>@,A1<8+,6%C81+%++,)C,@>:I%67%+,AB18%+%
%AC>,@%@6%:>:A1)1<8,8B@,,6,A>2@1BC@%)1:8%6I,6A,8B171,8B:\
6>@:/@%7%):7>@,8+2%+1F,@A%A7%B,@1%A,8B@,6%A?C,)%(,+,AB%)%@[,6,ABC+1:Y7,+1%8B,
):66%/,AI%A:)1%)1:8,A18A<61B%AY+,6:A7%B,@1%6,A+,%)C,@+:):8AC>@:>1,+%+,A<>B1)%AI
B&)B16,AZ,6+1(C4:+,68%BC@%68::@1,8B%+:%6%):>1%A18:%6%%/C+1J%)1<8+,6%A+:B,A+,:(b
A,@F%)1<8%81F,618BC1B1F:Z,6):8:)171,8B:,AB@C)BC@%6+,6%A6,I,A+,6%):7>:A1)1<8>1)B<@1b
sq
C8?C,,86%%C0%CAA,,8A,9%(%87C)0%AB-)81)%A%@B2AB1)%AY8C8)%,H1AB1<C8%)%@@,@%
+,,66%A@B,A81A,:B:@/<,6B2BC6:):@@,A>:8+1,8B,\
sr
$Y:@(,@B\[_6)C@A:>@,61718%@+,:0%88,ABB,8[6%.:@7%)1<8C7%8%`
,8
Y,%8818,Z
Y,B,@[2E%6\Y>&/A\ruobruv\
cpsxc
$#
)%%>%@B1@+,6%8&61A1A+,6%A:(@%A+,6:A/@%8+,A7%,AB@:A+,6>%A%+:Y):7:
@%8/-61):Y,6
@,)::,7(@%8+I,6,ABC+1:+,6_):8B@%>C8B:,86%>18BC@%`7,+1%8B,,6%8&61A1A+,6:AF%b
6:@,A6C7281):AI)@:7&B1):A+,6%A:(@%A+,6>%A%+:\
%,8A,9%8J%+,6%):7>:A1)1<8%(AB@%)B%A,(%A%(%,86%A>@:>1,+%+,A+,6%A.1/C@%A/,:7-b
B@1)%A,6,7,8B%6,Ag,6B@1&8/C6:Y,6)2@)C6:I,6)C%+@%+:hI6:A):6:@,A>@17%@1:Ag%JC6Y%7%@1b
66:Y@:4:h,6%(:@%+%>:@%C66,,I>:@%8+1A85I\AB%,8A,9%8J%A,):8F,@B1@2%,8C8%A>,)b
B:.C8+%7,8B%6+,6%>,+%/:/2%(%C0%A1%8%?C,%8+1A85I>C(61)%@2%,8AC.%7:A:61(@:7,G
6.=*&, 5.4 *2*,.Ess%@%BB,8,6CA:+,,AB%A.:@7%AA,6,/1B17%(%,8B%8B:?C,,@%8
,6A27(:6:+,C8):8),>B:7,B%.2A1):+,67C8+:6:?C,Y66,F%+:%6,HB@,7:Y+,A,7(:)%(%,8
%)B1BC+,AC8B%8B:18A<61B%A\8,.,)B:Y,6)C@A:+,A%@@:66%+:>:@BB,87:AB@%(%C8%AB,8+,8b
)1%A72AB1):b,H>@,A1F%A?C,Y%6:A>:):A%9:A+,.C8+%)1<8+,6%,A)C,6%YA,@,F,6%@:818%+,b
)C%+:A,8@,6%)1<8):86:A,A?C,7%A7&A@%)1:8%6,A?C,-AB%%A>1@%(%%%AC71@\A2Y>C,AY
6%AB,8A1:8,A,8B@,@:>1CAIBB,8A,01)1,@:818A:AB,81(6,AB,@718%8+:>:@>@:F:)%@6%.%b
7:A%+171A1<8+,BB,8,86%>@17%F,@%+,pxqr\
9. Construcción niquelada, curso preliminar de László Moholy Nagy, 1921.
10. Presentación de trabajos en el curso preliminar de Josef Albers.
>%@B1@+,:B:9:+,%?C,6%9:Y&AJ6<:0:6Ib%/I4C8B:):8,64:F,87%,AB@:/@%+C%+:,8
6%,A)C,6%Y:A,.6(,@AY>%A%@:8%0%),@A,)%@/:+,6C@A:@,61718%@Y:@1,8B&8+:6:7&A0%b
)1%6%,H>,@17,8B%)1<8):8AB@C)B1F%I@%)1:8%6\>%@B1@+,,8B:8),AY,6C@A:>@,61718%@>%A<
%B,8,@+:AA,7,AB@,A,86C/%@+,C8:I%):8F,@B1@A,,8C86%(:@%B:@1:+,%>@,8+1J%4,+,6%A
6,I,A:(4,B1F%A+,6%)@,%)1<8\:0:6Ib%/I B,8+2% % :@1,8B%@ AC ,8A,9%8J% 0%)1% 6% ,+C)%b
)1<8 .1/C@%B1F% ,6,7,8B%6 I %A>1@%(%Y 7,+1%8B, ,4,@)1)1:A +, .:@7%A ,8 ,?C161(@1: : ACA>,8b
A1<8Y%6%,+C)%)1<8+,C8%)%>%)1+%+>%@%F1F1@18B,8A%7,8B,6%,H>,@1,8)1%+,6+1A,9:%@b
?C1B,)B<81):\6+1A)@,>%(%+,ACA):6,/%AgBB,8Y%8+18A5I:6,,h?C,)@,2%8,86%:@1,8B%b
)1<87,B%.2A1)%+,6%@B,\:0:6Ib%/I+,.,8+2%C8%@B,,6,7,8B%@1AB%?C,A,):8AB@C2%%>%@b
B1@ +, ,6,7,8B:A ?C, 6, ,@%8 >@:>1:A\ 7(C1+: +, 1+,%A >@<H17%A %6 ):8AB@C)B1F1A7: @CA:Y
)@,2%?C,,6%@B,+,(2%0%),@AC):8B@1(C)1<8%6A:)1%61A7:Y8:A<6:7,+1%8B,6%)@,%)1<8+,
ss
#Y!%AA161[7,6.=*&, 5.4 *2*,.E.,64%7%0,*,*%5%5 *.5 * + ,6.52%604%.5C
%1+<AAB-B1)%Y%@),6:8%YpxxuipK,+1)1<8[ ,@6%/6(,@B%8/,8YD81)0Ypxquj\8B,A+,A,@
>@:.,A:@+,6%%C0%CA%8+18A5I0%(2%>C(61)%+:[ *. 52%4%67* , *46 E.,64%7%0,*,*%5%5
*.5 * + ,6.52%604%.5Y%1+<AAB-B1)%Y%@),6:8%YpxxuipK,+1)1<8[\1>,@l:\YD81)0Ypxpqj\
cptoc
$#
.:@7%ACB161B%@1%AYA18:B%7(1-8%B@%F-A+,6%B@%8A.:@7%)1<8+,C8%)C6BC@%7%B,@1%6,H>@,b
A1F%+,C88C,F:):8B,81+:A:)1%6\
1(1,86:A,4,@)1)1:A+,:0:6I%/I>%@B2%8+,>@,AC>C,AB:A,6%(:@%+:A>:@BB,8Y6C,/:,8
6%>@&)B1)%A,>:+2%F,@)C&86,4:A,AB%(%+,AC%8B,),A:@\%A):7(18%)1:8,A+,7%B,@1%6,A
I%8:@,71B2%8%.**# 5+%+%2AB%AYA18:?C,A,@F2%8>%@%6%@,%61J%)1<8+,B%(6%A+,B,HBC@%A
7CIA1AB,7&B1)%A+,AB18%+%A%%8%61J%@I):7>%@%@)C%61+%+,AF1AC%6,AI<>B1)%A\8+,.181B1b
F%Y6%,A,8)1%+,6%@B,I6%>,+%/:/2%+,:0:6Ib%/I):8A1AB2%8,8):8A,/C1@C8%%+,)C%+%
:@/%81J%)1<8+,6%A,H>,@1,8)1%AA,8A:@1%6,AI,8,+C)%@):8A)1,8B,7,8B,%C8%/,8,@%)1<8
+, >@:+C)B:@,AY ):8AC71+:@,A I ):8AB@C)B:@,A ,8 6% 17>:@B%8)1% +, 6%A ):8,H1:8,A ,8B@,
.:@7%I.C8)1<8\st
:@:B@%>%@B,Y6(,@AA,):8),8B@%(%,86%@,%61J%)1<8+,,4,@)1)1:A):87%B,@1%6,AI,86%,8b
A,9%8J%B-)81)%\AB%A,%):7>%9%(%):8F1A1B%A%18+CAB@1%AI%B%66,@,A%@B,A%8%6,A+:8+,A,
%8%61J%(%,6):7>:@B%71,8B:+,6:A7%B,@1%6,AI+,6:AA1AB,7%A):8AB@C)B1F:A,8F1AB%A%AC
%>61)%)1<8,8,6+1A,9:+,:(4,B:A\60,)0:+,,ABC+1%@,AB:A):7>:@B%71,8B:AIA1AB,7%A,8
%(AB@%)B:,18+,>,8+1,8B,7,8B,+,6:A@,AC6B%+:A.:@7%6,AB@%+1)1:8%6,A.C,C8%,AB@%B,/1%
>,+%/</1)%?C,+1:C8%,8:@7,)%>%)1+%++,188:F%)1<8%6:A%6C78:AI%?C,C8%F,J18AB%b
6%+:A,8,6B%66,@+,AC,6,))1<8,@%8)%>%),A+,+1A,9%@:(4,B:AA18>@,),+,8B,A01AB<@1):A\
:8,6B@%A6%+:%,AA%CY,8pxquY,6C@A:@,61718%@.C,>,@.,))1:8%8+:6%A,H>,@1,8)1%A+,
!,17%@I6(,@A.C,B:7%8+:7&A>@:B%/:81A7:,86%+:),8)1%\:87:B1F:+,6%7%@)0%+,
:0:6Ib%/I,8pxqwY6(,@A%AC71@2%,6>%>,6+,+1@,)B:@+,6)C@A:0%AB%,6)1,@@,+,6%,Ab
)C,6%,8pxrr\671A7:.:@7%(%>%@B,+,%?C,66%/,8,@%)1<8+,4<F,8,A7%,AB@:A?C,0%b
(2%8A1+:18AB@C1+:A+,A+,AC4CF,8BC+,86%%C0%CAI?C,BCF1,@:8C8>%>,6.C8+%7,8B%6
,86%):8A:61+%)1<8+,C8%>,+%/:/2%+,6+1A,9:(%A%+%,86%:(4,B1F1+%+I,8C8%A,AB@1)B%A
6,I,A+,):8AB@C))1<8\
:87,+1:A7CIA,8)166:AgB14,@%AY):6%I>%>,6h6(,@A>6%8B,%(%C8A18.28+,:@1/18%6,A,4,@)1b
)1:AY,6:(4,B1F:+,6:A)C%6,A,@%,6+,A)C(@171,8B:,H0%CAB1F:+,6%A6,I,A+,6):7>:@B%71,8b
B:,AB@C)BC@%6+,6:A7%B,@1%6,AI,6%>@:F,)0%71,8B:7&H17:+,6:A71A7:A\%@%6(,@AY,6
)@1B,@1:+,,.1)%)1%,):8<71)%I):8AB@C)B1F%8:A,):8B@%+,)2%):8,6)@1B,@1:+,,H),6,8)1%%@b
B2AB1)%\8B,A%6):8B@%@1:Y>%@%6(,@AY):7:>%@%6:A%@?C1B,)B:A+,6)6%A1)1A7:.@%8)-AY,6%@B,
):8A1AB2%,8,6+:7181:+,6,?C161(@1:,8B@,6%8:@7%I6%:4% 6!CIC8/,81:,@%C87%,AB@:,8
,6%@B,+,+:718%@C8%8:@7%,AB@1)B%I+,F%@1%@6%+,.:@7%A1818.@18/1@6%\su
PDQD!-4!.-<!-+/45++!3!4
:AB%66,@,A):8AB1BC2%8Y+,0,)0:Y,68D)6,:>@18)1>%6+,6%,8A,9%8J%\6%>@,8+1J%4,>@&)B1):
,@%):8B,7>6%+:I%,8,67%81.1,AB:.C8+%)1:8%6+,pxpx):7:6%(%A,+,6A1AB,7%+:),8B,
IYA1(1,8,8C8>@18)1>1:A,18A>1@%(%,86:A>@:),A:A+,%>@,8+1J%4,+,6%%@B,A%82%/@,71%6Y
):8,6B1,7>:-AB,.C,,F:6C)1:8%8+:0%AB%):8F,@B1@A,,8C8,.1)%J7-B:+:>,+%/</1):\8
C8>@18)1>1:A,F,2%,8,66:A6%7%8,@%+,,F1B%@,6+16,B%8B1A7:+,6:A:.1)1:A%@B2AB1):AI,6
+1AB%8)1%71,8B:+,6%@,%61+%+>@:+C)B1F%)%@%)B,@2AB1)%+,6%A%)%+,71%A+,(,66%A%@B,A\
st
$Y:@(,@B\[_6)C@A:>@,61718%@+,&AJ6<:0:6Ib%/I[):7>,B,8)1%+,6:AA,8B1+:A`
,8
Y,%8818,Z
Y,B,@[2E%6\Y>&/A\ruwbrvr\
su
$Y:@(,@B\[_6)C@A:>@,61718%@+,:A,.6(,@A[,A)C,6%+,)@,%B1F1+%+`
,8
Y,8818,Z
Y,B,@[2E%6\Y>&/A\rvsbrvx\
cptpc
$#
>%@B1@+,6%9:pxqrY)C%8+:,8!,17%@6%):8A1/8%k%@B,
IB-)81)%k%>%@,)1<):7:C8%7,B%)6%@%Y6%:@1,8B%)1<8+,
6:AB%66,@,A?C,B,82%87&A):8B%)B:):86%18+CAB@1%)%7(1<
A18?C,F%@1%@%AC,A,8)1%[+,6%,4,)C)1<8+,>1,J%AD81)%A
A,>%A<%6%,4,)C)1<8+,7%?C,B%AI>@:B:B1>:A?C,A,@2%8
):8.1%+:A6C,/:%6%18+CAB@1%>%@%AC>@:+C))1<8A,@1%+%\
7,+1+%?C,A,1(%):8.1/C@%8+:6%>:A1(161+%++,,H>6:B%b
)1<818+CAB@1%6+,6:AB%66,@,A+,7,B%6Y)%@>18B,@2%YB,41+:AI
),@&71)%.C,%),8BC&8+:A,7&A6%+1.,@,8)1%):86:AB%66,b
@,A +, %@B, k8: CB161B%@1:k c,A)C6BC@% ,8 >1,+@% I 7%+,@%Y
>18BC@%A:(@,F1+@1:\:@7:B1F:A+,28+:6,,):8<71)%Y,AB,
B1>:+,B%66,@,A?C,+<C8B%8B:@,6,/%+:%A,/C8+:B-@718:
I%)%(<>:@+,A>%@,),@,8,AA%C\%%7>61%)1<8I,H>6:B%b
)1<8):7,@)1%6+,6:AB%66,@,A+:8+,A,0%)2%+1A,9:CB161B%b
@1:B:7<%662C827>,BC,HB@%:@+18%@1:Y%C8?C,8:,A7,8:A
)1,@B:?C,6%A,H>,@1,8)1%A+,6:AA,718%@1:A+,_.:@7%(&b
A1)%` ?C, 17>%@B2%8 6,, I %8+1A85I ):8B@1(C2%8 >:+,@:b
A%7,8B,%+%@6,A.C,@J%,17>C6A:\%I?C,B,8,@,8)C,8b
B% ?C, ,8 6% %C0%CA 818/D8 B1>: +, B-)81)% ):8AB1BC2% C8
):B:),@@%+:YA18:?C,A,B,8+2%A1,7>@,0%)1%6%):7C81)%b
)1<8 I ,6 ,8@1?C,)171,8B: 7CBC:\ A2Y >C,AY ,@% 6</1): ?C,
11. Marcel Breuer y Gunta Stölzl:
6%A,H>,@1,8)1%A+,6B%66,@+,%@?C1B,)BC@%.C,@%8+,/@%8CB1b
sillón africano, 1921.
61+%+>%@%,6+,>18BC@%7C@%6:>%@%,6+,+1A,9:B,HB16\
8!,17%@A,,7>,J<>:@17>%@B1@6%,8A,9%8J%,8C8%+:),8%+, B%66,@,A)CI%+,8:718%b
)1<8Y+,%)C,@+:):86%B@%+1)1<8%@B,A%8%6Y,AB%(%7CIF18)C6%+%%C87%B,@1%6:%6%+1,AB@%b
71,8B:,8C8:.1)1:\@%86:A+,,A)C6BC@%,8>1,+@%Y,A)C6BC@%,87%+,@%Y)%@>18B,@2%Y7,B%b
6,AY),@&71)%Y>18BC@%A:(@,F1+@1:Y>18BC@%7C@%6YB,41+:AY,8)C%+,@8%)1<8Y/@%(%+:YB1>:/@%.2%
I>C(61)1+%+IB,%B@:\AB,D6B17:/,8,@<%ACF,JC8B%66,@+,4C,/:A+,6CJ):8@,.6,)B:@,A\ %@%A:A6%I%@,6B@%+1)1:8%6>@:(6,7%+,6%,8A,9%8J%+,6%%@B,A%82%?C,B1,8+,18,F1B%(6,b
7,8B,%6%@,>@:+C))1<8+,6:A,A?C,7%A.:@7%6,A+,67%,AB@:I%6%:(A,A1<8>:@,6F1@BC:b
A1A7:B-)81):Y,86%%C0%CA6%,8A,9%8J%,@%):7>%@B1+%>:@C87%,AB@:+,6%.:@7%IC8
7%,AB@:+,6%B-)81)%\86%7,+1+%?C,6:A7%,AB@:A+,6%.:@7%,@%8%@B1AB%A7:+,@8:A+,
@,):8:)1+% F%62% gA)%@ )06,77,@Y !%6B,@ @:>1CAY &AJ6< :0:6Ib%/IY :0%88,A BB,8Y
%C66,,Y,:@/C)0,Y:B%@)0@,I,@Y,B)\hA,>@,B,8+2%+%@C817>:@B%8B,A%6B:)C%61B%B1b
F:,86:?C,A,@,.1,@,%6%7:+,@81J%)1<8+,6%A%@B,A%>61)%+%A\#%C8?C,+C@%8B,6:A>@17,b
@:A%9:A+,>,8C@1%,):8<71)%I+,):8A:61+%)1<8+,6>@:.,A:@%+:Y,6A1AB,7%+C%6>@:>1)1%b
(%,6)%:AI6%+,A:@1,8B%)1<8Y%6%6%@/%+,7:AB@<A,@C8,.1)%JA1AB,7%+,,8A,9%8J%)CI:
@,AC6B%+:.C,C8%>@:+C))1<8%6B%7,8B,188:F%+:@%\
6B@%A6%+:%,AA%CYA1(1,88:@,>@,A,8B<C8)%7(1:AC(AB%8)1%6,86%.16:A:.2%+,6>6%8+,
,ABC+1:AY.C,6%,H)CA%>%@%6%@,:@/%81J%)1<8+,6:AB%66,@,A\8-AB:AA,%(%8+:8<,6A1AB,7%
+C%6>C,AB:?C,A,):8B%(%I%):8C8%>@17,@%/,8,@%)1<8+,(@166%8B,A_4<F,8,A7%,AB@:A`
.:@7%+:A,86%A,+,+,!,17%@\8@,%61+%+6:AB%66,@,AA,.C,@:8):8F1@B1,8+:,8_6%(:@%B:b
@1:A+,+1A,9:`+:8+,6%%)B1F1+%+A,),8B@%(%7&A,86%@,%61J%)1<8+,>@:I,)B:AI>@:B:B1b
>:A+,8C,F:A7:+,6:A+,AB18%+:A%6%A,@1%)1<8?C,%6%>@,8+1J%4,+,C8:.1)1:\:BCF1,@:8
):8B18C1+%+,8,AA%C,6B%66,@+,),@&71)%Y?C,A,?C,+<,8:@8(C@/Y81,6+,>18BC@%A:b
(@,F1+@1:Y?C,@,AC6B%(%A,@>:):@,8B%(6,\6+,,A)C6BC@%,8>1,+@%I,6+,,A)C6BC@%,87%b
cptqc
$#
+,@%A,):8F1@B1,@:8,6_%66,@+,>6&AB1)%`Z6:A+,)%@>18B,@2%Y7,B%6,AY>18BC@%7C@%6YB,41+:A
I B,%B@: ):8B18C%@:8 ,8 ,AA%C 7%8B,81,8+: AC 1+,8B1+%+ 71,8B@%A ?C, 6:A B%66,@,A +, ,8b
)C%+,@8%)1<8Y17>@,8B%I>C(61)1+%+A,@,C81.1)%@:8>%@%):8F,@B1@A,,8,6B%66,@+,B1>:/@%.2%
I/@%.1A7:>C(61)1B%@1:\
8/,8,@%6Y6%%)B1F1+%++,6:AB%66,@,A@,)1(1<C8/@%817>C6A:,8B@,pxqwIpxro+C@%8B,6%
+1@,))1<8+,%88,A,I,@?C1,8F,2%,8,66:A6%7%8,@%+,0%),@C8%@B,>@:+C)B1F:):8.1b
8,AA:)1%6,AIY%ACF,JYC87,+1:+,)%>B%)1<8+,@,)C@A:A,):8<71):A>%@%C8%01>:B-B1)%
%CB:.18%8)1%)1<8+,6%,A)C,6%\C@%8B,6%+1@,))1<8+,1,AF%8+,@:0,6%%)B1F1+%++,6:A
B%66,@,A@,)1(1<C8+C@:/:6>,I%?C,A,)%8%61J%@:8B:+%A6%A,8,@/2%A0%)1%6%%@?C1B,)BC@%\
8,.,)B:Y,6B%66,@+,%@?C1B,)BC@%Y?C,0%(2%181)1%+:ACA)C@A:A,8pxqvYB,@718<>:@%+?C1b
@1@%>%@B1@+,pxrpC8>@:B%/:81A7:B:B%6>:@6:?C,,AB17C6%(%A:6%7,8B,%?C,66:AB%66,@,A
?C,@,%61J%(%8C8%%)B1F1+%+AC(A1+1%@1%+,6%%@?C1B,)BC@%[,6B%66,@+,67C,(6,I,6+,B,41+:A\
PDQDLD/45++!3!4 !!46+563; !1&-5634/3!9& 3&/
:AB%66,@,A+,,A)C6BC@%,8>1,+@%I+,,A)C6BC@%,87%+,@%A,)@,%@:8,8!,17%@)@,b
I,8+:?C,ACAC(A1AB,8)1%?C,+%@2%/%@%8B1J%+%):86%@,%61J%)1<8+,,8)%@/:A+,AB18%+:A
%6 ,7(,66,)171,8B: +, ,+1.1)1:A\ ,@: 8: .C, %A2\ >,A%@ +, ):8B%@ ):8 7%,AB@:A +, 6%
.:@7%B%8(@166%8B,A):7::0%88,ABB,8IA)%@)06,77,@Y0C(:?C,@,>6%8B,%@@%+1b
)%67,8B,AC:@1,8B%)1<8,8,AA%CI%?C,Y,8B%8B:?C,@,%61J%(%8C8%%)B1F1+%+%@B2AB1)%
%CB<8:7%YA,@,A1AB2%8%6%(%8+:8:+,.181B1F:+,6,H>@,A1:81A7:Y):8A1+,@%+:):7:>:):
@%)1:8%6I)1,8B2.1):\
8pxqv,6B%66,@Y?C,%0:@%@,)1(2%,68:7(@,+,_%66,@+,>6&AB1)%`YA,18AB%6<,8,68C,b
F:,+1.1)1:\C@,7:+,6%)1<8):@@,@2%%)%@/:+,64:F,87%,AB@:::AB)071+B?C1,88:6:
:@1,8B<0%)1%6%)@,%)1<8,A)C6B<@1)%%CB<8:7%:F18)C6%+%%6%%@?C1B,)BC@%YA18:0%)1%,6
,ABC+1:,6,7,8B%6+,6%A.:@7%A>6&AB1)%AY+,6%A@,6%)1:8,A,A>%)1%6,AI+,6%A>:A1(161+%b
+,A +, ):7>,8,B@%)1<8 +, 6%A .:@7%A )<8)%F%A I ):8F,H%A %A2 ):7: +,6 7:F171,8B:\ 6
_%66,@+,>6&AB1)%`,AB%(6,)1<C8%,AB@,)0%):6%(:@%)1<8):8,6+,>C(61)1+%+,86%7,+1b
+%?C,A,0%)2%8.:B:/@%.2%A+,,A)C6BC@%A7<F16,A?C,6C,/:A,@F2%8+,7:B1F:%(AB@%)B:
,8%8C8)1:AI,H>:A1)1:8,A\>%@B1@+,pxro+C@%8B,6%+1@,))1<8+,1,AF%8+,@:0,
?C,+<18B,/@%+:%6&@,%+,%@B,/@&.1):I8:BCF:):8B18C1+%+,8,@628\
6 B%66,@ +, >18BC@% A:(@, F1+@1: A<6: ,H1AB1< ,8 6% A,+, +, !,17%@\ CF: AC),A1F%7,8B,
):7:7%,AB@:A%:0%88,ABB,8Y%C66,,I:A,.6(,@BA?C1,86,+1:):8B,81+:>,+%/<b
/1):\18,7(%@/:.C,C8B%66,@):8>:)%.:@BC8%I%?C,%6B@%B%@A,+,C8%@B,>@18)1>%6b
7,8B,+,):@%B1F:Y@,)1(2%7CI>:):A,8)%@/:A\<6:A,@,%61J%@:8%6/C8:A>@:I,)B:A>%@%
+,):@%@%6/C8:A,+1.1)1:A,8,@628,8B@,6:A?C,)%(,+,AB%)%@C8F,8B%8%67C6B1):6:@>%b
@%6%)%A%:77,@.,6+\
PDQDMD+5++!3 !!3,&
6 B%66,@ +, ),@&71)% A, 18AB%6< ,8 C8%A +,>,8+,8)1%A +,6 )%AB166: +, :@8(C@/ +,6 %%6,
>:@?C, ,8 !,17%@ 8: A, +1A>:82% +, 818/C8% 18AB%6%)1<8 B-)81)%7,8B, A%B1A.%)B:@1%\
:@8(C@/):8B%(%):8C8%):8A:61+%+%B@%+1)1<8,86%,6%(:@%)1<8+,),@&71)%%A2):7:
):80:@8:AI(C,8:A,H>,@B:A\:A,ABC+1%8B,A@,%61J%(%8,6C@A:@,61718%@,8!,17%@
I6C,/:A,B@%A6%+%(%8%:@8(C@/Y+:8+,F1F2%8,8C8%A7:+,AB%A+,>,8+,8)1%A%8,H%A
%6 B%66,@\ , 0,)0: ):8AB1BC2%8 C8% >,?C,9% ):7C81+%+ ?C, >C+: 7%8B,8,@A, @,6%B1F%b
7,8B,%6,4%+%+,6:A):8.61)B:A+,!,17%@\
cptrc
$#
6 7%,AB@: %@B,A%8: ,@% %H @,0%8 I ,6
7%,AB@:+,6%.:@7%,@0%@+%@5A?C1,8,Ab
B17C6<%6:A%6C78:A%B@%(%4%@,86%@,18B,@b
>@,B%)1<8+,6%A.:@7%A+,6%)C6BC@%>:>C6%@\
C@%8B,6:A>@17,@:A%9:AY6%>@:+C))1<87%b
81.,AB%(% C8 )%@&)B,@ ,A)C6B<@1): I .:@7%61AB%
):8,F1+,8B,A@,7181A),8)1%A>:>C6%@,A>,@:Y
0%)1%pxqqY)C%8+:6%A):8A1/8%AA:(@,%@B,I
B-)81)% A, ):8F1@B1,@:8 ,8 C8% 7,B% )6%@%Y ,6
B%66,@@,:@1,8B<AC>@:+C))1<80%)1%6%A>1,J%A
A,@1%+%AI):8,66%A%>%@,)1<C88C,F:+1A,9:
(%A%+: ,8 .:@7%A A17>6,A I /,:7-B@1)%A\ :A
%6C78:A+,6B%66,@A,,8BCA1%A7%@:8):8,AB%
8C,F%:@1,8B%)1<8I>CA1,@:8,87%@)0%C8%A,b
@1,+,>@:F,)0:A:A):8B%)B:A):86%18+CAB@1%Y
0%AB%,6>C8B:+,?C,0C(:?C,A,>%@%@,6B%b
66,@+,%>@,8+1J%4,+,6B%66,@>@:+C)B1F:):8,6
12. Otto Lindig y Karl Sruher: tetera, 1923.
.18+,8:+,AF1@BC%@6:A:(4,B1F:A>,+%/</1):A\
:A%6C78:ABB:18+1/I0,:+:@:/6,@B,@718%@:8>:@0%),@A,)%@/:+,6B%66,@+,>@:b
+C))1<8I,H>,@17,8B%)1<8I0C(1,@%8>:+1+:)@,%@C8%%CB-8B1):),8B@:+,>@:+C))1<8
18+CAB@1%6),@&71):A10C(1,@%8):8B%+:):86:A7,+1:AB-)81):AI,):8<71):A>%@%,66:\
1.1)C6B%+,A +, +1F,@A% 28+:6, +,B,@718%@:8 ?C, ,6 B%66,@ +, ),@&71)% 8: A, 18AB%6%@% ,8
,AA%C>:@6:?C,,6),8B@:+,:@8(C@/B,@718<>:@18+,>,8+1J%@A,IACA>:):A%6C7b
8:AY:(1,8A,?C,+%@:8Y:(1,8>@:A1/C1,@:8AC.:@7%)1<8,8:B@%A,A)C,6%A\sv
PDQDND+5++!3 !5!)& /4
6B%66,@+,B,41+:A.C,C8:+,6:A>@17,@:A,8181)1%@AC%)B1F1+%+,8!,17%@I%?C,):8B<
):86%%>:@B%)1<8187,+1%B%+,6%7%,AB@%%@B,A%8%,6,8,=@8,@I+,6:AB,6%@,A>@:F,b
81,8B,A+,6%A)C,6%@%8+C)%6+,@B,A>61)%+%A\67%,AB@:+,.:@7%A,@2%,:@/Cb
)0,IY+,A+,C8>@18)1>1:Y,6B%66,@A,:@1,8B<0%)1%6%>@:+C))1<8+,B,41+:A+,,8)%@/:Y6:
)C%6:(61/%(%%6%A%6C78%A%C8B@%(%4:@CB18%@1:?C,+,4%(%>:):,A>%)1:>%@%6%)@,%B1F1b
+%+\>,A%@+,?C,6%A%CB:@1+%+,A+,6%,A)C,6%8:)@,2%8?C,6%A%6C78%A+,6B%66,@+,B,b
41+:A,ABCF1,@%8%662>%@%.:@7%@A,>@:.,A1:8%67,8B,I>%@%6%(@%@A,C8>:@F,81@Y6:)1,@B:
,A?C,-AB%A+,4%@:8(1,8>%B,8B,,8AC:(@%ACA%7(1)1:8,AIAC)%>%)1+%++,)@,%)1<8\
+,7&A>@:B,AB%@:8,8-@/1)%7,8B,>:@,6%/@%F1:):7>%@%B1F:?C,A1/81.1)%(%,60,)0:+,
?C,6%,8A,9%8J%,8,6B%66,@B,HB168:)C6718%@%):8C8,H%7,8+,6%&7%@%+,@B,A%8:A
,?C1>%@%(6,%6+,:B@:A:.1)1:AY6:)C%66,A17>,+2%+1A.@CB%@+,C8B2BC6:>@:.,A1:8%6\
6>@:I,)B:+,6%)%A1B%,H>,@17,8B%6:_%CA%7:@8`+,pxqrYA1/81.1)<C8%/@%8:>:@b
BC81+%+>%@%6%17>61)%)1<8+,6B%66,@B,HB16,8C8>@:I,)B:%7(1)1:A:I%?C,6:AB%>1),AY
%6.:7(@%AIB,41+:A>%@%7C,(6,A.C,@:8@,%61J%+:AB:B%67,8B,,8ACAB,6%@,A\%>@:+C)b
)1<8,8C8%>@17,@%,B%>%Y@,.6,4%(%)6%@%7,8B,6%18.6C,8)1%+,6%>18BC@%+,BB,8IYA:b
(@,B:+:Y+,6,,\6B@%A6%+:%,AA%CA1/81.1)<,6%)),A:%6,H%7,8%8B,6%&7%@%+,@b
B,A%8:A %A2 ):7: C8% :AB,8A1(6, 7,4:@% ,8 )C%8B: % 18AB%6%)1:8,A I% ?C, A, ):8B%(%
%+,7&A ):8 C8 B%66,@ +, B18BC@%\ 8 pxqv 6% +1@,))1<8 +,6 B%66,@ .C, :B:@/%+% % 6% 4:F,8
sv
,@ Y:@8,61%[_6B%66,@+,),@&71)%`I_%><8I6%%6.%@,@2%+,6%%C0%CA`
,8
Y,%8818,Z
Y,B,@[2E%6\Y>&/A\srwbstp\
cptsc
$#
7%,AB@% C8B% B=6J6Y C8% +, 6%A %6C78%A
7&A(@166%8B,A+,!,17%@A1,8+:6%>@17,@%
7C4,@?C,%)),+1<%A,7,4%8B,)%@/:,86%
%C0%CA\B=6J6,6%(:@<C8>6%8+,,ABC+1:A
B:B%67,8B, 8C,F:Y A,>%@%8+: I +1.,@,8)1%8b
+: 6% A,))1<8 ,+C)%B1F% c)CI: :(4,B1F: ,@%
.:@7%@ >,@A:8%A ):8 0%(161+%+,A %@B2AB1)%AcY
+, 6% A,))1<8 >@:+C)B1F% c)CI: :(4,B1F: ,@%
,6%(:@%@+1A,9:A>:@,8)%@/:@,%61J%+:A):8
B,6%@,A +, 61J:Y 4%)?C%@+Y /:(,618:AY %6.:7b
(@%AY/-8,@:+,>C8B:IB,91+:A\
%4:6%+1@,))1<8+,%88,A,I,@Y,6B%66,@
+, B,41+:A @,)1(1< C8 .C,@B, 17>C6A: I A,
:@1,8B<)%+%F,J7&A0%)1%,6+1A,9:+,B,b
41+:A ,AB@C)BC@%6,AY @,A1AB,8B,A I ,):8<71b
):A ,8 6:A ?C, )%+% F,J A, +,4%(%8 A,8B1@
7,8:A6%A):8),>)1:8,A18+1F1+C%61AB%AI%@b
B2AB1)%A\ 8 pxrpYC8B%B=6J6+171B1<I+Cb
@%8B, 6% +1@,))1<8 +, 1,A F%8 +,@ :0,
13. Gunta Stölzt: tapiz, 1927-1928.
:)C><AC6C/%@6%+1A,9%+:@%166I,1)0YC8%
7C4,@ ?C, >:A,2% /@%8+,A +:B,A :@/%81J%B1b
F%A?C,Y>:@+,A/@%)1%Y81AC>:/@%84,%@A,6%AA17>%B2%A+,6%6C78%+:81B%7>:):BCF:B1,7b
>:>%@%66,F%@%)%(:ACA>@:I,)B:AY+,(1+:%6%+,61)%+%A1BC%)1<8>:62B1)%+,6%,A)C,6%\sw
PDQDOD+5++!3 !1&-563,63+
8!,17%@,6B%66,@+,>18BC@%7C@%6BCF:):7:7%,AB@:A+,6%.:@7%%:0%88,ABB,8Y
6C,/:%A)%@)06,77,@IY.18%67,8B,%Y!%AA161%8+1A5I\%1+,%(&A1)%+,6B%66,@,@%6%
18B,/@%)1<8 +,6 ):6:@ ,8 6%A ,AB@C)BC@%A %@?C1B,)B<81)%A I AC ):8B@1(C)1<8 7&A ):8:)1+%
.C, 6% +,):@%)1<8 +,6 F,AB2(C6: I 6% ,A)%6,@% +,6 ,+1.1)1: +, !,17%@Y @,%61J%+% A,/D8 C8
>@:I,)B:+,A)%@)06,77,@\
:@6:/,8,@%6Y6:A,8)%@/:A?C,@,)1(2%,AB,B%66,@8:,@%8+,7%A1%+:,AB17C6%8B,A>%@%6:A
%6C78:A>C,A):8A1AB2%8,8>18B%@,+1.1)1:AI7C,(6,A\8/,8,@%66:A,ABC+1%8B,AA,F:6)%b
(%8,86%A:>:@BC81+%+,A)@,%B1F%A?C,(@18+%(%86%A.1,AB%AI,H>:A1)1:8,A+,6%,A)C,6%\
8,AA%C6%+1@,))1<8+,,AB,B%66,@.C,):8.1%+%%64:F,87%,AB@:188,@5)0,>,@?C1,8
,7>@,8+1<6%B%@,%+,,61718%@)C%6?C1,@F,AB1/1:+,,H>@,A1:81A7:,8,6B,@@,8:.:@7%6I
+,+%@C8%.:@7%)1<8B-)81)%7,8B,7CIF%@1%+%%6:A%6C78:A\)0,>,@B,82%C8A,8B1+:
7CIACB16+,6%A%@7:82%A)@:7&B1)%AI,6B@%(%4:+,ACB%66,@A,AC4,B%(%%,AB@1)B:A)@1B,b
@1:A+,):7>:A1)1<8Y+,6CJI+,%>:I:%6%A,AB@C)BC@%A%@?C1B,)B<81)%A\sx
sw
,@
84%[_6B%66,@+,B,41+:A`,8
Y,%8818,Z
Y,B,@[2E%6\Y>&/A\suubsvv\
sx
,pxqx%pxrpY188,@5)0,>,@:(BCF:C8>,@71A:>%@%F1%4%@%:A)D+:8+,B@%(%4<):7:
%A,A:@>%@%6%)@,%)1<8+,C8),8B@:+,18F,AB1/%)1<8A:(@,6%%>61)%)1<8+,6):6:@,86%%@?C1B,)BC@%\
cpttc
$#
8pxqwY,6.%(@1)%8B,+,>%>,6>18B%+:716%C)06:/@<):8F,8),@%%88,A,I,@>%@%
?C,6%,A)C,6%@,%61J%@%,8,H)6CA1F%,6+1A,9:+,C8)%B&6:/:+,8C,F:A7:+,6:A\:.C,
.&)16Y>C,AB:?C,,86%%C0%CAA,):8A1+,@%(%?C,,6>%>,6>18B%+:,@%C8%,A>,)1,+,
.%6A1.1)%)1<8 +, 7%6 /CAB:\ 18 ,7(%@/: ,8 ,6 B%66,@ +, >18BC@% 7C@%6 +, )0,>,@ I ACA
%6C78:AA,+1A,9%@:8C8:A7C,AB@%@1:A+,7:B1F:A%(AB@%)B:AI,8@,4%+:A):8C8%ACB16
/@%+%)1<8+,/%7%A)@:7&B1)%A?C,BCF:C8-H1B:,HB@%:@+18%@1:>C,AA,F,8+1,@:8716,A
+,@:66:A\:8,66:A6%%C0%CA6:/@%(%>:8,@C8>@:+C)B:+,/@%8)%61+%+%@B2AB1)%%6%6b
)%8),+,6/@%8>D(61):\:A>%>,6,A>18B%+:A+,6%%C0%CAA,>C(61)1B%(%8):7:_7:+,@b
8:A`_>@&)B1):A`Y_)6%@:A`I%+,)C%+:A_>%@%6%)%A%+,6>C,(6:`I%?C,.C,@:8CB161J%+:A
>%@% )C(@1@ 6%A >%@,+,A +, 6%A 8C,F%A ):6:81%A :(@,@%A : % *7,# ,E , ):7,@)1%61J%@:8
0%AB%7,+1%+:A+,6:A%9:A)18)C,8B%\to
PDQDPD+5++!3 !31&-5!3';,/&+&3&/
6B%66,@+,)%@>18B,@2%Y4C8B:):8,6+,7,B%6,AY,AB%(%+,AB18%+:%B,8,@C8/@%8-H1B:,8
6% B@%I,)B:@1% +, 6% %C0%CA\ CA 181)1:A .C,@:8 +1.2)16,A >C,A 8: ,ABCF: ):7>6,B%7,8B,
18AB%6%+:0%AB%pxqp\
,A+,,6>@18)1>1:,6B%66,@BCF:%:0%88,ABB,8):7:7%,AB@:+,6%.:@7%Y?C1,8A,8,b
/%(%%6%>@:+C))1<8+,,8)%@/:AI:@1,8B<,6B%66,@0%)1%6%,6%(:@%)1<8+,>1,J%AD81)%A
+,):@B,)6%@%7,8B,,H>@,A1:81AB%\86%7,+1+%?C,@:>1CA+1A)@,>%(%%(1,@B%7,8B,+,
,AB%:@1,8B%)1<8YA,01J:):86%+1@,))1<8+,6B%66,@I,AB%66<,6):8.61)B:?C,)C6718%@2%):8
6%+171A1<8+,BB,8IAC7%@)0%+,6%,A)C,6%,8pxqr\:@,AB%->:)%Y,6B%66,@1(%%+:>b
B%8+:6%,AB-B1)%8,:>6%AB1)1AB%+,6/@C>:,B146IAC18.6C,8)1%A,+,4%(%A,8B1@)6%@%7,8b
B,,86:A7C,(6,A?C,+1A,9%(%,6%F,8B%4%+:%6C78:%@),6@,C,@\
:A>@:I,)B:A7&A(@166%8B,A+,,AB%->:)%.C,@:86:A7C,(6,A+,/,:7,B@2%B:A)%Y@%+1)%6
I%CAB,@%+1A,9%+:A>%@%6%_%CA%7:@8`%A2):7:6:A7C,(6,A18.%8B16,A+1A,9%+:A>:@
67%CA)0,@+,%)C,@+:):8>@18)1>1:A>,+%/</1):A7:+,@8:A\
6B@%A6%+:%,AA%CA1/81.1)<6%):8F,@A1<8+,6B%66,@,8C8_6%(:@%B:@1:+,+1A,9:18+CAb
B@1%6`+,7C,(6,A)CI%+1@,))1<8A,):8.1<%64:F,87%,AB@:%@),6@,C,@\AB,17>C6A<6%
18F,AB1/%)1<8+,%A1,8B:A):8,AB@C)BC@%+,BC(:,HB@CA1:8%+:A18A:6+%+C@%+%8+:C8>%b
A:+,)1A1F:0%)1%6%)C6BC@%F1AC%6+,6%F1F1,8+%7:+,@8%\
@,C,@IACB%66,@+1A,9%@:8B:+:A6:A7C,(6,A+,BC(:?C,A,@F1@2%8>%@%,?C1>%@6%A,+,
+,,AA%C%A2):7:6%A)%A%A+,6:A>@:.,A:@,A\%>@,A,8B%)1<8,8A:)1,+%++,,AB%A18b
8:F%+:@%A B1>:6:/2% AC@/1+%A +, 6% )C6BC@% 18+CAB@1%6Y BCF: 6C/%@ ,8 pxqv ,8 6% :6:81%
!,1AA,80:. +, BCBB/%@B +:8+, .C,@:8 ):8A1+,@%+%A ):7: ,6 A27(:6: +, C8:A 8C,F:A
1+,%6,AA:)1%6,A17>@,/8%+:A+,):8.:@BI@,.18%71,8B:%8B1(C@/C-A\
to
,@Y%(18,[_6B%66,@+,>18BC@%7C@%6`I_%%C0%CA%AC7,C8>%>,6+1/8:IA,8)166:`
,8
Y,%8818,Z
Y,B,@[2E%6\Y>&/A\stqbsut\
cptuc
$#
LO. Peter Keler: cuna, 1922.
15. Marcel Breuer: mesitas nido/taburetes para la Bauhaus, 1925-1926.
18,7(%@/:Y+C@%8B,6%+1@,))1<8+,,I,@A,)@1B1)<%?C,6_,A8:(1A7:7:+,@8:`+,67:b
(161%@1:YA,.:7,8B<C8%7,B1)C6:A%18F,AB1/%)1<8+,6:A>@:(6,7%A.C8)1:8%6,AIA,>@:)Cb
@<0%),@C8+1A,9::@1,8B%+:0%)1%:(4,B1F:A+,,):8:72%ICB161+%+A:)1%6\8pxqxY%ACb
71<6%+1@,))1<8+,6B%66,@6.@,+@8+BIA,.C8+1,@:86:AB%66,@,A+,)%@>18B,@2%Y7,B%6I
>18BC@%7C@%6,8C8:A:6:+,AB18%+:%6,?C1>%71,8B:+,6%F1F1,8+%:(@,@%IA,%817<%
6:A%6C78:A%)@,%@/@C>:A%CB<8:7:A?C,+,A%@@:66%(%8>@:I,)B:A):7>6,B:A+,18B,@1:b
@1A7:)CI:A0:8:@%@1:A6,AA,@F2%8>%@%)C(@1@6:A/%AB:A+,,A):6%@1+%+\
:A 7C,(6,A +1A,9%+:A ,8 ,AB% ->:)% ,@%8 (&A1)%7,8B, >,?C,9:AY 61/,@:A I >6,/%(6,A I
>@,A,8B%(%8B1>:6:/2%A7CI188:F%+:@%A?C,.C,@:8+,/@%8CB161+%+>%@%,6,?C1>%71,8b
B:+,,A)C,6%AIF1F1,8+%AA:)1%6,A\tp
PDQDQD+5++!3 !,!5+!4
AB,B%66,@A,@2%C8:+,6:A?C,Y):8,6B1,7>:Y+%@2%7,4:@,AI7&A,A>,)B%)C6%@,A@,AC6b
B%+:A\C+,A%@@:66:,8!,17%@A,+,(1<%6%,8,@/2%I,H),6,8B,A):8:)171,8B:A+,6+1b
@,)B:@B-)81):0@1AB1%8,66\%AB%pxqrYBCF:%:0%88,ABB,8):7:7%,AB@:+,6%.:@7%
I+,A+,,AB,%9:0%AB%pxqwY%&AJ6<:0:6Ib%/I\
C@%8B,6:A>@17,@:A%9:AY6%>@:+C))1<8A,:@1,8B<0%)1%6%18F,AB1/%)1<8+,>@:(6,7%A
.:@7%6,A,8:(4,B:A+,CA:):B1+1%8:B%6,A):7:A%7:F%@,AY)%8+,6%(@:AY),81),@:AY4C,b
/:A +, B- I )%.-\ 6 @,>,@B:@1: +, .:@7%A /,:7-B@1)%A I AC>,@.1)1,A >C61+%A 6,A +%(% C8%
/@%8>,@A:8%61+%+I%C8?C,>:@@,/6%/,8,@%6A,,4,)CB%(%8>1,J%AD81)%AY-AB%A0C(1,@%8
>:+1+:>@:+C)1@A,18+CAB@1%67,8B,+,0%(-@A,6:>@:>C,AB:\tq
tp
,@
YF%F:8[_6B%66,@+,)%@>18B,@2%,18B,@1:@1A7:`
,8
Y,%8818,Z
Y,B,@[2E%6\Y>&/A\soqbspq\
tq
6/C8:A7:+,6:A+,,AB%->:)%A,,+1B%8%)BC%67,8B,):7:>1,J%A+,>@,AB1/1:
>:@6%,7>@,A%1B%61%8%6,AA1\
cptvc
$#
16. Marianne Brandt: tetera, 1924. 17. Wilhelm Wagenfeld: lámpara de sobremesa MT9-ME, 1924.
>%@B1@+,6%A):8A1/8%AA:(@,%@B,IB-)81)%I):86%+1@,))1<8+,:0:6Ib%/IY,6B%66,@
A, :@1,8B%@2% )6%@%7,8B, 0%)1% ,6 +1A,9: +, :(4,B:A +, >@:+C))1<8 A,@1%+%\ :A %6C78:A
7&A(@166%8B,A+,,AB%A,))1<8.C,@:8%@1%88,@%8+BI!160,67!%/,8.,6+tr)CI:A+1b
A,9:A+,6&7>%@%AA,0%8):8F,@B1+:,8%CB-8B1):A)6&A1):A+,6%7:+,@81+%+\@%8+B+1b
A,9<C8%/@%8F%@1,+%++,6&7>%@%A+,>1-Y+,A:(@,7,A%Y+,>%@,+I+,7,A1B%+,8:)0,
%>%@B1@+,)@1B,@1:A@%+1)%67,8B,.C8)1:8%6,AIA180%),@):8),A1:8,A%6%7&A72817%:@b
8%7,8B%)1<8 : @,.,@,8)1% % 6% B@%+1)1<8\ :A 7%B,@1%6,A ,7>6,%+:A ,@%8 B2>1)%7,8B, 18b
+CAB@1%6,A g%6C7181:Y %),@: )@:7%+:Y )@1AB%6h I 7C)0%A +, ,66%A ):8B%(%8 ):8 ,6,7,8B:A
%@B1)C6%+:A?C,>,@71B2%8C8>,@.,)B:%4CAB,+,6%A):8+1)1:8,A6C7281)%A%7(1,8B%6,A\
%A6&7>%@%A+,6B%66,@+,7,B%6,A.C,@:8>@:+C)1+%A):8/@%8-H1B:>:@6%A,7>@,A%AAb
@%7+,,@628I=@B18/l%B01,A,8+,,1>J1/\,A>C-A+,6%+171A1<8+,:0:6Ib%/IYI
):18)1+1,8+:):86%A8C,F%A+1@,)B@1),A>@:+C)B1F1AB%A+,,I,@Y,6B%66,@+,7,B%6,A+,4<
+,A,@C8B%66,@):8>@:/@%7%18+,>,8+1,8B,>%@%18B,/@%@A,,8,6B%66,@+,7:(161%@1:I%
?C,-AB,A,+,+1)%(%7&A%6%18F,AB1/%)1<8I,6+,A%@@:66:+,8C,F%AB1>:6:/2%AI%6%%>61b
)%)1<8+,8C,F:A7%B,@1%6,A>%@%6%>@:+C))1<8,8A,@1,?C,%6%,8A,9%8J%+,C8:.1)1:\ts
PDQDRD/45++!3!4 !&,13!-5; !16+&& 6,AB%(6,)171,8B:,8!,17%@+,C8%,AB@C)BC@%+,B%66,@,A%@B,A%8%6,A7&A:7,8:AB@%b
+1)1:8%6,A8:>,@71B2%F1A6C7(@%@Y,8C8>@18)1>1:Y6%A>:A1(161+%+,A?C,A,%(@2%8,8)C%8b
B:%6%7:+,@81J%)1<8+,6%B1>:/@%.2%I6%>C(61)1+%+\,@:6%,8A,9%8J%+,6%A%@B,A/@&.1b
)%AA2,AB%(%>@,F1AB%[A,18AB%6%@:8C8B%66,@+,,8)C%+,@8%)1<8I:B@:+,/@%(%+:I%@B,A
/@&.1)%A?C,BCF1,@:86%AC,@B,+,@,)1(1@6%A>@,8A%AI,6CB166%4,+,6%8B1/C%A)C,6%+,
@B,A>61)%+%A\
tr
,!160,67!%/,8.,6+A,0%0%(6%+:I%,8,AB,B@%(%4:,8,6%>%@B%+:_%>@:.,A1<8+,6+1A,9:
,86,7%81%`+,6)%>2BC6:%8B,@1:@ :.*7%0, *24." 5%0,.*8537 *% ,6%E
ts
,@Y6%.[_6B%66,@+,7,B%6C@/1%`,8
Y,%8818,Z
,B,@Y2E%6\Y>&/A\squbsrt\
cptwc
$#
@:>1CA,AB%(%7CI18B,@,A%+:,86:/@%@?C,,AB:AB%66,@,AY7&A%66&+,AC.C8)1<8>,+%b
/</1)%Y.C,@%8@,8B%(6,A>:@6:?C,A,>%A<%6%):8.,))1<8I F,8B%+,)%@>,B%A+,:(@%
/@&.1)%+,%@B1AB%A\8pxqpYI(%4:6%+1@,))1<8%@B2AB1)%+,I:8,6
,1818/,@YA,,+1B%@:8
6%A.%7:A%A_%@>,B%A+,6%%C0%CA`?C,@,AC6B%@:8A,@C8,H),6,8B,):7>,8+1:+,6%@B,
+,F%8/C%@+1%?C,A,0%)2%,8C@:>%I,86%A?C,B%7(1-8>%@B1)1>%@:8F%@1:A>@:.,A:@,A
+,6%,A)C,6%\18,7(%@/:Y,6>@:I,)B:+,4<+,A,@@,8B%(6,%)%CA%+,6%18.6%)1<87:8,B%b
@1%I,6B%66,@BCF:?C,(CA)%@C8%.C,8B,+,18/@,A:A,8C8&7(1B:7&A>@:A%1):I%>%@,8b
B,7,8B,7%@/18%6Y):7:,@%86:A,8)%@/:A,8,6A,)B:@+,6%>C(61)1+%+I6%A,H>:A1)1:8,A\
66: +1: 6C/%@ % 6% )@,%)1<8 +,6 B%66,@ +, >C(61)1+%+Y ?C, %C8?C, +C@< A:6: A1,B, %9:A g+,
pxqt%pxrqhI,H>,@17,8B<F%@1%AB@%8A.:@7%)1:8,AY@,%61J<:(@%A7CI:@1/18%6,A\
C@%8B,6%+1@,))1<8+,@:>1CAY,6@,A>:8A%(6,+,6B%66,@+,>C(61)1+%+.C,,@(,@B%I,@
?C1,86:):8F1@B1<,8C8%>,?C,9%C81+%++,>@:+C))1<8?C,@,%61J%(%,8)%@/:A\CB@%(%b
4:>@18)1>%6,@%8%8C8)1:A?C,A,18A)@1(2%8,86%):@@1,8B,+,6%_B1>:/@%.2%,6,7,8B%6`I
?C,>:@AC:@1/18%61+%+Y6:/@%@:8%B@%,@6%%B,8)1<8+,6%,A)C,6%\8,6>6%8+,,ABC+1:A+,
pxqu A, ,A>,)1.1)%(%8 6:A ):8B,81+:A +,6 B%66,@[ %+,7&A +, 6:A ):8:)171,8B:A A:(@, 6:A
7,+1:AI,6B@%B%71,8B:>C(61)1B%@1:AA,B@%B%@2%+,>6%8,A>@:7:)1:8%6,AY+,6%8:@7%61b
J%)1<8I6%>A1):6:/2%+,6%>C(61)1+%+(CA)&8+:A,6%.CA1<8,8B@,+1.,@,8B,A+1A)1>618%A):b
A%?C,YA,/D8B,@E818/Y8:A,0%(2%0,)0:,8818/C8%:B@%,A)C,6%%6,7%8%\tt
8%+,6%A%>:@B%)1:8,A7&A+1A)CB1+%A+,%I,@.C,,6+1A,9:+,6%6.%(,B:,%: 45*?C,
%>%@,)1<0%)1%pxqt\:8,6.18+,A17>61.1)%@I7,)%81J%@,6+1A,9:+,6,B@%AY%I,@>%@B1<
+,6%A%8B1/C%AB1>:/@%.2%A_/@:B,A)%A`+,>%6:A,):I6%A@,+1A,9<+,%)C,@+:):8C8%A,b
@1,+,7<+C6:A/,:7-B@1):A18B,@)%7(1%(6,A\%@%+1)%61+%++,6%,%: 45*):8A1AB2%,8,6
0,)0: +, ?C, 8: ):8B,7>6%(% 6%A 7%IDA)C6%AY B%8 .@,)C,8B,A ,8 %6,7&8 >:@?C, ,A C8
1+1:7%?C,)%>1B%61J%B:+:A6:AACAB%8B%8B1F:A\%I,@%@/C7,8B%(%?C,B:+%F,J?C,8:
B,82%8 C8% B@%+C))1<8 .:8-B1)%Y 6%A 7%IDA)C6%A +,(2%8 ,61718%@A,\ +,7&A 8: )C7>62%8
):86%.C8)1<8+,6:A%6.%(,B:A6%B18:AY%A%(,@YB@%+C)1@6:AA:81+:A,8A1/8:A/@&.1):A\6
%6.%(,B:,%: 45*A,@2%7CICA%+:,86%%C0%CAYA:(@,B:+:>%@%B2BC6:AI@<BC6:A>,@:
8C8)% 66,/< % A,@ C8 B1>: +, .C8+1)1<8 ):7,@)1%61J%+:\tu %@% B,HB:A +,8A:A ,@% 7C)0:
7&A6,/1(6,6%7674?C,+1A,9<%C6,88,@,8pxqs,8D81)0\
8pxqw%I,@%(%8+:8<6%,A)C,6%IAC)%@/:%6.@,8B,+,6B%66,@+,>C(61)1+%+6::)C><,6
4:F,87%,AB@:+,6B%66,@+,>6&AB1)%Y::AB)071+B\AB,A,1+,8B1.1)%(%B:B%67,8B,):86%A
B,A1A>@:+C)B1F1AB%A+,68C,F:+1@,)B:@Y%88,A,I,@Y%A>1@%8+:%)@,%@C8/@%8_18AB1BCb
B:>C(61)1B%@1:`,86%%C0%CA?C,A,66,F%@2%%)%(:7,+1%8B,6%.CA1<8,6B%66,@+,B1>:/@%b
.2% I >C(61)1+%+ ):8 6:A +, .:B:/@%.2% I ,A)C6BC@%\ % >,+%/:/2% +, )071+B A, :@1,8B%(%
7&A0%)1%6%B,:@2%+,6%)@,%)1<8I,8ACB%66,@A,+,(%B2%86%A6,I,A+,6%<>B1)%I6%):7b
>:A1)1<8\618B,@-A@%+1)%(%,8ACB@%8AF,@A%61+%+I%?C,A,18):@>:@%(%86:A,H>,@17,8b
B:A+,6B%66,@+,,A)C6BC@%):86%AAC>,@.1)1,AIF:6D7,8,A,87:F171,8B:%+,7&A+,,8b
A,9%@ >,@A>,)B1F%Y ):8AB@C))1<8 +, A:7(@%AY +1(C4:Y >18BC@% I .:B:/@%.2%\ AB% .:@7%)1<8
18B,/@%+% .C, +, /@%8 CB161+%+ ,8 6:A +1A,9:A +, AB%8+A ?C, 6% 18+CAB@1% ,8)%@/< % 6%
%C0%CA,86%,@%+,,I,@\
tt
YB,[_%17>@,8B%I,6B%66,@+,>C(61)1+%+`,8
Y,%8818,Z
,B,@[2E%6\Y>&/A\swwbsxv\
tu
Y66,8[_,@(,@B%I,@\,A1/8A.:@B0,81F,@A%6,BB,@18/Ypxqt%8+pxqv`,8
Y%@@IZY,%0g+A\h[7$75MUMUGMUOOE.4)5$.25".4. 4,%6=Y
:YC,F%#:@5YqooxY>&/A\qoobqot\
cptxc
$#
18. Joost Schmidt: cartel para la exposición de la Bauhaus de 1923 en Weimar.
19. Herbert Bayer: alfabeto Universal, 1925.
C%8+:1,AF%8+,@:0,66,/<%6%+1@,))1<8,7>,J%@:86:A>@:(6,7%A>:@?C,-AB,8:
,AB%(%+,%)C,@+:):86:A7-B:+:A+,)071+B\,A>C-A+,+1F,@A%A>C/8%A18B,@8%AY,6
B%66,@ ,7>,J< % 6%8/C1+,),@ )1@)C8A)@1(1-8+:A, % 6% ,8A,9%8J% +, >@:I,)B:A q I %@B,A
/@&.1)%A\,A%>%@,)1<,8pxrr%8B,A+,6%)6%CAC@%+,.181B1F%+,6%,A)C,6%\tv
PDQDSD+5++!3 !326&5!563
:7:A,+14:%6>@18)1>1:Y,6B%66,@+,%@?C1B,)BC@%8:>C+:>:8,@A,,87%@)0%,8!,17%@\
,AC6B% A:@>@,8+,8B, ?C, 71,8B@%A ,6 7%81.1,AB: .C8+%)1:8%6 18F:)%(% 6% %@?C1B,)BC@%
):7:%)B1F1+%+18B,/@%+:@%+,B:+%A6%A%@B,AY-AB%8:,7>,J%@%%17>%@B1@A,0%AB%pxqv
I%,8,AA%C\,/D8>%@,),Y,H1AB,>:)%+:)C7,8B%)1<8A:(@,,AB,B%66,@,8,6?C,A,7%b
B@1)C6%@:87CI>:):A%6C78:AcC8:A+1,J>:@A,7,AB@,cY%6/C8:A+,6:A)C%6,AB@%(%4%(%8
,8,6,ABC+1:+,@:>1CAY6:)C%6A1/81.1)%?C,7C)0:A>@:I,)B:A>C(61)%+:A,86%@,F1AB%
+,6%%C0%CA8:.C,@:8,8@,%61+%+,4,)CB%+:A,86%,A)C,6%A18:,8AC,ABC+1:\
20. Georg Muche, taller de Walter Gropius y talleres de la Bauhaus: “Haus am Horn”, Weimar, 1923.
:A1(6,7,8B,0%AB%6%66,/%+%+,%88,A,I,@6%%@?C1B,)BC@%A,0%(2%):8A1+,@%+:):7:
C8%%)B1F1+%+%@B2AB1)%7&AI>@C,(%+,,66:,A?C,6:AB@%(%4:A@,%61J%+:A>%@%6%)%A%:7b
7,@.,6+A,):8B,7>6%(%8):7:C8,4,@)1)1:+,,H>@,A1:81A7:71,8B@%A?C,6:A+,6%_%CA
%7:@8`Y@,%61J%+:A,8pxqrYA,):8B,7>6%(%8):7:C8,4,@)1)1:+,8,:>6%AB1)1A7:\
tv
,@YB,[_%17>@,8B%+,!,17%@\%A:(@%A+,6B%66,@/@&.1):`Y
_%17>@,8B%I,6B%66,@+,>C(61)1+%+`,8
Y,%8818,Z
,B,@[2E%6\Y>&/A\swobsxv\
cpuoc
$#
,I,@)@,2%?C,6%,8A,9%8J%+,6%%@?C1B,)BC@%+,(2%):7(18%@6%)@,%)1<8):86%):8Ab
B@C))1<8I?C,-AB%+,(2%,8.:)%@A,+,A+,C8>C8B:+,F1AB%,AB@1)B%7,8B,.C8)1:8%6\%
>%A1<8+,,I,@>:@6%A.:@7C6%)1:8,A7%B,7&B1)%A):8.,@1@2%%6:AB@%(%4:A+,6:A%6C7b
8:AC8)%@&)B,@)1,8B1.1AB%?C,>@,B,8+2%6,/1B171J%@)C%6?C1,@+,)1A1<8+,B1>:>@:I,)BC%6
A:(@,6%(%A,+,6%,H)6CA1<8+,6,6,7,8B:1@@%)1:8%6:,7:)1:8%6\
21. Hannes Meyer, Hannes Wittwer y taller de arquitectura de la Bauhaus:
pabellones de la Escuela de la Confederación de Sindicatos Alemanes, 1928-1930.
:@7:B1F:A:@/%81J%B1F:AI,):8<71):A6:A)C@A:A8:,7>,J%@:8%17>%@B1@A,):8@,/C6%b
@1+%+0%AB%pxqw):18)1+1,8+:):86%B:7%+,>:A,A1<8+,,I,@+,6)%@/:+,+1@,)B:@+,
6%%C0%CA\:8B%8+:):86%):6%(:@%)1<8+,ACA:)1:%8A!1BBG,@Y,I,@,AB@C)BC@<C8
>6%8 +, ,ABC+1:A +, )%@&)B,@ >@:.,A1:8%6 ,8 ,6 ?C, A, ):8B,7>6%(% ,6 >%A: >:@ ,6 C@A:
@,61718%@7&A+:A)C@A:A+,B%66,@,86:A?C,Y%>%@B1@+,6)C%@B:A,7,AB@,YA,):7(18%(%
6% @,%61J%)1<8 +, >@:I,)B:A ):8 6%A )6%A,A +, B,:@2% I B,)8:6:/2% 0%AB% 6% /@%+C%)1<8\ %
A,))1<8+,%@?C1B,)BC@%A,+1F1+2%,8+:A[:8AB@C))1<8g+1(C4:+,>6%8:AIB-)81)%h,8b
B,@1:@1A7:g)%@>18B,@2%YB%66,@7,B%6D@/1):Y>18BC@%7C@%6IB,41+:Ah\
,I,@):8B@%B<%F%@1:A>@:.,A:@,A8C,F:A,8B@,6:A?C,)%(,+,AB%)%@%6(@166%8B,C@(%b
81AB% C+G1/ 16(,@A,17,@ ?C, .C, ,8)%@/%+: +, 6%A )6%A,A +, ):8AB@C))1<8Y +, +1A,9:
):8AB@C)B1F:I+,C@(%81A7:\
,4%8+:%>%@B,6:A>@:I,)B:A>C@%7,8B,,A):6%@,AY?C,,I,@CB161J<,8:)%A1:8,A>%@%
16CAB@%@6:A61(@:A?C,,A)@1(1<+C@%8B,AC,AB%8)1%,86%%C0%CAY6%AD81)%A:(@%A@,%6,A
,86%A?C,>%@B1)1><,6B%66,@+,%@?C1B,)BC@%.C,@:86%A)C,6%+,6%:8.,+,@%)1<8+,6:A
18+1)%B:A 6,7%8,A gh I 6% % *7,# ,AA%Cb=@B,8\ C@%8B, 6% +1@,))1<8 +, 1,A
F%8+,@:0,Y6%%C0%CA>,@+1<%?C,6)%@&)B,@+,,A)C,6%bB%66,@?C,6,0%(2%+%+:B%8B%
>,@A:8%61+%+Y A, ,61718%@:8 6%A %)B1F1+%+,A >@:+C)B1F%A I A, ):8A1+,@< ?C, 6% ,8A,9%8J%
+,6%%@?C1B,)BC@%g,8C8A,8B1+:(%AB%8B,7&AB@%+1)1:8%6h,@%,6,4,F,@B,(@%+:@+,B:b
+:A6:A,ABC+1:A\1,A:@1,8B<6:A>@:I,)B:A+,6:A%6C78:A0%)1%6%,A>,)C6%)1<8%(AB@%)b
B%):8F1@B1,8+:,6,ABC+1:+,6%F1F1,8+%C81.%7161%@,H,8B%,8ACB1>:6:/2%.%F:@1B%\6/Cb
8:AB@%(%4:A@,%61J%+:A,8,AB%->:)%+,8:B%8C8%%(A:6CB%1+,8B1.1)%)1<8.:@7%6):86:A
>@:I,)B:A+,6+1@,)B:@\tw
tw
,@Y%@B18[_,6%%C0%CA%6%):8AB@C))1<8+,F1F1,8+%A[6%.:@7%)1<8+,%@?C1B,)B:A
I6%%@?C1B,)BC@%,86%%C0%CA`,8
Y,%8818,Z
Y,B,@[2E%6\Y>&/A\ttqbtux\
cpupc
$#
PDRD6%64 !416"4 !+6%64 ,A>C-A+,6)1,@@,+,6%%C0%CAY6:A>@:.,A:@,A?C,8:0%(2%8 A1+:+,>C@%+:A>:@A,@):b
7C81AB%A:4C+2:AYA,18B,/@%@:8):7:>C+1,@:8%:B@%A,A)C,6%A%6,7%8%A\6/C8:A66,/%@:8
% ):6%(:@%@ ):8 ,6 @-/17,8 8%)1:8%6A:)1%61AB% ):7: +1A,9%+:@,A >,@: >:@ @,/6% /,8,@%6 8:
,@%8 >@:.,A1:8%6,A (1,8F,81+:A\ :A >,+%/:/:A 7&A +,AB%)%+:A 8: B%@+%@:8 7C)0: ,8 A,@
66%7%+:A%6:AAB%+:A81+:A+:8+,B,82%87,4:@,A:>:@BC81+%+,A+,B@%(%4:\
,A>C-A+,C8%(@,F,,AB%8)1%,88/6%B,@@%Y!%6B,@@:>1CA.C,66%7%+:,8pxrv>:@6%@%b
+C%B,)0::6:.,A1/8+,6%%@F%@+81F,@A1BI:.%7(@1+/,I.C,+1@,)B:@+,6%A,))1<8+,
%@?C1B,)BC@%,8B@,pxrwIpxtq\66218B,8B<):8B18C%@,8A,9%8+:6:A7-B:+:A+,6%%C0%CAY
6:?C,):8A1/C1<,8>%@B,I%?C,-AB:A>,@+1,@:8B:+:AC):8B,81+:A:)1%6%617>%@B1@A,.C,@%
+,AC):8B,HB:\
:@AC>%@B,1,AF%8+,@:0,):8B18C<AC)%@@,@%):7:%@?C1B,)B:,8,@6280%AB%?C,,8
pxrw.C,66%7%+:>%@%+1@1/1@6%A,))1<8+,%@?C1B,)BC@%+,6@7:C@8AB1BCB,:.,)08:6:/I
,8 6618:1A ,6 )C%6 ,8 )%7(1< AC 8:7(@, ,8 pxso >:@ ,6 +, 6618:1A 8AB1BCB, :. ,)08:6:/IY
>C,AB:?C,:)C><0%AB%pxtw\
:A,.6(,@AY,6B,@),@+1@,)B:@+,6C@A:>@,61718%@YIAC7C4,@8816(,@AY.:@7%+%,8,6B%b
66,@B,HB16+,6%%C0%CAY.C,@:866%7%+:A>:@,66%)5:C8B%18:66,/,A1BC%+:,8%@:618%
+,6:@B,\,B@%B%(%+,C8>@,AB1/1:A:),8B@:,H>,@17,8B%6+,,8A,9%8J%+,6%@B,?C,8%)1<
,8pxrrY,671A7:%9:+,6%)6%CAC@%+,6%%C0%CAY):8C8%.1@7,F:6C8B%++,7:)@&B1)%I
F%8/C%@+1AB%\%18.6C,8)1%+,6%,A)C,6%%6,7%8%A,+,4<A,8B1@%7>61%7,8B,%B@%F-A+,6:A
6(,@AI+,6:A):6%(:@%+:@,A?C,-AB:A%B@%2%80%)1%,6),8B@:?C,Y6%7,8B%(6,7,8B,Y),@@<
,8pxtu>:@>@:(6,7%A,):8<71):A\tx
,B:+%A.:@7%AY6%_@,,8)%@8%)1<8`%7,@1)%8%+,6%%C0%CAA,@2%6% ;7$75.C8+%+%
>:@6%01)%/:AA:)1%B1:8:.@B%8+8+CAB@1,A?C,Y):7:0%(2%0,)0:6%!,@5(C8+,86,b
7%81%Y >@,B,8+2% C81@ %@B1AB%A , 18+CAB@1%6,A ,8 8:7(@, +,6 >@:/@,A: )C6BC@%6\ C +1@,))1<8
.C,):8.1%+%,8pxrv%:0:6I%/I?C1,8BCF:%6/C8:A>@:(6,7%A,8%>61)%@6:A>@18)1>1:A
(%C0%CA1%8:A,8,67%@):+,6%)C6BC@%I6%7,8B%61+%+8:@B,%7,@1)%8%\C8%A2Y6%18.6C,8)1%
+,6%%C0%CA.C,>,@),>B1(6,+,A+,,6181)1:YB%8B:>:@6%>@,A,8)1%+,%6/C8:A%@B1AB%A+,AC
%8B,),A:@%%6,7%8%Y):7:>:@6%A17(1:A1A,8B@,)1,8)1%IB-)81)%%A2):7:>:@6%17>:@B%8b
)1%?C,A,+%(%%6C@A:@,61718%@Y%C8?C,,8,6)%A:+,6%,G%C0%CAYA,:B:@/%(%7%b
I:@>%>,6%6%B-)81)%I%6%.:B:/@%.2%\:0:6I%/I66%7<%+,7&A%C8/@C>:+,>@:.,A:@,A
+,6%81F,@A1BI:.01)%/:>%@%?C,+1,@%8C8:A)C@A:A+,18B,/@%)1<818B,6,)BC%6A:(@,)1(,@b
8-B1)%I7%B,7&B1)%A\%:@1,8B%)1<818B,6,)BC%61AB%+,6%,A)C,6%8:A%B1A.1J:%6%01)%/:Ab
A:)1%B1:8:.@B>:@6:?C,-AB%6,@,B1@<AC%>:I:%6%9:+,AC.C8+%)1<8\::(AB%8B,6%,Ab
)C,6%A,@,%(@1@2%,8pxrx):8,68:7(@,+,$..*." 5%#,+,01)%/:/@%)1%A%6/,8,@:A:
%>:I:.18%8)1,@:+,6+1@,)B:@+,6%:8B%18,@:@>:@%B1:8\:A>@:(6,7%A,):8<71):AA1/C1,b
@:8%)C)1%8+:%6%,A)C,6%?C,BCF:?C,F:6F,@%),@@%@I@,%(@1@A,,8pxssY,AB%F,J):8,6
8:7(@,+,
,56%676 ." 5%#,,6)C%6>,@+,@2%(C,8%>%@B,+,AC>,@A:8%61+%+):86%7C,@B,
+,:0:6Ib%/I\
18%67,8B,Y,8pxsx.C,18B,/@%+%%66618:1A8AB1BCB,:.,)08:6:/I\uo
tx
Y%C6[_6%)5:C8B%18:66,/,Y`,8
Y,%8818,Z
Y,B,@[2E%6EC>&/A\uqbutE
uo
Y%C6[_%,G%C0%CAI6%)0::6:.,A1/8+,01)%/:`,8
Y,%8818,Z
Y,B,@[2E%6\Y>&/A\uubvr\H1AB,C8%7:8:/@%.2%,A>,)2.1)%A:(@,,AB,),8B@:Z
F,@ \ \\\[QL$4 , ;7$75D7$75,$".*# %,$%#.Y%B\H>\%C0%CAb@)01FY,@628Ypxwv\
cpuqc
$#
PDSD/-+64&0-
%%C0%CA.C,,6),8B@:%6,7&8+:8+,A,@,%61J<+,7:+:7&A>@:/@%7&B1):,6>%A:+,6%
,8A,9%8J%(%A%+%,86:A:.1)1:A7%8C%6,A%6%,8A,9%8J%+,6+1A,9:,8B,8+1+:):7:>@:.,b
A1<8I%)B1F1+%+18B,6,)BC%6\
C,,6),8B@:_7:+,@81AB%`>:@,H),6,8)1%,8,6A,8B1+:+,?C,
18B,8B<,8):8B@%@@,A>C,AB%AB@%A),8+,8B,AC8%8C,F%:6%+,18+CAB@1%61J%)1<8)%@%)B,@1J%+%
>:@6%F,6:)1+%+I6%):8B18/,8)1%\C6,/%+:,A%8B,A?C,8%+%>,+%/</1):I0%I?C,@,):b
8:),@?C,18.6C,8)1%,86%%@?C1B,)BC@%I,86:A>@:+C)B:A+,AC->:)%A,0%,H%/,@%+:C8
>:):\:A7:+,6:AA%61+:A+,6:AB%66,@,A+,),@&71)%YB,HB16I>%>,6,A>18B%+:A8:,@%87CI
+1.,@,8B,A+,6:A?C,A,>@:+C)2%8,8:B@%A,A)C,6%A%6,7%8%A+,6%->:)%\8)C%6?C1,@)%A:
6%7%I:@0,@,8)1%+,,AB,71B1.1)%+:),8B@:@,A1+,A:(@,B:+:,86%A%(1%C81<8,8B@,B,:@2%I
>@&)B1)% ?C, )%@%)B,@1J< 6% ,8A,9%8J% +,A+, AC :@1/,8Z ,8 6% F:6C8B%+Y % F,),A :(AB18%+% I
>@:>,8A%%6+:/7%B1A7:Y+,+,.181@6%A(%A,A+1A)1>618%@,A+,C8%8C,F%>@:.,A1<8IB%7(1-8
,86%A.<@7C6%A+,):6%(:@%)1<8?C,,AB%(6,)1<):86%18+CAB@1%\
QD46!+ !35! !3-*#635
%A)C,6%+,@B,+,
@%85.C@B.C,@,%67,8B,):8B,7>:@&8,%+,6%%C0%CAI,87C)0:A%Ab
>,)B:AC8+,@1F%+:,A>,)1%6+,,66%\C%8+:,8pxqsbqt6%%C0%CA+,!,17%@BCF:?C,),@@%@
>:@>@:(6,7%A>:62B1):AY,H1AB1<C8@1,A/:@,%6+,B@%AF%A,7%A1F:+,>@:.,A:@%+:%6%A)C,6%+,
@%85.C@BY6:)C%60C(1,@%A1/81.1)%+:6%61?C1+%)1<8+,.181B1F%+,6>@:I,)B:+,@:>1CA\6.18%68:
.C,%A2IA<6:A,B@%A6%+%@:8%
@%85.C@B,6%@?C1B,)B:+:6.,I,@Y+:A7%,AB@:A+,B%66,@IC8
,Hb%6C78:6:A)C%6,A17>@171,@:8%ACA)6%A,AC8)%@&)B,@18):8.C8+1(6,7,8B,_(%C0%CA1%8:\`
%A)C,6%+,@B,+,
@%85.C@B.C,.C8+%+%,8pxqq):7:):8A,)C,8)1%+,6%.CA1<8+,6%Ab
)C,6%+,@B,AI.1)1:A+,6%A:)1%)1<8+,@B,A8+CAB@1%6,A+,6,7%81%,8B@%6I,6%8B1/C:
8AB1BCB:+,@B,B'+,6cC8%.C8+%)1<8>@1F%+%+,,8A,9%8J%+,6%@B,+,)%@&)B,@>:>C6%@c?C,
0%(2%A1+:),+1+%%6%)1C+%+\%@%,68C,F:+1@,)B:@Y
@1BJ!1)0,@BY6%B%@,%+,@,:@/%81J%)1<8+,
C8%A)C,6%+,@B,1(@,I@B,>61)%+:8:.C,.&)16I%?C,Y%6:A>@:(6,7%AB-)81):A+,6%+1Ab
>,@A1<8+,+,>,8+,8)1%AI.%6B%+,B%66,@,AA,AC7%(%86:A+,C8)C,@>:+:),8B,,8F,4,)1+:\up
!1)0,@B6C)0<A18+,A)%8A:>%@%?C,,6:(1,@8:6,>@:>:@)1:8%@%C88C,F:,+1.1)1:I6,):8),b
+1,@%6%71A7%)%B,/:@2%+,,A)C,6%AC>,@1:@?C,0%(2%A1+::B:@/%+%%6%%C0%CA,8pxqu\,b
@: %C8?C, 8: 6:/@%@% 818/C8: +, %7(:A :(4,B1F:AY !1)0,@B ):8A1/C1< ):8F,@B1@ 6% A)C,6% +,
@%85.C@B,8C8%+,6%A7,4:@,A+,6%,>D(61)%+,!,17%@/@%)1%A%C8%18B,61/,8B,>:62B1)%+,
):8B@%B%)1<8+,>@:.,A:@,A+,B%6,8B:Y,8B@,6:A?C,8:.%6B%(%8%6/C8:A+,6%%C0%CA\+:6.
,I,@Y%8B1/C:):6%(:@%+:@+,@:>1CAY>%A<%A,@+1@,)B:@+,6%,A>,)1%61+%++,%@?C1B,)BC@%,8
@%85.C@BI%:)C>%@C817>:@B%8B,>C,AB:,86%1@,))1<8C81)1>%6+,(@%A+,6%)1C+%+\uq
%A)C,6%+,
@%85.C@BB,82%C8,8.:?C,7CI>@%/7&B1):I.C,A18+C+%,6),8B@:?C,7%8BCF:
7&AI7,4:@,A):8B%)B:A):86%18+CAB@1%\CF:%+,7&A6%:>:@BC81+%++,):6%(:@%@):86%1b
@,))1<8C81)1>%6+,(@%A,86%@,%61J%)1<8+,+1F,@A:A>@:I,)B:A+,%@?C1B,)BC@%I+,+1A,9:
+,7:(161%@1:A,@1%+:\8,.,)B:Y6%,A)C,6%IACA>@:.,A:@,A7%8BCF1,@:8C8%,AB@,)0%@,6%)1<8
):8,6IC8B%71,8B:+C@%8B,,67%8+%B:+,66)%6+,b@,A1+,8B,C+G1/%8+7%88?C,%>:I<%
@8AB%II%C8%A,@1,+,%@?C1B,)B:A):8,6.18+,):8F,@B1@6%)1C+%+,8C8),8B@:+,6%%@?C1b
B,)BC@%+,F%8/C%@+1%\
@%85.C@BA,):8F1@B1<,86:A%9:AF,18B,I>@18)1>1:A+,6:AB@,18B%,8C8%
up
!Y
@1BJ[_1,
@%85.C@B,@)0C6,.E@
@,1,C8+8/,F%8+B,C8AB`
@,F1AB%% .4+E %65$4%"6"94 56*6 , 4 %6Y.%A)2)C6:prY8LpYC61:+,pxqxY>&/A\rrrbrtu
0BB>[aa+1/1\C(\C81b0,1+,6(,@/\+,a+1/61Ba.:@7pxqxaorxxi):8AC6B%[wawaqoptj\
uq
,@Y:6.[_%A)C,6%+,@B,+,
@%85.C@BYpxqrbpxrr`,8!Y%8A\g+\h[
5 57 *5 46 :,#74%CMULLGMUMOY+\%C@CAY%+@1+YpxwoY>&/A\psxbpxo\
cpurc
$#
+,6%A)1C+%+,A7&A%)B1F%A+,6:F171,8B::+,@8:\8,66%A,,+1B%(%6%@,F1AB%18B,@8%)1:8%6
+,%@?C1B,)BC@%5 7 4,)"746Y,86%?C,%7,8C+:!1)0,@B>C(61)%(%%@B2)C6:AA:(@,,8b
A,9%8J%urZ,8pxqx
@%85.C@B.C,6%A,+,+,6:8/@,A:+,6A:(@,6%F1F1,8+%72817%I,8
,66%A,01)1,@:88:B%(6,A18F,AB1/%)1:8,AA:(@,6%F1F1,8+%A:)1%6\
MM. Escuela de Arte de Frankfurt. Profesor Christian Dell: lámparas para la producción en serie. 8:+,6:A:(4,B1F:A>@1:@1B%@1:A+,6%,A)C,6%,@%.:@7%@18+1F1+C:A):8%>B1BC+,A>%@%7,4:@%@
>:@6%F2%B-)81)%I%@B2AB1)%6:A>@:+C)B:A?C,A%62%8+,6%18+CAB@1%%A2):7:.:@7%@>@:.,A1:8%b
6,A)%>%),A+,:)C>%@>C,AB:A+,B@%(%4:,86%A7:+,@8%A,7>@,A%AYB:+:6:)C%6,H1/2%C8):b
8:)171,8B:,H%)B:+,6:A7,+1:A+,>@:+C))1<8I+,6>@:),A:+,B@%(%4:[
_%8C,F%A)C,6%+,@B,+,(,:.@,),@C8%A:6C)1<8,4,7>6%@,18)@,7,8B%@):8,66:,6>@,AB1/1:
+,6%)1C+%+\,(,%A,/C@%@6%>%@B1)1>%)1<8+,
@%85.C@B,86%@,:@/%81J%)1<8%@B2AB1)%/,8,@%6I
):8F,@B1@A,,8C8),8B@:+,6>@:/@,A:)@,%+:@,86%A%@B,A>6&AB1)%Ai\\\j8):8A:8%8)1%):86%A
):8+1)1:8,A?C,A,+%8%?C2Y6%F18)C6%)1<8):86%18+CAB@1%0%+,6:/@%@A,,8B@,A>C8B:A,A>,)1%b
6,AY>C,AB:?C,6%A)C,6%>@,B,8+,.:7,8B%@7CI%)B1F%7,8B,B@,A+,>%@B%7,8B:A[
ph@?C1B,)BC@%Y18+CAB@1%+,67C,(6,I+,):@%)1<8+,18B,@1:@,A\
qh:8.,))1<8+,61(@:AIB1>:/@%.2%\
us
rh@B,AB,HB16,AI7:+%\` :A )C@A:A +, %@?C1B,)BC@% I +1A,9: +, 18B,@1:@,A .C,@:8 ):8A1+,@%+:A +, 7&H17% 17>:@B%8)1%
B%8B:>:@,6+1@,)B:@):7:>:@6%1@,))1<8C81)1>%6+,(@%A)CI:A)%@/:A+,@,A>:8A%(161+%+
,@%8:AB,8B%+:A>:@>@:.,A:@,A+,6%,A)C,6%\:8:A,HB,8+,@,7:A%?C2,86%+,A)@1>)1<8+,6%
6%(:@+,+:6.,I,@%6.@,8B,+,6,>%@B%7,8B:+,@?C1B,)BC@%+,6%,A)C,6%81,8ACA(@166%8b
B,A>@:I,)B:A+,,+1.1)1:A18+CAB@1%6,A:,86:A+1A,9:A+,7:(161%@1:A,@1%+:I):7(18%(6,?C,
,@+18%8+ @%7,@ +,A%@@:66< ):8 ACA %6C78:A I ?C, .C, >@:+C)1+: >%@% ,?C1>%@ 6%A ):6:81%A
:(@,@%A):8AB@C1+%A>:@@8AB%I\8,6B,@@,8:+,6+1A,9:+,7:(161%@1:Y6%A)C,6%+,
@%85b
.C@B+,A%@@:66<C8%,AB-B1)%,HB@,7%+%7,8B,A,8)166%,18):8.C8+1(6,7,8B,18+CAB@1%6IY,8,AB,
A,8B1+:Y .C, 7&A %66& ?C, 6% %C0%CA ,8 )CI:A >@:I,)B:AY % 7,8C+: 1@@,%61J%+:AY +:718%(% ,6
)%@&)B,@,H>,@17,8B%6I7,B:+:6</1):\
ur
:+:A6:A8D7,@:A+,5, 7 4,)"746D%,6 4,6%.,* .,655$4%"6"94% 4.* + )7*674 ** 4 7# 56*67,#>C,+,8):8AC6B%@A,,8[
0BB>[aa+1/1\C(\C81b0,1+,6(,@/\+,a+1/61Ba8,C,e.@%85.C@Bpxquepxqvi):8AC6B%[wawaqoptj\
us
HB@%)B:+,6)B%+,6%:@>:@%)1<8C81)1>%6+,6puaqapxqtg(:@@%+:@+,6+1@,)B:@
@1BJ!1)0,@Bh\
,@Y:6.[g+:)C7,8B:Ah,8!Y%8A\[2E%6ECpxwoY>&/\pvv\
cpusc
$#
%A %>:@B%)1:8,A +, 6% ,A>,)1%61+%+ +, +1(C4: >C(61)1B%@1: I B1>:/@%.2% 0%8 B,81+: C8% ,A>,)1%6
@,6,F%8)1%01AB<@1)%I%?C,,8,66%A,+1A,9<C8:+,6:AB1>:A+,17>@,8B%7&A,7(6,7&B1):A+,6
A1/6:""Y6%7674+,%C6,88,@YC8B1>:+,>%6:A,):?C,A,(%A%(%,8C8%A.:@7%A/,:7-B@1b
)%A A17>6,AY >,@: ?C,Y % +1.,@,8)1% +,6 B1>: ,%: 45* +, %I,@Y 8: A%)@1.1)%(% 6% 6,/1(161+%+Y 6%
):0,@,8)1%I6%%@7:82%,8%@%A+,6,H>,@17,8B%61A7:\%B1>:/@%.2%7674A,+1A,9<,8pxqtI
A,>@:+C4:+C@%8B,7&A+,qt%9:A,86%.C8+1)1<8B1>:/@&.1)%%C,@A)0,1,AA,@,1+,
@%85.C@BY
C8%+,6%A7&A/@%8+,A+,6,7%81%\ut:@:B@%>%@B,Y,8pxqwA,01J:)%@/:+,6+,>%@B%7,8B:
+,+1(C4:>C(61)1B%@1:IB1>:/@%.2%,6+1A,9%+:@!1661%C7,1AB,@)CI:>@,AB1/1:>@:.,A1:8%6%B@%4:
B:+%F2%7&A%6C78:A%6%,A>,)1%61+%++,>:@A17&A8C7,@:A%+,6%,A)C,6%\+,7&A+,6:A)%@b
B,6,AI,8)%@/:A@,%61J%+:A>%@%,AB%7,8B:A>D(61):AC:.1)1%6,A+C@%8B,,6)C@A:pxqvbqwYA,18b
B@:+C4,@:8)6%A,AA:(@,,6B@%(%4:>C(61)1B%@1:,8,67%@):+,6%,):8:72%+,7,@)%+:IA,):8b
B< ):8 6% ):6%(:@%)1<8 +,6 +1@,)B:@ +, >C(61)1+%+ +, 6% ,7>@,A% %@B7%88 C8+ @%C8 c6C,/:
@%C8c>%@%6%)C%6%C7,1AB,@+1A,9%(%%8C8)1:A\
%,A>,)1%61+%++,B,HB16,A.C,):8A1+,@%+%Y4C8B:):86%+,%@?C1B,)BC@%YC8%+,6%A7&A17>:@b
B%8B,A+,6%,A)C,6%I%?C,B%7(1-87%8B,82%17>:@B%8B,A):8B%)B:A):86%18+CAB@1%\6+1@,)B:@
+,6+,>%@B%7,8B:Y1)0%@+1A5,@Y>:A,2%AC>@:>1%,7>@,A%+,,AB%7>%)1<8+,B,41+:AIY%B@%b
F-A +, ,66%Y >C+: ,AB%(6,),@ 8C7,@:A%A @,6%)1:8,A ):8 /@%8+,A .1@7%A 18+CAB@1%6,A ?C, .C,@:8
7CI(,8,.1)1:A%A>%@%6%,A)C,6%\6F%6:@+,6%B%@,%+:),8B,+,1A5,@.C,B%6?C,)C%8+:%7,b
8%J< ):8 7%@)0%@A, >%@% :)C>%@ ,6 )%@/: +, +1@,)B:@ +, :B@% ,A)C,6% !1)0,@B 6, ):8A1/C1< C8
):8B@%B: 7166:8%@1: ):7: ):8A,4,@: %@B2AB1): +, 6% %@(,818+CAB@1, >%@% ?C, A, ?C,+%@% ,8
@%85.C@B\1,8B@%A?C,+C@%8B,6:A%9:A?C,,ABCF:,8!,17%@gpxpxbpxqth,6B%66,@+,B,4,+Cb
@2%+,6%%C0%CA7%8BCF:C8)%@&)B,@,H>,@17,8B%6I%@B,A%8:Y6%A)C,6%+,
@%85.C@BY%>,A%@
+,?C,8:):8B%(%):8/@%8+,A7,+1:AY:>B<+,A+,,6>@18)1>1:>:@C8%,8A,9%8J%7&A>@:.,b
A1:8%61J%+%\6):8:)171,8B:,H%)B:+,B:+:A6:A@,)C@A:AB-)81):A>,@71B2%?C,6:A>@:I,)B:A+,
6:A%6C78:A.C,@%8187,+1%B%7,8B,>@:+C)1+:A>:@6%18+CAB@1%\
%,A)C,6%+,
@%85.C@B.C,:(4,B:+,6%B%?C,+1@,)B:>:@>%@B,+,6:A%)1:8%6b:)1%61AB%A?C,Y
,8pxrrY+,AB1BCI,@:8%!1)0,@BI%ACA7,4:@,A):6%(:@%+:@,A\:A+,>%@B%7,8B:A+,%@B,%>61b
)%+:.C,@:8@,+C)1+:A:+1A>,@A%+:AA1,8+:%+A)@1B:A%:B@%A,A)C,6%A,A>,)1%61J%+%A\6),8B@:
8:),@@<>,@:>,@+1<AC/@%8)%>%)1+%++,188:F%)1<8,8,6&7(1B:+,6+1A,9:+,>@:+C)B:\
RD534!46!+4+!,-4
% ,17%88 )0C6, +, ,@628 .C, .C8+%+% ,8 pxoq >:@ ,6 ,A)C6B:@ +, :@1/,8 4C+2: 6(,@B ,1b
7%88\@1/18%@1%7,8B,.C,C8%,A)C,6%+,%@B,A%>61)%+%A>,@:.C,7CI@&>1+%@,A>:8+1,8+:%
6%A+,7%8+%A+,67,@)%+:+,B@%(%4:)@,%B1F:+,B%67:+:?C,YI%%8B,A+,6%@17,@%C,@@%
C8+1%6,8A,9%(%+,+1A,9:+,)%@B,6,AgpxpphI%@B,>C(61)1B%@1:gpxpqh\,A>C-A+,6%/C,@@%
,7>,J< % :.@,),@ )C@A:A +, %@B, ):7,@)1%6 I )%@B,61A7: gpxqohY ,A)%>%@%B1A7: gpxqshY )18,
gpxqwhI.:B:/@%.2%gpxrph\uu%,17%88)0C6,+,,@628,@%C8),8B@:>@1F%+:?C,8:B,82%6%
)%B,/:@2%+,6%,A)C,6%+,
@%85.C@B:+,6%%C0%CAY>,@:7,@,),A,@)1B%+%>:@)C%8B:,4,@)2%
C8,.,)B:7C6B1>61)%+:@+,6%A1+,%A+,F%8/C%@+1%Y6%A)C%6,A>:>C6%@1J%(%I,HB,8+2%%%7>61:A
A,)B:@,AA:)1%6,A%6,7%8,A,86%7,+1+%?C,Y,86:A%9:A+,7%I:@-H1B:Y):8B%(%):8C87166%@
+,%6C78:A7%B@1)C6%+:A\8,AB,A,8B1+:Y6%,A)C,6%.C,C8%CB-8B1):.,8<7,8:\ %A.:@7C6%b
)1:8,AB,<@1)%A+,6%%C0%CA.C,@:8B@%+C)1+%A):8/@%8%/C+,J%>:@6%,17%88)0C6,,8F,Ab
ut
%C,@,C.F166,BCF:A,+,,8%@),6:8%\
b!YG%8B4,[% %+,,G$7* %, 4*%,7,.,.,MULNGMUPO
%,(9%5$ 5,6 4, $+ ,>747,56G7, 5%#,75%*7,#%,6 4,6%.,* 44#7,#
%5>74 4,%$67,#74$5%6* 44 #%+ Y0%5,@,+1%Y?C1A/@&8Yqoox\
uu
cputc
$#
B1+:AY16CAB@%)1:8,AY,A)%>%@%B,A:%8C8)1:AI0%I?C,@,):8:),@6,A:(@,B:+:,67-@1B:+,0%b
(,@A, %B@,F1+: % >:8,@ % C8 /@%8 8D7,@: +, %6C78:AY I % 6% >@:>1% (C@/C,A2% (,@618,A%Y >:@
%9%+1+C@%%8B,,6@,B:+,6%7:+,@81+%+\uv8+C+%(6,7,8B,6%,A)C,6%,17%88A,):8B,7>6%(%
%A271A7%):7:C8%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:[
_@,B,8+,7:A >@:>:@)1:8%@ % 6% %,7564% ):6%(:@%+:@,A >%@% ,6,F%@ ,6 A,8B1+: ,AB-B1): +, ACA
>@:+C)B:A\@,B,8+,7:A%IC+%@%6.+ 4%.7,+1%8B,6%.:@7%)1<8+,%@B1AB%A>%@%ACB@%(%4:+,
>C(61)1+%+Y,A)%>%@%B,AI+,):@%)1<8+,18B,@1:@,A\,+1%8B,6%.CA1<8+,*7*674= *5 ,6%.
56!6%.Y8C,AB@:A%6C78:A0%8+,A,@Y,86%7,+1+%+,6:>:A1(6,YF,02)C6:A+,C8%0:8,AB1+%+I
uw
A18),@1+%+?C,8,),A1B%7:AC@/,8B,7,8B,\` .18%6,A+,6:A%9:AF,18B,Y+,(1+:%6%)@1A1A,):8<71)%7C8+1%6I%6@&>1+:%F%8),+,6>%@B1+:
8%J1Y 6% ,17%88 )0C6, ,7>,J< % >,@+,@ %6C78:AY A:(@, B:+: ,HB@%84,@:A\ 6(,@B ,17%88 8:
>,@+1<,6B1,7>:6C)0%8+:>%@%A:(@,F1F1@,8%?C,67,+1:0:AB16\1J:?C,6:A,ABC+1%8B,AA,/@%b
+C%@%8@&>1+%7,8B,Y)@,<C8%A:)1,+%+):8C/:'@18/%6%?C,66%7<7,567, 4)I>%@B1<
>%@%:8+@,A\ux%8C,F%A:)1,+%+7,@,),A,@7,8)1:8%+%>:@?C,Y+C@%8B,,6/:(1,@8:+,6,@b
),@,1)0Y%6B@%B%@A,+,C8),8B@:>@1F%+:Y>C+:>@:B,/,@+,6%>,@A,)C)1<8>:62B1)%%6:A>@:.,A:b
@,A7&A>@:/@,A1AB%A?C,B@%(%4%(%8,8,A)C,6%A>D(61)%A\8,AB,A,8B1+:Y>@:>:@)1:8<):8B@%B:A
+,B@%(%4:I%A,/C@<6%AC(A1AB,8)1%%%?C,66:A>@:.,A:@,A>@:A)@1B:A>:@,6@-/17,8?C,:>B%@:8
>:@8:,H161%@A,\6),8B@:+,,@628,H1AB1<0%AB%pxsr,8?C,.C,+,AB@C1+:>:@6:A(:7(%@+,:A\
8pxrvY,6014:+,6(,@B,17%88,18JY\,17%88Y%(@1<,8:8+@,A6%,17%88)0::6%8+
BC+1: :. 8+CAB@1%6 %8+ :7,@)1%6 @B\ 6 A, :)C>%@2% +, 6% /,AB1<8 +,6 ),8B@: 4C8B: ):8 C8%
(C,8%>%@B,+,6>,@A:8%6B@%2+:+,,@628\%,A)C,6%,7>,J<:.@,)1,8+:)C@A:A+,,H01(1)1<8
g%52*=hY%@B,):7,@)1%6Y7:+%I):8.,))1<8Y.:B:/@%.2%Y,ABC+1:A/,8,@%6,AI+1A,9:+,18B,@1:b
@,A?C,,@%8,8AC7%I:@2%17>%@B1+:A>:@>@:.,A:@,A(@1B&81):A7CI(1,8,A):/1+:A\C8?C,A,
17>:@B<+,,@628C8%(C,8%>%@B,+,6A1AB,7%+,,8A,9%8J%YA,>CA:7C)0:,7>,9:,8%.1@b
7%@?C,6%,A)C,6%8:>@,B,8+2%17>:8,@7-B:+:A>C@%7,8B,%6,7%8,AA18:,8+,7:AB@%@B%8b
B:,86%B,:@2%):7:,86%>@&)B1)%?C,C8%B-)81)%+:),8B,I%,H>,@17,8B%+%>:+2%@,A>:8+,@%
6%A,H1/,8)1%A+,6/CAB:(@1B&81):I?C,6%@,6%)1<8):86%A,A)C,6%A+,%@B,,H1AB,8B,A,8:8+@,A
+,(,@2%A,@+,):7>6,7,8B%@1,+%+I8:+,):7>,B,8)1%\
%,A)C,6%?C,@2%_66,8%@,60C,):?C,0%(2%,8B@,6%,+C)%)1<8%@B2AB1)%):8F,8)1:8%6I6:A@,?C,b
@171,8B:A+,6%>@&)B1)%>@:.,A1:8%6,8,6%@B,):7,@)1%6I,6+1A,9:18+CAB@1%6\`vo%8B:,8:8+@,A
):7:,8,@628Y6%,A)C,6%B,82%C8,ABC+1:+,+1A,9:?C,B@%(%4%(%>@:.,A1:8%67,8B,Y+:8+,6:A
%6C78:AB,82%86%>:A1(161+%++,@,%61J%@>@&)B1)%A+,A>C-A+,/@%+C%@A,\C8?C,,8ACAB,HB:A6%A
%6CA1:8,A %6 +1A,9: 18+CAB@1%6 A:8 .@,)C,8B,AY 6% ,17%88 )0::6 ,ABCF: ,8 @,%61+%+ 7C)0: 7&A
:@1,8B%+%%6%>C(61)1+%+I,6+1A,9:>%@%6%,H01(1)1<8g%52*=h?C,%6+1A,9:+,>@:+C)B:\
uv
:A%16,A+,68AB1BCB:,17%88A,):8F1@B1,@:8,8%CB-8B1):A%):8B,)171,8B:A
A:)1%6,A+,,@628)CI:A(,8,.1)1:AA,@F2%8>%@%>@:>:@)1:8%@(,)%A>%@%6:A%6C78:A
):87,8:A@,)C@A:A,):8<71):A\ ,@Y%8Ab!,@8,@[_%A)C,6%,17%88+,,@628`
,8!Y%8A\g+h[2E%6\YpxwoY>&/A\qtrbqxo\
uw
6(,@B,17%88Y.@%/7,8B:+,C8%@B2)C6:>C(61)%+:,84 7,.4+C8LsY%(@16pxqv\1B%+:>:@
%8Ab!,@8,@,8!Y%8A\g+\h[2E%6\YpxwoY>&/\qusg6%A)C@A1F%A,AB&8,8,6:@1/18%6h\
ux
Y#%BAC5:[_:+,@81A7Y:77,@)1%61A7%8+1A>6%I,A1/818@1B%18\0,,17%88)0::6
%8+BC+1:A:.8+CAB@1%6%8+:7,@)1%6@B`,8.74,*." 5%#,%56.4=Y :6\pxY8LqY
H.:@+81F,@A1BI@,AAYqoouY>&/A\prvbpts\
vo
Y#%BAC5:[2E%6EC>&/\pss\
cpuuc
$#
23. Anuncio de la clase de diseño de carteles dirigida por Julius Klinger en la Reimann Schule, 1911.
24. Fachada de la Reimann Schule de Berlín.
6),8B@:BCF:?C,),@@%@,8pxso%)%CA%+,6,AB%661+:+,6%,/C8+%C,@@%C8+1%6I8:0C(:
18B,8B:A+,@,.C8+%@6%+,A>C-A+,6):8.61)B:(-61):\
1/C1,8+: ,8 6,7%81%Y 6% )%+,71% +, @,A6%C I 6% A)C,6% +, @B,A >61)%+%A +, C@/ 1,(1b
)0,8AB,18cA1BC%+%,8%66,+,6%%6,cA,,8):8B@%(%8,8C8%)1,@B%A1BC%)1<8+,):7>,B,8)1%
):86%%C0%CA\
C,@:8,A)C,6%A?C,:>B%@:8>:@C8%,8A,9%8J%@1/C@:A%I+,%6B%)%61+%+A18
66,/%@%6:A>:ABC6%+:A,HB@,7:A+,6%%C0%CAIA1866,/%@%18F:6C)@%@A,,8C8%>@&)B1)%18+CAb
B@1%6 ):7: 6% ,A)C,6% +, @%85.C@B\ :7: :)C@@1< ):8 6% %C0%CAY +C@%8B, 6:A >@17,@:A %9:A
F,18B,Y,6,AB16:+,6:AB@%(%4:A+,C@/1,(1)0,8AB,18B,82%C8%)6%@%.161%)1<8,H>@,A1:81AB%Y>,b
@:%7,+1%+:A+,6:A%9:AF,18B,YA,17>CA1,@:8C8%A.:@7%A7&A@%)1:8%6,AYA:(@,B:+:,86:A
:(4,B:A+,7,B%6I),@&71)%\
6% ,F:6C)1<8 +, C@/ 1,(1)0,8AB,18 0%)1% 6% ):8),>)1<8 +, >@:+C)B:A 18+CAB@1%6,A 8: .C, B%8
@%+1)%6):7:6%+,6%%C0%CA81B%7>:):A,66,/<%%)B1BC+,AB%8,HB@,7%+%7,8B,18B,6,)BC%6,A
I+:)B@18%@1%A):7:6%A?C,>@,F%6,)1,@:8(%4:6%+1@,))1<8+,%88,A,I,@,8,AA%C\%,Ab
)C,6% +, C@/ 1,(1)0,8AB,18 A1,7>@, +1: 7C)0% 17>:@B%8)1% %6 B@%(%4: %@B,A%8%6 I % 6% ,8A,b
9%8J%+,B%66,@Y6:)C%6+,4%(%C8%7>61:7%@/,8+,61(,@B%+)@,%B1F%%6:A%6C78:A\vp
:@:B@%>%@B,6%)%+,71%+,@,A6%C8:,AB%(6,)1<C8%+1.,@,8)1%B%8,AB@1)B%,8B@,%@B,I+1A,b
9:>:81,8+:7%I:@-8.%A1A,86%%>:@B%)1<818B,6,)BC%6I.:@7%6+,6:A>@:I,)B:A?C,,8ACA>:b
A1(161+%+,A +, >@:+C))1<8\ % ,A)C,6% .C, +1@1/1+% >:@ 6%A ,718,8B,A >,@A:8%61+%+,A +, %8A
:,6J1/gpwxxbpxpuhYC/CAB8+,66gpxpwbpxqthIA)%@:66gpxqtbpxrqhI,8pxqxY>@:),+,8B,
+,6%%C0%CAYA,18):@>:@<%ACB%66,@+,B,%B@:,6>@:.,A:@A5%@)06,77,@
vp
Y:@AB,8IY0:7%A[_%C0%CAlC@/1,(1)0,8AB,18`,8:,6#4 5%#,MTTLGMUOLY
,8,+15B%A)0,8Y:6:81%YpxxsY>&/A\vxbwv\%7(1-8,H1AB,8F%@1%A7:8:/@%.2%A,8%6,7&8[
Y!\[% 74#% %$ ,56 %,C 5$%$6 %, 4 765$ ,7,565$7* MUMQGMUOOY,1>J1/Y
pxxqgpK,+1)1<8[pxwphZY[74#% %$ ,56 %,E% 7,56# ; 4 5$7* 7,6 4 %67,#
:.,7*$% 45$7, 4$44)5CMUMQ%5MUMQYq :6A\Y Y)B%0C7%81:@%Y!180,17YpxwwZ
\\[74#% %$ ,56 %,E% ** 5$ 7,565$7* :., ,,6",# ,%5>74 # ,;46E
%B\H>\B%%B61)0,%6,@1,:@1BJ(,@/%66,Ypxxr\
cpuvc
$#
SD/4% !/47
:A 0 g%)@<817: +, =55$%= $7.>$ 56: ,,.G )$,%$ 5)%= 56 45)%= h : %66,b
@,AC>,@1:@,A@B2AB1):AI-)81):A+,6AB%+:Y.C,@:8.C8+%+:A,8:A)D>:@+,)@,B:6,I,6qx
+,8:F1,7(@,+,pxqo):8,6:(4,B1F:+,.:@7%@_%@B1AB%A):8AB@C)B:@,A`I@,>@,A,8B%8Y%67,b
8:A,8>%@B,Y,618B,8B:+,.C8+%@C8%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:,8,6):8B,HB:+,6%CA1%@,F:6C)1:8%b
@1%\vq:A 0A,%+0,@2%8%6%AB,:@2%AA:(@,,6%@B,>@:+C)B1F:+,.181+%A>@:/@%7&B1)%b
7,8B,>:@6:A):8AB@C)B1F1AB%A@CA:A?C,):8+C)2%818,F1B%(6,7,8B,0%)1%6%)@,%)1<8+,6%8C,b
F%.1/C@%+,6_%@B1AB%):8AB@C)B:@`>%@%)CI%.:@7%)1<86%,8A,9%8J%%@B2AB1)%+,B@%+1)1<8%)%b
+-71)%8:B,82%,67&A72817:A,8B1+:\
%@B,+,6%:@1,8B%)1<8>,+%/</1)%+,6:A 0A,(%A%(%,86%,H>,@1,8)1%+,AC%8B,),b
+,8B,187,+1%B:Y6:A66%7%+:AABC+1:A1(@,A.C8+%+:A%.18%6,A+,pxpw):7:):8A,)C,8)1%+,
6%%(:61)1<8+,6%A,A)C,6%A:.1)1%6,A+,%@B,I+,%@B,A%>61)%+%A+,:A)D\:AABC+1:A1(@,A
8:>@,B,8+2%8A,@C8%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:A18:C8%,A)C,6%+,%@B,?C,Y,8):8B@%+,6%%)B1BC+
@,>@,A1F%+,6%)%+,71%7>,@1%6Y@,A>:8+1,@%%6%):8A1/8%+,.:@7%)1<8+,6>C,(6:,86%A(,b
66%A%@B,A,8,6):8B,HB:+,C8%61(,@B%+%@B2AB1)%?C,>@:>1)1%@%,6+,A%@@:66:+,6B%6,8B:18+1F1b
+C%6\8):8A,)C,8)1%Y6:AABC+1:A1(@,A>,@71B2%8?C,,6%6C78:18/@,A%@%A18>@,F1%.:@7%b
)1<8I>C+1,@%:>B%@61(@,7,8B,>:@)C%6?C1,@B,8+,8)1%%@B2AB1)%Y+,A+,,6@,%61A7:%)%+-71):
0%AB%,6.CBC@1A7:>%A%8+:>:@,617>@,A1:81A7:Y,68,:),J%81A7:I,6)C(1A7:\/C%67,8B,Y6:A
%6C78:A >:+2%8 ,6,/1@ % 6:A >@:.,A:@,A 7,+1%8B, F:B%)1<8Y 6: )C%6 8: A1/81.1)% ?C, 8,),A%@1%b
7,8B,6:A@,>@,A,8B%8B,A+,6%A:>)1:8,A7&AF%8/C%@+1AB%A.C,@%86:A7&AA:61)1B%+:A vr\6-8b
.%A1A,86%61(,@B%+18+1F1+C%6Y6%%8%@?C2%I6%.%6B%+,)::@+18%)1<8B,8+1,@:8%+,A,7(:)%@,8
,6)%:AI,6.@%)%A:+,6:AABC+1:A1(@,AA,>@:+C4:>:@.%6B%+,C8>6%8B,%71,8B::@/%81J%B1F:
+, (%A, ):6,)B1F% +, 7:+: ?C, ,8 pxqo 6:A ,ABC+1%8B,A @,)6%7%@:8 C8% @,):8A1+,@%)1<8 B:B%6
+,6A1AB,7%\8)C%6?C1,@)%A:6%>:A1(161+%++,@,%61J%@,H>,@17,8B:A%@B2AB1):AI+,+1A)CB1@6:A
61(@,7,8B,.C,6%%>:@B%)1<87&AA1/81.1)%B1F%?C,6:AABC+1:A1(@,A01)1,@:8%6:A 0\
:A 0.C,@:8.C8+%+:A):8,6:(4,B1F:,A>,)2.1):+,>@,>%@%@%@B1AB%AI>@:.,A:@,A%6b
B%7,8B,)C%61.1)%+:A>%@%6%18+CAB@1%Y%A2):7:18AB@C)B:@,AI+1@,)B:@,A>%@%6%,+C)%)1<8>@:b
.,A1:8%6IB-)81)%\vsAB%8,),A1+%+I%,AB%(%>@,A,8B,,86%A>@17,@%A.:@7C6%)1:8,AB,<@1)%A+,
%B618I,6/@C>:):8AB@C)B1F1AB%Y?C,0%)1%pxqoI%0%(2%8>6%8B,%+:6%):8F,81,8)1%+,>@:7:b
F,@C8%@B,>@:+C)B1F::@1,8B%+:%6%B@%8A.:@7%)1<8+,6%F1+%\
8%?C,66:A>@17,@:A%9:A+,A>C-A+,6%,F:6C)1<8,6:(1,@8:):8A1+,@<?C,,6%@B,>@:+C)B1F:
>:+2%):8F,@B1@A,,8C818AB@C7,8B:17>:@B%8B,+,@,):8AB@C))1<8+,6%18+CAB@1%IY+C@%8B,6:A
7,A,A%8B,@1:@,A%6%.C8+%)1<8+,6%,A)C,6%Y7%8BCF:):8B%)B:AI:@/%81J<,8)C,8B@:A):8@,b
>@,A,8B%8B,A+,6:A+1F,@A:AA,)B:@,A18+CAB@1%6,A):8,6.18+,+,B,)B%@,6/@%+:+,%>:I:%6>@:b
I,)B:\ % :>181<8 +, 6% 18+CAB@1% .C, 7CI >:A1B1F% +, 7:+: ?C, 0%I ?C, F,@ 6% )@,%)1<8 +, 6:A
0 8: A:6%7,8B, ):7: ,6 @,AC6B%+: +, C8:A %):8B,)171,8B:A %@B2AB1):AY A18: B%7(1-8
):7:6%)C6718%)1<8+,C8%>:62B1)%:.1)1%6>%@%6%7,4:@%+,6%)%61+%++,6%>@:+C))1<818+CAB@1%6\
vq
%@%C8%+,A)@1>)1<8):7>6,B%+,,AB%A,A)C,6%AF,@[Y0@1AB18%[_ 0[
:A%66,@,AC>,@1:@,A@B2AB1):AI-)81):A+,6AB%+:`,8*.,56476%:%5+.475.Y61%8J%+1B:@1%6Y
%+@1+YpxwwY>&/A\pppbpsrZI7&A@,)1,8B,7,8B,[b Y,617\[
)$76 +5D.5.7MUNLGMUOLY+1B1:8A+C,/%@+:>\Y%@2AYpxxo\
vr
6>@:.,A:@7&A):8A,@F%+:@+,6%,A)C,6%Y@501>:FY:(BCF:wwF:B:A
71,8B@%A?C,%B618:(BCF:wI%6,F1B)0s\ ,@[0@1AB18%[2E%6\Y>&/\ppq\
vs
&\Y>&/\pps\
cpuwc
$#
%B@%I,)B:@1%+,6:A 0.C,7CI)%7(1%8B,Y6%):7>:A1)1<8+,AC>@:.,A:@%+:@,AC6B<
A,@ (%AB%8B, 0,B,@:/-8,% I 6% ,F:6C)1<8 +, 6%A +1@,)B@1),A >,+%/</1)%A ,ABCF: 7%@)%+% >:@ 6%
>,@A:8%61+%++,ACA+1@,)B:@,A\6>,@2:+:?C,F%+,pxqo%pxqrY,8?C,:A%66,@,A.C,@:8+1b
@1/1+:A>:@%F+,6Y,ABCF:7%@)%+:>:@6:A)%7(1:AI6%,H>,@17,8B%)1<8):8AB%8B,Y):7:):8b
A,)C,8)1%6</1)%+,6%B@%8A1)1<8+,6:AABC+1:A1(@,A0%)1%C8%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:\:A>6%8,A
+,,ABC+1:AA,,AB@C)BC@%@:8,8)C%B@:%9:AY+,6:A)C%6,AC8:A,+,+1)%(%%6C@A:@,61718%@I
B@,A%6%>@,8+1J%4,+,6%,A>,)1%61+%+,8C8%.%)C6B%+\
C@%8B,,6>,@2:+:+,pxqr%pxquY
)C%8+:6:A%66,@,A.C,@:8+1@1/1+:A
>:@
%F:@A51Y,6C@A:@,61718%@A,
%7>61<%+:A%9:AIA,7%8BCF1,@:8
6:A B@,A %9:A +, ,A>,)1%61J%)1<8Z A,
%6)%8J< C8% )1,@B% ):8A:61+%)1<8 +,
6:A >@:/@%7%A c?C, .C,@:8 @,F1A%b
+:A%18AB%8)1%A+,6%@,.:@7%+,6%
,8A,9%8J% AC>,@1:@cY I A, :(BCF1,b
@:8+,AB%)%(6,A-H1B:A,86:AB%66,@,A
+, >@:+C))1<8Y 6:A )C%6,A ,4,)CB%b
(%8>@:I,)B:A,8)%@/%+:A>:@6%18b
+CAB@1%\AB:A.C,@:86:A%9:A+,7%b
I:@>@:+C))1<8I@,):8:)171,8B:18b
B,@8%)1:8%6Y >C,A :A %66,@,A :(BCb
25. Fachada de los VKhUTEMAS.
F1,@:8F%@1%A7,+%66%A,86%H>:A1b
)1<88B,@8%)1:8%6+,@B,A,):@%B1F%AI:+,@8%A+,%@2A+,pxqtY+:8+,A,+1A,9%@:86:A18b
B,@1:@,AI6:A7C,(6,A+,6>%(,66<8+,6%?C,)%CA<A,8A%)1<8>:@AC7:+,@81+%+@%+1)%6\
8pxqu:F1BA51.C,8:7(@%+:+1@,)B:@IB@%A.:@7<6:A 0,88AB1BCB:C>,@1:@@B2Ab
B1):I-)81):+,6AB%+:Y: 0Y,6)C%6B:7<%>%@B1@+,7%@J:+,pxqvC8)%@&)B,@,H)6Cb
A1F%7,8B,B-)81):\66:A1/81.1)<%):@B:>6%J:6%+@&AB1)%@,+C))1<8+,6C@A:@,61718%@Y?C,+%b
(%):8B,81+:%@B2AB1):%6:A,ABC+1:AYIY,8pxroY6%+1A:6C)1<8+,6>@:>1:8AB1BCB:)CI:A+1F,@A:A
+,>%@B%7,8B:A A, ):8F1@B1,@:8 ,8 .%)C6B%+,A 18+,>,8+1,8B,A\ %A .%)C6B%+,A +, %@B,A /@&.1)%AY
%@?C1B,)BC@% I +1A,9: B,HB16 A, ?C,+%@:8 ,8 :A)DY 6%A +, >18BC@% I ,A)C6BC@% A, B@%A6%+%@:8 %
,818/@%+:I,6@,AB:A,18B,/@%@:8%18AB1BC)1:8,AI%,H1AB,8B,A\
AB%+,A18B,/@%)1<80%I?C,,8B,8+,@6%,8,6):8B,HB:+,6:A)%7(1:A>:62B1):AI,):8<71):A+,
6%->:)%\8pxqsY+,A>C-A+,6%7C,@B,,818YB%618%AC71<6%>@,A1+,8)1%+,6%81<8:F1-B1)%
17>6%8B%8+:C8%>:62B1)%)C6BC@%6+,)%@&)B,@):8A,@F%+:@?C,BCF:6%F1@BC++,+,A%)B1F%@>@:b
/@,A1F%7,8B, B:+:A 6:A 7:F171,8B:A +, F%8/C%@+1%\ A:A 0,)0:A A, >@:+C)2%8 ,8 ,6 7%@): +,
C8%)@1A1A18+CAB@1%6+,,8:@7,A>@:>:@)1:8,A?C,B%61818B,8B<@,):8+C)1@%>%@B1@+,pxqw17b
>:81,8+:+@&AB1)%A):6,)B1F1J%)1:8,A,17>6%8B%8+:C87:+,6:>@:+C)B1F:%(A:6CB%7,8B,+1@1/1b
+:+,A+,,6AB%+:\
,/D8:++,@Y%>,A%@+,6:A.@,)C,8B,A)%7(1:A,86%,AB@C)BC@%)1<8+,6:A>6%8,A+,,ABC+1:Y,6
>@:.,A:@%+:+,6:A 0A,7%8BCF:@,6%B1F%7,8B,,AB%(6,%C8?C,AC/@%+:+,):7>@:b
71A:):8,6+1A,9:YI>:@B%8B:):8,6):8AB@C)B1F1A7:Y.C,+,A1/C%6\vt6):8),>B:+,+1A,9::%@b
B,>@:+C)B1F:,ABCF:B:B%67,8B,%CA,8B,+,6%A.%)C6B%+,A+,>18BC@%I,A)C6BC@%+,7:+:?C,
vt
&EC>&/\ppv\
cpuxc
$#
6:A>@:.,A:@,A7&AF%8/C%@+1AB%A):7::>:F%Y:+)0,85::%F18A51Y?C,,F:6C)1:8%@:80%)1%
,6):8),>B:+,%@B,DB16YB,@718%@:8>:@1@A,%6%A.%)C6B%+,A:@1,8B%+%A%6%>@:+C))1<818+CAB@1%6\
% .%)C6B%+ +, @B,A @&.1)%A 8: ,@%
,A>,)1%67,8B, %F%8J%+% %C8?C, +,
,8B@, ACA +,>%@B%7,8B:A +,AB%)%(%
,6+,B1>:/@%.2%Y,67&A188:F%+:@Y,8
,6 )C%6 ,8A,9%(% 6 1AA1BJ5I\ 8 ACA
B%66,@,A A, @,%61J%@:8 %6/C8%A >C(61b
)%)1:8,A,86%A?C,A,CB161J%(%,6.:b
B:7:8B%4, I A, @,%61J%(% C8 +1A,9:
?C, A, %+0,@2% % 6:A >@18)1>1:A B1>:b
/@&.1):A /,8,@%6,A +,6 ):8AB@C)B1F1Ab
7:Y(%A%+:A,86%@,AB@1))1<8)@:7&B1b
)%Y6%6,B@%+,>%6:A,):YC8%@2/1+%:@b
/%81J%)1<8/,:7-B@1)%I6%%A17,B@2%\ 26. Alumnos de los VKhUTEMAS con sus modelos.
86%A.%)C6B%+,A:@1,8B%+%A7&A,A>,)2.1)%7,8B,%6%>@:+C))1<8cB,HB16,AY),@&71)%Y7%+,@%I
7,B%6cB%7>:):,6):7>@:71A:):8,6:8AB@C)B1F1A7:.C,%(A:6CB:\8,6)%A:+,6%.%)C6B%++,
+1A,9:B,HB16Y,66:8:A1/81.1)<C8%@,/@,A1<80%)1%6:A,AB%7>%+:AB@%+1)1:8%6,AA18:7&A(1,8C8
%(%8+:8:+,6:A7:B1F:A%(AB@%)B:A:/,:7-B@1):A0%)1%7:B1F:A_B,7&B1):A`:+,_>@:>%/%8+%`
,86:A?C,A,CB161J%(%8,6,7,8B:A+,6%B-)81)%c(:7(166%AY,8/@%8%4,AYB@%)B:@,AYB@,8,AY,B)\c:
+,6%@,F:6C)1<8c,AB@,66%A@:4%AY0:),AI7%@B166:Ac>%@%18AB@C1@%6>C,(6:7,+1%8B,17&/,8,A\
%
%)C6B%++,@?C1B,)BC@%Y%C8?C,7%8B,82%C8%>%@B,+,>@:.,A:@%+:%+A)@1B:%6%B,8+,8)1%
%)%+-71)%Y+%+%6%8%BC@%6,J%+,ACA:(4,B1F:A):8AB@C)B1F:AIA:)1%6,A.C,,8)%7(1:C8%+,6%A
7&A>@:+C)B1F%A,8@,6%)1<8%61+,%@1:@%)1:8%61AB%I):8AB@C)B1F1AB%\C@%8B,6:A%9:AF,18B,Y.C,
6%,A)C,6%+,%@?C1B,)BC@%7&A17>:@B%8B,+,6%81<8:F1-B1)%Y6%)C%6,@%):8B,7>6%+%%AC
F,J):7:.:@:+,+,(%B,>@:.,A1:8%6I),8B@:+,18F,AB1/%)1<8):8AB%8B,+,6:A):8),>B:A@,6%b
B1F:A%6%(%A,B,<@1)%+,6%8C,F%%@?C1B,)BC@%\,B:+:A7:+:AY6:A,ABC+1%8B,A+,6%
%)C6B%++,
@?C1B,)BC@%8:):6%(:@%(%8Y):7:A,@2%+,,A>,@%@Y):86%A.%)C6B%+,A+,7%+,@%81):86%+,
7,B%6?C,,AB%(%818F,AB1/%8+:,8,6B,@@,8:+,6+1A,9:+,18B,@1:@,AI+,7:(161%@1:\AB%.%6B%
+,)::@+18%)1<8,8B@,.%)C6B%+,A.C,C8>@:(6,7%)@<81):%6?C,A,%9%+2%6%+1F1A1<8+,6>@:.,b
A:@%+:,8B@,A.%))1:8,A?C,6C)0%(%8>:@6%0,/,7:82%+,AC:>)1<8%@B2AB1)%[6%274%56g>18B:b
@,A+,)%(%66,B,h6%46 52*%5I6%.,56476%:%56G24.76%:%56EAB%D6B17%:>)1<8A<6:,@%
+:718%8B,,8,6C@A:@,61718%@I,86% 4+ 6"):.%)C6B%+C81.1)%+%+,7%+,@%I7,B%6\
61/C%6?C,AC),+1<,86%%C0%CAY,6C@A:@,61718%@.C,C8%+,6%A%>:@B%)1:8,A>,+%/</1)%A
7&A17>:@B%8B,A+,6:A 0I7C)0%A+,ACAB,:@2%A%@B2AB1)%A,@%8,6.@CB:+,6%A18F,Ab
B1/%)1:8,A I +,(%B,A ?C, BCF1,@:8 6C/%@ ,8 ,6 8AB1BCB: >%@% C6BC@% @B2AB1)% : 0Y %6 )C%6
>,@B,8,)2%86%7%I:@2%+,6:A>@:.,A:@,A\vu6:(4,B1F:+,6C@A:@,61718%@Y):8C8%9:+,+C@%b
)1<8Y,@%+%@%6:A%6C78:AC8%.:@7%)1<8/,8,@%6%@B2AB1)%I>@&)B1)%Y)1,8B2.1)%YB,<@1)%YA:)1%6I
>:62B1)%Y>%@%>@:>:@)1:8%@6,AC8)C,@>:+,):8:)171,8B:A(&A1):A>@,F1:%618/@,A:,86%A.%)C6b
B%+,A,A>,)1%61J%+%A\vv
vu
%8+1A85I.C,C8:+,6:A.C8+%+:@,AY,8pxqoY+,68AB1BCB:%@%6%C6BC@%@B2AB1)%g0h
pero6:%(%8+:8<%)%CA%+,6%A>@:.C8+%A+1A)@,>%8)1%A):8,6A,)B:@7&A@%+1)%67,8B,):8AB@C)B1F1AB%
?C,%B%)%(%AC):8),>B:+,%@B,)1,8B2.1):\8pxqp%8+18A5I.C,66%7%+:>:@@:>1CA>%@%,8A,9%@
,86%%C0%CA\
vv
&EY>&/\pqt\
cpvoc
$#
67%I:@18B,@-A+,6C@A:@,61718%@@,A1+,,8AC
18B,8B:+,,8):8B@%@C87-B:+:A1AB,7&B1):I:(b
4,B1F: +, %>@,8+1J%4, +, 6:A ,6,7,8B:A %@B2AB1):A
,A,8)1%6,A g.:@7%Y ):6:@ I B,HBC@%hY B%8B: ,8 B-@b
718:A +, %8&61A1A ):7: +, A28B,A1AY ?C, >:AB,b
@1:@7,8B,A,@2%8%>61)%+%A,86:A>@:I,)B:A+,6%
,A>,)1%61+%+\%)1%pxqr6%,8A,9%8J%+,6:A,6,b
7,8B:A %@B2AB1):A ,A,8)1%6,A A, :@/%81J< ,8 B@,A
/@C>:AY:).,5 ,64[,6_).,5 ,64+,>6%8:I):6:@`Y
+,+1)%+:%6,ABC+1:+,6):6:@I6%628,%%81F,6(1b
+17,8A1:8%6Z ,6 _).,5 ,64 +, F:6C7,8` +,+1)%+:
%6,ABC+1:+,6%.:@7%B@1+17,8A1:8%6ZIY.18%67,8b
B,Y,6_).,5 ,64+,,A>%)1:`?C,A,:)C>%(%+,6%A
+1A)1>618%A%@?C1B,)B<81)%A\vw%+,(161+%++,6%):b
6%(:@%)1<8 ,8B@, .%)C6B%+,ABCF:C8,.,)B:8,/%b
B1F:A:(@,,6C@A:@,61718%@I%?C,,@%,6D81):
)C@A: ):7D8 ?C, 0%)2% +, 8,H: +, C81<8 ,8B@,
,66%AZ)C%8+:Y,8pxqxY6%A.%)C6B%+,AA,F:6F1,@:8
18+,>,8+1,8B,AY-AB,Y18,F1B%(6,7,8B,Y+,A%>%@,b
)1<\8pxquA,.CA1:8%@:86%.%)C6B%++,7%+,@% 27. Georgii Krutikov: proyecto
):86%+,7,B%6>%@%.:@7%@6% 4+ 6")C81.1)%b
para una ciudad flotante, , 1928.
+%,86%?C,Y%>,A%@+,6,A)%A:8D7,@:+,%6C7b
8:A7%B@1)C6%+:AI+,6:A@C+17,8B%@1:A7,+1:A%AC%6)%8),YA,.:@7<%C8%>@17,@%/,8,@%b
)1<8+,+1A,9%+:@,A18+CAB@1%6,A\6>@:.,A:@%+:18)6C2%%6%7%I:@2%+,6%A/@%8+,A.1/C@%A+,6
):8AB@C)B1F1A7:[:+)0,85:Y6CBA1AY%7AB:FY61AA1BJ5II%B618\
8ACA181)1:AY6%.%)C6B%++,7%+,@%0%(2%B,81+:C8%:@1,8B%)1<87CI%@B,A%8%6I%@B2AB1)%?C,
.C,7:+1.1)%+%,8pxqr>:@6:A>@:.,A:@,A1,A,6,FI%F18A51Y6:A)C%6,A18B@:+C4,@:8%A1/8%BCb
@%AB-)81):b>@:+C)B1F%AI@,:@1,8B%@:86:A>@:I,)B:A0%)1%,6+1A,9:+,7:(161%@1:7CI,):8<b
71): I +, >@:+C))1<8 % /@%8 ,A)%6%\ @% C8% 628,% 7CI >%@,)1+% % 6% ?C, 17>C6A< ,6 +1@,)B:@
%88,A,I,@,86%%C0%CA%>%@B1@+,pxqw\:A@,AC6B%+:A+,AC6%(:@.C,@:87:AB@%+:A):8
/@%8-H1B:,86%H>:A1)1<88B,@8%)1:8%6+,6%A@B,A,):@%B1F%AI:+,@8%A+,%@2A,8pxqt
+:8+,A,7:AB@%@:86:A>@:I,)B:A):7>6,B:A+,C8%A%6%+,6,)BC@%I+,C8)6C(+,B@%(%4%+:b
@,A\8%7(:A)%A:A,67:(161%@1:B,82%C8%1@,,A>%@B%8:>C,AA,%B,82%%C8%/,:7,B@2%@1/Cb
@:A%I,AB%(%+1A,9%+:+,%)C,@+:):8,AB@1)B:A>@18)1>1:A+,.C8)1:8%61+%+YF,@A%B161+%+Y%0:b
@@:+,,A>%)1:I+,7%B,@1%6\
%.%)C6B%++,,B%6Y?C,>%@B2%+,6:A,ABC+1:A+,4:I,@2%+,6%A)C,6%B@:/%8:F+,@B,A>61b
)%+%AY.C,@,:@/%81J%+%>:@:+)0,85:,8pxqq+,%)C,@+:):8C8>@:/@%7%B:B%67,8B,8C,F:
)CI::(4,B1F:,@%.:@7%@%@B1AB%Ab):8AB@C)B:@,A%6B%7,8B,)C%61.1)%+:A>%@%+1A,9%@:(4,B:A18b
+CAB@1%6,AY+,CA:):B1+1%8:Y?C,A,+1AB18/C1,@%8>:@AC.C8)1:8%61+%+Y.C,@J%I(,66,J%\%.:@b
7%)1<818)6C2%B%8B:7%B,@1%AB-)81)%AI,7>@,A%@1%6,A):7:%@B2AB1)%AA1,8+:6%+17,8A1<8_18b
F,8B1F%`6%?C,):@@2%%)%@/:+,6>@:>1::+)0,85:\AB,%.1@7%(%?C,6:A>@18)1>1:A+,+1A,9:
+,C8:(4,B:A,:@1/18%8,H)6CA1F%7,8B,,8AC.C8)1<8Y,8,67%B,@1%6Y,8,6>@:),A:+,>@:+C)b
)1<8Y,86%_18F,8B1F%`I,86:A,6,7,8B:A+,6B@%B%71,8B:%@B2AB1):+,6%.:@7%,HB,@1:@\vx
vw
%@%7%I:@18.:@7%)1<8A:(@,,AB:A/@C>:A):8AC6B%@Y0@1AB18%[
_65:8A,8B@+,6>6%8:I):6:@`Z_65:8A,8B@/@&.1):`Z_65:8A,8B@+,F:6C7,8I,A>%)1:`Z
_65:8A,8B@+,,A>%)1:IF:6C7,8`,82E%6\Y>&/A\pqvbprq\
vx
&EY>&/\prv\
cpvpc
$#
C,+%(% B:B%67,8B, ,H)6C1+% 6% +,):@%)1<8/@%BC1B% >:@?C, ,6 +1A,9: A, >6%8B,%(% % >%@B1@ +,
>%@&7,B@:A ,AB@1)B%7,8B, ):8AB@C)B1F1AB%A\ %)1% pxquY 6% .%)C6B%+ ,AB%(6,)1< %6/C8:A F28)C6:A
):86%18+CAB@1%,AB%B%6+,6%),@:I):8B%66,@,A+,7%?C18%@1%+:8+,6:A%6C78:A>:+2%8@,%61J%@
>@&)B1)%A,8F,@%8:\666,/%@pxqwY:+)0,85:Y?C,B%7(1-8,@%>@:.,A:@+,+1(C4:B-)81):Y0%b
(2%+,.181+:C8%):7>6,B%7,B:+:6:/2%+,+1A,9:\
>,A%@+,,AB%@1)%(%A,B,<@1)%Y6:A>@:I,)B:A>@:+C)1+:A,86% 4+ 6")8C8)%66,/%@:8%@,%b
61J%@A,,86%18+CAB@1%+,(1+:%C8%.%6B%+,17>61)%)1<8@,%6):86%71A7%\:@:B@%>%@B,YA,/D8
>%@,),Y A<6: +:A +, 6:A F,18B, %6C78:A /@%+C%+:A ,8 ,AB% .%)C6B%+ 66,/%@:8 % B@%(%4%@ +1@,)B%b
7,8B,,8.&(@1)%A\6@,AB:A,18):@>:@%@:8%18AB1BCB:A+,18F,AB1/%)1<8:%,7>@,A%A@,6%)1:8%b
+%A):86%7%+,@%Y,6)%C)0::6%?C271)%\wo
8B-@718:A/,8,@%6,AY6%@1)%,H>,@1,8)1%+,6:A 0A,.C,>%@%61J%8+:%)%CA%+,6%A
+1.2)16,A):8+1)1:8,A>:62B1)%AI7%B,@1%6,A,86%A?C,A,+,A%@@:66%(%%A2):7:>:@,6+,A:@+,8I
6%+,AC81<8?C,17>@,/8%(%,6):6,)B1F:+:),8B,I,ABC+1%8B16\&A%D8Y,6:8AB@C)B1F1A7:8:
BCF:-H1B:,8AC18B,8B:+,B@%8A.:@7%)1<8@%+1)%6+,6,8B:@8:\8B,6%17>:A1(161+%++,B@%(%4%@
):86%18+CAB@1%Y6:A%@B1AB%ABCF1,@:8?C,):8.:@7%@A,):8>@:I,)B:A+,>:)%):7>6,41+%+B-)81b
)%\C8?C,6:A+1A,9%+:@,A+,A,%(%8B@%(%4%@,8B@,A+17,8A1:8,AY6%@,%61+%+6,A,7>C4<%B@%b
(%4%@)%A1,H)6CA1F%7,8B,,8,6+1A,9:/@&.1):+:8+,,H>6:B%@:8):8/@%8-H1B:6%A>:A1(161+%+,A
+,6%.:B:/@%.2%I,6.:B:7:8B%4,\
:A 0 BCF1,@:8 C8 >%>,6 ,8 6% >,+%/:/2% +,6 +1A,9: ,8 6% 81<8 :F1-B1)% A1716%@ %6
?C, BCF1,@:8 6% %C0%CA I :B@%A ,A)C,6%A @,.:@7%+%A ,8 6,7%81%\ H1AB1,@:8 %6/C8:A F28)C6:A
,8B@,6%%C0%CAI6:AB%66,@,A+,:A)D[1AA1BJ5IY>@:.,A:@+,6+,>%@B%7,8B:+,B1>:/@%.2%+,6%
.%)C6B%++,@B,A@&.1)%AI@,A>:8A%(6,+,6%A@,6%)1:8,A,HB,@1:@,A+,6% 4+ 6")C@,A1+1<,8
6,7%81%,8B@,pxqpIpxqu7%8B,81,8+:,AB@,)0:A):8B%)B:A):86%%C0%CAI):6%(:@%8+:,8
AC>C(61)%)1:8,AA:(@,B1>:/@%.2%Z%8+18A5IY?C,.C,):.C8+%+:@+,68AB1BCB:+,C6BC@%@B2AB1b
)%+,:A)DY,60Z>@:.,A:@+,6:AABC+1:A1(@,AI+,6:A 0YA,18):@>:@<%6%
>6%8B166%+,6%%C0%CA%>%@B1@+,pxqpA1,8+:C8:+,ACA>@:.,A:@,A7&A@,A>,B%+:A\8:B:9:
pxqvYC8%+,6,/%)1<8+,,ABC+1%8B,A+,6:A 0F1A1B<6%%C0%CA,8ACA,+,+,,AA%C
IY,87%I:+,pxqwY6%>@:.,A:@%C8B%B=6JY4C8B:):8@1,00%@:8I,,@E)518/F1%4%@:8%
:A)D>%@%+,F:6F,@6%F1A1B%\wp8pxroY):87:B1F:+,AC.:@J%+%+171A1<8Y,6A,/C8+:+1@,)B:@
+,6%%C0%CAY%88,A,I,@YA,.C,):8C8/@C>:+,%6C78:A%B@%(%4%@%:A)D):8C8%_(@1b
/%+%@:4%`+:8+,+,)6%@<?C,AC,A)C,6%)%@,)2%+,C8%.1@7,(%A,1+,:6</1)%\
TD/%4%6+!#83!45+56-$ !+,BLTPNGLTQS
>,A%@+,?C,7C)0:A)@2B1):A%)CA%@:8%6%76 .4++,A,@C8,AB16:7&A?C,%9%+1@%6@,b
>,@B:@1:+,,AB16:A18+CAB@1%6,A+,6A1/6:""Y%6/C8:A01AB:@1%+:@,AA,0%8>@,/C8B%+:>:@?C-,8
6:A%9:A)18)C,8B%Y,86,7%81%YA,>CA:B%8B:,7>,9:,8+,.181@C8%.:@7%+,+1A,9:Y: 5G
6*67,# g):8.1/C@%)1<8hY A:)1%67,8B, @,A>:8A%(6,\ &A %66& +,6 %@/C7,8B: +, 6% %+,)C%)1<8 %6
CA:Y ,A,8)1%6 ,8 6%A B,:@2%A .C8)1:8%61AB%AY 6% CB161J%)1<8 +, C8 )<+1/: ,AB-B1): >%@B1)C6%@7,8B,
@,AB@1)B1F: ,8 6% ,AB-B1)% +, 6% 56*67,# >:+@2% @,A>:8+,@ %6 +,A,: +, )@,%@ C8 8C,F: :@+,8
+,A>C-A+,6)%:A\%,/C8+%C,@@%C8+1%60%(2%+,4%+:%6>%2AF,8)1+:,8C8%A1BC%)1<8+,
)%B&AB@:., 7%B,@1%6 I 7:@%6 +, B%6 ,8F,@/%+C@% ?C, A, ):8B,7>6%(% ,6 +1A,9: ):7: C8 18AB@Cb
7,8B:+,@,/,8,@%)1<8A:)1%6\%@%6:A>:62B1):AI6:A4<F,8,A18B,6,)BC%6,A%6,7%8,AY6%+,7:b
wo
&\Y>&/\psr\
,@,6)%B&6:/:
[7,661*>C %56 4%,+7$75 557Y
,@6%/,@+%B4,YAB.16+,@8bC1BYpxxvY>&/\qtt\
wp
cpvqc
$#
)@%)1%8:,@%A:6%7,8B,C8%)C,AB1<8+,.:8+:YA18:B%7(1-8+,.:@7%\6>%@B1+:8%J10%(2%0,b
)0:C8CA:%(CA1F:+,C8%,AB-B1)%7161B%@I%B,@@:@1J%8B,?C,0%(2%?C,,61718%@%B:+%):AB%\
:8,6+,A,86%),+,6%/C,@@%A,,7>,J%(%+,),@:I6:A+1A,9%+:@,A)@,I,@:8?C,,8ACA7%8:A
,AB%(%6%>:A1(161+%++,):8.1/C@%@C8,8B:@8:?C,01)1,@%:6F1+%@,6>%A%+:\%1+,%CB<>1)%+,
?C,,A>:A1(6,@,/,8,@%@%C8%A:)1,+%+7,+1%8B,6%@,/,8,@%)1<8+,ACA>@:+C)B:A%6)%8J<AC
7&H17%,H>@,A1<8,86%:)0A)0C6,.E@,AB%6BC8/.C8+%+%,8pxtr,86%)1C+%++,67I)6%Cb
AC@%+%,8pxuw\6>@:.,A:@,@B%6:G+14:,86%6,))1<818%C/C@%6+,)C@A:pxtvbpxtw[
_%B%@,%?C,,7>@,8+,7:A,A6%+,)@,%@C81+%+,A+,:@+,8,8,67C8+:\%A1BC%)1<8%)BC%68:
A, >C,+, ):8B,7>6%@ %1A6%+%7,8B, +, 6% A1BC%)1<8 /,8,@%6\ % A:)1,+%+ ,8 6% ?C, F1F17:A ,AB&
66,8% +, ):8.61)B:A ,AB@1+,8B,A i]j 6 7C8+: ,AB& 66,8: +, :+1: I 51BA)0\ %(-1A :2+: 0%(6%@ +,6
_7%6,AB%@+,6%)1F161J%)1<8`\%(-1A:2+:6%>%6%(@%_F%/%(C8+:`@,.,@1+:%60:7(@,+,6A1/6:""
?C,0%%>@,8+1+:%+:718%@,67C8+:>,@:8:%A,8B1@A,,8-6):7:,8AC)%A%\:?C,18B,8B%b
7:A0%),@%?C2B1,8,?C,F,@):8,AB:\C1J&A)1B,%:BB.@1,+,88Y?C1,8+14:?C,8:0%I@,7,b
+1: >%@% ,6 )%:A : >%@% 6% %CB:+,AB@C))1<8 +, 6% 0C7%81+%+ ,H),>B: 6% 56*67,#E 8):8B@%@
wq
.:@7%A>%@%6:17>@,F1A1(6,Y):8B@%,6.6C4:?C,8:A%7,8%J%>:@B:+%A>%@B,A\` %..C,C8%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:?C,:.@,)2%C8%.:@7%)1<818B,8A1F%+,)C%B@:%9:AY,8@-/1b
7,8+,18B,@8%+:,86%A,A>,)1%61+%+,A+,+1A,9:+,>@:+C)B:Y):7C81)%)1<8F1AC%6Y)1,8)1%A+,
6%18.:@7%)1<8Y:>,@1:+1A7:Y):8AB@C))1<818+CAB@1%61J%+%Y%6%A?C,6C,/:A,%9%+1@2%,6)18,\wr
%@%%A,/C@%@6%18+,>,8+,8)1%,):8<71)%,1+,:6</1)%):8@,A>,)B:%6:A>:+,@,A>D(61):AYACA
.C8+%+:@,A):8AB1BCI,@:8C8%.C8+%)1<8>@1F%+%?C,A,,8)%@/%@2%+,@,)%(%@I%+7181AB@%@6:A
.:8+:A>%@%AC7%8B,8171,8B:\
%,A)C,6%+,67A,>@,A,8B%(%):7:C8),8B@:+,,8A,9%8J%AC>,@1:@I+,18F,AB1/%)1<8)CI%
B1BC6%)1<88:):8.,@2%C8/@%+::.1)1%6I?C,%+,7&AA,,8):8B@%(%.C,@%+,6A1AB,7%C81F,@A1B%b
@1:%6,7&8\,18/@,A%(%%,66%%B@%F-A+,>@C,(%A7CI@1/C@:A%A+:8+,Y7&A?C,):8:)171,8b
B:AYA,,H1/2%B%6,8B:%+,7&A+,C8%%)B1BC+%(1,@B%I>:):):8F,8)1:8%6\ws>,A%@+,,AB:A:(Ab
B&)C6:AI+,AC@/1@,8C8>%2A?C,Y>:@0%(,@)%CA%+:I>,@+1+:6%/C,@@%8:,@%>@,)1A%7,8B,
%+71@%+:Y,6%7(1)1:A:>@:I,)B:A:)1:b,+C)%B1F:+,6%.BCF:6%,HB@%9%F1@BC++,%B@%,@0%)1%
67%4<F,8,A+,sx8%)1:8%61+%+,A+1.,@,8B,A\%,A)C,6%A<6:BCF:C8:AF,18B,>@:.,A:@,A.14:A
: ):8B@%B%+:A\ 18 ,7(%@/: 6% 61AB% +, 6:A +:A)1,8B:A >@:.,A:@,A 18F1B%+:A ?C, >%A%@:8 >:@ ,6
),8B@: %A2 ):7: 6% +, 6:A ):8.,@,8)1%8B,AY 7C)0:A +, ,66:A B:+%F2% 4<F,8,A I >:): ):8:)1+:AY
%>%@,),0:I,8AC):84C8B:):7:,6;$.%5;$.18B,@8%)1:8%6+,6:A,A)@1B:@,AY.16<A:.:AY%@B1AB%A
I)1,8B2.1):A+,6:A%9:A)18)C,8B%IA,A,8B%\wt
wq
!Y,@B[,))1<818%C/C@%6+,6)C@A:pxtvbtw\1B%+:>:@Y,@(,@Bg+\h[
*+ 5%#,D$ .4*%6=."( 65C.$5$7* "94 56*67,#*+Cpxtrbpxuw\@8ABl:08 ,@6%/Y
,@628Ypxxo\>&/\pvqgB@%+C))1<8+,6%6,7&8+,6%CB:@YI+,618/6-A+,A%(,6%7>1h\
wr
%.+,67BCF:+:A+,>%@B%7,8B:A>:):):8:)1+:A[,6+,8.:@7%)1<8IY%>%@B1@+,pxupY
,6+,1@,))1<818,7%B:/@&.1)%\6,>%@B%7,8B:+,8.:@7%)1<8A,)@,<>%@%>@,>%@%@%4<F,8,A
,86%A>@:.,A1:8,A@,6%)1:8%+%A):86%,A)@1BC@%>%@%6%>@,8A%Y,6)18,Y6%@%+1:I6%B,6,F1A1<8\
6:(4,B1F:,@%6%@,+%))1<8+,B,HB:A>%@%6:A7:+,@8:A7,+1:A+,):7C81)%)1<8\%.:@7%)1<8
>@,B,8+2%.:@7%@%,A)@1B:@,A8:,A>,)1%61J%+:A,8C8)%7>:A18:%,A)@1B:@,A?C,+:718%@%8
6:A+1.,@,8B,A>@:(6,7%AY7-B:+:AIB-)81)%A+,6:A+55+ %\6+,>%@B%7,8B:+,)18,
A,:@1,8B<>@18)1>%67,8B,0%)1%6%+1@,))1<8+,%CB:@\Y,@(,@Bg+\h[2E%6\Y>&/\pux\
ws
,@(,@B18+18/,@,H>61)%(%?C,6%A,6,))1<8,@%18)6CA:+,7%A1%+:@1/C@:A%>C,AA<6:
A,%),>B%(%par+,6:A%A>1@%8B,AI:B@:par+,%6C78:A8:%6)%8J%(%,6A,/C8+:%9:\
,@,6+,(%B,_67ABC+,8BA`,8Y,@(,@Bg+\h[2E%6EY>&/\xu\
wt
%8<718%):7>6,B%+,>@:.,A:@,A.14:AY18F1B%+:AI):8.,@,8)1%8B,A
>C,+,,8):8B@%@A,,8Y,@(,@Bg+\h[2E%6\Y>&/A\qvobqvv\
cpvrc
$#
MS. Campus de la HfG de Ulm.
, %)C,@+: ):8 ,6 ,A?C,7% ,F:6CB1F: +, 6% ,8A,9%8J% +,6 +1A,9: ,AB%(6,)1+: >:@ 1)0%@+ Cb
)0%8%8 I 7,8)1:8%+: %6 >@18)1>1: +, ,AB, )%>2BC6:Y 6% A)C,6% +, +1A,9: +, 67 +1: 7CI >@,b
):J7,8B,,6>%A:+,6A,/C8+:%6B,@),@81F,6\A+,)1@Y>:@AC)%@&)B,@>@:.C8+%7,8B,+1%6-)B1):Y
>:@6:A8C7,@:A:A,8)%@/:A?C,,4,)CB<I>:@,6B@%(%4:+,ACA+:),8B,A?C,+%)6%@:?C,%6628:
A<6: A, B@%8A71B2%8 ):8:)171,8B:A A:(@, ,6 +1A,9: ):7: >@:.,A1<8 A18: ?C, %+,7&A A, >CA:
/@%8,7>,9:,8/,8,@%@8C,F:A):8:)171,8B:AA:(@,6%+1A)1>618%\,0,)0:YB@%A6%+<6%>@:.,b
A1<8+,6+1A,9:+,6,ABC+1:+,6%@B1AB%%66%(:@%B:@1:\%)@2B1)%.&)16%6%.+1),?C,A,):8F1@B1<
,8C8%18AB1BC)1<8,61B1AB%+:8+,A,+1A,9%@:8C8:A>@:+C)B:A?C,8:BCF1,@:8818/D8,.,)B:A:b
(@,6%A:)1,+%+?C,%A>1@%(%8%@,.:@7%@Y>,@:6:)1,@B:,A?C,6%)%61+%+I6%18B,8A1+%++,6:A
+,(%B,AA:(@,-B1)%I,AB-B1)%Y>,+%/:/2%I61(,@B%+Y+1A,9:I):7>@:71A:>:62B1):?C,BCF1,@:8
6C/%@,8%?C,6),8B@:8:A66%7%80:I>:+,@:A%7,8B,6%%B,8)1<8\
)BC%67,8B,A,,AB&@,)C>,@%8+:,66,/%+:+,6%.Y>,@:A,B@%B%+,C8>@:),A:6,8B:>C,AY,8
6%7,+1+%?C,8C8)%.C,C8%,A)C,6%+,%@B,A>6&AB1)%AYACAB@%(%4:A@,AC6B%8>:):%B@%)B1F:A>%b
@%6:A7CA,:A,01AB:@1%+:@,A+,6%@B,\C6,/%+:,A7&A(1,818B,6,)BC%6I>:):B%8/1(6,Y>,@:
B1,8,6%F,8B%4%+,A,@@,6%B1F%7,8B,),@)%8:,8,6B1,7>:IACA0C,66%AA:8B:+%F2%>,@),>B1(6,A
,8,6B@%(%4:+,7C)0%A,A)C,6%AI+1A,9%+:@,A,8%)B1F:\wu
,0%80,)0:7C)0%A):7>%@%)1:8,A,8B@,6%.I6%%C0%CA):8,6.18+,):8)6C1@?C,%7(%A
.C,@:8,A)C,6%A+,+1A,9:+,F%8/C%@+1%7:+-61)%A)CI:+,AB18:.%B%6A,%B@1(CI,%6%%817%+b
F,@A1<8+,>:62B1):A):8A,@F%+:@,A?C,B,@718%@:8>:@+,)@,B%@AC)6%CAC@%\:7:F,@,7:A7&A
%+,6%8B,Y -AB% ,A C8% 18B,@>@,B%)1<8 A17>61AB% %617,8B%+% >:@ 6% ,A)%A% (1(61:/@%.2% ?C, ,H1AB2%
0%AB%%0:@%A:(@,6%.\8B@%(%4:A7&A@,)1,8B,AA:(@,6%01AB:@1%>:62B1)%+,6%.A,%>:@b
B%87C)0:A+%B:A?C,7%B1J%8,AB%F,@A1<8+,6:A0,)0:A\wvC8?C,181)1%67,8B,6%>,+%/:/2%
+,6%.A,(%A<,8,66,/%+:(%C0%CA1%8:Y,87:+:%6/C8:.C,AC18AB1BC)1<8_AC),A:@%`\:@
:B@% >%@B,Y %C8?C, AC )6%CAC@% ,8 pxuw BCF: C8 )%@&)B,@ ,718,8B,7,8B, >:62B1): 8: ,A )1,@B:
?C,6:AD81):A)C6>%(6,A+,6.@%)%A:+,6%18AB1BC)1<8.C,@%86:A>%@6%7,8B%@1:A):8A,@F%+:@,A\6
),8B@: A, ),@@< >:@?C, % AC 7%6% /,AB1<8 ,):8<71)% A, C81< C8% A1BC%)1<8 +, +,A/%@@%71,8B:
wu
%.+,4<Y>:@AC,@B,YC8%,8:@7,)%8B1+%++,+:)C7,8B:A\,/D8>%@,),Y6:A%6C78:AI>@:.,A:@,A
+,6),8B@:B,82%86%):ABC7(@,+,@,+%)B%@,A)@1B:A,8.:@7%+,(:@@%+:@,AY%)B%AY):8)6CA1:8,AY
7%81.1,AB:AI>%8.6,B:A,8@,6%)1<8%)C%6?C1,@+,(%B,\C:(4,B1F:,@%)@,%@_,AB%+:A+,:>181<8`>C,A
6%A8C,F%AB-)81)%A+,@,>@:+C))1<8/@&.1)%>,@71B2%87C6B1>61)%@6:AI+1.C8+1@6:A7%A1F%7,8B,>:@B:+%A
6%A%C6%AI+,>%@B%7,8B:AIYA1,@%8,),A%@1:Y,8F1%@6:A%6:A7,+1:A+,):7C81)%)1<8\%@%6:A4<F,8,A
+,6:A%9:AA,A,8B%6:A>%>,6,A7C6B1):>1%+:A,@%8,618AB@C7,8B:>@1F16,/1%+:+,6%_/C,@@%1+,:6</1)%`\
wv
:(@,6%.I%A,0%8@,%61J%+:%6/C8%AB,A1A+:)B:@%6,AI,H1AB,C8%%(C8+%8B,(1(61:/@%.2%
?C,,8AC7%I:@>%@B,,AB&,A)@1B%,8%6,7&8\818/6-AA,>C,+,,8):8B@%@6%,H0%CAB1F%:(@%
+,$Y,8-[$"#7*+E$ % ; $%,6$ .4 #4.7,D$ .*%6%*%56.4=."6$ *+$..*
." 5%#,CMUQOGMURTY+\H,6,8/,AY:8+@,AbBCBB/%@BYqooq\:8%8B,@1:@1+%+A,0%(2%>C(61)%+:
B%7(1-8,818/6-A6%18B,@,A%8B,@,):>16%)1<8+,%@B2)C6:AY,8B@,F1AB%AIB,HB:A)::@+18%+%>:@
,@(,@B18+18/,@?C,A,)1B%,86%8:B%wqIA1/C1,8B,A\
cpvsc
$#
18B,@8:+,B%6,8F,@/%+C@%?C,6:66,F<%6%>%@&61A1A\C%8+:,6:(1,@8:>@:>CA:6%8%)1:8%61J%b
)1<8):7:%6B,@8%B1F%%6%)6%CAC@%Y6%.I%,AB%(%0,@1+%+,7C,@B,\
TDLD63&/4#6- &0- !6-!46!+ ! &4!./
8,6)%A:+,6%.@,AC6B%+1.2)16+,A61/%@6:A%A>,)B:A1+,:6</1):A,18AB1BC)1:8%6,A+,6:A>,b
+%/</1):A\8@,%61+%+.C,C8%,A)C,6%>@:/@%7&B1)%+:8+,,6+1A,9:Y,8D6B17%18AB%8)1%Y,@%
):8B,7>6%+:):7:C8%%)B1F1+%+>:62B1)%\8ACA:@2/,8,AY,AB%(%+,AB18%+%%A,@C8%,A)C,b
6%AC>,@1:@+,>:62B1)%>,@:6C,/:ACA.C8+%+:@,A)@,I,@:8?C,,8,6):8B,HB:+,C8%6,7%b
81%+,F%AB%+%I8,),A1B%+%+,C8>@:I,)B:)C6BC@%6+,@,):8AB@C))1<8Y,6+1A,9::6% 56*G
67,#>:+2%A,@C8%.:@7%7&A,.,)B1F%+,B@%(%4%@>%@%6%+,7:)@%)1%\
67:B:@I%67%+,6>@:I,)B:+C@%8B,7C)0:A%9:A.C,8/,)0:66Y6%D81)%AC>,@F1F1,8B,+,6
/@C>:+,,ABC+1%8B,A+,6%@,A1AB,8)1%66%7%+:_:A%(6%8)%`)CI:A0,@7%8:A%8AYI:>b
01,Y.C,@:8,4,)CB%+:A>:@6:A8%J1A,6qq+,.,(@,@:+,pxsr\ww%@%%?C,66%7C4,@,6A%)@1.1b
)1:+,ACA0,@7%8:A8:>:+2%A,@,8(%6+,I>:A1(6,7,8B,Y,8,AB%8,),A1+%++,4CAB1.1)%)1<8
7:@%6Y,8):8B@<6%,8,@/2%>%@%,7>@,8+,@C8>@:I,)B:,+C)%B1F:+,C8%18CA1B%+%7%/81b
BC+>%@%6%->:)%\%7,7:@1%I0:7,8%4,%6%_:A%6%8)%`.C,@:8C8,6,7,8B:,A,8)1%6,8
6%1+,8B1+%++,6%.I6:A@,B@%B:A+,%8AI:>01,)0:66A1,7>@,>@,A1+1,@:8,6+,A>%)0:
+,6+1@,)B:@+,6),8B@:\
% ,+C)%)1<8 ,8 +,7:)@%)1% A, ):8B,7>6%(% ):7: C8: +, 6:A >16%@,A +, 6% @,/,8,@%)1<8
%6,7%8%\:@,66:Y,8%(@16+,pxsu8/,)0:66Y,8):6%(:@%)1<8):8,6+1A,9%+:@/@&.1):B6
1)0,@c):8?C1,8):8B@%,@2%7%B@17:81:,8pxtqcY%(@1<,8676% :65A0:)0A)0C6,YC8),8b
B@:+,.:@7%)1<8+,%+C6B:A?C,.C8)1:8%@2%,80:@%@1:+,B%@+,\8-6A,17>%@B1@2%8)1)6:A
+, ):8.,@,8)1%AY A, +%@2% .:@7%)1<8 /,8,@%6 I ,8A,9%8J% +, :.1)1:A 7%8C%6,A ,AB17C6%8+:
A1,7>@,,6B@%(%4:,8,?C1>:\%.:@7%)1<8/,8,@%6I6%A):8.,@,8)1%AB@%B%(%8+,B,7%AA:b
)1:6</1):AI)C6BC@%6,A>,@:,6),8B@:A,>6%8B,%(%B%7(1-86%(DA?C,+%+,8C,F:A)%718:A
>%@%6%,AB-B1)%B:+%F,J?C,,6%)1:8%6:)1%61A7:0%(2%0,)0:C8CA:>,@F,@A:+,,66%\%b
@%B61)0,@Y,AB-B1)%Y,+C)%)1<8I+,7:)@%)1%,AB%(%828B17%7,8B,C81+%AI6%)C6BC@%,A>1b
@1BC%68:>:+2%)C6B1F%@A,%67%@/,8+,6%)C6BC@%7%B,@1%6\
6 -H1B: +,6 ),8B@:Y ?C, ):8B%(% ):8 ,6 %>:I: +, 7&A +, q\too A:)1:A ,8 6% )1C+%+Y %817< %
)0:66Y1)0,@I%6,+1B:@I,A)@1B:@%8A!,@8,@1)0B,@%,6%(:@%@,8B@,pxsxIpxto,6>@:I,)b
B:+,C8%,A)C,6%AC>,@1:@+,.:@7%)1<8>@:.,A1:8%6)%>%J+,@,C81@>:62B1)%):8)C6BC@%Y61(@,
+,)C%6?C1,@F18)C6%)1<81+,:6</1)%):8,6%8B1/C:@-/17,8Y>,@:/,8C18%7,8B,%6,7%8%\
%8A!,@8,@1)0B,@,AB%(%+,AB18%+:%A,@,6+1@,)B:@+,C8%01>:B-B1)% 5$;%56 4G$.**G
.$5$7* "94 .*%6%) 7, 7*674Y C8+%)1<8 )0:66bA)C,6% C>,@1:@ +, :62B1)% I C6BC@%Y ,8
67A18:0C(1,@%A1+:?C,Y+C@%8B,6%/,AB%)1<8+,6%71A7%B61)0,@7%8BCF:7C)0:A):8b
B%)B:A):8,6%@B1AB%Y%@?C1B,)B:I+1A,9%+:@AC1J:%H166?C1,8%)%(<>:@61+,@%@,6>@:I,)B:\
H%6C78:+,6%%C0%CAY166,@%>%@B1+%@1:+,C8.C8)1:8%61A7:@%+1)%6?C,0%(2%%@/C7,8b
B%+:7CI(1,8):7:%CB:@+,6%,H>:A1)1<876 .4+Y,8)%@/%+%>:@6%!,@5(C8+C1J%I
?C,Y,8pxsxY.C,66,F%+%%67>:@)0:66I1)0,@\AB,D6B17:):18)1+2%):8166,8,6A,8B1b
+:?C,+,(2%A,@,6+1A,9:YI8:,6%@B,Y6%+1A)1>618%,8)%@/%+%+,/,8,@%@6%8C,F%)C6BC@%
7%B,@1%6%6,7%8%\8,6.CBC@:Y6:A>@:+C)B:A+,):8AC7:I6:A +1A,9%+:@,A,AB%(%866%7%b
ww
,/D8>%@,),%+,7&AY,66%,ABCF:F%@1:A7,A,A,87%8:A+,6%,AB%>:
IAC0,@7%8:>,?C,9:.C,+%+:>:@+,A%>%@,)1+:,8,6
@,8B,+,6:@B,\
cpvtc
$#
+:A % +%@ 6% 7,+1+% +, 6% )C6BC@% F1AC%6 +, C8 >%2A >,@: ,6 >@:(6,7% ,@% ?C, 8: ,H1AB2% ,8
6,7%81%818/C8%,A)C,6%)%>%J+,>@:>:@)1:8%@6%.:@7%)1<88,),A%@1%>%@%)C7>61@):8,Ab
B,:(4,B1F:\:A):8B%)B:AI%.181+%+,A):8166+,B,@718%@:8?C,,6>@:I,)B:+,C8%,A)C,6%
AC>,@1:@ +, )1,8)1%A >:62B1)%A +,@1F%@% 0%)1% ,6 >@:I,)B: +, C8% ,A)C,6% AC>,@1:@ +, +1A,9:Y
,A: A2Y ,8B,8+1+: ,8 AC ):84C8B: ):7: C8% %)B1F1+%+ >:62B1)%\ % 8C,F% ,A)C,6% A, 66%7%@2%
:)0A)0C6,.E@,AB%6BC8/IY,8pxtoY%8A!,@8,@1)0B,@A,+,AF18)C6%@2%+,6>@:I,)B:\%b
@% /%@%8B1J%@ 6% 18+,>,8+,8)1% +, 6% ,A)C,6% +, 6:A >:+,@,A >D(61):A I ,F1B%@ ,6 _,.,)B:
%C0%CA`Y 6:A .C8+%+:@,A >CA1,@:8 7C)0: ,7>,9: ,8 ?C, .C,@% C8% ,A)C,6% >@1F%+%\ %@%
,66:YA,)@,%@2%6%
C8+%)1<8,A)0G1AB,@b)0:66bB1.BC8/gh)CI%71A1<8A,@2%6%+,@,)%(%@
I%+7181AB@%@6:A.:8+:A+,AB18%+:A%6%,A)C,6%?C,Y+,,AB,7:+:Y>:+@2%+,+1)%@A,,H)6CA1b
F%7,8B,%6%AB%@,%A+:),8B,A\wx :+:,AB:AC),+2%,8,6):8B,HB:+,C8%6,7%81%:)C>%+%>:@6%AB@:>%A%61%+%A)CI%71b
A1<8Y+,A>C-A+,6%F1)B:@1%7161B%@Y,@%>@:),+,@%6%+,A8%J1.1)%)1<8I%6%+,7:)@%B1J%)1<8
+,6>C,(6:>:@6%F2%.:@J:A%>,@:A18@,)C@@1@%6%F1:6,8)1%\8%B%@,%,HB@,7%+%7,8B,+,61b
)%+% B,81,8+: ,8 )C,8B%Y %+,7&AY ,6 %F%8), +, 6% >@:>%/%8+% A:F1-B1)% ?C,Y +,A+, pxsvY
>@,:)C>%(%7C)0:%6..1),.:@161B%@I:F,@87,8BY81B,+B%B,Agh\%D81)%7%b
8,@%+,6:/@%@B%818B%8/1(6,AI):7>6,4:A:(4,B1F:A,@%):8F,@B1@%6:A%8B1/C:A,8,71/:A+,
6%/C,@@%,8%61%+:A\
>%@B1@+,pxswY,7>,J%@:8%66,/%@%6,7%81%/,8,@:A%A>%@B1+%A+,6C@:>,%8,):F,@I
@:/@%7Y):8:)1+:):7:6%8%@A0%66Y)CI:.18,@%%),6,@%@%67&H17:6%@,):8AB@C))1<8+,
C8>%2A+,F%AB%+:\8,6>6%8:1+,:6</1):Y,6):8),>B:71A1:8,@:+,_@,,+C)%)1<8`.C,AC(Ab
B1BC1+:>:@,6+,_@,:@1,8B%)1<8`I,6.C,AC(AB1BC1+:,8pxsxd%9:+,6%>@:)6%7%b
)1<8+,6%:8AB1BC)1<8+,6%,>D(61)%
,+,@%66,7%8%d>:@,66B::71A1:8%+:6,7&8:
1/0:71AA1:8.:@,@7%8Igh\xo
% @,.:@7% +,6 A1AB,7% ,+C)%B1F: %6,7&8 I +, 6%A C81F,@A1+%+,A ,@% C8: +, 6:A B%6:8,A +,
?C16,A +, 6% _@,:@1,8B%)1<8` ?C, +,(2% 66,F%@ % )%(: ,6 \ :@ ,66:Y 8: ,A +, ,HB@%9%@
?C,,6>@:I,)B:+,6%.>@,A,8B%+:,8pxsx>:@8/,)0:66%6>1+1,8+:%IC+%,):b
8<71)% >%@% C8% 8C,F% ,A)C,6% 66%7%@% >@:8B: 6% %B,8)1<8\ :8),>B:A ?C, %>%@,)2%8 ,8 ,6
+:AA1,@ ):7: _,ABC+1:A @,.:@7%+:A`Y _@,A1+,8)1% +, ,ABC+1%8B,A`Y _)C@A:A +, A:)1:6:/2% I
)1,8)1%A>:62B1)%A`Y_)%7>CA`Y_):7C81+%++,>@:.,A:@,AI%6C78:A`Y_,H>,@1,8)1%+,7:AB@%b
+% ,8 6% ,+C)%)1<8 ,8 +,7:)@%)1%` : _7:+,6: ):8B@% 6% @,8%J1.1)%)1<8` .C,@:8 )6%F, >%@%
):8A,/C1@ ,6 %>:I: +,6 6B: :71A1:8%+: ?C1,8 ,A>,@%(% +,6 ),8B@: +, 67 :(4,B1F:A ?C,
1(%87&A%66&+,6%7,@%.:@7%)1<8+,.CBC@:A+1A,9%+:@,A\%.B,82%6%F1@BC++,A,@C8%
181)1%B1F%%6,7%8%Y17>C6A%+%>:@C8/@C>:+,4<F,8,A?C,8:B,82%8F18)C6%)1<8%6/C8%):8
,6@-/17,88%J181):8,6):7C81A7:\C,/:,8B:8),AA,0%66%(%,8>6,8%):8A:8%8)1%):86%
1+,%+,6%+,7:)@%B1J%)1<8+,6,7%81%_+,A+,+,8B@:`\
wx
\%D6B17%F,@A1<8+,6:A,AB%BCB:A+,6%,A)0G1AB,@b)0:66bB1.BC8/A,@,/1AB@<,8+1)1,7(@,+,pxto\
%Y>@1F%+%,18+,>,8+1,8B,YA,@,/1@2%>:@)C%B@:<@/%8:A[6%B@:8%B:Y,6:8A,4:A,A:@Y
,6:8A,4:4,)CB1F:I,6:8A,4:+,+7181AB@%)1<8\%.C8+%)1<8B,82%)%>%)1+%+Y%+,7&AY
>%@%)@,%@18AB1BCB:A+,18F,AB1/%)1<8+,AB18%+:A%@,%61J%@>@:I,)B:A>%@%)61,8B,A,HB,@8:A\
xo
,B@%B%(%,8@,%61+%++,C8:@/%81A7:+,:)C>%)1<8Y>,@:8:7161B%@A18:)1F16YI,AB%(%,AB@C)BC@%+:
,8C8%7>61:%(%81):+,+1F1A1:8,AB%6,A):7:18.:@7%)1<8Y>@,8A%I>C(61)%)1:8,AY@%+1:Y)18,Y
>@:/@%7%A+,18B,@)%7(1:I,+C)%)1<8Y@,6%)1:8,A)C6BC@%6,AY,B)\,0%66%(%+1@1/1+:>:@:088)6:IY
C8>:62B1):7CI+1%6:/%8B,)CI%7%8:+,@,)0%,@%0,>%@+B:8,YC8>,@1:+1AB%8:@B,%7,@1)%8:
.:@7%+:,86,7%81%\7(:AA,@2%8/@%8+,A+,.,8A:@,A+,6>@:I,)B:+,6%.+,67\
cpvuc
$#
29. Interior de la HfG de Ulm.
%18F:)%)1<8+,6%%C0%CAA,0%)2%18,F1B%(6,Y+,7:+:?C,Y,87%I:+,pxtoY,6/@C>:+,
67A,>CA:,8):8B%)B:):8!%6B,@@:>1CAY?C1,8@,A1+2%,86:AAB%+:A81+:AY):8,6.18
+,A:61)1B%@%>:I:I>,@71A:>%@%CB161J%@,68:7(@,+,6%%8B1/C%,A)C,6%\,@:A,66,/<%6%
):8)6CA1<8+,,@%7,4:@8:0%),@6:YI%?C,8:A,B@%B%(%+,@,AC)1B%@,6>%A%+:\C8?C,,6
>6%8 +, ,ABC+1:A 181)1%6 B,82% 7C)0:A ,6,7,8B:A 18A>1@%+:A ,8 6% %C0%CAY 6% . +,A,%(%
>@,A,8B%@A,):7:%6/:8C,F:I+1.,@,8B,\8AB1BC)1:8%67,8B,6:,@%>:@?C,Y71,8B@%A?C,6%
>@17,@%.C,A1,7>@,C8%,A)C,6%>D(61)%Y6%A,/C8+%.C,C8%,A)C,6%>@1F%+%)CI%@%J<8+,
A,@A,(%A%(%,86%7%B,@1%61J%)1<8+,C81+,%6+,7:)@&B1):I,86%18+,>,8+,8)1%>,+%/</1b
)%\,B:+:A7:+:AY@:>1CA7%81.,AB<ACA@,A,@F%A0%)1%C8%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:?C,%8B,b
>:82%6:A%A>,)B:A>:62B1):A%6:A)@,%B1F:A\,@:,AB:,@%>@,)1A%7,8B,6:?C,+,A,%(%8:2@
6:A71,7(@:A+,6\
8,6>@,AC>C,AB:>@,A,8B%+:,6pq+,4C61:+,pxtoA,A:61)1B%(%8p\xwu\ooo7%@):A%.:8+:
>,@+1+:>%@%6%.C8+%)1<8I):8AB@C))1<8+,6),8B@:\,@:,68:?C,@2%7%6/%AB%@,6+1b
8,@:+,6:A):8B@1(CI,8B,A8:@B,%7,@1)%8:A,8C8>@:I,)B:)CI%):8B18C1+%+8:,AB%(%%A,b
/C@%+%\@%,F1+,8B,?C,,6),8B@:B%@+%@2%C8:A%9:A,8%6)%8J%@6:Apto%6C78:A8,),A%@1:A
>%@%AC%CB:.18%8)1%)1<8d+,0,)0:8:6:ABCF:0%AB%pxutd>:@6:?C,,H1/1<):7>@:71A:A
%6%%+7181AB@%)1<8%6,7%8%\
,A>C-A+,C818B,@718%(6,)%6F%@1:%+7181AB@%B1F:Y+,A,@%)CA%+:A+,>@:bA:F1-B1):AY+,18b
):8B%(6,AF1A1B%A%>%@6%7,8B%@1:AI7181AB@:AI+,A:7,B,@A,%C86%@/:18B,@@:/%B:@1:>:@>%@b
B,+,6?C,?C,@2%%A,/C@%@A,6%B@%8A>%@,8)1%IA:61+,J+,6>@:I,)B:Y,8:B:9:+,pxtp
)0:66I1)0,@6:/@%@:8),@@%@C8%)C,@+:,):8<71):>%@%6%.C8+%)1<8\6(%6%8),?C,A,0%b
(2%%>@:(%+:AC(2%%q\ppo\ooo7%@):A%6,7%8,A6:)C%6,@%C8%)1.@%%AB@:8<71)%>%@%6%->:b
)%\xp%@%/%@%8B1J%@6:A>@17,@:A%9:A+,.C8)1:8%71,8B:Y):8+1)1<818+1A>,8A%(6,>%@%@,)1(1@
xp
%AC7%+,%>:@B%)1:8,A.C,6%A1/C1,8B,[p\ooo\ooo7%@):A%>:@B%+:>:@,6Zroo\ooo7%@):A
):7:F%6:@,AB17%+:+,6B,@@,8:),+1+:>%@%6%):8AB@C))1<8Zqoo\ooo7%@):A%>:@B%+:A>:@,6181AB,@1:
cpvvc
$#
6% AC(F,8)1<8 +,6 Y ,6 >%@6%7,8B: +,6 *, +, %+,8b!E@BB,7(,@/ A, ):7>@:7,B2% %
%>:@B%@pxo\ooo7%@):A%8C%6,AI6%)1C+%++,67:B@:Aso\ooo\8,AB%,AB@C)BC@%I%A,>@,b
A,8B2%?C,6%_18+,>,8+,8)1%`+,6%,A)C,6%?C,+%(%A,@1%7,8B,01>:B,)%+%>C,A+1.2)167,8B,
>:+@2%AC(A1AB1@A18%>:@B%)1:8,A+,+18,@:>D(61):\,0,)0:6%A%>:@B%)1:8,A+,6%18+CAB@1%I
6:A18/@,A:A,8):8),>B:+,7%B@2)C6%AA1,7>@,,ABCF1,@:87CI>:@+,(%4:+,6:>@,F1AB:\
30. Esquema del plan de estudios, 1951; 31. Reunión de profesores en la biblioteca.
%):8AB@C))1<8+,6),8B@:A,>CA:187,+1%B%7,8B,,87%@)0%+, %)C,@+:):8,6>@:I,)B:
?C,A,0%(2%,8)%@/%+:%%H166\,B@%B%(%+,C8)%7>CA):7>6,B:18B,/@%+:>:@%C6%AY
B%66,@,AY@,A1+,8)1%Y)%8B18%Y+,A>%)0:AY,B)\A1BC%+:,86%):618%+,C0(,@/\C)0:A6:)%61b
.1)%@2%8+,_7:8%AB,@1:`+,6+1A,9:>C,A%AC@,6%B1F:%1A6%71,8B:A,AC7%(%C8%%@?C1B,)BCb
@%+,C8%%CAB,@1+%+,A>%@B%8%.@CB:+,6.C8)1:8%61A7:@%+1)%6+,166I+,6%17>,@1:A%8,),b
A1+%++,,):8:71J%@7%B,@1%6,A\
,/D8,@(,@B18+18/,@Y6%01AB:@1%+,6%,A)C,6%A,+1F1+,,86%AA,1A,B%>%A?C,%):8B18C%b
)1<8A,+,B%66%8\%I?C,B,8,@,8)C,8B%?C,8:B:+%A):18)1+,8):86:A7:+,6:A+,+1@,)b
)1<8I):86:A8:7(@,A+,6:A+1@,)B:@,A\
TDMD-6!96%64;+ &3!&0- !:&++BLTPNGLTPQ
6p+,%(@16+,pxtr%H166.C,.18%67,8B,8:7(@%+:4,.,+,6,>%@B%7,8B:+,:8AB@C))1<8
8+CAB@1%61J%+%I+1@,)B:@+,6%,A)C,6%Y)%@/:?C,@,)6%7%(%>%@%A2+,A+,0%)2%B1,7>:\6BCF:
C8>%>,67CI17>:@B%8B,,86%,6%(:@%)1<8+,6>@17,@>6%8+,,ABC+1:AI,86%A,6,))1<8+,C8
>@:.,A:@%+:7CI18B,@8%)1:8%6\%,A)C,6%1(%%B,8,@)C%B@:+,>%@B%7,8B:A[1A,9:+,@:b
+C)B:Y:7C81)%)1<8 1AC%6Y1,8)1%A+,6%8.:@7%)1<8I:8AB@C))1<88+CAB@1%61J%+%\
@%)1%A%C8>@:/@%7%+,18B,@)%7(1:)C6BC@%6):86:AAB%+:A81+:AY%)C+1,@:8%67%8B1b
/C:A71,7(@:A+,6%%C0%CA):7::A,.6(,@AY:0%88,ABB,8Y!%6B,@,B,@0%8AI,6,8,
:88-b)071+B?C,17>%@B1@2%87%B,@1%A,8,6C@A:&A1):\
,+,@%6+,):8:72%Zpoo\ooo7%@):A%>:@B%+:A>:@,66%8
,+,@%6+,6%CF,8BC+Zqst\ooo7%@):A
,8,A>,)1%A%>:@B%+:A>:@6%)1C+%++,67Zqst\ooo7%@):A+,.C,8B,A>@1F%+%A8:,A>,)1.1)%+%AZ
qo\ooo7%@):A+,6%
C8+%)1<8:@C,/%+,IC+%>%@%C@:>%\$Y,8-[2E%6EC>&/Epou\
cpvwc
$#
%A )6%A,A A, 181)1%@:8 ,6 r +, %/:AB: +,
pxtr ,8 ,6 %8B1/C: ,+1.1)1: +, 6% :65Ab
0:)0A0E6,Y +,(1+: % ?C, 6% ):8AB@C))1<8
+,6 )%7>CA 8: ,AB%(% B:+%F2% B,@718%+%\
%A:(@%A%F%8J%(%86,8B%7,8B,I,6t+,
4C61:+,pxtsA,@,%61J<6%),@,7:81%+,6%
):(,@BC@% +, %/C%A +,6 ,+1.1)1: ,A):6%@Y
%C8?C, .%6B%(%8 B:+%F2% B@,A +D>6,H >%@%
>@:.,A:@,AY 6% @,A1+,8)1% +, ,ABC+1%8B,A I
6%F1F1,8+%+,6):8A,@4,\,+,)1+1<,8B:8b
),A?C,,6>@:I,)B:+,6:A18B,@1:@,A+,(,b
@2% A,@ ,4,7>6%@ I >@:/@%7&B1):\ %H 166
01J: ,6 ,8)%@/: %6 %@?C1B,)B: I +1A,9%+:@
0:6%8+-A+,7C,(6,A%8AC/,6:BY?C1,8
>@:8B: >%A%@2% % +1@1/1@ ,6 ,>%@B%7,8B:
+,1A,9:+,@:+C)B:I,6):@@,A>:8+1,8b
B,18AB1BCB:+,18F,AB1/%)1<8\
8 :)BC(@, +, pxtrY ,6 :8A,4: +, +71b
81AB@%)1<8+,6%
C8+%)1<8,7>,J<%@,/Cb 32. Sistema de módulos encajables. Profesor Walter
6%@ 6%A ):8B@%>@,AB%)1:8,A ,):8<71)%A +, Zeischeg, alumno Herbert Frank, curso 1959- 1960.
6:A>@:I,)B:A?C,1(%8%@,%61J%@,8,6.CBCb
@:6:A18AB1BCB:A+,18F,AB1/%)1<8\:A18AB1BCB:A1(%8%A,@,6B,6<8+,?C16,A+,6%.>C,A
):86:A,8)%@/:A>@:.,A1:8%6,AA,>@,B,8+2%,AB17C6%@6%)@,%B1F1+%+Y,8@1?C,),@):8),>BC%6b
7,8B, 6% +:),8)1% I @,)%(%@ .:8+:A\ 8 ,.,)B:Y /@%)1%A % ,66:A 6% .C8+%)1<8 :(B,8+@2% C8%
.C,8B,,HB@%+,18/@,A:AIA,7,4:@%@2%86%+,6:A>@:.,A:@,AY)CI:AA%6%@1:A,@%87CI(%4:A
,8):7>%@%)1<8):86:A+,6%AC81F,@A1+%+,A>D(61)%A\
18%67,8B,A,%):@+<?C,,6st{+,6%
.%)BC@%)1<8 A,@2% >%@% 6% .C8+%)1<8Y ,6 so{ >%@% ,6 >@:.,A:@ @,A>:8A%(6, +,6 >@:I,)B: I ,6
po{>%@%C8.:8+:+,(,)%A\%.C8+%)1<8A,@,A,@F%(%,6+,@,)0:+,A:61)1B%@I,H>6:B%@>%b
B,8B,A 18B,@8%)1:8%6,A\ 18 ,7(%@/: -AB, A,@2% C8 >6%8B,%71,8B: ?C, ,8F,8,8%@2% 6%A @,6%b
)1:8,A>,@A:8%6,A+,6%.%6:6%@/:+,B:+%AC,H1AB,8)1%>C,A)@,%@2%A1BC%)1:8,A+,%/@%b
F1:):7>%@%B1F:I%?C,81B:+:A6:A>@:.,A:@,AB,82%8>:A1(161+%+,A+,%)),+,@%6:A18AB1BCb
B:A816:A%6C78:A):(@%(%8+,@,)0:A+,%CB:@>:@6%A:(@%A?C,+1A,9%(%8\
%+:,6>,@.16+,6:A>@:.,A:@,A+,6C@A:&A1):Y6%18.6C,8)1%(%C0%CA1%8%,@%,F1+,8B,\A
7&AY166,@%B%7(1-8C8>@:+C)B:+,6%%C0%CAI,66:A,+,4%(%A,8B1@,86%:@1,8B%)1<8+,
6:A ,ABC+1:A ?C, B,8+2%8 % >:B,8)1%@ 6% 18BC1)1<8 I ,6 ,ABC+1: +, 6% .:@7%\ AB% ,8A,9%8J%
>@:8B: ,8):8B@< @,A1AB,8)1% ,8 6:A %6C78:A ?C, %A>1@%(%8 % C8% .:@7%)1<8 7&A @%)1:8%6 I
)1,8B2.1)%Y>,@:166):8A1+,@%(%?C,,6C@A:&A1):A,0%66%(%,8C8%.%A,+,B@%8A1)1<8,8
B%8B:8:A,,8):8B@%@%88C,F:A>@:.,A:@,A\,A>C-A+,6C@A:&A1):Y6:A%6C78:A)C@A%@2%8
B@,A%9:A,8C8:+,6:A)C%B@:+,>%@B%7,8B:A\xq
8,6F,@%8:+,pxts66,/<+,C,8:A1@,AY66%7%+:>:@166Y,6>18B:@I)@2B1):+,%@B,:7&A
%6+:8%+:\ C >,@A:8%61+%+ )%@1A7&B1)% I AC >,)C61%@ ,8)%8B: 6%B18:%7,@1)%8:Y ):8B@%AB%(%
):8,6%CAB,@:,AB16:+,F1+%+,6%.%C8?C,>@:8B:A,):7>@:(<?C,,@%C8>@:.,A:@%+,b
)C%+:\%8B:C/,6:B):7:%6+:8%+:I,6%8B1/C:71,7(@:+,6/@C>: 6%(*C
@1,+@1)0 :@b
+,7(,@/,b16+,G%@BYB,8+@2%8C8>%>,67CI17>:@B%8B,,86%.CBC@%>,+%/:/2%+,6%,A)C,6%\
xq
1A,9:+,@:+C)B:Y:7C81)%)1<8 1AC%6Y8.:@7%)1<8I:8AB@C))1<88+CAB@1%61J%+%\
cpvxc
$#
%A )6%A,A I 6% %+7181AB@%)1<8 A, .C,@:8 B@%A6%+%8+: %6 )%7>CA +, C0(,@/ +C@%8B, ,6 18b
F1,@8: I 6% >@17%F,@% +, pxtt\ :@ %?C,6 ,8B:8),AY 6:A %6C78:A I% 0%(2%8 :@/%81J%+: C8
_7:B28`)@,%8+:):71B-A+,+,(%B,)CI%A):8)6CA1:8,AA,7,)%8:/@%.1%(%8Y):>1%(%8I+1b
.C8+2%8>:@B:+%6%,A)C,6%\AB%+18&71)%/,8,@<C8%)%8B1+%+,8:@7,+,+:)C7,8B:A+,
/@%818B,@-A>%@%6:A01AB:@1%+:@,A\:+,(,7:A:6F1+%@?C,A,B@%B%(%+,,ABC+1%8B,A+,,8b
A,9%8J% AC>,@1:@ ?C, ,A>,@%(%8 C8 B@%B: >@:.,A1:8%6 I C8% ,8A,9%8J% +, /@%8 )%61+%+ +,
%)C,@+:):86%A,H>,)B%B1F%A?C,6%>@:>%/%8+%0%(2%/,8,@%+:\+,7&A+,6:A>@:(6,7%A
+,18.@%,AB@C)BC@%I6%.%6B%+,C8%8:@7%B1F%%)%+-71)%)6%@%Y6:A%6C78:A@,1F18+1)%(%8,6
+,@,)0:%6%>@:>1,+%+18B,6,)BC%6+,6%A:(@%A?C,@,%61J%(%8>%@%)61,8B,A,HB,@8:A%A2):b
7: ,6 +,@,)0: % >%@B1)1>%@ ,8 ,6 ):71B- +, %+71A1<8 +, ,8)%@/:A\ 8 :B@%A >%6%(@%AY 6:A
%6C78:A%A>1@%(%8%>:+,@>%@B1)1>%@+,7:+:,.,)B1F:,86%A+,)1A1:8,A+,6%,A)C,6%\A2A,
)@,%@:8):71B-A+,AB18%+:A%):6%(:@%@):86%+1@,))1<8I6%%+7181AB@%)1<8\AB,7:+,6:+,
):/,AB1<8 .C, ,HB@%:@+18%@1%7,8B, >@,):J ,8 @,6%)1<8 ):8 :B@:A ),8B@:A AC>,@1:@,A\ :A
%6C78:AB%7(1-8@,)6%7%(%8C8:A,AB%BCB:A7&A+,7:)@&B1):AIA,?C,4%(%8+,6%A.:@7%A
+,61+,@%J/:+,166\AB,Y)%8A%+:+,A:>:@B%@,8A:61B%@1:B:+:,6>,A:+,6%+1@,))1<8+,6%
,A)C,6%Y18AB1BCI<C8):8A,4:+,+1@,))1<818B,/@%+:>:@:7&A%6+:8%+:YB61)0,@Y%8A
C/,6:BI
@1,+,@1)0 :@+,7(,@/,b16+,G%@B@,A,@F&8+:A,>%@%A26%>@,A1+,8)1%Y,6+,@,)0:
%F,B:I6%@,>@,A,8B%)1<8,HB,@1:@\
:A +2%A p I q +, :)BC(@, +, pxtt BCF: 6C/%@ 6% 18%C/C@%)1<8 :.1)1%6 +, 6% . ,8 ,6 8C,F:
)%7>CA\8,6%)B:+,%>,@BC@%A,>@:8C8)1%@:86:A0%(1BC%6,A+1A)C@A:A>:@>%@B,+,6:A.C8b
+%+:@,AY 6%A %CB:@1+%+,A I +, !%6B,@ @:>1CAY 18F1B%+: ,A>,)1%67,8B,\ , %)C,@+: ):8 6:A
:(4,B1F:A.C8+%)1:8%6,AY%H16618A1AB1<,8?C,,6>@:><A1B:+,6%18AB1BC)1<8,@%>:8,@6:A
.C8+%7,8B:A+,C8%8C,F%)C6BC@%7%B,@1%6\
_C,AB@: :(4,B1F: ,AB& )6%@:[ B:+: 6: ?C, 0%),7:A ,8 6% . ):8A1AB, ,8 B@%(%4%@ ):84C8B%b
7,8B, >%@% ):8AB@C1@ C8% 8C,F% )C6BC@% I ,6 :(4,B1F: ,A )@,%@ C8 ,AB16: +, F1+% ?C, ,AB- +,
%)C,@+: ):8 8C,AB@% ,@% B,)8:6</1)%\ C,AB@% )C6BC@% %)BC%6 0% AC.@1+: C8% A%)C+1+% +,7%b
A1%+:.C,@B,):7:>%@%?C,):8B18C,7:AY):7::)C@@2%%8B,AY):8AB@CI-8+:6%,86%)17%+,
xr
6%>1@&71+,\,8,7:A?C,,7>,J%@+,A+,6%(%A,I%F,@1/C%@ACA%CB-8B1):A.C8+%7,8B:A`\ % 18%C/C@%)1<8 +,A>,@B< C8 /@%8 18B,@-A ,8B@, ,6 >D(61):Y ,8 6:A 7,+1:A +, ):7C81)%)1<8Y
6:A)C%6,A,8A,/C1+%A,+1,@:8)C,8B%+,?C,A,B@%B%(%+,C8%18AB1BC)1<8%)%+-71)%7CI
>:):):8F,8)1:8%6\6/C8:A%@B2)C6:A+,>@,8A%)@1B1)%(%8,6,H%/,@%+:>C@1B%81A7:,AB-B1):
I,60,)0:+,?C,6%.):8F,@B2%6%,):8:72%+,7,+1:A,8C8 ,AB16:A:A>,)0:A:A+,,Ab
):8+,@C8%%)B1BC++,.,8A1F%):8B@%6%A.:@7%A+,F1+%+,C8%A:)1,+%+?C,%F%8J%(%0%)1%
6%:>C6,8)1%\,@:>%@%:B@:AYA,B@%B%(%+,C8):8),>B:+,(,66,J%,A,8)1%6>:@?C,8:8,),b
A1B%(%%+:@8:A\6@,)C@@,8B,)%61.1)%B1F:+,_7:8%AB,@1:`%>%@,)1<>:@>@17,@%F,J,8,6>,b
@1<+1):, *5*66[
_6,H%/,@%+:>C@1B%81A7:+,,AB%%@?C1B,)BC@%>%@,),+,AB18%+:%,+C)%@%6:A7:84,A+,6%
xs
,@%B,)8:6</1)%` %6+:8%+:Y1)0,@I6:A%6C78:A8:,AB%(%8+,%)C,@+:):86%:@1,8B%)1<8%@B2AB1)%0,@,+%b
+%+,6%%C0%CA?C,+,.,8+2%%H166\66:A+,A,%(%8C8%,8A,9%8J%(%A%+%,86%)1,8)1%I
,86%A8C,F%AB,)8:6:/2%A+,.%(@1)%)1<8Y%@/C7,8B:?C,F,82%@,.:@J%+:>:@6%A>@17,@%AI
,H1B:A%A):6%(:@%)1:8,A):86%,7>@,A%@%C8\A2?C,Y,87%@J:+,pxtuY+,A>C-A+,C8/@%b
xr
%H166[,524$ >74%,; %,$7,# 4"G 7 Yq)B\pxtt\
1B%+:>:@$Y,8-,82E%6\>&/\pvtgB@%+C))1<8+,6%6,7&8+,6%CB:@I+,618/6-AA%(,6%7>1h\
xs
, 5**66Yt)B\pxtt\1B%+:>:@$Y,8-Y
&EC>&/\pvtgB\+,6%\I+,618/6-AA%(,6%7>1h\
cpwoc
$#
F2A17:,8.@,8B%71,8B:?C,%6B,@<6%F1+%):B1+1%8%+,6)%7>CAY%H166@,8C8)1<%AC)%@/:+,
+1@,)B:@+,6%,A)C,6%\CA+1A)@,>%8)1%A1+,:6</1)%A):8,6,?C1>:+,+1@,))1<8):6,/1%+%?C,-6
71A7:0%(2%)@,%+:,@%87CI>@:.C8+%AIY%+,7&AY,8/,8,@%6A,:>18%(%?C,AC61+,@%J/:,@%
+,7%A1%+:>,@A:8%61AB%I>:):+,7:)@&B1):\6)C@A:A1/C1,8B,Y+,A>C-A+,:B@:,8.@,8B%71,8b
B:1+,:6</1):Y?C,66,/<0%AB%6%>@,8A%Y166@,A)18+1<AC):8B@%B:+,>@:.,A:@.14:\18,7(%@/:Y
):8B18C<):6%(:@%8+:):7:>@:.,A1:8%6,HB,@8:):8,68AB1BCB:+,1A,9:+,@:+C)B:\
>,A%@+,6B@1C8.:?C,A1/81.1)%(%6%):8AB@C))1<8I>C,AB%,87%@)0%+,6):7>6,4:,+C)%B1b
F:Y-AB,0%(2%+,4%+:%6%
C8+%)1<8):8C8+-.1)1B17>:@B%8B,I6:Awoo\ooo7%@):A?C,
,6:(1,@8:+,6*,+,%+,8b!E@BB,7(,@/6,0%(2%):8),+1+:>%@%6%>C,AB%,8.C8)1:8%b
71,8B:+C@%8B,,6>,@2:+:pxtqbpxtuA,0%(2%8%/:B%+:\8/,)0:66@,%8C+<6%A8,/:)1%)1:b
8,A):8+1)0::(1,@8:%>:I%+%>:@0,:+:@.1J,@Y6)%6+,+,67I>@,A1+,8B,+,6:8A,4:
4,)CB1F:+,6%
C8+%)1<8\7(:A+,.,8+1,@:8,6)%@&)B,@D81):+,6%,A)C,6%I>@,A,8B%b
@:8C8:+,ACA>@17,@:A6:/@:AY%A%(,@Y,6@%+1:bB:)%+1A):As+1A,9%+:>%@%@%C8I>@,b
A,8B%+:,86%.,@1%+,6%@%+1:+,CAA,6+:@.\
:A>%@6%7,8B%@1:A):8:)2%8,6+,A):8B,8B:+,6:A,ABC+1%8B,AI8:):8AB%B%(%8818/D817b
>%)B:+,6:A>@:+C)B:A+,6%.,8,67,@)%+:%6,7&881)@,2%8?C,6%,A)C,6%):8B@1(CI,@%
,.,)B1F%7,8B,%6%,+C)%)1<8+,6/CAB:\,A>%@,)2%?C,,@%C8>@:I,)B:,+C)%B1F:+,7%A1%b
+:%7(1)1:A:I+C+%(%8,8%>:I%@6:\:@AC,@B,Y,8pxtu,6%B.E@
:@7/,(C8/g:8A,4:+,
+1A,9:hI6%A:)1%)1<8
,+,@%6+,6%8+CAB@1%6,7%8%%+F1@B1,@:8%6:(1,@8:.,+,@%6+,6%
17>:@B%8)1%+,17>C6A%@,6+1A,9:)@,%8+:8C,F%A,A)C,6%A:AC(F,8)1:8%8+:6%A,H1AB,8B,A\
AB:18)618<6%(%6%8J%%.%F:@+,6%.I,6>%@6%7,8B:+,%+,8b!E@BB,7(,@/%>@:(<C8%
AC(F,8)1<8,HB@%+,qoo\ooo7%@):A\AB,,AC8,4,7>6:+,6B1>:+,B1@%I%.6:4%,8B@,6%.C8b
+%)1<8I6:A>:62B1):A?C,A,>@:6:8/%@2%%6:6%@/:+,6:A%9:AY+,4%8+:%8/,)0:66,H0%CAB%
,01>:B,)%8+:/@%F,7,8B,6%AC>C,AB%18+,>,8+,8)1%+,6),8B@:
TDND&4!./;&!-&LTPQGLTPS
87,+1%B%7,8B,+,A>C-A+,6%+171A1<8+,%H166Y,6,?C1>:+,+1@,))1<8):6,/1%+%,61/1<%
%6+:8%+:):7:>@,A1+,8B,0%AB%.18%6,A+,6)C@A:pxtubtv\86:AC),A1F:Y,6,?C1>:A,@2%
,6,/1+:%8C%67,8B,,8B@,6:A>@:.,A:@,AI6%>@,A1+,8)1%A,@2%@:B%B1F%\,>@:),+1<187,+1%b
B%7,8B,%@,.6,4%@,AB:A)%7(1:A,86%8:@7%B1F%%)%+-71)%I%>@:>:8,@C8:A,AB%BCB:A>%b
@%6%.18A>1@%+:A,86%A1+,%A+,B61)0,@?C,Y,A)%@7,8B%+:>:@6%>:B,8B,>,@A:8%61b
+%++,166Y?C,@2%?C,,86:AC),A1F:A,,F1B%@%8A1BC%)1:8,A+,%CB:@1B%@1A7:Y?C,B:+:A6:A
>@:.,A:@,AB@%(%4%@%8,8>1,+,1/C%6+%+I?C,6%A@,6%)1:8,A,8B@,6%A>,@A:8%A+,6),8B@:A,
@1/1,@%8>:@>@18)1>1:A+,.@%B,@81+%+\
8,6+1A)C@A:+,%>,@BC@%+,6)C@A:pxtvbpxtwY:7&A%6+:8%+:Y,8)%61+%++,>@,A1+,8B,
+,6%+1@,))1<8):6,/1%+%Y%8C8)1<C817>:@B%8B,)%7(1:,86%:@1,8B%)1<8+,6>6%8+,,ABCb
+1:A/@%)1%A%6)C%6,6+1A,9:1(%%+,A>@,8+,@A,+,6%_%@@:/%8)1%+,6%@B,`7,+1%8B,6%CB161b
J%)1<8+,7-B:+:A)1,8B2.1):A\>%@B1@+,%0:@%Y,6+,(%B,I%8:A,),8B@%@2%,8)C,AB1:8,A
+,,AB-B1)%A18:+,7-B:+:\6+1A,9:+,(,@2%/,8,@%@AC>@:>1%7,B:+:6:/2%YA,@C8%)1,8)1%Y
>:@6:?C,,6B@%(%4:,8,?C1>:Y6%18F,AB1/%)1<8I6%>C,AB%,87%@)0%+,6:A18AB1BCB:A,@%8
+,6%7&H17%17>:@B%8)1%\,,7>,J%(%%/,8,@%@%A2,6_7:+,6:67`,6)C%6BCF:A,8B1+:
,8C8%->:)%,8?C,6:A+1A,9%+:@,AA,,8.@,8B%(%8%,8)%@/:A7C)0:7&A):7>6,4:A?C,
6:A7C,(6,AI6%A6&7>%@%A\6>@:.,A1:8%6+,6+1A,9:?C,:>,@%(%+,8B@:+,6>@:),A:18+CAb
B@1%68:>:+2%):8B,7>6%@A,%A171A7:):7:C8%@B1AB%:C8A,@AC>,@1:@A18:):7:>%@B,18b
B,/@%8B,+,C8,?C1>:?C,18F:6C)@%(%)1,8B2.1):AY18F,AB1/%+:@,A+,67,@)%+:IB-)81):A+,
>@:+C))1<8Y):8F1AB%A%+,A%@@:66%@C8% 56*67,#@,A>:8A%(6,):8,6,8B:@8:\
cpwpc
$#
%4: 6% +1@,))1<8 +, :7&A %6+:8%b
+:Y ,6 C@A: &A1): A, +1AB%8)1< 7CI
)6%@%7,8B,+,6:A):8),>B:A(%C0%Cb
A1%8:AZ 6:A ):8:)171,8B:A 17>%@B1+:A
A,:@1,8B%@:8Y,8B:8),AY0%)1%6%B,:@2%
+,6%>,@),>)1<8F1AC%6I6%A,71<B1)%\
,A>C-A+,6%)@1A1A):8%H166Y8/,
)0:66 A, +,A>6%J< % 6:A AB%+:A 81b
+:A,8(CA)%+,.:8+:A>%@%):8AB@C1@
C8% >%@B, +, 6% @,A1+,8)1% ?C, 0%(2%
?C,+%+:,8>@:I,)B:\662A,>CA:,8
):8B%)B: ):8 6% .C8+%)1<8 :@+ c?C,
+1@1/2%>:@,8B:8),A0,>%@+B:8,cI
B%7(1-8):86%
C8+%)1<8:)5,.,66,@\
%A 18AB1BC)1:8,A 8:@B,%7,@1)%8%A 8:
,AB%(%818B,@,A%+%A,8.18%8)1%@,+1.1b 33. Tomás Maldonado con sus alumnos del Curso
Básico, 1955.
)1:A>,@:A2),8B@:A+,18F,AB1/%)1<8I
)0:66 0%(2% ?C,+%+: 7CI 17>@,A1:b
8%+%>:@,6B@%(%4:?C,@,%61J%(%,6>A1)<6:/:+,6%>,@),>)1<8%+6,I,8B@16,8AC,@),>B1:8
,7:8AB@%B1:8,8B,@+,6%81F,@A1+%++,@18),B:8\A2?C,Y%ACFC,6B%Y>@:>CA:%6:8A,4:
+,+7181AB@%)1<8+,6%.C8+%)1<86%)@,%)1<8+,C88AB1BCB:+,:7C81)%)1<8,8.:@7%)1<8\
%AB%,8B:8),A6:A,8)%@/:A,@%8@,)1(1+:A>:@6%
C8+%)1<8I6C,/:B@%8A.,@1+:A%6%,Ab
)C,6%+:8+,6%+1@,))1<86:A)%8%61J%(%0%)1%,6+,>%@B%7,8B:7&A%+,)C%+:\:A,8)%@/:A
A,):8F,@B2%8,87%B,@1%%)%+-71)%%>%@B1@+,6A,/C8+:)C@A:Y )C%8+:6:A%6C78:AI%0%b
(2%8AC>,@%+:,6C@A:&A1):\,@:,AB,>@:),+171,8B:B,82%,618):8F,81,8B,+,A:(@,)%@b
/%@6:A):8,H),A1F%A@,A>:8A%(161+%+,A>:@6:?C,Y,84C61:+,pxtvY,6:8A,4:+,+7181Ab
B@%)1<8+,6%
C8+%)1<8,7>,J<%B@%(%4%@,86%):8AB1BC)1<86,/%6+,6:A18AB1BCB:A+,18b
F,AB1/%)1<8)CI%D81)%B%@,%A,@2%6%+,0%),@>@:I,)B:A>:@,8)%@/:\:A18AB1BCB:A1(%8%A,@[
f68AB1BCB:+,1A,9:+,@:+C)B:Y?C,,7>,J%@2%I%,8:)BC(@,):86:A>@:.,A:@,A
%8AC/,6:BI!%6B,@$,1A)0,//\
f68AB1BCB:+,:7C81)%)1<8)CI%%>,@BC@%,AB%(%>@,F1AB%>%@%7&AB%@+,\
f68AB1BCB:+,:8AB@C))1<88+CAB@1%61J%+%)CI%:@/%81J%)1<8Y%@%2J+,6%7%@)0%+,166Y
8:,AB%(%)6%@%\1,8B@%AYA,7%8B,82%,6+,>%@B%7,8B:+,_+,A%@@:66:+,6%):8AB@C))1<8`\
%>C,AB%,87%@)0%+,6:A18AB1BCB:AY?C,I%,AB%(%>@,A,8B,,86:A:(4,B1F:A.C8+%)1:8%6,A
+,6),8B@:Y,7>,J%(%%0%),@A,@,%61+%+\,,AB,7:+:Y6%.A,):8F,@B2%,8C8):8/6:7,b
@%+:+,18AB1BC)1:8,AY+,8B@:+,6)C%66%,A)C,6%Y):8ACA)C%B@:+,>%@B%7,8B:AA,):8F,@B2%
,8C8),8B@:)CI:B,7%+,18F,AB1/%)1<8I,8A,9%8J%,@%,6>@:),A:+,>@:+C))1<818+CAB@1%6
,8ACB:B%61+%+\
8.,(@,@:+,pxtvC8%+,6,/%)1<8+,>:62B1):A+,6AB%+:.,+,@%6F1A1B<F%@1%A,A)C,6%AY,8B@,
,66%A6%+,67Y):8,6.180%),@C8%>@:A>,))1<8A:(@,,6+1A,9:I6%.:@7%)1<8+,6:A+1A,9%b
+:@,A\C):8)6CA1<8.C,?C,,8%+,8b!E@B,7(,@/0%(2%?C,%>:I%@,):8<71)%7,8B,%6%
.+,67Y%6%)%+,71%+,,66%A@B,A+,BCBB/%@BI%6%A,A)C,6%AB-)81)%A+,.:@J0,17
I +, )0G'(1A0 7E8+\ 6 B,7% +,6 +1A,9: ?C, ,7,@/2% ,8 6%A 18AB1BC)1:8,A ,):8<71)%A I
)C6BC@%6,A,7>,J%(%%):8F,@B1@A,,8C8%AC8B:+,/:(1,@8:I0%I?C,@,):8:),@?C,6%.
0%(2%):8B@1(C1+:%,66:,8/@%87%8,@%\,):8:)1,8+:?C,6%,A)C,6%66,8%(%C8F%)2:17b
cpwqc
$#
>:@B%8B,,8,6>%8:@%7%,+C)%B1F:Y%>%@B1@+,pxtvI0%AB%pxuvY6%,A)C,6%BCF:%A,/C@%+%
C8%AC(F,8)1<8%8C%6+,6:(1,@8:.,+,@%6I:B@%+,6:(1,@8:+,6*,\
AB:A%9:A):18)1+1,@:8):86:A7&A>@:+C)B1F:A+,6),8B@:?C,,7>,J<%):A,)0%@>@,71:A
18B,@8%)1:8%6,A\8pxtvY6%,7>@,A%@%C8/%8<,6@%8@,71:+,6%4% ,,* +,16&8):8
6:A%>%@%B:A+1A,9%+:A,8,6+,>%@B%7,8B:+,>@:+C)B:+,6%.\
TDOD/4!4&0-1/3
+,!5/ /+/$'BLTPSGLTQM
8 %?C,6 >,@2:+: A, >@:+C4: C8% %Cb
B-8B1)% :(A,A1<8 >:@ 18B,/@%@ 6%A )1,8b
)1%A A:)1%6,AY 6% ,@/:8:72%Y 6% 18F,AB1b
/%)1<8 :>,@%B1F%Y 6% 7,B:+:6:/2% +,
>@:I,)B: I 6% B,)8:6:/2% ,8 ,6 >6%8 +,
,ABC+1:A\ AB% B,8+,8)1% A, F,2% @,.:@b
J%+%>:@,60,)0:+,?C,Y,8,6,?C1>:
+,6%,A)C,6%Y0%(2%7&A>@:.,A:@,A+,
)1,8)1%A?C,+,+1A,9:IY>:@6:B%8B:Y
6:A >@17,@:A B,82%8 7%I:@ >:+,@ ,8
6:A<@/%8:A+,+,)1A1<8\8B@,6:A)1,8b
B2.1):A,AB%(%8,67%B,7&B1):IB,<@1):
+, 6% >6%81.1)%)1<8 :@AB 1BB,6 I ,6 A:b 34. Exposición de trabajos en 1958.
)1<6:/:18+CAB@1%6%88:,AB18/\C18b
B,8)1<8,@%66,F%@0%AB%,6,HB@,7:6%:@1,8B%)1<87,B:+:6</1)%+,%6+:8%+:Y>%@%.:@7%@
8:B%8B:+1A,9%+:@,AY):7:>6%81.1)%+:@,A?C,.C,@%8)%>%),A+,B:7%@+,)1A1:8,A+,+1A,b
9:%>%@B1@+,C8%(%A,@%)1:8%6\6@,AC6B%+:+,ACAB@%(%4:A.C,?C,,6>@:),A:+,+1A,9:A,
01J:7&A@1/C@:A:\:@%?C,66%->:)%Y,6):8:)1+:>@:.,A:@(@1B&81):@C),@)0,@,7>,J<%
.:@7C6%@,867ACAB,:@2%AA:(@,7,B:+:6:/2%+,6+1A,9:\
6,8BCA1%A7:>:@6%7,B:+:6:/2%)1,8B2.1)%,8%?C,66:A%9:A.C,,8:@7,I%?C,A,)@,2%?C,
/@%)1%A % ,66% ,6 +1A,9:Y .18%67,8B,Y A, 61(,@%@2% +, ACA _.%AB1+1:A:A` ,6,7,8B:A 1@@%)1:8%6,A\
%A:>B171AB%A):8A1/8%A+,166):7:_,6+1A,9:+,6%)C)0%@%%6%)1C+%+`xt:_):8AB@CI,8+:
C8%8C,F%)C6BC@%`Y+1,@:8>%A:%C8%4,@/%)1,8B2.1)%,86%?C,A,.:@7C6%(%8_01><B,A1A+,
B@%(%4:`\%@%6:A,ABC+1%8B,AY6%7,B:+:6:/2%%+?C1@1<6%)%B,/:@2%+,C8%@,61/1<8I6:A,ABCb
+1:A)1,8B2.1):A>@,61718%@,A%6:A>@:I,)B:AYC8%,A>,)1,+,+:)B@18%?C,B,82%6%F1@BC++,
%6,4%@6:A+,6%187:@%61+%+%A:)1%+%%6):8AC7:\
8,6%9:%)%+-71):pxtxbpxuoY,6C@A:&A1):A,@,+C4:%6%71B%+Y:A,%%C8A,7,AB@,Y
>%A%+:,6)C%66:A%6C78:A18/@,A%(%8,8C8%+,6%A,A>,)1%61+%+,A\:A,?C1>:A+,18F,AB1b
/%)1<8+,+1A,9:,8%?C,67:7,8B:,@%86:AA1/C1,8B,A[
,q[%8AC/,6:Bg+1A,9:+,>@:+C)B:h\
,r[!%6B,@$,1A)0,//g+1A,9:+,>@:+C)B:h\
,t[B61)0,@g):7C81)%)1<8F1AC%6h\
,u[:7&A%6+:8%+:g):7C81)%)1<8F1AC%6h\
xt
AB%.@%A,?C,A,%B@1(CI,%@8,AB::/,@AY+1@,)B:@+,6%@,F1AB%1B%61%8%.+75+C@%8B,6:A%9:A
+,6%_@1):8AB@CJ1:8,`Y,A%B@1(C1+%,8F%@1%A:)%A1:8,A%%H166,8,661(@:+,,@(,@B18+18/,@\
cpwrc
$#
H1AB2%%+,7&AC8/@C>:?C,B@%(%4%(%):8,@(,@06,8B,7%A+,):8AB@C))1<818+CAB@1%61b
J%+%>,@:Y,86%>@&)B1)%Y:>,@%(%+,8B@:+,68AB1BCB:+,1A,9:+,@:+C)B:\
%@% >@:),+,@ % 6% >C,AB% ,8 7%@)0% +,
6:A 18AB1BCB:AY ,6 /,@,8B, +, 6% C8+%)1<8
Y 0:@G%6+ 1A6,@Y )@,I< :>:@BC8: A:b
61)1B%@ B%8B: %6 :(1,@8: .,+,@%6 ):7: %6
:(1,@8:+,6*,C8ACAB%8)1:A:%C7,8b
B: +, 6%A AC(F,8)1:8,A\ , %@/C7,8B%(%
?C,6:A18AB1BCB:A.%F:@,),@2%8,6+,A%@@:b
66:+,6%18+CAB@1%I+,6%,):8:72%+,6%
@,/1<8 +, %+,8b!E@BB,7(,@/\ 18 ,7b
(%@/:Y):8,AB:A,>6%8B,%(%,6>@:(6,7%
+,6%):7>,B,8)1%+,A6,%6\X<7:A,4CAb
B1.1)%(%6%.18%8)1%)1<8>D(61)%+,C818AB1b 35.Tomás Maldonado con un grupo
BCB:?C,1(%%0%),@>@:I,)B:A>%@%,6A,)b de diseñadores italianos, 1959.
B:@>@1F%+:Y/@%)1%A%6:A)C%6,AA,,A>,@%b
(%:(B,8,@/%8%8)1%A,):8<71)%AW%@,A>C,AB%A,,8):8B@%(%,86%)1,8)1%Y>C,A6:A18AB1BCB:A
1(%8%0%),@+,A)C(@171,8B:A+,6:A?C,A,(,8,.1)1%@2%6%18+CAB@1%I6%,):8:72%+,6%@,/1<8\
+,7&AY,6),8B@:+,%B,8)1<8A,+,A>6%J%@2%+,6+1A,9:_,AB-B1):`%6+1A,9:+,A1AB,7%A\
:8F,8),@ % 6% +7181AB@%)1<8 8: .C, .&)16 >,@: ,8 pxtx A, 6:/@< ?C, ,6 :(1,@8: +,6 *,
:B:@/%@% C8% AC(F,8)1<8 ,8 ,A>,)1%A I ,6 :(1,@8: .,+,@%6 +:A AC(F,8)1:8,AY C8% >%@% 6%
.C8+%)1<8I:B@%Y>%@%,618AB1BCB:+,+1A,9:+,>@:+C)B:?C,A,0%66%(%+,A(:@+%+:+,,8b
)%@/:A\:@G%@6+1A6,@>,8A%(%%+,7&AA:61)1B%@%IC+%%6%&7%@%+,:7,@)1:+,%+,8b
!E@B,7(,@/%@/C7,8B%8+:?C,6%.A,,AB%(%):8F1@B1,8+:,8C8@,.,@,8B,>%@%6,7%b
81%\8B:+:,67C8+:A<6:0%(2%)C%B@:18AB1BC)1:8,A):7:6%.Y%A%(,@YB@,A,8AB%+:A
81+:Ac,6@%BB8AB1BCB,Y,68AB1BCB,:.,)08:6:/I+,01)%/:Y,6,:@/1%8AB1BCB,:.,)0b
8:6:/IcIC8:,8@%8@,B%9%c,6:I%6:66,/,:.@B\C8?C, 6:A6:/@:A+,6%.0%AB%
,8B:8),A8:,@%8+,7%A1%+:>%6>%(6,AY6:A>:62B1):A%+71B2%8?C,,@%C8),8B@:?C,66,8%(%
C8F%)2:,86%.:@7%)1<8C81F,@A1B%@1%I?C,ACA:(4,B1F:A,@%818B,@,A%8B,A\
18,7(%@/:Y6%AAC(F,8)1:8,A+,AB18%+%A%6%.A,,AB%(%8):8F1@B1,8+:,8C8@:7>,)%(,b
J%A>%@%6:A>:62B1):A>C,A,6,A),8%@1:,+C)%B1F:+,6,7%81%,8pxuoI%8:,@%,6+,pxtt\6
AB%+:B,82%+18,@:I,6B,7%+,+,(%B,,@%6%_,.:@7%81F,@A1B%@1%`\86%)1C+%++,67A,
,AB%(% @,%61J%8+: C8% )%7>%9% >%@% %B@%,@ % C8% C81F,@A1+%+ >D(61)%Y ?C, 18,F1B%(6,7,8B,
,8B@%@2%,8):8.61)B:):86%.YI,H1AB2%I%C8%A)C,6%+,,66%A@B,A.18%8)1%+%):8+18,@:
>D(61):\ , >6%8B,%(% %A2 ,6 >@:(6,7% >:62B1): +,6 %/@%F1: ):7>%@%B1F: % 6% 0:@% +, :B:@/%@
AC(F,8)1:8,A%6%.)CI%6%(:@>1:8,@%8:A,8,/%(%>,@:?C,A,0%(2%/%8%+:6%.%7%+,
)%@%I):8.61)B1F%\%@%,8B:8),A,@%,F1+,8B,?C,6%A>@,F1A1:8,A+,6:A.C8+%+:@,A0%(2%8A1b
+:,H%/,@%+%7,8B,:>B171AB%AI?C,6%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:+,678:>:+@2%%CB:.18%8)1%@A,
8C8)%\AB:>@:+C4:C8,8.@,8B%71,8B:>,@7%8,8B,,8,6A,8:+,6%.C8+%)1<8,8B@,6:A1+,%b
61AB%A>%@B1+%@1:A+,6%.1+,61+%+%6:A>@18)1>1:A.C8+%)1:8%6,AY:A,%6%18+,>,8+,8)1%+,6:A
>:+,@,A>D(61):AYI6:A>@%/7&B1):A+1A>C,AB:A%%),>B%@C8%8%)1:8%61J%)1<8>@:/@,A1F%\
8pxuoBCF1,@:86C/%@C8%A,@1,+,,8.@,8B%71,8B:A,8B@,%88:,@AB18/I:7&A%6+:b
8%+:?C,B,@718%@:8):8,6%(%8+:8:+,-AB,D6B17:+,6,?C1>:+,+1@,))1<8):6,/1%+%%6,b
/%8+:?C,I%0%(2%B@%(%4%+:AC.1)1,8B,,86%/,AB1<8+,6%,A)C,6%I?C,AC6%(:@A,@2%7&A
>@:F,)0:A%,86%A%C6%A\6,?C1>:+,+1@,))1<8,6,/1+:>%@%,6)C@A:pxuobpxup,AB%(%):7b
>C,AB:>:@,@B%6:GY:@A1BB,6I
@1,+,@1)0 :@+,7(,@/,b16+,G%@B\:A>@:.,A:@,A.C8b
cpwsc
$#
+%+:@,AI+1A,9%+:@,AcB61)0,@Y%8AC/,6:BY,@(,@06I!%6B,@$,1A)0,//c8:A,>@,b
A,8B%@:8%6%,6,))1<8%@/C7,8B%8+:?C,8:,AB%(%8+,%)C,@+:):86%:@1,8B%)1<8,H),A1b
F%7,8B,)1,8B1.1AB%+,6%,A)C,6%\
%7>:):6:,AB%(%C8/@C>:+,%6C78:A?C,A,+1,@:8)C,8B%+,?C,6%,A)C,6%A,,AB%(%
>:61B1J%8+:I+1F1+1,8+:,8+:A.%))1:8,A,8.@,8B%+%A[6%+,6:A)1,8B2.1):AI6%+,6:A+1A,9%b
+:@,A\ +,7&AY ):8A1+,@%(%8 ?C, 6%A 7%B,@1%A )1,8B2.1)%A 8: A, 18B,/@%(%8 %+,)C%+%7,8B,
):86:A)C@A:A+,+1A,9:Y):8AB1BCI,8+:C8%,A>,)1,+,7,B%6,8/C%4,?C,6:D81):?C,0%)2%
,@%,A):8+,@Y8:@,A:6F,@Y6%.%6B%+,@1/:@+,6+1A,9:\:A%6C78:AB%7(1-8A,?C,4%(%8+,6%
,H),A1F% 18+,>,8+,8)1% +, 6:A 18AB1BCB:A +, 18F,AB1/%)1<8Y )CI:A @,AC6B%+:A B,<@1):A 8: A,
B@%8A.,@2%8%6%A%C6%AI)CI:A@,AC6B%+:A,):8<71):A,@%8>@1F16,/1:+,C8:A>:):A\
%@%,6,?C1>:+,+1@,))1<8):6,/1%+%+,6)C@A:pxupbpxuqA,,61/1,@:8%B61)0,@Y:@A1Bb
B,6Y%6,ABC+1%8B,6%CA.@:77I%6B-)81):+,B%66,@BB:)016+\%>@,A1+,8)1%@,)%I<,81b
)0,@\:A>@:.,A:@,A+,+1A,9:>@:B,AB%@:8>:@?C,8:A,A,8B2%8AC.1)1,8B,7,8B,@,>@,A,8b
B%+:A>:@6:?C,A,%9%+1<%!%6B,@$,1A)0,//\
:87:B1F:+,C8%,F%6C%)1<8%)%+-71)%>@:(6,7&B1)%Y,8pxuq,AB%66<.18%67,8B,6%)@1A1A
,8B@,+1A,9%+:@,AI)1,8B2.1):A\8:AA,%618,%@:8,8B:@8:%:@A1BB,6?C,@,>@,A,8B%(%%
6:A)1,8B2.1):AI:B@:AY,8B:@8:%B61)0,@?C,@,>@,A,8B%(%%6:A+1A,9%+:@,A\AB,D6B17:
A, %>:I< ,8 ,6 +,A):8B,8B: +, 6:A %6C78:AY ?C, ,8 ,8,@: +, pxupY A, 0%(2%8 ?C,4%+: .:@b
7%67,8B,+,6%.%6B%+,):8,H1<8,8B@,6:A18AB1BCB:AI6%+:),8)1%I+,,AB%@0%@B:A+,_,7b
>:66%@`%A1/8%BC@%AB,<@1)%A)CI%%>61)%)1<8%6+1A,9:8:,AB%(%)6%@%\66:A?C,@2%8A,@+1A,b
9%+:@,AI8:)1,8B2.1):A\
C,C8%)@1A1AB:@BC:A%I):7>61)%+%?C,6:A%6C78:A%7,8%J%(%8
):80%),@>D(61)%\
>,A%@ +, 6:A >@:(6,7%A 18B,@8:AY +C@%8B, %?C,6 >,@2:+: 6% ,A)C,6% A1/C1< ):A,)0%8+: 6:b
/@:A[@,)1(1<6%F1A1B%+,6@,A1+,8B,+,6%,>D(61)%
,+,@%66,7%8%0,:+:@,CAAY%@,>@,b
A,8B%8B,A+,6%B.E@
:@7/,(C8/g:8A,4:+,61A,9:h%A2):7:%6:A+1A,9%+:@,A,AB%+:Cb
81+,8A,A0%@6,A%7,AI1)0%@+\
C66,@\8,6%9:pxtwA,,+1B<,6>@17,@8D7,@:+,6%
@,F1AB% *+H )CI% @,+%))1<8 A, ,8):8B@%(% ,8 ,6 ,>%@B%7,8B: +, 8.:@7%)1<8c I %?C,6
71A7:%9:A,01J:C8%,H>:A1)1<8+,B@%(%4:A,86%)%8B18%+,6%,A)C,6%\8pxtxA,+1A,9<I
A,>@:+C4:C8%,H>:A1)1<81B18,@%8B,?C,Y,8%9:AAC),A1F:AYA,,H01(1@2%,86%A)1C+%+,A+,
67YBCBB/%@BYD81)0I7AB,@+%7\
8pxupA,%(@1@2%,6+,>%@B%7,8B:+,1@,))1<818,7%B:/@&.1)%?C,B,8+@2%C8>@:/@%7%
+,,ABC+1:A18+,>,8+1,8B,+,6@,AB:+,6%,A)C,6%\6:(4,B1F:,@%.:@7%@%+1@,)B:@,Aa%CB:@,A
@,A>:8A%(6,A+,B:+:A6:A%A>,)B:A+,C8%>,62)C6%,8B,8+1+%):7:C8%.:@7%+,)@,%)1<8\
%@% 6:/@%@ ,AB, :(4,B1F: A, (CA)< C8% ):7(18%)1<8 ,8B@, %>@,8+1J%4, , 18F,AB1/%)1<8\ :A
>C8B:A>@18)1>%6,A+,6%>@,8+1J%4,,@%86%%+?C1A1)1<8+,6(C,8:.1)1:Y6%%>@:H17%)1<8%6:A
>@:(6,7%A ):8B,7>:@&8,:AY 6% @,6%)1<8 ):8 :B@%A +1A)1>618%AY 6% ,61718%)1<8 +, 6% _72AB1)%`
+,6%+1@,))1<8)18,7%B:/@&.1)%Y,67:8B%4,I6%@,6%)1<8):8,6>@:),A:18+CAB@1%6\xu
xu
8,AB,A,8B1+:Y>%@,),?C,6%.+,67A,A1BC%(%,86%A%8B2>:+%A+,67:+,6:
>@:>1:+,6:A,ABC+1:A)18,7%B:/@&.1):A+,:66IG::+Y,8,6?C,6%)@,%)1<8+,6%>,62)C6%
,AB%(%,87%8:A+,7C)0:A,A>,)1%61AB%A+1.,@,8B,A\
cpwtc
$#
TDPD+,/ !+/+,BLTQMGLTQQ
%@%,F1B%@,8,6.CBC@:)@1A1AB%8/@%F,A):7:6%?C,,8.@,8B<%+1A,9%+:@,A):8B@%)1,8B2.1b
):AY,88:F1,7(@,+,pxuqA,>@:),+1<%7:+1.1)%@6:A,AB%BCB:A+,6%18AB1BC)1<8\8%+,6%8b
B,6%71A1<8+,6%.A,@2%6%+,.:@7%@+1A,9%+:@,A,86%A&@,%A+,>@:+C))1<818+CAB@1%6I
):7C81)%)1<8 IY ,8 ):8A,)C,8)1%Y +,8B@: +,6 >6%8 +, ,ABC+1:A 6%A 7%B,@1%A )1,8B2.1)%A B,8b
+@2%8C8)%@&)B,@%CH161%@\%7(1-8A,>@:),+1<%0%),@@,.:@7%A+,6:A<@/%8:A+,/:(1,@8:
I6%4,@%@?C2%+,>@:.,A:@,A\,,61718%(%6%+1@,))1<8):6,/1%+%IA<6:>:+@2%8%)),+,@%6:A
<@/%8:A+,/:(1,@8:6:A>@:.,A:@,A?C,.C,@%8+1A,9%+:@,A\
8qo+,+1)1,7(@,+,pxuqB61)0,@.C,,6,/1+:+1@,)B:@>:@C8%8171+%+I:7&A%6+:b
8%+:YAC(+1@,)B:@YB%7(1-8>:@C8%8171+%+\C8?C,>%@,)1,@%C8%:(F1,+%+Y,8ACB:7%+,
>:A,A1<8Y1)0,@+,)6%@<?C,6%.F:6F,@2%%A,@C8%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:I6:+1.,@,8)1<+,6%
)1,8)1%,86%7,+1+%?C,-AB%(CA)%6,I,A/,8,@%6,AI?C,%?C,6(CA)%A:6C)1:8,A):8)@,B%A\
C@%8B,,6>,@2:+:pxuqbpxuu,6_7:+,6:67`+,.:@7%)1<8@,)1(1<AC.:@7C6%)1<8+,.181B1b
F%,86%7,+1+%,8?C,A,B@%B%(%+,,8):8B@%@C8,?C161(@1:,8B@,6%B,:@2%I6%>@&)B1)%A18
?C, 6:A ,ABC+1:A >,@+1,@%8 @1/:@ I ):8B,81+:\ :@ ,6 ):8B@%@1:Y 6% >%@B, ,A>,)C6%B1F% +, 6:A
>@:I,)B:A+,.18%6+,)%@@,@%B,8+1<%%C7,8B%@I%6/C8:A+,@1F%@:8)6%@%7,8B,0%)1%6:A,Ab
BC+1:A,H>,@17,8B%6,A\8/,8,@%6A,>CA:7C)0:-8.%A1A,86%CB161+%+>@&)B1)%+,6:A>@:b
+C)B:A?C,A,+1A,9%(%8I,6)%7>:+,%))1<8A,,HB,8+1<0%AB%6%A&@,%A+,6B@%8A>:@B,18b
+1F1+C%6I):6,)B1F:I0%)1%6%,6,)B@<81)%\:8,6:(4,B1F:+,18B,/@%@6:A):8:)171,8B:A+,6:A
+1AB18B:A+,>%@B%7,8B:AY,8%6/C8%A:)%A1:8,AA,+,A%@@:66%(%8>@:I,)B:A18B,@+,>%@B%7,8b
B%6,A\ 8 )C%6?C1,@ )%A:Y ,6 ,>%@B%7,8B: +, @:+C)B: ,4,@)2% C8% ):8A1+,@%(6, 18.6C,8)1%
A:(@,6%,A)C,6%?C,>CA:7C)0:,7>,9:,8+,.181@)C&6,AA:86%A%B@1(C)1:8,A+,6+1A,9%+:@
IAC>,@.16>@:.,A1:8%6\
8B@,pxuqbur6%,A)C,6%A,,8@1?C,)1<):86%18):@>:@%)1<8+,8C,F:A>@:.,A:@,A.14:AB%6,A
):7:,@(,@B%>1BJ51Y6%C+,)08%1+Y,@(,@B18+18/,@IC1:8A1,>,\AB:A+:AD6B17:A
0%(2%8A1+:%6C78:A7CI(@166%8B,AI):7>@:7,B1+:AY?C,A,0%(2%8/@%+C%+:,86%A>@17,b
@%A>@:7:)1:8,A+,6%.\8,AB:A%9:AY6%,A)C,6%):8B<):86%>@,A,8)1%+,6.16<A:.:.@%8b
)-A,A>,)1%61AB%,8B,:@2%+,6%):7C81)%)1<8(@%0%7\:6,A?C,,8A,9%(%,8,6+,>%@b
B%7,8B:+,8.:@7%)1<8\
>%@B1@+,pxuq,6C@A:&A1):):7D8+,A%>%@,),@2%>C,AA,+,)1+1<?C,ACA):8B,81+:AA,
17>%@B1@2%8,8)%+%+,>%@B%7,8B:I%6:6%@/:+,B:+%6%)%@@,@%\86:AC),A1F:Y6:A%6C78:A
,8B@%@2%8+1@,)B%7,8B,,86%,A>,)1%61+%+\AB%+,)1A1<88:A<6:A,%>:I%(%,8)@1B,@1:A>,b
+%/</1):AA18:B%7(1-8,8C87,4:@@,>%@B:+,6%>:(6%)1<8,ABC+1%8B16\:@,60,)0:+,A,@
):7D8Y ,6 C@A: &A1): %)C7C6%(% +,7%A1%+:A %6C78:A >:@ >@:.,A:@ cC8:A socY 71,8B@%A
?C,6%A,A>,)1%61+%+,A,@%8+,.1)1B%@1%Ac7,8:A+,po\
81F,6>:62B1):>%@,),A,@?C,):86%,6,))1<8+,1)0,@A,181)1%(%,6D6B17:)%>2BC6:+,6%
,A)C,6%>C,A6:A>@:(6,7%A?C,+,B,@718%@:8,6):6%>A:+,6),8B@:,8pxuwB,82%8AC:@1/,8
,86:?C,:)C@@1<,8pxur\%,A)C,6%%+:>B<,8B:8),AC8%:@1,8B%)1<8>,+%/</1)%?C,%6%
6%@/%@,AC6B%@2%.%B%6\86%7,+1+%?C,6%.%(%8+:8%(%AC71A1<8_)1,8B2.1)%Y`6:A18AB1BCb
B:A+,18F,AB1/%)1<8+,4%(%8+,B,8,@18B,@-A\,@:6%18F,AB1/%)1<8,8+1A,9:,@%,6D81):%@b
/C7,8B:?C,):8F,8)2%%6:A>:62B1):A>%@%):8B18C%@%>@:(%8+:6%A/,8,@:A%AAC(F,8)1:8,A
>D(61)%A\16%18F,AB1/%)1<8+,A%>%@,)2%+,6),8B@:Y-AB,>%A%(%%A,@):8B,7>6%+:):7:C8%
,A)C,6%>@:.,A1:8%67&AY6:)C%66%A1BC%(%,8):7>,B,8)1%+1@,)B%):8+1F,@A%A18AB1BC)1:8,A
,+C)%B1F%A+,6AB%+:+:8+,I%A,17>%@B2%8)C@A:A+,+1A,9:\
cpwuc
$#
,:@%D8Y6%,A)C,6%A,0%(2%/%8%+:6%.%7%+,_):8.61)B1F%`>C,A6%)@1A1A1+,:6</1)%,18AB1b
BC)1:8%6+,pxuq0%(2%B@%A),8+1+:\:A>@:.,A:@,AI,ABC+1%8B,A?C,,AB%(%8,8+,A%)C,@+:
):86:A8C,F:A,AB%BCB:A_%8B1+,7:)@&B1):A`6%%1@,%@:8,86:A7181AB,@1:AY,86%@%+1:I,86%
>@,8A%\:A>@:(6,7%A+,6%.66,/%@:80%AB%,6A,7%8%@1:2% # *[,6pw+,7%@J:+,pxur
>C(61)<,6,+1B:@1%67" +7$ 4#+:8+,A,0%)2%C8%>@,/C8B%?C,I%,AB%(%,8,6%1@,Y
,AB:,AYA16%.7,@,)2%A,@AC(F,8)1:8%+%\%)%7>%9%BCF:,.,)B:A187,+1%B:AA:(@,,6
>%@6%7,8B:+,6*,+,%+,8b!E@B,7(,@/c+,A+,pxtt,@%6%+7181AB@%)1<8?C,7&A+1b
8,@:%>:@B%(%%8C%67,8B,%6%.cY>C,A6:A71,7(@:A+,6%@B1+::)1%61AB%6,7&8gh
18B@:+C4,@:8 C8% 7:)1<8 >@,/C8B%8+: A1 B,82% A,8B1+: ):8B18C%@ AC(F,8)1:8%8+: % 6% .
B:+% F,J ?C, A, 1(%8 % )@,%@ B@,A 8C,F%A ,A)C,6%A B-)81)%A AC>,@1:@,A I % %7>61%@ 6%A A1,B,
,H1AB,8B,A\%,H1AB,8)1%+,6%.8:A,>:82%,8+C+%>,@:A2AC18+,>,8+,8)1%\1@,)1(2%
+18,@:>D(61):Y+,(,@2%A,@):8B@:6%+%\
.18%6,A+,6)C@A:pxuqbpxurC8%+,6,/%)1<8+,>%@6%7,8B%@1:A+,6/:(1,@8:+,6*,@,%61J<
C8%F1A1B%%6%.+,67):8,6.18+,0%),@C8%,F%6C%)1<8A:(@,,6B,@@,8:+,6%)%61+%++,
6%+:),8)1%I6%/,AB1<8,):8<71)%\:7:@,AC6B%+:+,6%A18F,AB1/%)1:8,AYA,@,+%)B%@:8C8%
A,@1, +, 18.:@7,A ?C, A, ,8B@,/%@:8 %6 >%@6%7,8B: +, %+,8b!E@B,7(,@/Y ,6 )C%6 +,)1+1<
):8B18C%@:B:@/%8+:C8%AC(F,8)1<8%8C%6%B@%F-A+,6,>%@B%7,8B:+,+C)%)1<8I@B,\
AB,01J:C8%A,@1,+,@,):7,8+%)1:8,A>%@%7,4:@%@,6.C8)1:8%71,8B:+,6%,A)C,6%I):8b
+1)1:8%(%6%AC(F,8)1<8%?C,,86:A,AB%BCB:AA,/%@%8B1J%@%6%1/C%6+%+6%(:@%6+,6:A>@:.,b
A:@,A ):8B@%B%+:A %A2 ):7: 6% A,>%@%)1<8 :@/%81J%B1F% +,6 >,@A:8%6 +, 6% ,A)C,6% +,6 +, 6%
C8+%)1<8\xv,@:,6+1@,)B:@B61)0,@):8A1+,@<?C,,AB%A17>:A1)1:8,A,@%818%),>B%b
(6,A>:@?C,1(%8,8):8B@%+,6%61(,@B%+%)%+-71)%?C,/%@%8B1J%(%6%):8AB1BC)1<8%6,7%8%\
A 7&A 1)0,@ 01J: C8%A %@@:/%8B,A I +,A%.:@BC8%+%A +,)6%@%)1:8,A %7,8%J%8+: ):8 18+,b
>,8+1J%@):7>6,B%7,8B,6%,A)C,6%7,+1%8B,A1AB,7%A+,.18%8)1%)1<8>@:>1:AA1,6:(1,@8:
+,6*,):8B18C%(%):8,AB,B1>:+,184,@,8)1%A\
6%A>@,A1:8,A,HB,@8%A>%@%6%8%)1:8%61J%)1<8I):8B@:6+,6%.A,AC7<C8,8.@,8B%71,8b
B:18B,@8:,8B@,6%.C8+%)1<8I6%,A)C,6%?C,A:)%F%@2%6%%@7:82%+,6%18AB1BC)1<8IA,@2%C8:
+,6:A18/@,+1,8B,A+,6+,A%AB@,+,pxuw\7,+1%+:A+,pxur0%(2%,7>,J%+:C8%+1A>CB%
,8B@,6%,A)C,6%I,6/,@,8B,+,6%.C8+%)1<8Y0:@G%6+1A6,@\AB,:>18%(%?C,6%.C8+%)1<8
+,(2%18+,>,8+1J%@A,+,6%,A)C,6%I%?C,,@%,6D81):18AB@C7,8B:6,/%6>%@%)@,%@%?C,66:A
18AB1BCB:A?C,)@,I,@%):8F,81,8B,A):8,6.18+,0%),@A,%)@,,+:@%+,6%AAC(F,8)1:8,A>Db
(61)%A\:@,6):8B@%@1:Y6%,A)C,6%Y@,>@,A,8B%+%>:@6:A>@:.,A:@,A1)0,@Y%6+:8%+:Y06I
$,1A)0,//Y:>18%(%?C,Y):8,AB%:>)1<8YA,A%)@1.1)%(%,6,A>2@1BC.C8+%)1:8%6+,6),8B@:>C,A
)C%8B%A7&AAC(F,8)1:8,A,AB%B%6,AA,@,)1(1,@%87,8:@A,@2%AC18+,>,8+,8)1%\
>%@B1@+,pxus,7>,J<C8@:A%@1:+,+171A1:8,AI+,A,@)1:8,A[,8.,(@,@:+,pxus6:AB@,A
71,7(@:A+,6):8A,4:,4,)CB1F:+,6%.C8+%)1<88/,)0:66Y%HCB0,@I:@G%6+1A6,@Y?C,%
ACF,J,@%,6/,@,8B,Y>@,A,8B%@:8AC+171A1<8\xw6pw+,4C81:pxus1)0,@@,8C8)1<%ACA,b
/C8+%@,,6,))1<8):7:+1@,)B:@%6,/%8+:7:B1F:A+,A%6C+IY,8 A,>B1,7(@,+,671A7:%9:Y
%(%8+:8<AC.%7:A:,?C1>:+,18F,AB1/%)1<8,8):7C81)%)1<8F1AC%6,bt\18,7(%@/:Y):8B1b
8C<):7:>@:.,A:@0%AB%pxuuY%9:,8?C,.C,,6,/1+:>%@%,6>@:I,)B:/@&.1):+,6:AC,/:A
627>1):A+,C81)0pxvq\8B:8),A+,4<6%,A)C,6%>%@%+,+1)%@A,B:B%67,8B,%AC,ABC+1:+,
+1A,9:\:8-6Y6%.>,@+2%%6D6B17:+,6:AB@,A.C8+%+:@,AI%C8:+,ACA7,4:@,A62+,@,A\
xv
%@%,F1B%@?C,6%.C8+%)1<8>C+1,@%A,@C818AB@C7,8B:+,>:+,@18+,>,8+1,8B,+,8B@:+,6%,A)C,6%Y
6:A,AB%BCB:A+,.182%8?C,Y,8AC:8A,4:A,A:@Y.1/C@%@%A1,7>@,C8+,B,@718%+:8D7,@:+,>@:.,A:@,A\
xw
8/,)0:66I%0%(2%%(%8+:8%+:6%>@,A1+,8)1%+,6%.C8+%)1<8,6pq+,A,>B1,7(@,+,pxuqY
):87:B1F:+,6%%7%@/%)@1A1A,8B@,)1,8B2.1):AI+1A,9%+:@,A\
cpwvc
$#
6%(%8+:8:+,1)0,@0%(2%A1+:>@,),+1+:,8)1,@B:7:+:>:@,6+,%8AC/,6:BY,6(@1b
66%8B,+1@,)B:@+,6,?C1>:,bq?C,@,%61J<6:A7,4:@,A>@:I,)B:A+,+1A,9:+,>@:+C)B:+,6%
.\8pxuqC/,6:B0%(2%%(%8+:8%+:6%+:),8)1%>%@%+,+1)%@A,,H)6CA1F%7,8B,%6:A,8b
)%@/:A +,6 18AB1BCB:\ AB, .C, %+?C1@1,8+: B%6 /@%+: +, %CB:8:72% ?C, ,6 rp +, %/:AB: +,
pxut+,4<+,A,@C8%,8B1+%+A18&817:+,6C)@:>%@%):8F,@B1@A,,8C8%,7>@,A%):7,@)1%6\
6qt+,A,>B1,7(@,+,pxusY+,A>C-A+,6%+171A1<8+,1)0,@Y:7&A%6+:8%+:.C,,6,/1b
+:+1@,)B:@\
C,C8%,6,))1<8>@:(6,7&B1)%>C,A)%A18:0%(2%>@:.,A:@,A)%8+1+%B:AI%6b
+:8%+: 8: ,@% C8% >,@A:8% +,7%A1%+: (1,8 F1AB% >:@ ,6 :8A,4: +, +7181AB@%)1<8 +, 6%
C8+%)1<8 ?C, %6,/< +,.,)B:A +, .:@7% ,8 6%A ,6,))1:8,A\ 6 ro A,>B1,7(@, +, pxuuY
%6+:8%+:+,4<ACB@%(%4:,8,6,?C1>:+,18F,AB1/%)1<8+,+1A,9:+,>@:+C)B:,buYd?C,
0%(2%,H1AB1+:+,A+,pxtwdI8C,F,7,A,A7&AB%@+,Y,8ro+,4C81:+,pxuvYB,@718<):8
AC%)B1F1+%++:),8B,IA,.C,+,67\
6 p :)BC(@, +, pxuu ,@(,@B 06 .C, ,6,/1+: 8C,F: +1@,)B:@ %)%+-71): I AC %7%@/% B%@,%
187,+1%B%.C,6%+,,8.@,8B%@A,%6)1,@@,+,%6/D8+,>%@B%7,8B:I%6+,A>1+:+,6:A):@@,Ab
>:8+1,8B,A>@:.,A:@,A>:@?C,6%A1BC%)1<8,):8<71)%,7>,J%(%%A,@)@2B1)%\
8,.,)B:Y+C@%8B,,6(1,81:pxutbpxuvA,>@:+C4:C8@&>1+:+,B,@1:@:,86%%+7181AB@%)1<8I
6%,):8:72%+,6%.C8+%)1<8\AB%BCF:?C,>,+1@C8)@-+1B:@&>1+:I)%@:>%@%A:6F,8B%@ACA
>@:(6,7%A +, 61?C1+,J\ :@ C8% >%@B,Y 6:A +,61)%+:A >16%@,A ,):8<71):A ?C, 6% A:AB,82%8 A,
0C8+2%8 71,8B@%A ?C,Y >:@ :B@%Y 6%A AC(F,8)1:8,A .,+,@%6,A A, 1(%8 @,):@B%8+: % )%CA% +,6
>@:/@,A1F: %(%8+:8: +, 6%A %)B1F1+%+,A +, 18F,AB1/%)1<8 ?C, 6%A 4CAB1.1)%(%8\xx AB: :)C@@2%
71,8B@%A,6/%AB:.14:+,6%,A)C,6%A,1(%18)@,7,8B%8+:>C,AA,0%(2%%7>61%+:6%>6%8B166%
+,>@:.,A:@,AIA,>@:)C@%(%%C7,8B%@6:AAC,6+:A+,6:AI%,H1AB,8B,A>C,AA,/C2%8A1,8+:
7CI18.,@1:@,A,8@,6%)1<8):86:A+,6%AC81F,@A1+%+,A>D(61)%A\
6/,@,8B,+,6%.C8+%)1<8?C,ACAB1BCI<%:@G%6+1A6,@Y
@1,+@1)0%CY:>18%(%?C,6%
D81)%:>)1<8+,):8B18C1+%+>%@%6%.,@%6%8%)1:8%61J%)1<8\C8?C,,8pxutA,0%(2%66,b
/%+:>:@>@17,@%F,J%6%)1.@%1+,%6+,pto%6C78:AYI%0%(2%?C,+%+:B:B%67,8B,)6%@:?C,
,617>:@B,+,ACA7%B@2)C6%A8:A,@F2%>%@%%CB:.18%8)1%@6%,A)C,6%I?C,6%A>@,F1A1:8,A+,
6:A.C8+%+:@,A0%(2%8A1+:+,6B:+:1@@,%6,A\6>@,AC>C,AB:>@,F1AB:>%@%pxuuAC>,@%(%,8
suo\ooo 7%@):A 6% )%8B1+%+ F1%(6, I ,AB, >@:(6,7% A<6: A, >:+2% @,A:6F,@ 7,+1%8B, C8 %Cb
7,8B:@&>1+:+,6%AAC(F,8)1:8,A>D(61)%A\
,@: ,6 :(1,@8: ,+,@%6 0%(2% ,8)%@/%+: C8 18.:@7, A:(@, 6% . +, 67 % 6% :71A1<8
@:,/,@)CI:.18,@%+,.181@)@1B,@1:A+,%)BC%)1<8>%@%B:+%A6%A18AB1BC)1:8,A,+C)%B1F%A):b
.18%8)1%+%A >:@ 6:A /:(1,@8:A @,/1:8%6,A\ 1/C1,8+: 6:A ):8A,4:A +, ,AB% ):71A1<8Y ,6 :b
(1,@8:.,+,@%6%8C8)1<?C,Y%>%@B1@+,pxuvY)%8),6%(%6%AC(F,8)1<8%8C%6%6%.+,67I
?C,-AB%+,(,@2%?C,+%@,8>:+,@+,6:(1,@8:+,6*,\
):8A,)C,8)1%+,,66:,@%18,F1B%(6,?C,6:A>:62B1):A+,6>%@6%7,8B:+,%+,8b!E@B,7(,@/
A,,8J%@J%@%8,8C8%+1A>CB%A:(@,,6.CBC@:+,6%.+,67\:+%F,J?C,,6),8B@:I%8:
18/@,A%(%+18,@:,8):8),>B:+,18F,AB1/%)1<8c6:A18AB1BCB:A+,1)0,@IC/,6:BA,0%(2%8
),@@%+:,8pxutcI?C,,6:(1,@8:.,+,@%6)%8),6%(%6%AC(F,8)1<8%8C%6Y,@%8):8A)1,8B,A
+, ?C, 6% AC>,@F1F,8)1% +, 6% 18AB1BC)1<8 ,AB%(% ,8 ACA 7%8:A\ , B@%B%(% +, C8 >@:(6,7%
@,%67,8B,,A>18:A:\:A%@/C7,8B:A%.%F:@+,6%):8B18C1+%+I%8:,@%8F&61+:A>:@?C,Y,8
xx
%A:)1%)1<8+,71/:A+,6%.?C,%>:@B%(%+18,@:):8ACA)C:B%AYA,+,AF18)C6<+,6%,A)C,6%)C%8+:
AC>@,A1+,8B,0:@G%6+1A6,@c?C,%+,7&A,@%,6/,@,8B,+,6%
C8+%)1<8c%(%8+:8<ACA)%@/:A\
cpwwc
$#
pxuuY6%.I%8:,@%6%D81)%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:c6%+1A)1>618%I%A,17>%@B2%,8:B@%A,A)C,b
6%A >D(61)%Ac I ACA F28)C6:A ):8 6% 18+CAB@1% A, 0%(2%8 @:B:\ ,82%Y %+,7&AY .%7% +, A,@ C8
),8B@:):8.61)B1F:+:8+,6%A%)B1F1+%+,A+,%/1B%)1<8>:62B1)%>@17%(%8A:(@,6:+:),8B,\,@:
8%+1,?C,@2%66,F%@%6)1,@@,C8),8B@:?C,A,0%(2%/%8%+:C8@,):8:)1+:>@,AB1/1:18B,@8%b
)1:8%6\%7>:):B,82%A,8B1+:),@@%@,A)C,6%A+,)%61+%+>%@%%(@1@:B@%A8C,F%A\8%%6B,@b
8%B1F%>:A1(6,,@%6%8%)1:8%61J%)1<8\
18%67,8B,,6:(1,@8:+,6*,%8C8)1<?C,7%8B,8+@2%>,@:?C,8:18)@,7,8B%@2%,617b
>:@B, +, 6% AC(F,8)1<8 %8C%6\ %@% ,6 /,@,8B, @1,+,@1)0 %C ,AB: ,@% ,6 .18 +, 6% ,A)C,6% I
>@,A,8B<AC+171A1<8,8+1)1,7(@,+,pxuu\
TDQD$/-'; !336,,&!-5/BLTQQGLTQS
6.18%6+,6%,A)C,6%.C,B:@BC:A:I):7>61)%+:I,661(@:+,,8->1BJ%>:@B%B%8B:A+%B:A
A:(@,6%)@1A1A?C,66,F<%6%)6%CAC@%?C,A,0%),+1.2)16@,%61J%@C8%A28B,A1A\poo666,/%@,6)C@b
A:pxuvbpxuwY6%A1BC%)1<8,):8<71)%,@%+,A,A>,@%+%I6%.C8+%)1<8+1.C8+1<C8AC)18B:
18.:@7,+,)6%@%8+:?C,A,,8):8B@%(%,8A1BC%)1<8+,18A:6F,8)1%>C,AA:(@,F1F2%%(%A,+,
)@-+1B:A 6: ?C, %C7,8B%(% AC ,8+,C+%71,8B:\ % 8:B1)1% >166< +,A>@,F,81+% % 6% ,A)C,6%
>C,AY)C@1:A%7,8B,Y816:A>@:.,A:@,A816:A%6C78:A0%(2%8A1+:):8A)1,8B,A0%AB%,8B:8),A
+,6%/@%F,+%++,6%A1BC%)1<8>:@?C,6%A@,6%)1:8,A,8B@,6:A+:),8B,AI6%.C8+%)1<8A,0%b
(2%8@:B:0%)2%B1,7>:\%.C8+%)1<818A1AB2%,8?C,,6)1,@@,+,%6/C8:A+,>%@B%7,8B:A,@%
18,F1B%(6, % 6: ?C, 6% ,A)C,6% A, :>CA: @,)6%7%8+: %6 %8+B%/ ,6 ):(@: >:@ %8B1)1>%+: +,
roo\ooo7%@):A+,6:ApYq7166:8,A?C,+,(2%@,)1(1@,86:A>@<H17:A%9:A\6/C8:A>:62B1):AY
):7: ,6 @,>@,A,8B%8B, +,6 ,>%@B%7,8B: +, ,):8:72% +,6 %8+Y E8B0,@ :C6%8/,@Y : ,6
8C,F:%6)%6+,+,67Y%8A:@,8A,@ghYA,A:61+%@1J%@:8):86%)%CA%+,6%.>,@:,6
>@:(6,7%,@%?C,-AB%A,0%(2%):8F,@B1+:,8C8%CB-8B1):@:7>,)%(,J%A\:)1,@B:,A?C,
6:A@,A>:8A%(6,A+,6,@%@1:>D(61):8:+,A,%(%8),@@%@C8),8B@:+,@,):8:)1+:>@,AB1/1:,8
,6?C,0%(2%818F,@B1+:7C)0:+18,@:Y>,@:B%7>:):,AB%(%8+1A>C,AB:A%:B:@/%@>@1F16,/1:A
,):8<71):A A18 818/C8% ):8B@%>%@B1+%\ 6 >@:(6,7% 8: A<6: ,@% ?C, 6% .C8+%)1<8 ,@% 18A:6b
F,8B,A18:?C,%+,7&A,@%18)%>%J+,%)BC%@>:@?C,6%,A)C,6%0%(2%>,@+1+:%ACA.C8+%+:b
@,A I % ACA >@18)1>%6,A ),@,(@:AY I 6:A %6C78:A A, ,8):8B@%(%8 ,8 C8 ,AB%+: +, %/1B%)1<8
>,@7%8,8B,>:@6:?C,6%)%61+%++,6%,8A,9%8J%A,0%66%(%,8,8B@,+1)0:\
8.,(@,@:+,pxuw,67181AB@:+,,+C)%)1<8I%@B,+,6*,,8F1<C818.:@7,%67181AB,@1:.,b
+,@%6>@:>:81,8+:6%.CA1<8+,6%.+,67):86%A)C,6%+,8/,81,@2%+,67\%>@:>C,Ab
B%,@%@%J:8%(6,>,@:6,F%8B<C8%)%7>%9%+,>@:B,AB%,8B@,6:A,ABC+1%8B,A+,B%6,8F,@/%b
+C@%?C,,6>@:I,)B:BCF:?C,A,@@,B1@%+:\:A%6C78:A%)CA%(%8%67181AB,@1:+,_%A,A18%B:`
+,6%.F,18B1)18):%9:A+,A>C-A+,?C,6:A8%J1A%A,A18%@%8%%8AI:>01,)0:66\
:A>:62B1):A8:01)1,@:8+,7%A1%+:)%A:+,6%A>@:B,AB%A,ABC+1%8B16,AI,67181AB@:+,,+Cb
)%)1<8+,66%8+!160,7%08>@:>CA:6%)@,%)1<8+,C8%:@/%81J%)1<866%7%+%_A)C,6%AB%b
B%6+,8/,81,@2%+,67IA)C,6%C>,@1:@+,1A,9:+,67`):8>6%8,A+,,ABC+1:AA,>%b
@%+:A>,@:):8%+7181AB@%)1<8D81)%\%>@:>C,AB%,@%@%J:8%(6,Y/,8,@:A%IF1%(6,\16%.
8:6%%),>B%(%Y,86C/%@+,0%(6%@+,_%A,A18%B:`0%(@2%?C,0%(6%@+,_AC1)1+1:`\8@,%61+%+
,AB% D6B17% A,@2% 6% F2% ?C, A, ,6,/1@2% I% ?C, 6% ,A)C,6% >@,B,8+2% 6: 17>:A1(6, ,8 %?C,66%
->:)%Y%A%(,@YC8%_8%)1:8%61J%)1<818+,>,8+1,8B,`\
poo
$Y,8-[_,@(,@06[)B:(,@pxuuB0@:C/0,),7(,@pxuw`,82E%6\Y>&/A\ruobrxv\
cpwxc
$#
%
C8+%)1<8+,)1+1<+1A:6F,@A,):7:,8B1+%+>%b
B@:)18%+:@%+,6%.,6ro+,A,>B1,7(@,+,pxuw
)@,I,8+: ?C, 6% 8%)1:8%61J%)1<8 A,@2% 18718,8B,\
%,A)C,6%?C,+%(%%A2%(%8+:8%+%%ACAC,@B,IY
%C8?C,,8,6>%@6%7,8B:+,%+,8!E@B,7,(,@/
/:(,@8%(% C8% 7%I:@2% +, +,@,)0%AY >%@% ,F1B%@
,6 _,.,)B: %C0%CA` A, +,)1+1< +:B%@ +, xoo\ooo
7%@):A % 6% . >%@% ,6 )C@A: pxuwbpxux ):8 )%b
@&)B,@+,C6B17&BC7I):86%):8+1)1<8+,%A:)1%@b
A,%6%81F,@A1+%++,BCBB/%@B):8,6.18+,:.@,b
),@C8>@:/@%7%+,>:AB/@%+:\pop6+1@,)B:@,@b
(,@B0618.:@7<%6%81F,@A1+%++,BCBB/%@B?C,
,6>6%8,@%18F1%(6,Y+%+%6%A1BC%)1<8+,%8%@?C2%
,8 6% ?C, A, ,8):8B@%(% >:@ ,8B:8),A 6% .\ 8
+1)1,7(@,+,pxuwY+,A>C-A+,C8>%B-B1):18B,8b 36. Operación espacial en un plano.
B: +, 181)1: +, )C@A: ):8 A:6: rt %6C78:AY 6% ,Ab Profesor Herbert Kapitzki,
)C,6%+,4<+,,H1AB1@):7:18AB1BC)1<8,+C)%B1F%\poq alumno Andrés Dimitri, curso 1967-1968.
C8?C,6:A>@:(6,7%A,):8<71):A.C,@:8)@C)1%6,A,8,6.@%)%A:+,6%.+,67YB%7>:):
+,(,8+,A)%@B%@A,6:A7:B1F:A>:62B1):A>C,AA,B@%B%(%+,C8),8B@:_18)<7:+:`\8@,%61b
+%+6%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:+,678:@,>@,A,8B%(%818/D8>,61/@:>%@%,6A1AB,7%C81F,@A1B%b
@1:Y>,@:6:)1,@B:,A?C,ACA1+,%AY,6/@%+:+,>%@B1)1>%)1<8+,6:A,ABC+1%8B,A,86%/,AB1<8
%)%+-71)%I,86%,6,))1<8+,6:A)%@/:A1(%7CI>:@+,6%8B,+,6:0%(1BC%6,86%AC81F,@A1+%b
+,A>D(61)%A+,6%->:)%\#%C8?C,6%8%)1:8%61J%)1<80C(1,@%AC>C,AB:C8%A%61+%+1/8%Y6:A
%6C78:A+,6%.c):,B&8,:A+,6%@,F:6C)1<8+,%I:+,%@2A+,pxuwcF,2%8,8)%+%18b
B,8B:+,%(A:@)1<8,AB%B%6,6.%8B%A7%+,C8)@,)1,8B,%CB:@1B%@1A7:?C,>:82%6%+,7:)@%b
)1%+,AC),8B@:IY>:@,HB,8A1<8Y+,6,7%81%,8>,61/@:\AB%>,@),>)1<8Y)%A101AB-@1)%Y+,
?C,,H1AB2%C8%):8.%(C6%)1<8+,,8,71/:A?C,?C,@2%8),@@%@6%,A)C,6%17>1+1<%>@:F,)0%@
6%A:>:@BC81+%+,AI6:A+1F,@A:A>6%8,A+,A%6F%)1<8?C,,6:(1,@8:+,6*,0%(2%>@:>C,Ab
B:\,0%(,@6:0,)0:6%,A)C,6%0C(1,@%A:(@,F1F1+:Y,A:A2YA%)@1.1)%8+:AC18+,>,8+,8)1%\
:@6%,A)C,6%.+,670%(2%8>%A%+:usoY%6C78:A+,6:A)C%6,AYqqoA,0%(2%8/@%+C%+:
,8+1A,9:+,>@:+C)B:Yprt,8):7C81)%)1<8F1AC%6Ypqv,8):8AB@C))1<8Yqr,8)18,Ips,8
)1,8)1%A+,6%18.:@7%)1<8\:6%7,8B,,6pt{+,6%>:(6%)1<8,ABC+1%8B16,@%87C4,@,A\
TDRD /!-&;+&-9!45&$&0-!-!+ !135,!-5/ !13/ 65/
,6:A)C%B@:+,>%@B%7,8B:A>@:>1:A+,6%.+,67Y,6+,+1A,9:+,>@:+C)B:.C,,6?C,
BCF: 7&A %6C78:A I ,6 ?C, +1: 7%I:@ >@,AB1/1: % 6% 18AB1BC)1<8\ CA >@:.,A:@,A .14:A .C,@:8
%H166YC1:8A1,>,Y%8AC/,6:BY,:@/,:G%6+Y,@(,@B18+18/,@Y:7&A%6+:8%+:I
!%6B,@$,1A)0,//\por
pop
8AB1BC)1:8%67,8B,Y,6:(1,@8:+,6*,8:>:+2%),@@%@6%,A)C,6%>:@?C,,@%C8
),8B@:>@1F%+:\%+,)1A1<8+,6)1,@@,+,6%,A)C,6%A<6:>:+2%B:7%@6%6%
C8+%)1<8\
poq
:7:,6)C@A:%)%+-71):8:BCF:6C/%@Y>%@%+<41)%7,8B,,6(%6%8),,):8<71):
%6)1,@@,+,pxuw.C,>:A1B1F:\
por
:@7:B1F:A+,,HB,8A1<8I,A>,)1.1)1+%+8:+,A%@@:66%@-6%+:),8)1%
,8,6@,AB:+,+,>%@B%7,8B:A\AB%,AB&(%AB%8B,(1,8+,A)@1B%,8,661(@:+,18+18/,@\
cpxoc
$#
:A ,ABC+1%8B,A %>@,8+2%8 % +1A,9%@ :(b
4,B:A >%@% ,6 0:/%@ I 6% :.1)18% %A2 ):7:
(1,8,A +, ,?C1>: g7%?C18%@1%h , 18AB@Cb
7,8B:A )1,8B2.1):A\ ,@: 6% B,7&B1)% +,
6:A >@:I,)B:A 8: %(%@)%(% A:6%7,8B, %6
>@:+C)B: 18+1F1+C%6 : %1A6%+: A18: B%7b
(1-8 % /@C>:A +, >@:+C)B:A IY A:(@, B:b
+:Y%6:AA1AB,7%A7:+C6%@,A\%6</1)%+,
6% @%)1:8%61+%+ 17>61)%(% ?C,Y >:@ C8 6%b
+:Y A, 18)C6)%@% % 6:A %6C78:A 6% 8,),A1b
+%+ +, 18B,/@%@ 6:A .%)B:@,A .C8)1:8%6,AY
)C6BC@%6,AYB,)8:6</1):AI,):8<71):A,8
,6+1A,9:>,@:Y>:@:B@:YB%7(1-8A,>@,b
B,8+2%?C,-AB:A18/,81%@%8I+,B,@718%b
@%8)1,@B:A>%B@:8,A+,CA:I+,):8AC7: 37. Radiotocadiscos SK4 Braun,
?C,.C,@%8A:)1%67,8B,@,A>:8A%(6,A\
diseño de Hans Gugelot y Dieter Rams, 1954.
&A%66&+,6C@A:&A1):Y?C,.C,:(61/%B:@1:>%@%B:+:A6:A,ABC+1%8B,A+,A+,pxtr0%AB%
pxupI)CI%01AB:@1%0,7:A8%@@%+:,86:A%>%@B%+:A%8B,@1:@,AY,86:A61AB%+:A+,%A1/8%BCb
@%A?C,%>%@,),8,86%A>C(61)%)1:8,A+,6%.A,%+F1,@B,,6B:8:)1,8B1.1AB%?C,17>@,/8%b
(%6%+:),8)1%\posC@%8B,,6)C@A:pxtwbtxY(%4:,6+:7181:+,6:A>@:.,A:@,A)1,8B2.1):AY6:A
,ABC+1%8B,AB,82%86%AA1/C1,8B,A%A1/8%BC@%A):7C8,A[-B:+:A+,@,>@,A,8B%)1<8Y1AB:@1%
)C6BC@%6 +,6 A1/6: ""Y %B,7&B1)%Ab.2A1)%b?C271)%Y 8&61A1A :>,@%B1F: 7%B,7&B1):Y ,B:+:6:b
/2%Y:)1:6:/2%Y,@,)0:+,>%B,8B,AI,:@2%+,6%)1,8)1%Y4,@)1)1:A+,7,B:+:6:/2%F1AC%6I
B%66,@,@%86%A7%B,@1%A?C,B,82%87%I:@)%@/%6,)B1F%\
C@%8B, %?C,6 71A7: )C@A: 6%A %A1/8%BC@%A ,A>,)2.1)%A >%@% 6:A %6C78:A +, 1A,9: +, @:b
+C)B:.C,@:8@:I,)B:AgA1/8hY
1A1:6:/2%%>61)%+%Y,718%@1:+,01AB:@1%Y,:@2%+,6%>@:b
+C))1<8Y ,)&81)%Y :)1:6:/2%Y %B,@1%6,A I B-)81)%A (&A1)%A\ F1+,8B,7,8B, 6% %A1/8%BC@%
):8 7%I:@ )%@/% 6,)B1F% ,@% 6% +, @:I,)B:A\ )0: %9:A +,A>C-AY ,8 ,6 )C@A: pxuubuvY 6%A
%A1/8%BC@%A B,<@1)%A A, 18)618%(%8 7&A 0%)1% 6%A )1,8)1%A A:)1%6,A >,@: 8: 0%(2%8 +,4%+: +,
B,8,@17>:@B%8)1%\
%A%A1/8%BC@%A,A>,)2.1)%A>%@%1A,9:+,@:+C)B:,@%8[,:@2%+,6+1A,9:Y@/:8:72%Y:b
)1:6:/2%Y
2A1)%B-)81)%Y1A,9:B-)81):g1,8)1%+,6:A7%B,@1%6,AIB,:@2%+,6%):8AB@C))1<8h\
?C,66%A ?C, B,82%8 C8% 7%I:@ )%@/% 6,)B1F% ,@%8 6%A >@&)B1)%A : 18AB@C7,8B%6,A[ @:I,)B:A
+,+1A,9:Y%?C,B%AI@,>@,A,8B%)1<8YI,:7,B@2%):8AB@C)B1F%\
%)%8B1+%+I)%61+%++,6:A>@:I,)B:A@,%61J%+:A>%@%,7>@,A%A>:@6:A/@C>:A+,18F,AB1/%b
)1<8 +1@1/1+:A >:@ %8A C/,6:B g,qh I !%6B,@ $,1A)0,// g,rh ,A @,%67,8B, 17>@,A1:8%8B, I
7CI>@,):JA:(@,B:+:A1B,8,7:A,8)C,8B%?C,,8pxttY)C%8+:6%A)6%A,A,7>,J%@:8,8
,68C,F:)%7>CAYI%66,/%@:86:A>@17,@:A,8)%@/:A\8%?C,671A7:%9:Y@%C8A,+1@1/1<
%6%.+,67):8,6:(4,B1F:+,@,>6%8B,%@):7>6,B%7,8B,6%17%/,8+,AC,7>@,A%\8
6:A/@C>:A+,18F,AB1/%)1<8+,1A,9:+,@:+C)B:A,+1A,9%@:86:A%>%@%B:A+,A:81+:71,8b
B@%A?C,,86:A/@C>:A+,:7C81)%)1<8 1AC%6A,+1A,9%@:86%17%/,8):@>:@%B1F%Y6%>C(61)1b
+%+I6:A.:66,B:AY6:AAB%8+AI6:A,A)%>%@%B,A\
pos
Y,@(,@Bg+\h[_B%B1AB1)A:.B,%)018/0:C@Apxtwbtx`
I_B%B1AB1)A:.B,%)018/0:C@AYpxuubuv`,82E%6\Y>&/A\qwobqwr\
cpxpc
$#
38. Vajilla apilable TC-100. Proyecto de final de carrera del alumno Hans Roerich, 1959.
39. Máquina de coser Pfa FF. Diseño de Hans Gugelot y Herbert Lindinger, 1959.
+,7&A+,6%A@%+1:AYB:)%+1A):AI>@17,@:A%>%@%B:A+,1b.1>%@%@%C8Y,86%.+,67A,
+1A,9<,6A1AB,7%+,7C,(6,Apqt>%@%:.18/,@ZC8%A166%+,A7:8B%(6,>%@%!16+,l>1,B0Z
C8%A166%+,):8B@%)0%>%+:>%@%!1650%8Z6%F%4166%+,0:AB,6,@2%poo>%@%0:7%Aa:A,8Bb
0%6ZC8%7&?C18%+,):A,@>%@%.%
YZC8%7&?C18%+,):A,@>%@%@1BJ8,@ZC8),81),@:
%>16%(6,>%@%,61BZ,6A1AB,7%+,%67%),8%71,8B:+,+%B:A81+%B%IAB,7>%@%6,H18+,@Y
7(0Z6%7&?C18%+,,A)@1(1@,58,r>%@%61F,BB1ZC8%7%6,B%+,>6&AB1):>%@%%8818/I,6
0,61)<>B,@:pot>%@%\:A>@:I,)B:A?C,,AB%(%866%7%+:A%B,8,@7&A17>%)B:A:)1%6
.C,@:8,6>@:I,)B:@+,+1%>:A1B1F%A):8)%@@CA,6)1@)C6%@>%@%:+%5gpxurhY?C,B:+%F2%>,@b
7%8,),,8,67,@)%+:YI6:AF%/:8,A+,67,B@:+,%7(C@/:?C,.%(@1)%@2%:..7%88bCA)0\
%@% 6% @,%61J%)1<8 +, ,AB, D6B17: >@:I,)B: A, ):8.1/C@< C8 %7>61: ,?C1>: +, >@:.,A:@,A I
%6C78:AIA,>CA:,A>,)1%6,A7,@:,86%18F,AB1/%)1<8+,6:A%A>,)B:A,@/:8<71):AY01/1-81):A
I%8B1F%8+&61):A+,6:A18B,@1:@,A\AB:AA,@,F1AB1,@:8):8>6%)%A7:+C6%@,A+,>:61-AB,@@,.:@b
J%+:):8.1(@%+,F1+@1:,86:A?C,A,18B,/@%(%86%AF,8B%8%AI%)),A:@1:A\pot
TDSD& !/+/$' !+1+- !!456 &/4;+/-&!-&3'5&
%@%,6)@2B1):,01AB:@1%+:@+,6%%@?C1B,)BC@%,88,B
@%7>B:8Y6%.+,67.C,6%,A)C,6%
+,+1A,9:7&AA1/81.1)%B1F%+,6%A,/C8+%71B%++,6A1/6:""Y8:B%8B:>:@6:A>@:+C)B:A?C,
+1A,9<Y81>:@6:A,H),6,8B,A+1A,9%+:@,A?C,.:@7<YA18:>:@,6,HB@%:@+18%@1:81F,6+,):8b
)1,8)1%)@2B1)%?C,.C,)%>%J+,7%8B,8,@,8B:+:ACB@%(%4:):B1+1%8:\pou
%,A)C,6%.C,>1:8,@%YB%8B:>:@,6+,A%@@:66:+,6:A7-B:+:A+,+1A,9:):86:A?C,:(BCF:
8:B%(6,A@,AC6B%+:A):7:>:@6:A+,(%B,A?C,7%8BCF:%)%CA%+,AC@%)1:8%61+%++1%6-)B1)%\
B@%F-A+,6:A%@B2)C6:A>C(61)%+:A,86:Aqp8D7,@:A+,AC@,F1AB%*+C
@%7>B:8>,@)1(,
?C,Y):8B@%@1%7,8B,%6%)@,,8)1%7&A,HB,8+1+%Y8:,H1AB2%C8%1+,%7:8:62B1)%+,6+1A,9:
A18:?C,-AB%,@%,6@,AC6B%+:+,6):8AB%8B,18B,@)%7(1:+,:>181:8,A\%A>@17,@%A+,)6%@%b
)1:8,A@,%61J%+%A>:@%H166,8pxtrY%9:+,6%.C8+%)1<8+,6),8B@:Y+%(%8%,8B,8+,@?C,
6%B%@,%+,6%.,7>,J%(%%662+:8+,6%%C0%CA6%0%(2%+,4%+:I?C,6:?C,0%(2%?C,0%b
),@,@%,HB,8+,@6%1+,%+,%@B,+,A+,6:A:(4,B:A0%AB%6%):8AB@C))1<8I,6C@(%81A7:[
pot
8,661(@:+,18+18/,@Y8:0%IC8%@,6%)1<8,H0%CAB1F%+,B:+:A6:A,8)%@/:A,4,)CB%+:A
>,@:%B@%F-A+,6:A%(C8+%8B,A)@-+1B:A.:B:/@&.1):AA,>C,+,:(B,8,@(%AB%8B,18.:@7%)1<8\
pou
Y,88,B0[_0,1+,:6:/I:.%C@@2)C6C7`,8Y,@(,@B[2E%6EC>&/A\probpst\
cpxqc
$#
_:A.C8+%+:@,A+,6%A)C,6%+,67)@,,8?C,,6%@B,,A6%,H>@,A1<87&A,6,F%+%+,6%F1+%
0C7%8%IY>:@6:B%8B:YAC:(4,B1F:,A%IC+%@%?C,6%F1+%A,):8F1,@B%,8C8%:(@%+,%@B,\
1/C1,8+:,6)%718:+,67,7:@%(6,@,B:6%8J%+:>:@ %8+, ,6+,0%),to%9:AY?C,@,7:A
+,)1@_/C,@@%%6%.,%6+%+`I6%.,%6+%+A<6:A,>C,+,):7(%B1@):8%?C,66:?C,,A18B@28A,)%b
7,8B,(C,8:]`(C,8:`>:@?C,,A%671A7:B1,7>:):@@,)B:IDB16\:7:0,@,+,@%+1@,)B%+,
6%,A)C,6%+, %8+, ,6+,+,!,17%@Y,86%%C0%CA+,,AA%CA,>6%8B,%@:86:A71A7:A:(b
4,B1F:A\1,867?C,@,7:A1@7&A%66&+,6:?C,6:01J:,AA%C,A>:@?C,6:A@,?C1A1B:A+,6:A
B1,7>:A+,>:ABb/C,@@%@,)6%7%86%%7>61%)1<8+,6>6%8+,,ABC+1:A\:@,4,7>6:?C,@,7:A
+%@7&A17>:@B%8)1%%6+1A,9:+,6:A:(4,B:A):@@1,8B,A+,6%F1+%):B1+1%8%Z17>C6A%@B%8B:
):7:A,%>:A1(6,,6+,A%@@:66:+,6C@(%81A7:I6%>6%81.1)%)1<8@,/1:8%6ZI,6,F%@,6+1A,9:F1b
pov
AC%6%6:A,AB&8+%@,A7&A,6,F%+:A?C,>,@71B%86%AB,)8:6:/2%A%F%8J%+%A\` %)1% pxtwY 6%A +,)6%@%)1:8,A +, 6% ,A)C,6% 0%(2%8 )%7(1%+: B:B%67,8B, +, :@1,8B%)1<8\ #%
8:A,0%(6%(%+,66,/%+:(%C0%CA1%8:81+,6%F:6C8B%++,,HB,8+,@6%%)B1F1+%+%@B2AB1)%0%Ab
B%6%>6%81.1)%)1<8@,/1:8%6\,A>C-A+,6%+171A1<8+,166I(%4:,67%8+%B:+,6%+1@,))1<8
):6,/1%+%Y ,6 -8.%A1A A, >:82% ,8 6% .:@7%)1<8 +, +1A,9%+:@,A B-)81)%7,8B, )C%61.1)%+:A ,8
B:+%A6%A&@,%A+,6%>@:+C))1<8I6%):7C81)%)1<8[
_%:)0A)0C6,.E@,AB%6BC8/.:@7%,A>,)1%61AB%A>%@%+:AB%@,%A+1.,@,8B,AAC@/1+%A+,6%)1b
F161J%)1<8 B-)81)%[ ,6 +1A,9: +, >@:+C)B:A 18+CAB@1%6,A g+,>%@B%7,8B:A +, +1A,9: 18+CAB@1%6 I
):8AB@C))1<8hZ ,6 +1A,9: +, 6:A 7,+1:A +, ):7C81)%)1<8 F1AC%6,A I F,@(%6,A g+,>%@B%7,8B:A
+,):7C81)%)1<8F1AC%6,18.:@7%)1<8hi]j,,AB,7:+:6%,A)C,6%.:@7%+1A,9%+:@,A>%@%
6%A 18+CAB@1%A +, (1,8,A +, ):8AC7: %A2 ):7: >%@% 6:A 7,+1:A +, ):7C81)%)1<8 %)BC%6,A[
>@,8A%Y)18,Y@%+1:+1.CA1<8YB,6,F1A1<8I>C(61)1+%+\AB:A+1A,9%+:@,A+,(,8B,8,@%AC+1A>:b
A1)1<8,6):8:)171,8B:B-)81):I)1,8B2.1):8,),A%@1:>%@%):6%(:@%@,86%18+CAB@1%+,0:I,8
+2%\671A7:B1,7>:+,(,8)%>B%@IB,8,@7CI>@,A,8B,6%A):8A,)C,8)1%A)C6BC@%6,AIA:)1:b
pow
6</1)%A+,ACB@%(%4:`\ %+,AF18)C6%)1<8+,6%>,+%/:/2%+,6%%C0%CAB%7(1-8A,01J:,F1+,8B,,86:AB%66,@,AZI%8:
A,>@,B,8+2%0%),@%@B,A%82%81>@:+C)B:A%)%(%+:AYA<6:A,,8A,9%(%6%B-)81)%+,6B@%(%4:+,
):8.,))1<8+,7%?C,B%A,87%+,@%Y7,B%6Y,A)%I:6%I6%.:B:/@%.2%\C8?C,,6C@A:&A1):BCb
F:0%AB%pxup%6/C8%@,7181A),8)1%(%C0%CA1%8%Y8::)C@@2%6:71A7:):86:AB@,A/@C>:A+,
%A1/8%BC@%A):7C8,A>%@%6:A)C%B@:+,>%@B%7,8B:A17>%@B1+:A,86%.[,6/@C>:+,$%56.4%
5.%.G7*674*YC8B,7%?C,8:B,82%6C/%@,86%<>B1)%F1A1:8%@1%+,6%%C0%CAZ,6/@C>:+,6%
%,: 56%#%0, .2 46%:Y ?C, ):7>@,8+2% 6% B,:@2% +, ):84C8B:AY 6% ,AB%+2AB1)% I 6% >@:/@%7%b
)1<8618,%6Z,6/@C>:+,B,7%A@,6%)1:8%+:A):86%6 .4&=* 2%56 +.*.#&+,6%)1,8)1%?C,A,
+1F1+2% ,8 B,:@2% +,6 ):7>:@B%71,8B: I B,:@2% +, 6%A 7&?C18%A\ AB% :@1,8B%)1<8 >,+%/</1)%
A,@F2%>%@%,AB@C)BC@%@,6>@:/@%7%I>@:)6%7%@>D(61)%7,8B,6%1+,:6:/2%+,6%,A)C,6%\
% )1,8)1% I 6% 7,B:+:6:/2% A,@2%8 6:A 18AB@C7,8B:A ?C, /%@%8B1J%@2%8 ?C, 6% . +, 67 8:
B,@718%@%/,8,@%8+:C8,AB16:Y):7:0%(2%0,)0:6%%C0%CA\,0%18A1AB1+:7C)0:,8?C,6%
.A,)@,<>%@%6C)0%@):8B@%6%>:>C6%@1+%+I6%>@&)B1)%+,656=*%,#8:@B,%7,@1)%8:,8B,8+1b
+: ):7: 7,@: @,F,AB171,8B: +, >@:+C)B:A\ ,@: 0%(2% 7&A ,AB16:A ):8B@% 6:A ?C, 6C)0%@[ ,8
pxttY,86%,>D(61)%
,+,@%66,7%8%YA,01J:C8,ABC+1:?C,+,7:AB@%(%?C,,6w{+,6:A
%6,7%8,A>@,.,@2%,6:@/%81)1A7:Z,6uo{Y,6@,8%)171,8B:%6,7&8I,6qo{,6,AB16:@DAB1):\pox
,@:%+,7&A+C@%8B,6:A%9:AA,A,8B%,8,67C8+:%8/6:A%4<8,7,@/2%):8.C,@J%,6:>b@B\
pov
@17,@7%81.1,AB:+,%H166):7:+1@,)B:@+,6%.+,67\1B%+:>:@
Y,88,B0[
,8Y,@(,@BY2E%6\&/\prqgB@%+C))1<8+,6%6,7&8+,6%CB:@I+,68/6-AA%(,6%7>1h\
pow
@%/7,8B:+,C8%@B2)C6:>C(61)%+:,8,68D7,@:p+,6%@,F1AB%*+gpxtwh\
1B%+:>:@
Y,88,B0,8Y,@(,@B[2E%6\Y>&/\prr\
pox
Y1)0%,6[_6:8,18%18AB@,%7`,8Y,@(,@B[2E%6\Y>&/A\vobvt\
cpxrc
$#
6)@2B1):+,%@B,(@1B&81):,I8,@%80%7Y?C,F1A1B<,8%6/C8%A:)%A1:8,A6%.+,67Y
?C,+<17>@,A1:8%+:>:@,6@2/1+:A1AB,7%+,_17>,@%B1F:A)%B,/<@1):A`):86:A?C,:>,@%b
(%6%,A)C,6%I?C,6%0%)2%817>,@7,%(6,%)C%6?C1,@F,6,1+%+.:@7%61AB%),@)%8%%651BA)0Y
%6 56=*%,# : %6 :>b@B\ppo :7&A %6+:8%+: A, @,A1AB2% 7C)0: % %),>B%@ %?C,66:A ,AB16:A
_+,AF,@/:8J%+:A`?C,6:AB,<@1):A18/6,A,A+,6%@B,+,.,8+2%8):8%@/C7,8B:A>:>C61AB%AI
):8AC71AB%A\%7(1-8@,)0%J%(%6%AB,:@2%A+,@,/:@%C6A:8A:(@,,656=*%,#)C%8+:+,b
)2% ?C, ,6 +1A,9%+:@ +,(2% 18B,/@%@ ,6 .%)B:@ ,AB-B1): %6 _F%6:@ +, CA:` I 8: %6 _F%6:@ +,
)%7(1:` B%6 I ):7: +,.,8+2% ,6 7%@5,B18/\ %6+:8%+: 8: ?C,@2% +,4%@A, A,+C)1@ >:@ ,6
8,:61(,@%61A7:81>:@%?C,66%,A>,)1,+,, .G,7 :.( 6%:%I%?C,,AB16:Y>@:+C))1<8I
):8AC7: >6%8B,%(%8 )C,AB1:8,A 18B,@@,6%)1:8%+%A ,8B@, A2 B%6,A ):7:[ X%4: ?C- )1@)C8Ab
B%8)1%A6%>@:+C))1<818+CAB@1%6A,@2%)%>%J+,61(,@%@A,+,6%A+,7%8+%A@,B<@1)%A+,67%@b
5,B18/8,:b51BA)0W:X<7:>:+,7:A+,B,@718%@+,7:+:@%)1:8%6 ,6.,8<7,8:+,6):8b
AC7:,8@,6%)1<8):86%A8,),A1+%+,AW
C8?C,6:A+,B@%)B:@,A+,6%.6%%)CA%@:8+,/,8,@%@C8,AB16:+,>@:+C)B:,61B1AB%?C,
A:6%7,8B,,@%):7>@,8+1+:>:@C87,@)%+:718:@1B%@1:Y_6*..)678:,A7&A?C,C8,>1b
A:+1:(@166%8B,,86%01AB:@1%+,6%7:+%I,6,AB16:`c%.1@7< ,67%B,7&B1):I>@:.,A:@:@A
!\\1BB,6cpppY6:)1,@B:,A?C,,86%.+,67A,>CA:7C)0:,7>,9:,8,8B,8+,@6:A7,b
)%81A7:A+,6%A:)1,+%++,):8AC7:):8,6.18+,):8B@:6%@ACA,H),A:A\0:@%(1,8):7:+1b
4:%6+:8%+:,8pxtwY,6F,@+%+,@:>@:(6,7%,@%?C,[
_16:A>A1):%8%61AB%AY816:A>@:.,A1:8%6,A+,6%)@2B1)%+,8C,AB@%)1F161J%)1<80%8A1+:)%>%),A
+,>@:>:@)1:8%@8:AC8%,H>61)%)1<8>6%CA1(6,+,6.,8<7,8:+,6):8AC7:\1A1?C1,@%6:0%8
6:/@%+:6:A7%@H1AB%A\8:+,,66:AY,6.16<A:.:.@%8)-AY,8@1,.,F@,Y,A)@1(1<@,)1,8B,7,8B,[
>:@6:?C,A,@,.1,@,%6,ABC+1:)1,8B2.1):+,6%A@,6%)1:8,A+,>@:+C))1<8?C,%.,)B%8%6%,):b
8:72%>:62B1)%]?C,+%7C)0:)%7>:>%@%C8%18F,AB1/%)1<8):8)@,B%+,6%%>@:>1%)1<8[>%@%
ppq
C8%B,:@2%+,6%A8,),A1+%+,A`\ &A%66&+,,AB%A):7>6,4%A)C,AB1:8,AA:(@,,6):8AC7:Y6%.A,,A.:@J<B%7(1-8>:@,8b
):8B@%@C8%>,+%/:/2%?C,AC>,@%@%6%B@%+1)1:8%6:>:A1)1<8,8B@,B,:@2%I>@&)B1)%,86%,8b
A,9%8J%+,6+1A,9:\C8?C,6%1+,%(%C0%CA1%8%+,6_%>@,8+,@0%)1,8+:`B,82%%A>,)B:A>:b
A1B1F:AYppr6:A%9:A)18)C,8B%,@%8:B@:AB1,7>:AI0%(2%?C,,8):8B@%@,67:+:+,AC>,@%@,6
-8.%A1A ,H),A1F%7,8B, 61B,@%@1: +, 6% B@%+1)1<8 0C7%82AB1)%\ ,/D8 %6+:8%+: 6% +1):B:72%
,8B@, B,:@2% I >@&)B1)% A, >:+@2% @,A:6F,@ 7,+1%8B, ,6 _:>,@%)1:8%61A7: )1,8B2.1):` +,A%@@:b
66%+: >:@ 8%B:6 %>:>:@B I >C(61)%+: ,8 pxtr ):8 ,6 8:7(@, +, %*.5."& .2 4%.,*E 6
%B@%)B1F:+,67-B:+:+,%>:>:@B@%+1)%(%,8AC18B,8B:+,>@:>:@)1:8%@C8A1AB,7%>@,)1A:Y
+,(%A,7%B,7&B1)%Y>%@%6%,F%6C%)1<8+,)C@A:A>@&)B1):AY>:):0%(1BC%6,A,86%C81F,@A1b
+%+\%>:>:@B,A)@1(2%?C,_,6:>,@%)1:8%61A7:,A6%.16:A:.2%+,6%A%))1:8,A?C,A,+1@1/,8%
:(B,8,@ C8:A :(4,B1F:A\ 7>1,J% ):8 ,6 %8&61A1A 6</1): >,@: 6: B@%A)1,8+, @,6%)1:8%8+: ,AB,
%8&61A1A):86%A:)1,+%+`\pps
,B:+%A.:@7%AY,6:>,@%)1:8%61A7:+,%>:>:@B8:A,@F2%>%@%B@%B%@+,C87:+:%+,)C%+:
,6>@:(6,7%+,6%.:@7%+,7:+:?C,6%,A)C,6%A,.14<,86:AB@%(%4:A+,%H,8A,)CI:A
,A)@1B:A%),@)%+,6%+,B,@718%)1<8+,6%8,),A1+%+,AB-B1)%%>%@,)1,@:8,8AC61(@: 56$ 6%G
>C(61)%+:,8pxts\%7(1-8A,@,71B1,@:8%6:A,A)@1B:A+,0%@6,A:@@1A)CI:A>@17,@:A
ppo
Y,I8,@[_.6718@,B@:A>,)B`,8Y,@(,@B[2E%6\Y>&/A\tvbtx\
Y:@A[_0,.6,/%)I`,8Y,@(,@B[2E%6\Y>&/A\tvbtx\
ppq
1B%+:>:@
Y,88,B0,8Y,@(,@B[2E%6\Y>&/\prw\
ppr
,0,)0:,AB%B,:@2%A,(%A%(%,86:A7-B:+:A+,16+,(@%8BY,@)0,8AB,18,@Y:8B,AA:@1I,G,I\
pps
Y,88,B0,8Y,@(,@B[2E%6\Y>&/\prx\
ppp
cpxsc
$#
B@%(%4:AA:(@,A,71<B1)%%>%@,)1,@:8,86%A>C(61)%)1:8,A+,,%"% % , %.18%6,A+,6:A
%9:AB@,18B%\,/D8
@%7>B:8Y_:>,@%)1<8`I_):7C81)%)1<8`,@%86:A+:A>:6:A?C,1(%8%
B,8,@7%I:@>%>,6,86%,F:6C)1<8+,6%B,:@2%+,6+1A,9:,86%,A)C,6%\ppt
8,AB%+,A)@1>)1<8+,6%1+,:6:/2%?C,18A>1@<,6>6%8+,,ABC+1:A+,6%.8:>:+2%.%6B%@6%
,8A,9%8J%+,6%7,B:+:6:/2%\>%@B1@+,6)%7(1:+,+1@,))1<8+,pxtvY6%,A)C,6%,7>,J<%
%+?C1@1@C8%%)B1BC+7&A@1/C@:A%,8@,6%)1<8%6>@:),A:+,+1A,9:IAC,8A,9%8J%\A+,)1@A,
,AB17C6%(%C8%%>@:H17%)1<86</1)%%8B,,6>@:(6,7%+,6%)@,%)1<8+,6%A.:@7%A,6,7,8B%b
6,A):8,6:(4,B1F:+,B@%8A.,@1@6%6C,/:%6:A+1AB18B:A>@:I,)B:A\%,H>6:@%)1<8+,6%A.:@7%A
,6,7,8B%6,A):8A1AB2%8,8>@:I,))1:8,A+,B@%8A.:@7%)1:8,AB@1+17,8A1:8%6,AY7%81>C6%)1:b
8,A+,@,B2)C6%AY,6%(:@%)1:8,AI+,.:@7%)1:8,A+,B@%7%AY@:B%)1:8,A+,,61>A,A),8B@%+%A
,8B@%7%AY:,8,6+,A%@@:66:+,A<61+:A/,:7-B@1):A?C,Y%>%@B1@+,C87<+C6:(&A1):Y>Cb
+1,@%8A,@):7(18%+:A,8A,)C,8)1%A+1.,@,8B,A\AB:A,4,@)1)1:A.C,@:8.C8+%7,8B%6,A,8,6
,>%@B%7,8B:+,:7C81)%)1<8 1AC%6+:8+,A,%>61)%@:8%6+1A,9:+,7%>%A+,.,@@:)%@@1b
6,A7,B@:>:61B%8:AYB%7(1-8,8,6,>%@B%7,8B:+,:8AB@C))1<88+CAB@1%61J%+%Y+:8+,A,@b
F2%8>%@%B:+%)6%A,+,,H>,@17,8B:AA:(@,%@?C1B,)BC@%7:+C6%@Y):7(18%)1<8+,>%8,6,AY
+1A,9:+,8C+:A,AB@C)BC@%6,AY,B)\
%:(A,A1<8>:@,8):8B@%@%@/C7,8B:A:(4,B1F:A,8B:+%A6%A.%A,AI+,)1A1:8,A+,6>@:I,)B:
+,A,7(:)<,8C8%,A>,)1,+,_7,B:+:6:6%B@2%`)CI%.18%61+%+,@%,61718%@)C%6?C1,@,6,7,8b
B:1@@%)1:8%6:18):8B@:6%(6,+,6+1A,9:\,@:6%A>:ABC@%A%8B,6%:(A,A1<87,B:+:6</1)%8:
,@%80:7:/-8,%AI,66:+,B,@718<18B,@718%(6,A):8B@:F,@A1%A?C,%>@18)1>1:A+,6:A%9:A
A,A,8B%Y%8C8)1%(%8,6+:6:@:A:,8.@,8B%71,8B:,8B@,+1A,9%+:@,AI7,B:+:6:/1AB%A>C@:AY
)CI%.%))1<87&A,HB@,71AB%,AB%@2%@,>@,A,8B%+%>:@,6>@:.,A:@AC1J:C)1CAC@50%@+\
%B,8+,8)1%0%)1%6%:(4,B1F%)1<8%(A:6CB%+,6>@:),A:)@,%B1F:%617,8B<,6>,61/@:A:%80,6:
>:@C8%7,B:+:6:/2%?C,>@:>:@)1:8%@%@,AC6B%+:A>,@.,)B:AI:@1/18%6,A+,7:+:%CB:7&B1b
):\6@,AC6B%+:I%0%A1+:,H>C,AB:%8B,@1:@7,8B,[,6>6%8+,,ABC+1:A66,/<%C8%%)C7C6%b
)1<8 B%6 +, %A1/8%BC@%A B,<@1)%A ?C, .C, 18+1/,@1(6, >%@% 6:A ,ABC+1%8B,A +, B%6 7:+: ?C,Y
+,A>C-A+,6%)@1A1A+,pxuq6%,A)C,6%B,8+1<%):8.,@1@C8)%@&)B,@7&A18AB@C7,8B%6I7,b
8:A+:)B@18%@1:%6%7,B:+:6:/2%\
TDTD4/-53 &&/-!4 !+#
,/D81)0%,6@60:..Y6%A):8B@%+1))1:8,A?C,66,F%@2%8%6%.+,67%AC.@%)%A:.18%6,Ab
B%(%8>@,A,8B,AI%,8ACA:@2/,8,A\ppu,@:0%I?C,@,):8:),@?C,):7:,@%C8%18AB1BC)1<8
7CI%)B1F%YBCF:,6F%6:@+,,8.@,8B%@A,%6:A):8.61)B:A\,0,)0:Y):7:,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:
B,82%6%@,A>:8A%(161+%++,0%),@6:I+,,8):8B@%@A:6C)1:8,A>:A1B1F%A\18,7(%@/:YAC+1b
8%71A7:I,6,4,@)1)1:):8AB%8B,+,6%):8)1,8)1%)@2B1)%,H%),@(<I,AB17C6<,6,AB%661+:+,
):8.61)B:A18B,@8:A?C,6%AC71,@:8,8C8%+1A):@+1%):8AB%8B,\A2>:@,4,7>6:Y,8ACA):b
71,8J:AY0C(:6%B,8+,8)1%%1+,8B1.1)%@A,):86%%C0%CA):7:A1-AB%0C(1,@%A1+:C8%18AB1b
BC)1<87:+-61)%I61(@,+,):8.61)B:A\,@:,86%A>@17,@%A>C(61)%)1:8,A+,67I%A,>:82%
,8+C+%,6@,6%B:01AB<@1):1+,%61J%+:+,6%%C0%CA\ppv
ppt
&EY>&/\psp\
,@6:A,8A%I:A+,
Y1)0%,6[_,BG,,8CB:>1%%8+@,%)B1:8`Z_67%A7:+,6:.7:+,@81BI`Z
_6:8,1871+AB@,%7`Z_8):8B@%+1)B1:8`Z_0,):8AB%8B%8+)%B%AB@:>01),8+`Z_678:BB0,,8+`Z
,8Y,@(,@B[2E%6E
ppv
Y1)0%,6[_8):8B@%+1)B1:8`,8Y,@(,@B[2E%6\Y>&/\pvr\
ppu
cpxtc
$#
C(:C8%.C,8B,+,):8.61)B:Y,8C8>@18)1>1:17>@,F1A1(6,Y>,@:?C,%6.18%6BCF:C817>%)B:
+,)1A1F:,86%01AB:@1%+,6%.[6%,A)C,6%.C,.C8+%+%,8C87:7,8B:,8?C,6,7%81%A,
,8):8B@%(%>:62B1)%Y-B1)%I7%B,@1%67,8B,,8@C18%A+,B%67:+:?C,6% 56*67,#.C8)1:8%b
61AB%%>%@,)2%01AB<@1)%I7:@%67,8B,):7:C8+1A)1>618%8,),A%@1%\,@:)C%8+:,6),8B@:A,
>CA:%.C8)1:8%@Y,67:+,6:,):8<71):+,6,7%81%))1+,8B%6I%,AB%(%,87%@)0%I.C,
%),6,@%+:>:@C8%>@,)1>1B%+%,AB%(161J%)1<8>:62B1)%Y6%A%BC@%)1<8+,7,@)%+:I,6):8A,@F%b
+C@1A7:\%@%7%8B,8,@A,,8,AB,):8B,HB:I%671A7:B1,7>:A,@.1,6%AC,A>2@1BC+,@,Ab
>:8A%(161+%+A:)1%6Y6%,A)C,6%+,67BCF:?C,)%7(1%@YAC(1@A,%6%:6%+,6>@:/@,A:I+,4%@b
A,66,F%@>:@,66%\,/D8@60:..Y,8C8(@,F,,A>%)1:+,B1,7>:[
_%.A,,8):8B@<,8,68D)6,:+,6%A):8B@%+1))1:8,A+,6%A:)1,+%+%6,7%8%18+CAB@1%61J%b
+%c,8B@,B@%(%4:I)%>1B%6Y+1A,9:I,8F:6B:@1:Y,8)%@/:A>D(61):AI7%@5,B18/):7,@)1%6Y,8b
B@,A%(1+C@2%I>@:.%8%)1<8\,):8AB@C2%8:(4,B:A>,@:,8A,/C1+%-AB:A+,F,82%87,@)%8)2%A\
# B@%B%@ +, +,7:)@%B1J%@ C8% A:)1,+%+ 7,@)%8B161J%+% 7,+1%8B, 7,@)%8)2%A 8: ,@% >@,)1A%b
7,8B,C8%(C,8%:>)1<8\AB%>%@B1)C6%@):8B@%+1))1<8.C,%),>B%+%I):8F,@B1+%,8F:6C71b
ppw
8:A%AB,:@2%A7,B:+:6</1)%A`\ F1+,8B,7,8B,C8%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:8:>C,+,6171B%@A,%B,:@1J%@YI):7:6%.+,67
8,),A1B%(% 18/@,A:A >%@% %CB:.18%8)1%@ AC 18+,>,8+,8)1% c>%@%+<41)%7,8B, 01>:B,)%+% >:@
6%A/,8,@:A%A18I,))1:8,A+,+18,@:>D(61):cY)@,<,8ACA,H1B:A:A18AB1BCB:A+,18F,AB1/%)1<8
,H),6,8B,A>@:+C)B:A?C,1(%8%>%@%@+1@,)B%7,8B,%6A1AB,7%+,>@:+C))1<8I,H>6:B%)1<8
?C,B%8B:)@1B1)%(%8\#,8,67:7,8B:,8?C,%6/C8:A,7>@,A%@1:A%@@1,A/%+:AA,,7>,J%b
@:8%18B,@,A%@>:@6%.Y,7,@/1<)6%@%7,8B,6%1+,%+,?C,,6+1A,9:,A%6/:?C,,AB17C6%
,6):8AC7:IY>:@6:B%8B:Y6%>@:+C))1<8\8%7%8,@%+,AC>,@%@,AB%):8B@%+1))1<8,@%@,b
,7>6%J%@%6:A)61,8B,A>@1F%+:A>:@6:AA,@F1)1:A>D(61):A?C,Y,8D6B17:B-@718:Y>%@,)2%8
C8%.C,8B,+,18/@,A:A7&A-B1)%\
,@:%6%6%@/%8%+%>C+:@,A:6F,@,6):8.61)B:,AB@C)BC@%6,8B@,+1A,9:I-B1)%A:)1%6[0%(2%C8
.:A:18A%6F%(6,,8B@,6%.C8)1<8A:)1%6+,6+1A,9:,8B,8+1+:):7:.C,@J%/,8,@%+:@%I.,8<b
7,8:)C6BC@%6IAC8,),A1+%++,7%8B,8,@A,,8,67,@)%+:\8:B@%A>%6%(@%A,6),8B@:A,
,8):8B@%(%+,A/%@@%+:,8B@,ACA+,7%8+%A18B,@8%AI6%A+,7%8+%A?C,6,17>:82%,67C8b
+:,HB,@1:@\
6):8.61)B:,8B@,1+,%61A7:I>@%/7%B1A7:A,7%B,@1%61J<,867):818CA1B%+%F,0,7,8)1%\
%B@%I,)B:@1%+,%?C,66%72B1)%,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:>C,+,18B,@>@,B%@A,):7:@,AC7,8+,B:b
+%A6%A):8B@%+1))1:8,A?C,0%8%.,)B%+:,6+1A,9:,8,6A1/6:""I?C1J&A>:@,66:AC01AB:@1%
,AB%8A1/81.1)%B1F%\
TDLKD/413/#!4&/-+!4 !+,
C%8+:6%.+,67),@@<ACA>C,@B%AY6:A,ABC+1%8B,AF:6F1,@:8%ACA6C/%@,A+,:@1/,8A1b
BC%+:A,8sx>%2A,A+1.,@,8B,A\%18B,@8%)1:8%61+%++,%?C,6),8B@:A1/81.1)<C88C,F:181)1:
I%?C,6%A,8A,9%8J%A+,6%.A,,HB,8+1,@:8>:@B:+:,67C8+:\1(,@%+:A+,6>,A:+,6%
18AB1BC)1<8I+,FC,6B:A%67C8+:@,%6Y6:A,H%6C78:A+,67,8A,9%@:8):8ACA7-B:+:A,8
,A)C,6%A+,+1A,9:I,8C81F,@A1+%+,AY)@,%@:88C,F%A,7>@,A%AI,ABC+1:A?C,A,):8F1@B1,b
@:8,86C/%@,A+,18F,AB1/%)1<8\,/D81)0%,6@60:..[_8@,%61+%+.C,,6.18%6:.1)1%6+,67
6:?C,):8F1@B1<%67,8:.1)1%6\`ppx:@?C-.C,%>%@B1@+,,8B:8),AY)C%8+:,7>,J<,6>@:b
ppw
&EY>&/\pvs\
Y1)0%,6[_678:BB0,,8+`,8Y,@(,@B[2E%6\Y>&/\qqv\
ppx
cpxuc
$#
),A:+,+1A>,@A1<8I+1A,718%)1<8Y?C,A,01J:,F1+,8B,6%)%61+%+I,6>:+,@+,6%A1+,%AI
7-B:+:A+,67\
18,8B@%@,86%18DB16+1A)CA1<8.16:A<.1)%:B%H:8<71)%+,?C-.C,%?C,66:+,67?C,%@@%1/<
I%?C,66:?C,8:Y+,C8%):A%>:+,7:A,AB%@A,/C@:A[+,?C,67.C,%(A:@(1+:):7:,AB16:
c)C%6?C1,@%?C,-AB,.C,@%c:):7::(A,A1<8\#%C8?C,0:IA:7:A7C)0:7&A0C716+,A,8
@,6%)1<8 % 6%A >:A1(161+%+,A @,%6,A +, 6%A B,:@2%A .C8)1:8%61AB%A >%@% B@%8A.:@7%@ ,6 7C8+:Y
)C%@,8B%%9:A7&AB%@+,B:+%F2%>:+,7:A,8):8B@%@6%0C,66%+,6%.,8,6+1A,9:+,7Cb
)0:A>@:+C)B:A+,CA:>@1F%+:I):6,)B1F:IYA:(@,B:+:Y,86:AA,@F1)1:A>D(61):A>%@%6:A?C,
6%,A)C,6%@,%61J<18F,AB1/%)1:8,A7CI):8A1AB,8B,A\pqo
C?C,6%.):7:18AB1BC)1<8>%@,)1<)%,@>:@C8B1,7>:,8,6:6F1+:YAC6,/%+:,7>,J<%
A,@@,)C>,@%+:0%)1%6:A%9:A8:F,8B%+,6A1/6:"")C%8+:6%7:+,@81+%+,7>,J<%A,@7%b
B,@1%+,18F,AB1/%)1<801AB<@1)%\:@AC,@B,Y6%7%I:@2%+,>@:.,A:@,AI%6C78:A+,6%.+,
67,AB%(%8F1F:A,8pxxo)C%8+:,@(,@B18+18/,@)::@+18<C861(@:>C(61)%+:,818/6-AY
):8C8/@%88D7,@:+,,8A%I:A@,+%)B%+:A>:@>@:.,A:@,AY%6C78:A,18B,6,)BC%6,A?C,0%b
(2%8F1F1+:,8>,@A:8%6%%A),8A1<8I)%2+%+,%?C,66%18AB1BC)1<8B%8>:6-71)%\)BC%67,8B,Y
,H1AB,,867C8%@)01F:01AB<@1):+,6%,A)C,6%pqpIY+,A+,,6%9:qoovY,8,667,@CA,C7
gCA,:+,6%)1C+%++,67h,H1AB,C8%A%6%):8C8%,H>:A1)1<8>,@7%8,8B,+,6),8B@:\
LKD3-3//* !,;/#35
1,8B@%A?C,,6+,(%B,A:(@,,6>6%8+,,ABC+1:A):8AB1BC2%6%7&H17%,H>@,A1<8B%8/1(6,+,6%
:@1,8B%)1<8>,+%/</1)%+,6%A,A)C,6%A?C,0,7:A+,A)@1B:YC8% +,6%A7%I:@,A:@1/18%61+%+,A
+,6%@%8(@::5)%+,7I:.@B0%):8A1AB1+:A1,7>@,,88:B,8,@C8>6%8+:),8B,,AB@C)BC@%b
+:+,C87:+:):8F,8)1:8%6\C:@1,8B%)1<8A,(%A%,8,6>@18)1>1:+,6_%>@,8+,@0%)1,8+:`,8
,6):8B,HB:+,C8%):7C81+%++,>,@A:8%A)@,%B1F%AI7%+C@%A\AB%1+,%B%8A,8)166%>,@:)C1b
+%+:A%7,8B,+,A%@@:66%+%,8C87,+1:,A>,)1%67,8B,%):/,+:@Y):8F1,@B,%,AB,),8B@:,8C8%
,A>,)1,+,F1F,@:+,,H),>)1:8%6,AB%6,8B:A?C,Y+,A+,pxqsY0%AB%0:I%>@,8+,87,+1%8B,6%
>@&)B1)%Y,6+,(%B,I,618B,@)%7(1:+,1+,%A\
%6,)BC@%+,6%A7:8:/@%.2%AA:(@,6%?C,0%A1+:):8A1+,@%+%):7:6%7,4:@,A)C,6%+,+1A,9:
+,AB%+:A81+:AY>C,+,@,AC6B%@C8>:):.@CAB@%8B,>%@%6:A18B,@,A%+:A,86%>@:/@%7%)1<8
+,):8B,81+:A%)%+-71):AI%?C,-AB:A8:%>%@,),8I6:?C,A,+,A)@1(,AC,6,8A,@6:A7-@1B:A
>,@A:8%6,A+,6:A.C8+%+:@,AY18AB@C)B:@,AI%6C78:A/@%+C%+:A%A2):7:ACA:>181:8,AI+,(%b
B,AA:(@,,6+1A,9:\,@:6:A@,AC6B%+:A+,AC>%@B1)C6%@.16:A:.2%,AB&8%6%F1AB%I%?C,,AB,),8b
B@:0%A1+:)%>%J+,/,8,@%@):@@1,8B,A+,>,8A%71,8B:IB,8+,8)1%A?C,0%8B,81+:C8%,8:@7,
@,>,@)CA1<818B,@8%)1:8%6,8,6)%7>:+,6+1A,9:\
%01AB:@1%+,6%@%8(@::5)%+,7I0%A1+:8%@@%+%,8+:A,H>:A1)1:8,A?C,)C,8B%8):8AC):b
@@,A>:8+1,8B,)%B&6:/:\%>@17,@%Y 5%#,%,+ 4%E$ 4,4..)%5%.,CMUNQGMUQLC@,%61J%+%
,8pxwoY+%(%)C,8B%+,6>,@2:+:?C,1(%+,A+,6%.C8+%)1<80%AB%AC):8A%/@%)1<818B,@8%)1:b
8%6%>@18)1>1:A+,6:A%9:AA,A,8B%\%A,/C8+%Y4,4..) 5%#,E$ ;%5.745 Y.C,@,%61b
J%+%,8pxxoIB@%B%(%+,6%18):@>:@%)1<8+,6>,8A%71,8B:>:AB7:+,@8:%6)%7>:+,6+1A,9:
B%6):7:BCF:6C/%@+C@%8B,6%+-)%+%+,6:A:)0,8B%\pqq
pqo
&EY>&/\qqw\
.@)01F[GGG\0./b%@)01F\C67\+,i):8AC6B%[ppaowaqoptj\
pqq
\\[ 5%#,%,+ 4%E$ 4,4..)%5%.,CMUNQGMUQLY%@@I\(@%7A8)\C(61A0,@Ab
0,,B@:1B8AB1BCB,:.@BAb0,,B@:>:61B%8CA,C7:.@BYC,F%#:@5a,B@:1BYpxwrZ
pqp
cpxvc
$#
8B@,7,+1:?C,+%8>:):+:)C7,8B%+:A6:A%9:AA,A,8B%IA,B,8B%?C,Y%6>%@,),@Y8:.C,@:8
,H),A1F%7,8B, (@166%8B,A\ 8 )C%6?C1,@ )%A: -AB% 8: ,AY ):7: 7C)0:A +, 6:A ),8B@:A +,A)@1B:A
%?C2Y C8% ,A)C,6% +1.C8B%Y A18: C8 ),8B@: >1:8,@: ,8 C8% +,B,@718%+% 7%8,@% +, ,8B,8+,@ 6%
,8A,9%8J%%F%8J%+%+,6+1A,9:?C,0%+,7:AB@%+:A,@8:B%(6,7,8B,,.,)B1F%I)%>%J+,@,A1Ab
B1@,6>%A:+,6B1,7>:\ %.C8+%)1<8+,6%):7C81+%++,@%8(@::5,86::7.1,6+166AY,86%A%.C,@%A+,,B@:1BY1b
)01/%8Y .C, ,6 @,AC6B%+: +,6 %.:@BC8%+: ,8)C,8B@: ,8B@, ,6 @1): ,+1B:@ +, >,@1<+1):A ,:@/,
::B0I,6%@?C1B,)B:.186%8+-A61,6%%@18,8\:8AB1BCI,,8)1,@B%7%8,@%6%F%@1%8B,7:+,@8%
+,C8%8B1/C:AC,9:%7,@1)%8:Y%A%(,@Y,6,8A%I:+,C8%):7C81+%+C81+%>:@C8+,B,@718%+:
)@,+:I):8A%/@%+%%6>@18)1>1:+,C8,6,F%+:1+,%6\,@:71,8B@%A?C,6:A@%+1)%6,A,H>,@17,8b
B:A+,F1+%):7C81B%@1%,8A%I%+:A,8,6,+1:,AB,+C@%8B,7&A+,)1,8%9:A0%(2%8B,81+:
A1,7>@,C8)%@&)B,@@,61/1:A:Y6:?C,17>C6A%(%,AB,8C,F:,H>,@17,8B:,86:A%9:AF,18B,,@%8
,6%@B,I,6+1A,9:\
,B:+:A7:+:AY::B08:A,,8):8B@%(%A<6:,8ACF:6C8B%++,):8F,@B1@,6,AB%+:+,1)01/%8
,8C8),8B@:%@B2AB1):+,671A7:81F,6?C,C,F%#:@5::AB:8\%A,H>,@1,8)1%A(@1B&81)%A+,
6%A465K4"65I6%A,8A,9%8J%A+,!1661%7:@@1A,@%8%66&(1,8):8:)1+%A+,A+,pwxoY%CA>1b
)1%+%A>:@C8%A,@1,+,17>@,8B%AI%A:)1%)1:8,A,AB%+:C81+,8A,A?C,+,A,%(%8,6,F%@6%)%61b
+%+,AB-B1)%+,6%>@:+C))1<818+CAB@1%6IA%61@+,6>@:F18)1%81A7:\666,/%@6:A%9:AF,18B,Y6%A
>@:+C))1:8,A+,6C/,8+AB16%6,7&8Y6%,),AA1:8F1,8,A%I6%A%@B,A%>61)%+%A,A)%8+18%F%A,@%8
):8:)1+%A,8,6,+1:,AB,I%?C,0%(2%8A1+:66,F%+%A%662>:@6:A,71/@%8B,AI>:@6%A%A:)1%b
)1:8,A+,%@B1AB%A\
:): %8B,A +, 6% @17,@% C,@@% C8+1%6 6% 7,@1)%8 )%8+18%F1%8 :)1,BIY .C8+%+% ,8 pxowY
:@/%81J<C8%A,@1,+,,H>:A1)1:8,A+,%@B,,A)%8+18%F:?C,F1A1B%@:8C,F%#:@5YC..%6:Y:6,b
+:Y01)%/:I:AB:8Z,8pxprY6%:)1,+%++,6%A@BAl@%.BA+,,B@:1B>%B@:)18<6%:@/%81J%b
)1<8+,C8%,H>:A1)1<8+,6%:)1,+%+%8,A%+,@B,A%82%\:@ AC>%@B,,6.C8+%+:@+,@%8b
(@::5Y,:@/,::B0YF1%4%(%>:@C@:>%I,AB%(%%6):@@1,8B,+,6%A,H>,@1,8)1%A%@B2AB1)%A@,%61b
J%+%A,8,@628Y 1,8%Y%@7AB%+BI7AB,@+%7\8pxqqY,8AC>,@1<+1): 64.%6 ;5A,%8C8b
)1<C8%,H>:A1)1<8+,6!1,8,@!,@5AB'BB,?C,B,8+@2%6C/%@%.18%6,A+,6%9:I,86%?C,%+?C1@1<
A,1A>1,J%A>%@%6%):6,))1<8+,6.CBC@:),8B@:,+C)%B1F:\
:@6:+,7&AY,8AB%+:A81+:A,7>,J%(%%,7,@/,@6%):8)1,8)1%+,?C,,6.CBC@:+,6+1A,9:
A,4C/%(%,8,6B,@@,8:+,6%,8A,9%8J%\8pxqq%>%@,)1<C8,H0%CAB1F:,ABC+1:):7>16%+:>:@
0%@6,A\1)0%@+AB1BC6%+:46%,
,7564=,8,6?C,A,):8AB%B%(%?C,,6>%2A7&A@1):I>@:+C)b
B1F:+,67C8+:8:>:+2%,8:@/C66,),@A,+,6%)%61+%++,ACA18+CAB@1%A%@B2AB1)%AY6:)C%66%AA1b
BC%(%,8C8%>:A1)1<87CI>:):F,8B%4:A%+,)%@%%6%,H>:@B%)1<8\
#b!YC/0Y,B%6\4,4..) 5%#,E$ ;%5.745 Y
1JJ:618B,@8%B1:8%6C(61)%B1:8AYC,F%#:@5Ypxxo\
cpxwc
$#
40. Vista aérea del complejo de Cranbrook en 1938.
8,618.:@7,+,1)0%@+AYA,,H%718%(%86:A>@:/@%7%A+,tt,A)C,6%A+,%@B,A%>61)%+%A,8B@,
6%A?C,A,,8):8B@%(%8,6%@I6%8+8AB1BCB,g.C8+%+:,8pwsvhY6%::>,@81:8g.C8+%+%,8
pwtxhY6%0:+,A6%8+)0::6:.,A1/8gpwvvhY,6@%BB8AB1BCB,gpwwvhI6%%61.:@81%)0::6:.
@BAl@%.BA\A18B,@,A%8B,+,AB%)%@?C,,AB,+:)C7,8B:+,+1)%(%C8)%>2BC6:,8B,@:%6%,8b
A,9%8J% +, 6%A %@B,A 18+CAB@1%6,A ,8 6,7%81% ,8 ,6 )C%6 A, 7,8)1:8%(% ?C,Y %6 66,/%@ 6:A %9:A
F,18B,Y6%18AB@C))1<8,8,6,A>2@1BC+,6%A465K4"658:A,+,B,82%,86:A%@B1AB%A81,86%A%Cb
6%AA18:?C,18.6C2%+,7:+:7CI,.,)B1F:,86%>@:+C))1<8+,6%A.&(@1)%AI6:AB%66,@,A\pqr,/Cb
@%7,8B,,6,ABC+1:+,1)0%@+A8:>%A<+,A%>,@)1(1+:,8,B@:1BI%?C,,8,6>6%J:+,+:A%9:A
::B0I%0%(2%181)1%+:AC%7(1)1:A:>@:I,)B:,+C)%B1F:\
18 ,7(%@/:Y -AB, 8: A,@2% ,8 %(A:6CB: C8% ):>1% +, 6%A F%8/C%@+1AB%A ,H>,@1,8)1%A %6,7%8%A
A18:7&A(1,8C8%AC(617%)1<8+,6,A>2@1BC.C8+%)1:8%6+,6%A465K4"65(@1B&81)%AI,A)%8+1b
8%F%A\:7:,@%6%B<81)%,8,AB,B1>:+,>@:I,)B:AY6%@,.:@7%%@B2AB1)%8:A,6171B%(%%6%7,b
4:@%+,6/CAB:+,6>D(61):A18:?C,B%7(1-8%A>1@%(%%6%18B,/@%)1<8+,6%@B,,86%F1+%):B1+1%8%
18):@>:@%8+:F%6:@,AA:)1%6,A,8,671A7:%)B:+,6%>@:+C))1<8\%7&H17%,H>@,A1<8+,,AB,
1+,%6,@%6%):7C81+%++,%@B1AB%AB@%(%4%8+:,8C8,8B:@8:@C@%6\6>@:I,)B:+,,:@/,::B0
):8A1AB2%,8)@,%@C8):7>6,4:,+C)%B1F:,8C8%.18)%?C,>:A,2%,86%A%.C,@%A+,,B@:1B?C,
18)6CI,@%C8>%@+,,A)C,6%AA,)C8+%@1%AYC8B%66,@IC8%%)%+,71%+,%@B,\@%,8)1,@B:A,8B1+:
C8%@,A>C,AB%%,AB%+,7%8+%\8@%8(@::5A,,+C)%@2%%4<F,8,AI%%@B1AB%AYA,>@:+C)1@2%8
:(4,B:A +, )%61+%+ I A, ,4,7>61.1)%@2%8 6%A >:A1(161+%+,A +,C8% ):7C81+%+ +,+1)%+% % 6% )@,%b
)1<8\ % 18AB1BC)1<8 ?C, ):@:8%@2% ,6 ):7>6,4: A,@2% 6% )%+,7I :. @B\ %@% ::B0Y ,6 7:+,6:
>,+%/</1):%A,/C1@A,@2%,6+,6%)%+,71%7,@1)%8%+,:7%g.C8+%+%,8pwxsh?C,BCF:6%
:>:@BC81+%++,F1A1B%@+C@%8B,C8F1%4,%B%61%@,%61J%+:,8pxqq\?C,6),8B@:(@18+%(%%)@,%b
+:@,A8:@B,%7,@1)%8:A%F%8J%+:A6%>:A1(161+%++,):8:),@:7%IC@:>%\,@:8:,@%C8%,Ab
)C,6%,8,6A,8B1+:):8F,8)1:8%6+,6%>%6%(@%I%?C,Y):7::)C@@2%):86%%)%+,71%+,:7%I
6%%)%+,71%+,A>%9%Y,86C/%@+,A,/C1@C8>6%8+,,ABC+1:A,AB@1)B:YA,18F1B%(%%%@B1AB%A,
18B,6,)BC%6,A+,B%6,8B:%B@%(%4%@):86:A18AB@C)B:@,A+,C8%7%8,@%18.:@7%6I)@,%B1F%\
pqr
Y:(,@BC+A:8[_@%8(@::5%8+B0,,%@)0.:@B0,G,8B1,B0,8BC@I
:@7_
,8 \\[ 5%#,%,+ 4%E$ 4,4..)%5%.,CMUNQGMUQLY>&/\qu\
cpxxc
$#
41. Jardines de la Cranbrook Academy of Art.
42. Eliel Saarinen: comedor de la Crabrook Academy of Art, 1927-1928.
%@%?C,B%8%6B:A:(4,B1F:AA,01)1,@%8@,%61+%+Y0%(2%?C,>@:>:@)1:8%@C8,8B:@8:7CI%):b
/,+:@I)C1+%+:A%7,8B,>6%81.1)%+:\%@%,66:::B0):8B@%B<6:AA,@F1)1:A+,6%@?C1B,)B:.186%8b
+-A61,6%%@18,8\8pxqqY%%@18,8Y18B,@8%)1:8%67,8B,):8:)1+:>:@:(@%A):7:6%,AB%)1<8
),8B@%6+,,6A1851IAC)%A%bB%66,@F1BB@'A5Y,81@55%8C771g,6A1851hY/%8<,6A,/C8+:>@,71:
,8,6):8)C@A:>%@%,6,+1.1)1:+,601)%/:@1(C8,\@%A6%7C,@B,+,AC7,),8%AC61:A%6(,@/
I+,(1+:%6%A>,8C@1%A+,6%>:AB/C,@@%Y%%@18,8):7>@,8+1<?C,8:>:+2%7%8B,8,@%(1,@B:
>:@7&AB1,7>:C8,ABC+1:+,%@?C1B,)BC@%,8
186%8+1%I,8pxqrF1%4<%AB%+:A81+:A):8,6
:(4,B1F:+,,8):8B@%@B@%(%4:I):86%16CA1<8+,)@,%@C8),8B@:,+C)%B1F:?C,@,C81,@%6%%@?C1b
B,)BC@%Y6%A(,66%A%@B,AI6%A%@B,A%>61)%+%A\%.,61J):8.6C,8)1%,8B@,6%A%A>1@%)1:8,A+,%%@1b
8,8I6%A+,::B0IAC,8)C,8B@:7&A(1,8)%AC%6Ypqs+,B,@718<?C,Y%>%@B1@+,pxqsY%7(:A
0:7(@,A,7>@,8+1,@%8C8%):6%(:@%)1<8?C,A,>@:6:8/%@2%,6@,AB:+,ACAF1+%A\
%):8AB@C))1<8+,6):7>6,4:,+C)%B1F:+,@%8(@::5A,@2%)C1+%+:A%7,8B,>6%81.1)%+:>:@%7b
(:A0:7(@,AI)@,),@2%+,7:+:>@:/@,A1F:\6>@:I,)B:C@(%82AB1):A,181)1%(%):8,6B@%J%+:
+,F%@1:A,4,A>@18)1>%6,AI7C)0:A,4,AA,)C8+%@1:A\:A>%B1:AYC8>:):1@@,/C6%@,AYA,%(@1@2%8
0%)1% ,AB%8?C,A : /@%8+,A F1AB%A >%8:@&71)%A I %C8?C, >:@ ACA +17,8A1:8,A ,6 ):84C8B: ,@%
/@%8+1:A:Y,6,.,)B:+,(,@2%A,@28B17:I@,):/1+:\C8?C,6:A+,B%66,A+,6>@:I,)B:+,%%@18,8
@,F,6%(%8AC:@1/,8,A)%8+18%F:Y,8B-@718:A,AB162AB1):A,6@,AC6B%+:+,6:A>@17,@:A,+1.1)1:A
A, %),@)%(% %6 :B01) ,F1F%6 18/6-A ?C,I% A, 0%(2% ,8A%I%+: ,8 6:A )%7>CA C81F,@A1B%@1:A +,
@18),B:8I#%6,\,@:,8.%A,AAC),A1F%AA,+,A%@@:66%@2%8,6,7,8B:A7&A18A>1@%+:A,86%%@?C1b
B,)BC@%%7,@1)%8%B%6,A):7:6%A_)%A%A+,6%>@%+,@%`+,!@1/0B:6:A,+1.1)1:A7%A_G@1/0B1%b
8:A` +, ,B,@ ,0@,8A @,%61J%+:A >%@% ,6 CB,0:..8C8/A0EB, ,8 (,@0%CA,8 g6,7%81% pxqpb
pxqth\:A+,6:AD6B17:A,+1.1)1:AY6%1(61:B,)%I,6CA,:gpxrvbpxsqhYA,,+1.1)%@2%8,8C8)6%b
A1)1A7:%(AB@%)B:+,)%@&)B,@@B-):)CI::@1/,8A,0%66%,86:A>@17,@:A>@:I,)B:A+,:A,.
:..7%88>%@%,6>%(,66<8%CAB@1%):+,6%,H>:A1)1<8+,%@2A+,pxqt\%):84C8)1<8,8B@,,6
>%1A%4,+,6%J:8%Y6%%@?C1B,)BC@%+,61,6%%@18,8I6%A,A)C6BC@%A+,%@6166,AB,@718%@2%>:@
):8.1/C@%@C8):7>6,4:,+C)%B1F:)CI::(4,B1F:>@17:@+1%6,@%18F1B%@%6/:),+,6%)@,%)1<8I+,
6% F1+% ,8 ):7D8\ :7: >C,+, 18BC1@A, 6:A @%+1)%61A7:A +,6 :F171,8B: :+,@8: ?C,+%(%8
7CI%6,4%+:A+,%?C,6>@:I,)B:
pqs
8pxqrY61,6%%@18,8I,:@/,::B0.C,@:8>@,A,8B%+:A>:@,6014:+,,AB,D6B17:Y
,8@IY)C%8+:)C@A%(%,ABC+1:A+,%@?C1B,)BC@%,86%81F,@A1+%++,1)01/%8\6>@:I,)B:
+,.18%6+,)%@@,@%+,64:F,8::B0B@%B%(%>@,)1A%7,8B,+,6+1A,9:+,C8%%)%+,71%+,%@B,\
cqooc
$#
LKDLD/3&!-5&0-1! $0$&
%>C,AB%,87%@)0%+,6):7>6,4:+,@%8(@::5.C,C8>@:),A:6,8B:\86%):8AB1BC)1<8+,
6%
C8+%)1<8)@,%+%>:@,:@/,::B0,8pxqvY.1/C@%(%C8%,A)C,6%+,%@B,AI:.1)1:A%8,H%
%C8%%)%+,71%+,%@B,\6:(4,B1F:,@%6%)@,%)1<8+,C8%18AB1BC)1<8?C,@,C81,@%6%,8A,b
9%8J%+,6%A%@B,A%>61)%+%AI+,6%A(,66%A%@B,A\
18%67,8B,-AB%18)6C1@2%+,>%@B%7,8B:A+,
%@?C1B,)BC@%Y+1A,9:Y+,):@%)1<818B,@1:@Y+1(C4:Y>18BC@%Y,A)C6BC@%Y%@B,+@%7&B1):Y>%1A%41Ab
7:Y7DA1)%I%@B,A%82%%@B2AB1)%\%)1%pxroY::B00%(2%>6%8,%+:.:@7%@C8,?C1>:+,)C%b
B@:%@B1AB%A@,A1+,8B,AcC8%@?C1B,)B:YC8>18B:@YC8,A)C6B:@IC8+1A,9%+:@c?C,B@%(%4%@2%8
,8@%8(@::5BCB:@1J%8+:I+%8+:)0%@6%A%6:A,ABC+1%8B,A\
%.16:A:.2%,+C)%B1F%+,@%8(@::5@%@%7,8B,A,>CA:>:@,A)@1B:81A,01J:>D(61)%7,+1%8B,
7%81.1,AB:A+,B%67:+:?C,6:A01AB:@1%+:@,A+1A>:8,8+,7CI>:)%A.C,8B,A+:)C7,8B%6,A
>%@%,ABC+1%@6%\8B@,6:A>%>,6,A>,@A:8%6,A+,,:@/,::B0Y,601AB:@1%+:@:(,@BC+A:8
6%@5 ,8):8B@< ,6 B,HB: +, C8% +,)6%@%)1<8 +, 18B,8)1:8,A @,%61J%+% >:@ 61,6 %%@18,8 ,8
pxrpYC8%9:%8B,A+,6%%>,@BC@%+,6%)%+,7I\
_i6:(4,B1F:+,6%j)%+,71%+,@B,+,@%8(@::5],A,6+,>@:>:@)1:8%@%,ABC+1%8B,A+,
B%6,8B:I/@%8.:@7%)1<86%:>:@BC81+%++,):8B18C%@):8ACA,ABC+1:A,8C8%7(1,8B,.%F:b
@%(6,(%4:,661+,@%J/:+,%@B1AB%A+,7&H17:81F,6]
:,AC8%,A)C,6%+,%@B,,8,6A,8B1+:0%(1BC%6\57,*7#4 64(.24 *46 4 6%:.E
%1+,%?C,8:A/C2%,A6%+,B,8,@%@B1AB%A]?C,F1F%8,8@%8(@::5I?C,,4,)CB,8%?C2AC
B@%(%4:\ AB:A %@B1AB%A ):8.1/C@%8 ,6 AB%.. 7&A : 7,8:A >,@7%8,8B, +,6 :8A,4: +,6 @B,\
+,7&A+,,AB:A%@B1AB%AB,8+@,7:A%@B1AB%A18F1B%+:A+,F%@1:A6C/%@,A+,8C,AB@:>%2A:+,
>%2A,A ,HB@%84,@:A ?C, B@%,@&8 .@,A):@ I 8C,F:A 17>C6A:A % 6% F1+% %@B2AB1)% +, @%8(@::5 I
?C,8:A%IC+%@%8%B,8,@C8):8:)171,8B:7&A@1):I),@)%8:+,6:A7:F171,8B:A):8B,7>:b
@&8,:A,8+1F,@A%A.%),B%AI6C/%@,A]
6%@B,)@,%B1F:8:>C,+,A,@,8A,9%+:>:@:B@:A\%+%C8:+,(,A,@AC>@:>1:>@:.,A:@\18,7b
(%@/:,6):8B%)B:):8:B@:A%@B1AB%AI,6+,(%B,,8B@,,66:A>@:>:@)1:8%.C,8B,A+,18A>1@%)1<8]
C)0:A)@,,8?C,6%)%+,7IY):8ACAB%66,@,A%@B,A%8%6,AB@%B%+,@,F1F1@,6,A>2@1BC7,+1,b
F%6+,6%%@B,A%82%>%@%1@,8):8B@%+,8C,AB@%,@%+,6%7&?C18%\AB:8:,A%A2\%1+,%>@18b
)1>%68:,A+,A%@@:66%@6%%@B,A%82%Y5%,. *%5 -.E
%A 0%(161+%+,A +, 6:A %@B,A%8:A 8: A1@F,8 >%@% 8%+% A1 8: A, ):8:), 6% .:@7% +, 8C,AB@:
B1,7>:\:>@17,@:I7&A17>:@B%8B,,A+,A%@@:66%@C8+1A,9:%+,)C%+:?C,,H>@,A,8C,AB@%
F1+%):8B,7>:@&8,%\#A16%.:@7%,AB&%02YB1,8,>:)%17>:@B%8)1%?C,CA,7:A6%7%8:+,6
pqt
0:7(@,:+,6%7&?C18%\7(:AA:88,),A%@1:A\` :8ACA+,(1+%A%)BC%61J%)1:8,A,6>@18)1>1:+,::B0I%%@18,8+,6%_%CB:,8A,9%8J%(%4:
C8(C,861+,@%J/:`0%>,@7%8,)1+:18%6B,@%(6,%6:6%@/:+,6:A%9:AI,A6:?C,0%+%+:>,@b
A:8%61+%+%6%@%8(@::5)%+,7I:.@B\,A+,,6>@18)1>1:Y,6-8.%A1AA,>CA:,8,6,8B:@8:Y
6%A>,@A:8%AI6%,H>,@1,8)1%,86C/%@+,6:A>6%8,A+,,ABC+1:I6:A7-B:+:A\
pqt
%A)C@A1F%AA:8+,6%CB:@\1B%+:>:@Y:(,@B\[_@%8(@::5%8+B0,,%@)0.:@B0,
G,8B1,B0b,8BC@I.:@7`,8 \\[ 5%#,%,+ 4%E$ 4,4..)%5%.,CMUNQGMUQLC>&/\ro\
cqopc
$#
,B:+:A7:+:AY6%)%+,7I>@:8B:BCF:,6>@:(6,7%+,%B@%,@%4<F,8,A%@B1AB%A?C,A,A18b
B1,@%81+,8B1.1)%+:A):8ACA:(4,B1F:AI?C,BCF1,@%8C881F,6+,>:AB/@%+:7CI,6,F%+:>:@
6:?C,,8pxruA,)@,<C8%,A)C,6%>@,>%@%B:@1%\%7(1-8,H1AB2%,6>@:(6,7%+,?C,6:A,Ab
BC+1%8B,A @,)6%7%(%8 ),@B1.1)%+:A +, ACA >@:/@,A:A >:@ 6: ?C, 0C(: ?C, 18AB1BC1@ C8 )1,@B:
A1AB,7%+,)@-+1B:A\:A>@17,@:AB2BC6:A>@:>1:AA,:B:@/%@:8,8pxsrI.18%67,8B,Y,8pxuoY
,6),8B@::(BCF:,6@,):8:)171,8B:+,6%:@B0,8B@%6AA:)1%B1:8:.:66,/,A%8+)0::6A\
LKDMD/45++!3!4 !3-3//*
:AB%66,@,A+,6%@%8(@::5)%+,7IA,:@/%81J%@:8+,%)C,@+:):8,6,A>2@1BC%@B,A%8:+,
6%A465K4"65IY%C8?C,A,18AB1BCI,@:8C8B%66,@+,,A)C6BC@%IC8:+,>18BC@%YA1,7>@,A,
+1:7&A17>:@B%8)1%%6+,,A)C6BC@%I%?C,-AB%A,):8A1+,@%(%,6):@:6%@1:+,6%%@?C1B,)BC@%
IY>:@6:B%8B:YC8%@B,%>61)%+:\6B%66,@+,,A)C6BC@%BCF:):7:+1@,)B:@+C@%8B,F,18B,%9:A
,6,718,8B,,A)C6B:@AC,):%@6166,A)CI%A:(@%A,AB@%B-/1)%7,8B,A1BC%+%A%+:@8%8B:+:
,6)%7>CA\pqu
C@%8B, AC ,B%>%Y %@B,A%8% 6:A B%66,@,A +, @%8(@::5 A, /,AB1:8%@:8 7,+1%8B, C8 >,)C61%@
A1AB,7%\ :A +1@,)B:@,A +, 6% )%+,7I (CA)%(%8 %@B1AB%A +, ,H),>)1:8%6 B%6,8B: >%@% :)Cb
>%@6:AIC8%F,J6:A0%(2%8,8):8B@%+:6,A:.@,)2%8C8%)C,@+:,):8<71):):8A1AB,8B,,86%
>@:+C))1<8 +, >1,J%A +, ,8)%@/: >%@% +,):@%@ 6%A 18AB%6%)1:8,A +,6 )%7>CAY >%@% 6% ):6,)b
)1<8+,67CA,::>%@%6%F,8B%+1@,)B%Y%+,7&A+,C8:A0:8:@%@1:A>:@)%+%%6C78:BCB:@1b
J%+:\A:,H>61)%>:@?C,6:A>@:.,A:@,A:_18AB@C)B:@,A`F1F2%8I@,%61J%(%8AC>@:>1%:(@%
+,8B@:+,@%8(@::5I8:,8B%66,@,A,HB,@8:A\:@AC>%@B,Y6:A%6C78:A)C@A%(%8Y+,8B@:
+,6:AB%66,@,AI(%4:6%BCB,6%+,6:A18AB@C)B:@,AYC8>@:7,+1:+,+:A%9:A+,18F,AB1/%)1<8\
,A>C-A +, 6% /C,@@% A, 7,8)1:8% % 7,8C+: ,6 8:7(@, ):7>6,B: +,6 B@%(%4: +, 6:A ,ABCb
+1%8B,A>:@6:?C,A,+,+C),?C,Y%>%@B1@+,pxsrY)C%8+:A,18AB1BCI,@:86:AB2BC6:AYA,,H1b
/1<6%@,+%))1<8+,C8%B,A18%\
,:@/,::B0BCF:,A>,)1%618B,@-A,8?C,A,)@,%@%C8B%66,@+,17>@,A1<8I,8)C%+,@8%)1<8
,86%)%+,7I\8B%8B:?C,,+1B:@+,>,@1<+1):AY,67,),8%A+,@%8(@::5,@%C80:7(@,
18B,@,A%+: >:@ 6%A %@B,A /@&.1)%A I 0%)1% pxooY (%4: 6:A %CA>1)1:A +,6 64.%6 : ,%,# ;5Y
)@,<6%@%8(@::5@,AA)CI:7:+,6:%A,/C1@,@%6%,67A):BB@,AA+,!1661%7:@@1A\%@,b
), A,@ ?C, ,6 71A7: ::B0 ):8B@%B<Y ,8 pxqxY %6 ,718,8B, ,8)C%+,@8%+:@ +, :@1/,8 AC1J:
,%8A)07%88\C8?C,-AB,A,?C,4%(%+,?C,6:A%6C78:AA,B:7%(%86%A%@B,A+,661(@:
):7:C8,8B@,B,8171,8B:I8:):7:C8%:>)1<8>@:.,A1:8%6Y,6B%66,@>@:+C4:%6/C8%A:(@%A
,H),6,8B,A\:7::B@:A7C)0:AY,AB,B%66,@BCF:?C,),@@%@,8pxrr%)%CA%+,6:A>@:(6,7%A
,):8<71):A+,@1F%+:A+,6%@%8,>@,A1<8\pqv
::B0>CA:B%7(1-8,A>,)1%6,7>,9:,86%)@,%)1<8+,C8B%66,@+,7,B%6,A\C%(C,6:0%(2%
A1+:%@B,A%8:+,6):(@,IAC):8+1)1<8+,7,),8%AI):6,))1:81AB%+,:(4,B:A+,>6%B,@2%I:@b
.,(@,@2%6,0%(2%80,)0:18B,@8%)1:8%67,8B,.%7:A:\8pxqvY::B0):8A1/C1<?C,,6%@B1AB%
+,67,B%6@B0C@,F1661@5+,4%@%:8+@,A>%@%1@AB%+:A81+:A):8,6.18+,B@%(%4%@,86%
,B@:1B:)1,BI:.@BA%8+@%.BA\8pxqx6:/@<?C,-AB,A,18AB%6%@%,8@%8(@::5>%@%+1@1b
/1@,6B%66,@+,>6%B,@2%\C@%8B,AC,AB%8)1%,86%)%+,7IY1@5@,%61J<7C)0:A,8)%@/:A+,
%@B,A%)@:,8C8,AB16:(%AB%8B,18+,.181+:I%6/:7&A:@8%7,8B%6?C,,6+,6%A465K4"65
pqu
Y:%8[_)C6>BC@,%8+%18B18/`,8
\\[ 5%#,%,+ 4%E$ 4,4..)%5%.,CMUNQGMUQLY>&/A\qrvbqut\
pqv
Y\%F1+[_,B%6G:@5%8+(::5(18+18/`,8
\\[ 5%#,%,+ 4%E$ 4,4..)%5%.,CMUNQGMUQLY>&/A\pstbpvp\
cqoqc
$#
(@1B&81)%A\ :8 ,6 .18 +, ):7>6,B%@ ,6 >@:I,)B: %@?C1B,)B<81): +,6 )%7>CA +, @%8(@::5 ,6
>@:>1:61,6%%@18,8+1A,9<>1,J%A,8,6B%66,@+,7,B%6,AB%6,A):7:@,4%AY)%8),6,AYC8%)Db
>C6%Y 6&7>%@%AY )C(1,@B:A I %6/C8:A >,?C,9:A :(4,B:A >,@A:8%6,A\ AB, B%66,@ B%7(1-8 BCF:
?C,),@@%@,8pxrr%)%CA%+,6%)@1A1A,):8<71)%>,@:A,@,%(@1<,8pxrv)C%8+:%@@I,@b
B:1%%),>B<,6:.@,)171,8B:+,:)C>%@,6)%@/:+,+1@,)B:@\C@%8B,6:A%9:AB@,18B%A,>@:+Cb
4:C8)%7(1:+,7,8B%61+%+,8AB%+:A81+:A,8,6A,8B1+:+,?C,,6+1A,9:+,(2%:@1,8B%@b
A,0%)1%6%>@:+C))1<8+,:(4,B:AA,@1%+:A+,>@,)1:%A,?C1(6,,86C/%@+,>@:>:8,@>1,J%A
D81)%A>%@%,6)C6B:@,61/1:A::,6):6,))1:81A7:\C8?C,,6B%66,@A<6:>,@7%8,)1<)18):%9:A
%(1,@B:Y >C,A BCF: ?C, ),@@%@ ,8 pxsv % )%CA% +, 6%A @,AB@1))1:8,A +, 6% /C,@@%Y ,@B:1% 6,
):8.1@1<C8)%@&)B,@+,.181B1F%7,8B,7:+,@8:IF%8/C%@+1AB%\pqw
C%8+:A,,AB%(%>@:I,)B%8+:,6):7>6,4:,+C)%B1F:+,@%8(@::5YA,>CA:,A>,)1%6)C1+%+:
,8,6+1A,9:+,6:A7C,(6,AI):7>6,7,8B:A\:7:8:0%(2%B%66,@,A?C,>@:+C4,@%86%A):@b
B18%AY B%>1),A I %6.:7(@%A +, 6% )%61+%+ %@B2AB1)% ?C, %%@18,8 I ::B0 +,A,%(%8 >%@% AC
7%/8:>@:I,)B:A,>,8A<,8+1A,9%@6:A,8AB%+:A81+:AI>@:+C)1@6:A,8
186%8+1%\,@:6%
,A>:A%+,%%@18,8Y?C,A,0%(2%.:@7%+:):7:%@B1AB%I0%(2%F1F1+:6%,H>,@1,8)1%+,F1Bb
B@'A5Y>@:>CA:?C,A,)@,%@%C8B%66,@,8@%8(@::5?C,>@:+C4,@%B:+:A6:AB,HB16,A>%@%+,b
):@%@6:A18B,@1:@,A+,6)%7>CA\,7:+:?C,Y,8pxqwY:4%%%@18,8)@,<C8B%66,@?C,66,b
F%(%AC>@:>1:8:7(@,\:86:A%9:AY66,/<%B,8,@B@,18B%B,6%@,A\
43. Taller textil de Loja Saarinen, ca.1929.
C@%8B,,6>@17,@%9:I):86%%IC+%+,+:),B,4,+:@,AA,):7>6,B%@:8B:+:A6:AB,41+:AI%6b
.:7(@%A?C,A,8,),A1B%(%8>%@%6%,A)C,6%+,18A/AG::+?C,Y+,8B@:+,6):7>6,4:,+C)%B1F:
+, @%8(@::5Y A, +,+1)%(% % 6% .:@7%)1<8 +, 7C)0%)0%A\ 6 6%(:@1:A: B%66,@ +, :4% %%@18,8
>@:>1)1<+,187,+1%B:6%)@,%)1<8+,C8+,>%@B%7,8B:+,B,HB16,A+,8B@:+,6%)%+,7I,8,6
?C,6%014%7%I:@+,6:A%%@18,8YF%1A%g1>A%8hY,8A,9<+1A,9:+,F,ABC%@1:I+,B,HB16,A
pqw
&E
cqorc
$#
>%@%6%+,):@%)1<8\pqxC7%+@,BCF:6%0%(161+%++,%B@%,@0%)1%@%8(@::5%C88CB@1+:/@Cb
>:+,B,4,+:@%AAC,)%A+,,8B@,6%A)C%6,A%4%8+,@A:8!1@+,:)C>%@2%,6)%@/:+,18AB@C)b
B:@%+,6+,>%@B%7,8B:0%AB%pxrr)C%8+:6%7%I:@2%+,B%66,@,A.C,@:8),@@%+:A%)%CA%+,
6%)@1A1A,):8<71)%\pro8pxrv,6,>%@B%7,8B:B,HB16@,%(@1<):86%%@B1AB%.186%8+,A%%@1%b
8,B@,8/,66?C,>,@7%8,)1<,8-60%AB%pxup\prp
C8?C, ,:@/, ::B0 A, 18B,@,A%(% B%7(1-8 >:@ 6% ),@&71)% I ):6,))1:8%(% >1,J%AY ,8 6:A
>6%8,A181)1%6,A+,6%@%8(@::5)%+,7I8:A,):8B,7>6%(%6%)@,%)1<8+,C8B%66,@+,,AB%
B-)81)%%@B2AB1)%\,0,)0:Y8:A,18AB1BCI<C8B%66,@+,),@&71)%0%AB%pxrwI-AB,8:%6)%8J<
6%7%+C@,J0%AB%6:A%9:A>:AB,@1:@,A%6%/C,@@%\C8?C,+,A+,pxrpA,17>%@B2%8)C@A:A+,
%6.%@,@2%Y6%18AB@C))1<87&A.:@7%68:A,181)1<0%AB%?C,A,>C+:):8B@%B%@%C8>@:.,A:@@,b
A1+,8B,\6>@17,@:.C,,6%.%7%+:),@%71AB%!%I6%8+,@,/:@I)CI%,AB%8)1%8:.C,+,7%b
A1%+:>:A1B1F%\6A,/C8+:.C,6%%@B1AB%.186%8+,A%%14%@:B,66?C1,8>,@7%8,)1<%6.@,8B,
+,6B%66,@+,A+,pxrw0%AB%pxuu\6B%66,@+,),@&71)%+,@%8(@::58:,F:6C)1:8<):7:,6
+,6%%C0%CA0%)1%,6+1A,9:+,>1,J%A18+CAB@1%6,A>,@:,66:8:A1/81.1)%?C,8:,H>,@17,8b
B%@%17>:@B%8B,A)%7(1:A\6>@18)1>1:A,):8A1+,@%(%?C,6%),@&71)%,@%C8):7>6,7,8B:
+,6%%@?C1B,)BC@%>:@6:?C,6%>@:+C))1<8+,B%66,@,@%+,)%@&)B,@,A)C6B<@1):\18,7(%@/:Y
6%>@,A,8)1%I,6B@%(%4:+,@:B,6601)1,@:8?C,,6>@:/@%7%+,@%8(@::5+,@1F%@%0%)1%6%
_,AB-B1)%+,6F%A:`+,7:+:?C,6%),@&71)%A,):8F1@B1<,8C87,+1:+,,H>@,A1<8%CB<8:b
7:YB-)81)%7,8B,@1/C@:A:I7CI%>@,)1%+:>:@6:A%6C78:A?C,F,2%8,8-6C8%7%8,@%+,
,H>,@17,8B%@+1@,)B%7,8B,):8,6F:6C7,8Y,6):6:@I6%B,HBC@%\prq
6 +,>%@B%7,8B: +, +1A,9: .C, ,AB%(6,)1+: ,8 pxru +,A1/8&8+:A, % !1661%7 !\ :7AB:)5
):7:18AB@C)B:@\,B:+%A.:@7%AY6%,8A,9%8J%A,+,A%@@:66%(%(%4:6%AC>,@F1A1<8+1@,)B%+,
61,6%%@18,8\0%@6,A%7,A:)C><,6)%@/:+,18AB@C)B:@+,+1A,9:+,A+,pxrx0%AB%pxsp\
%+%AC>@:H171+%+):8,B@:1BY7,)%+,6%18+CAB@1%%CB:7:F162AB1)%YA,01)1,@:8>6%8,A>%@%
18):@>:@%@,6+1A,9:+,%CB:7:)1<8>,@:Y>:@+,A/@%)1%Y-AB:A8:66,/%@:8%(C,8>C,@B:\18
,7(%@/:Y,8@%8(@::5)@,)2%6%>@,:)C>%)1<8>:@,6+1A,9:+,>@:+C)B:>:@6:?C,,8A,>b
B1,7(@,+,pxspA,):8B@%B<%!%6B,@%,@7%88YC8>@,AB1/1:A:+1A,9%+:@18+CAB@1%6+,:@1b
/,8%6,7&8?C,0%AB%,8B:8),A0%(2%A1+:+1@,)B:@+,6%%61.:@81%@%+C%B,)0::6:.,A1/8
,8%A%+,8%\
%,@7%88 F18: % :)C>%@ 6% >6%J% ?C, 0%@6,A %7,A +,4< F%)%8B, ,8 pxsp I % >:8,@A, %6
.@,8B, +,6 @,)1-8 )@,%+: ,>%@B%7,8B: +, 1A,9: 8+CAB@1%6\ >,B1)1<8 +, %%@18,8Y %,@b
7%88@,%61J<C818.:@7,A:(@,,6.CBC@:+,@%8(@::5\68C,F:>@:.,A:@):8A1+,@%(%?C,,6
>@,AB1/1:+,6%)%+,7IA,(%A%(%+,7%A1%+:,8,6(@166:+,ACA>,@A:8%61+%+,AI,8,681F,6
+,>:AB/@%+:>:@6:?C,Y+,%)C,@+:):8AC7,8B%61+%+/,@7&81)%Y%):8A,4<,6+,A%@@:66:+,
C8>@:/@%7%,+C)%B1F:7&A,AB@C)BC@%+:%A2):7::.@,),@,681F,6+,/@%+:):8C8>6%8+,
pqx
1>A%8%%@18,8,ABC+1<+1A,9:,8,6A1851%8B,A+,?C,AC.%7161%A,B@%A6%+%@%%1)01/%8,8pxqr\
,A>C-A+,%7C,(6%@%6/C8:A18B,@1:@,A+,AC>%+@,,7>,J<%+%@)6%A,A+,+1A,9:+,7:(161%@1:,8
6%@%8(@::5)%+,7I\8pxquA,)%A<):8,6%@?C1B,)B:\:(,@B
\G%8A:8):8?C1,8B@%(%4<>%@%
6%18B@:+C))1<8+,C8%628,%+,7:(161%@1:.C8)1:8%6I.6,H1(6,>%@%6%:08A:8
C81BC@,:7>%8I\
1>A%8G%8A:8B%7(1-8+1A,9<B,41+:A,AB%7>%+:AY6&7>%@%AI:(4,B:A+,7,B%6\
C:(@%7&A@,6,F%8B,A:86%A)@1AB%6,@2%A?C,+1A,9<>%@%6%\\6%AA:7>%8I+,01:\ ,@[
Y%Bg+\h[.+ , 5%#, 45%,6$ CMULLGNLLLE%: 45%6=,%"" 4 , Y%@+@%+C%B,
,8B,@.:@BC+1,A18,):@%B1F,@BAI#%6,81F,@A1BI@,AAYC,F%#:@5a,G%F,8a:8+@,AYqoop\
pro
::(AB%8B,,6B%66,@:4%%%@18,8):8B18C<>@:+C)1,8+:0%AB%?C,,66%A,4C(16<,8pxsq\
prp
#Y0@1AB%\[_,HB16,A`,8
\\[ 5%#,%,+ 4%E$ 4,4..)%5%.,CMUNQGMUQLY>&/A\pvrbqpp\
prq
Y%@B18[_,@%71)A`,8
&EY>&/A\qprbqrt\
cqosc
$#
,ABC+1:A,A>,)2.1):\8)6CA:>@:>CA:6%)@,%)1<8+,C88C,F:),8B@:>%@%>@18)1>1%8B,A\18b
/C8: +, ,AB:A >6%8,A A, 66,F%@2% % 6% >@&)B1)%Y ,8B@, :B@%A ):A%A >:@?C, %6 %9: A1/C1,8B, AC
):8B@%B: 8: .C, @,8:F%+: I ,6 ,718,8B, %,@7%88 A, .C, % !%A018/B:8 % ):6%(:@%@ ):8 6%
.1)18%+,,.,8A%1F16\
,A+,AC)@,%)1<8Y,6+,>%@B%7,8B:+,+1A,9:0%%B@%2+:%C8/@C>:7CI+1F,@A1.1)%+:+,,Ab
BC+1%8B,AYB%8B:>:@AC>@:),+,8)1%YI%?C,F1,8,8+,>%2A,A+,B:+:,67C8+:Y):7:>:@AC
>@,F1%.:@7%)1<8Y?C,>C,+,1@+,A+,,6+1A,9:/@&.1):Y,6+1A,9:18+CAB@1%6Y,6+1A,9:+,18B,b
@1:@,AY6%%@?C1B,)BC@%I6%18/,81,@2%0%AB%6%%@B,A%82%I6%A(,66%A%@B,A\6+,>%@B%7,8B:+,
+1A,9:A1,7>@,0%B,81+:C8%.16:A:.2%18B,@+1A)1>618%@+,B%67:+:?C,6:A%6C78:A>C,+,8
18B,@F,81@18+1AB18B%7,8B,,8>@:I,)B:A+,+1A,9:+,>@:+C)B:Y+,+1A,9:/@&.1):Y7:(161%@1:
: 18B,@1:@,A\ :8 6:A %9:AY ,AB, +,>%@B%7,8B: A, 0% +1F1+: ,8 ,6 +,>%@B%7,8B: q ?C, A,
:)C>%+,6+1A,9:/@&.1):I6%):7C81)%)1<8F1AC%6I,6+,>%@B%7,8B:r+,+1)%+:%6+1A,9:
+,>@:+C)B:Y7:(161%@1:,18B,@1:@,A\:A,ABC+1%8B,A66,/%8%@%8(@::5):8C8%:@1,8B%)1<8
)6%@%?C,+,A%@@:66%@&8+C@%8B,+:A%9:A+,6,)BC@%A@,):7,8+%+%AIB@%(%4:18B,8A1F:,8,6
B%66,@\1/C1,8+:6%.16:A:.2%.C8+%)1:8%6+,6),8B@:8:0%IC8>@:/@%7%+,)6%A,A,AB@C)BC@%b
+:I6:?C,A,>:B,8)1%,A,6+,A%@@:66:+,66,8/C%4,>,@A:8%6+,6%6C78:\,A+,A1,7>@,Y6:A
,ABC+1%8B,A+,6%)%+,7I0%88,/%+:?C,,H1AB%C8_,AB16:@%8(@::5`>,@:6:?C,A2,H1AB,
,AC8%7%8,@%,A>,)2.1)%+,B@%(%4%@
LKDND13&,!3! !/3/C6-3!6-&0- !5+!-5/4
.18%6,A+,6:A%9:AB@,18B%YC8%F,JAC>,@%+%6%)@1A1A,):8<71)%+,6:A%9:A+,6%@%8,b
>@,A1<8Y6%@%8(@::5)%+,7I,8B@<,8C8%+,ACA,+%+,A+,:@:Y8:B%8B:>:@AC>@:/@%7%
,+C)%B1F:Y>:@6:+,7&AAC7%7,8B,18):8)@,B:YA18:>:@6%@,C81<8+,B%6,8B:A?C,,8,66%A,
+1:I>:@6:A@,AC6B%+:A?C,:(BCF:\6,?C1>:+,6)C@A:pxsobpxspY4CAB:%8B,A+,6%,/C8+%
C,@@%C8+1%6Y,AB%(%.:@7%+:>:@[61,6%%@18,8Y>@,A1+,8B,I+1@,)B:@+,6+,>%@B%7,8B:
+,%@?C1B,)BC@%I+1A,9:Z$:6B%8,>,A0I+1@,)B:@+,6+,>%@B%7,8B:+,>18BC@%Z%@6166,AY+1b
@,)B:@+,6+,>%@B%7,8B:+,,A)C6BC@%Z%@@I,@B:1%Y18AB@C)B:@+,67,B%6Z0%@6,A%7,AY18Ab
B@C)B:@ +, +1A,9:Z %@A0%66 @,+,@1)5A 18AB@C)B:@ +, 7:+,6%+:Z %14% @:B,66Y 18AB@C)B:@% +,
),@&71)%I%6.%@,@2%Z!%66%),1B)0,6618AB@C)B:@+,>18BC@%I+1(C4:Z,@:%%@18,8Y%A1AB,8B,
,8,6+,>%@B%7,8B:+,%@?C1B,)BC@%Z:4%%%@18,8_,8)%@/%+%`+,6+,>%@B%7,8B:+,B,4,+Cb
@2%g>:@?C,8:,@%:.1)1%67,8B,>@:.,A:@%hI%@1%88,B@,8/,6618AB@C)B:@%+,B,4,+C@2%\
AB,,?C1>:+,18AB@C)B:@,A,@%18B,@8%)1:8%6>C,A,8-6+:718%(%86:A,A)%8+18%F:AIA<6:0%b
(2%B@,A8:@B,%7,@1)%8:A\66:6,F%8B<)1,@B%AACA>1)%)1%A,8B@,6:A.765% 45?C,%)CA%(%8%6%
)%+,7I +, >@:>1)1%@ C8% _7,8B%61+%+ 7:8&AB1)%` I ),@@%+%Y 6: )C%6 8: ,@% )1,@B: I% ?C, ,6
/@C>:+,>@:.,A:@,A@,A1+,8B,A.C,7CI)%7(1%8B,I%-60%(2%?C,AC7%@%+,7&AC8%17>@,b
A1:8%8B,61AB%+,>@:.,A:@,A18F1B%+:A?C,%)C+2%8%9:B@%A%9:%17>%@B1@6:A)C@A:A+,F,@%8:\
% ,/C8+% C,@@% C8+1%6Y 6</1)%7,8B, >@:+C4: 7C)0%A %6B,@%)1:8,A ,8 6% F1+% +, @%8b
(@::5\
%6B%(%87%B,@1%6,AY,6@1B7:+,6%A)6%A,A+,)@,)1<I7C)0:A,ABC+1%8B,A.C,@:8,8b
F1%+:A%6.@,8B,+,4%8+:>6%J%AF%)%8B,A?C,:)C>%(%8>,@A:8%A+,6:A%6@,+,+:@,A?C,%)Cb
+2%8/@%BC1B%7,8B,%@,)1(1@6,))1:8,A18.:@7%6,A+,>18BC@%\%,A)C,6%>C+:A:(@,F1F1@+Cb
@%8B,%?C,66:A+1.2)16,AB1,7>:A/@%)1%A%%6/C8%%IC+%.,+,@%6\
%)1%,6.18%6+,6%/C,@@%Y61,6%%@18,8):8A1+,@<?C,0%(2%66,/%+:%6%,+%++,4C(16%@A,\
C +171A1<8 .C, %),>B%+% ,8 pxsu I AC 6C/%@ .C, :)C>%+: >:@ $:6B%8 ,>,A0I ?C, @,)1(1<
%?C,671A7:%9:,6B2BC6:+,+1@,)B:@IY,8pxtxY,6+,>@,A1+,8B,\%@,),A,@?C,6%/,AB1<8
+,,>,A0I8:.C,,A>,)1%67,8B,(@166%8B,\
cqotc
$#
8pxsx.%66,)1<,:@/,::B0I%6%9:A1/C1,8B,6:01J:61,6%%@18,8\C8B:A0%(2%8)@,%+:
+, 6% 8%+% C8 ),8B@: %@B2AB1): )CI:A >@18)1>1:A +, .6,H1(161+%+ I +1F,@A1+%+ >,@7%8,),@2%8
18%6B,@%+:A0%AB%8C,AB@:A+2%A\
LKDODE+'36+/ !3-3//*F
C8?C,,86:A181)1:A+,6%@%8(@::5)%+,7I:.@B0C(:>:):A%6C78:A,ABC+1%8+:.:@b
7%67,8B,+1A,9:+,18B,@1:@,AI7:(161%@1:Y%.18%6,A+,6:A%9:AB@,18B%%>%@,)1<,8,6,A),b
8%@1: C8% A,/C8+% /,8,@%)1<8 +, 18AB@C)B:@,A I %6C78:A )CI% 18.6C,8)1% ,8 ,6 +1A,9: ):8b
B,7>:@&8,:1(%%A,@7CI>:+,@:A%\
%@%,6%@?C1B,)B:I.C8+%+:@61,6%%@18,8Y6:A18B,@1:@,AI,67:(161%@1:,@%8C8%>%@B,18+1b
A:)1%(6,+,6%%@?C1B,)BC@%,86%)C%67&A?C,6%.:@7%Y6:17>:@B%8B,,@%6%C81+%++,):8b
),>B:\ AB% .16:A:.2% ,8A,9%+% ,8 6% ,A)C,6% I ,8 AC >@:>1: B%66,@ +, %@?C1B,)BC@% +,7:AB@<
A,@7CI,.,)B1F%>%@%C8/@C>:+,4<F,8,A+1A,9%+:@,A?C,A,+1A>:82%8%18F,AB1/%@6:?C,
>:+@2%7:A):8A1+,@%@6%F,@A1<8%7,@1)%8%+,6%7:+,@81+%+\
:A7C,(6,A,18B,@1:@,A?C,61,6%%@18,8+1A,9<,86:A%9:A F,18B,>%@%6:A18B,@1:@,A+,
@%8(@::5 A, )%@%)B,@1J%(%8 >:@ C8% A17(1:A1A ,8B@, ,6 6C4: I 6% ,H?C1A1B,J .@%8),A% +,6 @B
-):.16B@%+%>:@,6@1/:@+,6%A,),A1<8F1,8,A%\,@:0%)1%pxrsY+,A>C-A+,6+,A%AB@,+,6%
@%8,>@,A1<8Y6:?C,A,17>:82%,8,6)%7>:+,6+1A,9:+,7:(161%@1:,@%86%%CAB,@1+%+I
6%A,@1%)1<8\8%?C,671A7:%9:,6,B@:>:61B%8CA,C7+,C,F%#:@5:@/%81J<6%,H>:A1b
)1<8 .,6 +2.44= ,7564%* 46 >%@% 6% )C%6 +1A,9%+:@,A ):7: !1661%7 ,A)%J,Y :8%6+
,A5,IY %I7:8+ :,GI I CA,66 !@1/0B )@,%@:8 18B,@1:@,A 7CI ,AB161J%+:A I 7:+,@8:A ,8
6:A?C,6:A7:B1F:A:@8%7,8B%6,A.C,@:8B:B%67,8B,,61718%+:A\
8B,A+,6%/C,@@%A,):8:)1,@:8,86%@%8(@::5)%+,7II,7>,J%@:8%B@%(%4%@4C8B:A6:A
18AB@C)B:@,A,@:%%@18,8Y0%@6,A%7,AY%@@I,@B:1%I6%A%6C78%A%I%1A,@I
6:@,8),
)0CAB,@\?C,66:A4<F,8,A+1A,9%+:@,AY66%7%+:A_,6)2@)C6:+,@%(@::5`,AB%(%8%6):@@1,8b
B,+,6:A7:F171,8B:A+,%@B,+,F%8/C%@+1%I+,6%AB,8+,8)1%A7,8)1:8%+%A,8,67:(161%b
@1: I .C, >@,)1A%7,8B, ,8 %?C,66% ):7C81+%+ +, ,ABC+1: I )@,%)1<8 +:8+, 1(%8 % .:@7C6%@
C8%%>@:H17%)1<8%6+1A,9:@%+1)%67,8B,8C,F%(%A%+%,86%1+,%+,6::@/&81):\
,@:%%@18,8%>@,8+1<+,AC>%+@,6%1+,%+,6% *6,5$77,#Y,A+,)1@Y?C,,6+1A,9:+,b
(,@,A>:8+,@%C8%):A7:F1A1<8I,AB%@,8):8A:8%8)1%):8,6%@B,+,AC->:)%Y>:@6:?C,
AC:(@%1(%A,@AC(AB%8)1%67,8B,+1AB18B%+,6%+,AC>@:/,81B:@\64:F,8%%@18,8,ABC+1<,Ab
)C6BC@%,8%@2AY%@?C1B,)BC@%,86%C81F,@A1+%++,#%6,IB@%(%4<+:A%9:A,8
186%8+1%+:8+,
):8:)1<%6F%@%6B:\C%8+:@,/@,A<%AB%+:A81+:A):6%(:@<):8!%6B,@@:>1CAI):8,6
+1A,9%+:@18+CAB@1%6:@7%8,6,++,AY):8A1+,@%+:,6>%+@,+,664 +*%, \8pxrv,7b
>,J< % B@%(%4%@ ,8 ,6 B%66,@ +, %@?C1B,)BC@% +, AC >%+@,\ C8?C, ,ABCF: A1,7>@, ,AB@,)0%b
7,8B, F18)C6%+: % 6% ):7C81+%+ +, @%8(@::5 A<6: B@%(%4< ):7: %A1AB,8B, ,8 ,6 ,>%@B%b
7,8B:+,@?C1B,)BC@%+,6%)%+,7I,8B@,pxrxIpxsp\8/,8,@%6>@,.1@1<AC)%@@,@%>@:b
.,A1:8%6%6%+:),8)1%\
:@ AC >%@B,Y 0%@6,A %7,A ,ABC+1< %@?C1B,)BC@% ,8 6% !%A018/B:8 81F,@A1BI +, %8 :C1A
):7>%/18%8+:ACA,ABC+1:A):8B@%(%4:A,8+1F,@A%A,7>@,A%A+:8+,A,.%7161%@1J<):86%.%b
(@1)%)1<8+,>@:+C)B:A\8pxrwY%6%,+%++,rp%9:AI):8C8%)%@@,@%7&A(1,8%)%+-71)%%
ACA,A>%6+%A:(BCF:C8%(,)%>%@%,ABC+1%@,86%@%8(@::5)%+,7I+:8+,AC:(@%,H>,@1b
7,8B<C8%@&>1+%7,B%7:@.:A1A%6,8B@%@,8):8B%)B:):86%7:+,@81+%+I):86%F%@1,+%++,
B-)81)%A?C,6,:.@,)2%86:AB%66,@,A\6%9:+,,AB%@%662A:61)1B<B@%(%4%@):7:18AB@C)B:@I,7b
cqouc
$#
>,J<%):6%(:@%@):8,6B%66,@+,%@?C1B,)BC@%+,6:A%%@18,8+:8+,%>@,8+1<6%17>:@B%8)1%
+,6%C81+%++,6):8),>B:\+,7&A+,AC%>@,8+1J%4,,8@%8(@::5Y%7,A1(%+C@%8B,6:A.1b
8,A+,A,7%8%%01)%/:>%@%):8F,@A%@):8:0:6Ib%/IY%8B1/C:+1@,)B:@+,6C@A:@,61b
718%@+,6%%C0%CAI+,.,8A:@+,6%)%CA%@%)1:8%6,8,6)%7>:+,6+1A,9:\86%)%+,7I
%7,A):8:)1<B%7(1-8%AC.CBC@%A,/C8+%,A>:A%I):6%(:@%+:@%+,>:@F1+%Y%I%1A,@\
8pxrxY%7,AI%%@18,8B@%(%4%@:84C8B:A>:@>@17,@%F,J,8,6+1A,9:I7:8B%4,+,C8%
,H>:A1)1<8A:(@,6%:(@%+,6:A18AB@C)B:@,A+,@%8(@::5\C@%8B,,6)C@A:A1/C1,8B,Ypxsob
pxspY%7(:AA,>@,A,8B%@:8%6):8)C@A:4#,% 5%#,%,.+ 74,%5$%,#5?C,:@/%81J<,6
:I,8,6?C,/%8%@:8+:A>@17,@:A>@,71:A>:@C8%A,@1,+,%A1,8B:AY%@7%@1:A7:+Cb
6%@,AYA:.&I7,A%\prrAB%):7>,B1)1<8A,):8B,7>6%0:I):7:,6)6%@:%8B,),+,8B,+,6+1A,b
9::@/&81):?C,1(%%B@1C8.%@18B,@8%)1:8%67,8B,,86:A%9:A)18)C,8B%\%%>:@B%)1<8@%+1b
)%67,8B,8C,F%+,%7,AI%%@18,8@,A>,)B:%ACA%8B,),A:@,A,8,6+1A,9:+,%A1,8B:Ac,
:@(CA1,@Y%@),6@,C,@Y1,AF%8+,@:0,I6F%@%6B:c.C,6%+,)C@F%@6%7%+,@%,8+:A
+1@,))1:8,A)@,%8+:6%17>@,A1<8+,C8%.18%)&A)%@%A:>:@B%+%>:@C8%61/,@%(%A,\:7:+1b
4:%%@18,8%6/:7&AB%@+,[_C,F:A7%B,@1%6,AIB-)81)%A8:A0%8+%+:/@%8+,A:>:@BC81+%b
+,A>%@%)@,%@)&A)%@%A,AB@C)BC@%6,A+,):8B@%)0%>%+:Y>6&AB1):I7,B%6]A2Y6%.:@7%+,b
F1,8,C8>@:(6,7%,A)C6B<@1):I8:C8>@:(6,7%)C(1AB%:):8AB@C)B1F1AB%Y`prs,8%6CA1<8%6:A
+,(%B,A?C,BCF1,@:86C/%@,86%%C0%CA\
\ 44. Ray y Charles Eames; 45. Harry Bertoya.
6>@:I,)B:7&A17>:@B%8B,+,6):8)C@A:+,6:A:(@,6%.:@7%:@/&81)%.C,C8%A166%IC8
A166<8):8C8%,AB@C)BC@%,8.:@7%+,)&A)%@%+,):8B@%)0%>%+:+,7%+,@%7:6+,%+%Y.:@@%+%
+,,A>C7%I>:AB,@1:@7,8B,B%>1J%+%\8%B1>:6:/2%?C,)%CA%@2%.C@:@,86:A%9:A)18)C,8B%\
%I%1A,@66,/<%@%8(@::5,8pxsoI,ABC+1<%662C8:A>:):A7,A,A\:8%8B,@1:@1+%+Y0%b
(2%,ABC+1%+:%@B,,86%,88,B)0::6+,C,F%#:@5Y>18BC@%):8%8A:.7%88I.C,.C8b
+%+:@%+,6%)B1F:/@C>:7,@1)%8(AB@%)B@B1ABA)CI%:(@%8:,@%+,7%A1%+:(1,8F1AB%>:@
,6:\%IA,@+1A,9%(%C8%A:@1/18%6,A,A)C6BC@%A,8628,%):8,6AC@@,%61A7:%(AB@%)B:,8
6%A?C,+,7:AB@%(%C8+:7181:%(A:6CB:+,6):8B@%)0%>%+:+,7%+,@%?C,0%@6,A%7,A
prr
+,7&A+,%%@18,8I%7,AA,>@,A,8B%@:8B%7(1-8:B@:AB@,A%6C78:A+,@%8(@::5[
,84%718%6+G18Y%@@I,,A,I%6>0%>A:8\
prs
Y618,\[ 4.4%, ,.,%5.4)Y,G%F,8a:8+:8YpxuqY>&/\uu\
1B%+:>:@Y\@%1/[_8B,@1:@,A1/8%8+
C@81BC@,`,8 \\ 5%#,%,+ 4%E
$ 4,4..)%5%.,CMUNQGMUQLE
cqovc
$#
CB161J%@2% ,8 ,6 +1A,9: +, 7C,(6,A\ 8 pxspY %7(:A ):8B@%4,@:8 7%B@17:81: , 18AB%6%@:8 AC
,ABC+1:,8%61.:@81%181)1%8+:%A2C8%+,6%A)%@@,@%A7&A(@166%8B,A+,6+1A,9:8:@B,%7,@1b
)%8:\:?C,.C,,HB@%:@+18%@1:,86%B@%I,)B:@1%+,6:A%7,A.C,6%%7>61BC++,ACA18B,@,b
A,AIAC18.181B%)C@1:A1+%+?C,6,A66,F<%0%),@18)C@A1:8,A,8,6)%7>:+,6C@(%81A7:Y6%%@b
?C1B,)BC@%Y6:A18B,@1:@,AY,67:(161%@1:Y6:A4C/C,B,AY6%,A),8:/@%.2%>%@%B,%B@:I)18,Y>,62b
)C6%AY,H>:A1)1:8,AI+1A,9:/@&.1):\
46. Florence Knoll y Eero Saarinen.
6:@,8),)0CABA,?C,+<0C-@.%8%A1,8+:819%I.C,,8F1%+%%6%18/AG::+)0::6+,@%8b
(@::5+:8+,,AB%(6,)1<C8%,AB@,)0%@,6%)1<8):86%.%7161%%%@18,8?C1,8>@:8B:+,B,)B<AC
B%6,8B:>%@%,6+1A,9:\8B@,pxrsIpxrx%6B,@8<ACA,ABC+1:A,86%@%8(@::5)%+,7I):8
,ABC+1:A+,%@?C1B,)BC@%,86%81F,@A1+%++,:6C7(1%I,86%@)01B,)BC@%6AA:)1%B1:8+,
:8+@,A\:8,6,AB%661+:+,6%/C,@@%@,/@,A<%AB%+:A81+:A\C@%8B,,618F1,@8:+,pxrx
B@%(%4<,8%7(@1+/,Y%AA%)0CAA,BAY):8%@),6@,C,@I):8!%6B,@@:>1CAYIY,8pxspY
A,/@%+C<):7:%@?C1B,)B%,8,66618:1A8AB1BCB,:.,)08:6:/I+:8+,BCF:):7:7,8B:@%
C+G1/ 1,A F%8 +,@ :0,\ 66% A1,7>@, @,):8:)1< ?C, +, 6:A %%@18,8 0%(2% %>@,8+1+: 6%
1+,%+,6_+1A,9:B:B%6`I+,1,AF%8+,:0,6%1+,%+,6%_/@%8)6%@1.1)%)1<8`Y6%17>:@B%8)1%
+,6%ICHB%>:A1)1<8%A2):7:,6)C1+%+:,86:A+,B%66,AI%)%(%+:A\
8pxsrY
6:@,8),)0CAB,8B@<%B@%(%4%@,8,6+,>%@B%7,8B:+,+1A,9:+,18B,@1:@,AY66%7%b
+%6%8818/81BY+,6%,7>@,A%+,7C,(6,A+,%8A8:66):8?C1,8):8B@%,@2%7%B@17:81:
,8pxsu\%7,J)6%,8B@,,6B%6,8B:>%@%6:A8,/:)1:A+,%8AI,6B%6,8B:>%@%6%)@,%)1<8+,
6:@,8),66,F%@:8%6%,7>@,A%8:66AA:)1%B,A%6%)17%+,6+1A,9:+,7:(161%@1:>%@%:.1)1b
8%A0%AB%,6>C8B:+,?C,,6_8:666::5`B,@718%@2%>:@):8F,@B1@A,,8,6>%@%+1/7%+,6+1b
cqowc
$#
A,9:18B,@1:@%7,@1)%8:7&A,H)6CA1F:+,6:A%9:A)18)C,8B%IA,A,8B%\8pxtt%8A8:66
.%66,)1< I 6:@,8), :)C>< ,6 )%@/: +, >@,A1+,8B% +, 6% ):@>:@%)1<8\ C8?C, 6:@,8), 8:66
A1,7>@,%.1@7<?C,,@%+1A,9%+:@%+,18B,@1:@,AY6:)1,@B:,A?C,)%A16%71B%++,6:A7C,(6,A
+,6%,7>@,A%.C,@:8+1A,9%+:A>:@,66%\CA7C,(6,A8:,@%8YB-)81)%7,8B,0%(6%8+:Y188:b
F%+:@,A):7:6:A+,6:A,A>:A:A%7,AY81,A)C6B<@1):A):7:6:A+,%%@18,8\18,7(%@/:
,@%87CI_%@?C1B,)B<81):A`I71817%61AB%AIA1,7>@,B,8+2%8%6>,@.,))1:8%71,8B:+,B1>:6:b
/2%A,H1AB,8B,AA:(@,B:+:>:@6:?C,A,@,.1,@,%6:AB,41+:AYA1AB,7%A+,@,66,8:I):A1+:\%b
@%6%A(%A,A+,6%A(CB%)%AYACAB1BCI<6%7%+,@%>:@C8.18:BC(:)C%+@%+:)@:7%+:?C,,F:b
)%(%,6@1/:@+,6:A,+1.1)1:A+,1,AF%8+,@:0,\
,@:%%@18,8):7,8J<%):6%(:@%@):86%,7>@,A%8:66AA:)1%B,A0%)1%pxsr\8pxsu+1b
A,9<,67:+,6:.+?C,8:A,.%(@1)<0%AB%pxsx\AB%188:F%+:@%(CB%)%.C,6%>@17,@%
?C,CB161J%(%,6>:61-AB,@@,.:@J%+:):8.1(@%+,F1+@1:,86C/%@+,):8B@%)0%>%+:>%@%A:AB,b
8,@C8%,AB@C)BC@%,8.:@7%+,)&A)%@%?C,6C,/:1(%@,)C(1,@B%+,,A>C7%I.:@@%+%+,B%b
>1),@2%):8+1(C4:+,>1,6+,F%)%\:D6B17:?C,+1A,9<>%@%,AB%,7>@,A%.C,6%A,@1, 5G
6* : 7*%2 gpxttbtvh ):7>C,AB% >:@ C8% 7,A% I C8% A166% ):8 ,6 %A1,8B: +, >6&AB1): (6%8):
A:>:@B%+%>:@C8>1,+,%6C7181:.C8+1+:YB%7(1-8>18B%+:+,(6%8):\C8?C,ACAC,9:,@%
@,%61J%@6%B:+%+,>6&AB1):I+,C8%A:6%>1,J%,A:8:.C,B-)81)%7,8B,>:A1(6,I,6+1A,9%+:@
01J:+,AC>@:(6,7%F1@BC++,B%67:+:?C,6%A:6C)1<8+,6>,+,AB%6),8B@%6+,%6C7181:):8b
.,@2%%6%A,@1,C818B,@,A%8B,)%@&)B,@,A)C6B<@1):\
%)1+:,8B%61%>,@:.:@7%+:,8AB%+:A81+:AY%@@I,@B:1%.C,%),>B%+:):7:18AB@C)B:@
+,6%@%8(@::5)%+,7I,8pxrv\@%)1%A%ACA,H),6,8B,A):8:)171,8B:A,86%AB-)81)%A+,6
7,B%6A,@,%8C+<6%,8A,9%8J%,8,6B%66,@+,7,B%6,AY),@@%+:>:@.%6B%+,@,)C@A:A\C@%8B,
)18):%9:AY,@B:1%>@:+C4:4:I%AI:(4,B:A+,A:(@,7,A%IA,+,+1)<%6%,8A,9%8J%>,@:,8
pxsq,6B%66,@BCF:?C,F:6F,@%),@@%@%)%CA%+,6%/C,@@%\8pxsr,@B:1%A,.C,%B@%(%4%@%
%61.:@81%+:8+,):6%(:@<):8,6,ABC+1:+,6:A%7,A\8pxto,AB%(6,)1<AC>@:>1:,ABC+1:
+,+1A,9:,8%66IY,88AI6F%81%Y@,%61J%8+:>@:I,)B:A>%@%8:66AA:)1%B,A,8B@,6:A?C,+,Ab
B%)%ACA,@1,+,%A1,8B:A%+.,@,%61J%+%%(%A,+,C8%,AB@C)BC@%+,.18%AF%@166%AA:6+%+%A
+,B%67:+:?C,>%@,),8C8%B,6%7,B&61)%7:6+,%+%IACA>,8+1+%,8,6%1@,\
666%7%+:_)2@)C6:+,@%8(@::5`A,+1A>,@A<,8pxsp%)%CA%+,6%/C,@@%\>,A%@+,?C,AC
,AB%8)1%,86%)%+,7I.C,+,A1/C%6YACB@%(%4<%662.C,,A>,)1%67,8B,18B,8A:IACA@,6%)1:b
8,A>@:.,A1:8%6,AI+,%71AB%+A,>@:6:8/%@2%8%6:6%@/:+,6:A%9:A18.6CI,8+:8:B%(6,7,8b
B,,8,6+1A,9:+,7:(161%@1:I+,18B,@1:@,A+,6:A%9:A)18)C,8B%,8C@:>%+:8+,.C,@:8
7CI):8:)1+:A%B@%F-A+,6%A,H>:A1)1:8,A+,+1A,9:%7,@1)%8:+,66%8%@A0%66\
LKDPD4!$6- ! !/3/;+4!,-5& !+13/ 65/
%)1%6:A%9:A:)0,8B%Y(%4:6%+1@,))1<8+,%B0,@18,):II1)0%,6):I6:A+,>%@B%b
7,8B:A+,+1A,9:+,6%@%8(@::5)%+,7I,8B@%@:8,8C8%A,/C8+%,+%++,:@:I%?C,61b
+,@%@:8+,7:+:18+1A)CB1(6,6%):8AB@C))1<8+,6+1A)C@A:>:AB7:+,@8:,8,6+1A,9:\prt
%I,A)C,6%A?C,A,:)C>%8>@,.,@,8B,7,8B,+,.:@7%@%+1A,9%+:@,A?C,A,%4CAB,8%6%A
+,7%8+%A+,67,@)%+:+,B@%(%4:Y,8)%7(1:Y,8@%8(@::5A,0%+,+1)%+:A1,7>@,7C)0%
,8,@/2%%6+,A%@@:66:+,C87%@):B,<@1):\>@18)1>1:A+,6:A%9:A:)0,8B%,AB:+1:):7:@,b
prt
,@#b!YC/0Y,B%6\[4,4..) 5%#,E$ ;%5.745 Y
1JJ:61YC,F%#:@5Ypxxo\
cqoxc
$#
AC6B%+: 6% ,6%(:@%)1<8 +, >@:>C,AB%A 7CI @C>BC@1AB%A I (1,8 %@/C7,8B%+%A ?C, .C,@:8 B%b
)0%+%A+,>,61/@:A%A,8B%8B:?C,@,>@,A,8B%(%8C8+,A%.2:%6566737.+,6+1A,9:\
,/D86:A):IY%.18%6,A+,6:A%9:AA,B,8B%,6+1A,9:0%(2% 66,/%+:%C8%A1BC%)1<8+,
>%@&61A1AI%?C,8:0%)2%7&A?C,@,>,B1@6:A,AB16,7%AIB1)A+,6_7:+,@81A7:`6,/1B17%+:
>:@,6AB16:8B,@8%)1:8%6I6%.+,67\%)@,%B1F1+%+A,F,2%):%@B%+%>:@6%%>61)%)1<8
+,C8@1/C@:A:)%8:871817%61AB%,6%(:@%+:,8C@:>%0%)2%7C)0:A%9:AI?C,Y%>,A%@
+,B,8,@,6.C8)1:8%61A7:>:@,8A,9%YB,@718%(%>:@/,8,@%@:(4,B:A.@2:AI+C+:A%7,8B,
>@&)B1):A\8,6)%7>:+,6+1A,9:/@&.1):A,B@%B%(%+,AC>,@%@6%A,AB@,)0,),A+,6@%)1:8%b
61A7:AC1J:c:(A,A1:8%+:>:@6%)6%@1+%+Y6%CB161J%)1<8+,6%@,B2)C6%I6%6,B@%+,>%6:A,):c
7,+1%8B,6%CB161J%)1<8+,6%1@:82%Y6%A)%>%AY,64C,/:A18B&)B1):Y6%A.:@7%AF,@8&)C6%AI6%
):7>:A1)1<8B1>:/@&.1)%>@,b7:+,@8%\pru
>@18)1>1:A +, 6:A :)0,8B%Y 6:A ,H>,@17,8B:A /@&.1):A +, @%8(@::5 BCF1,@:8 C8 187,+1%B:
-H1B:18B,@8%)1:8%6+,B%67:+:?C,>@&)B1)%7,8B,A,):8F1@B1,@:8,8C8,AB16:):+1.1)%+:\18
,7(%@/:6:A,ABC+1%8B,AA,>@:>CA1,@:8AC>,@%@6:?C,>%@,)2%C8,H>,@17,8B:7,@%7,8B,
.:@7%6%)C+1,8+:%6%B,:@2%61B,@%@1%.@%8),A%>:ABb,AB@C)BC@%61AB%I%6%)@2B1)%>:AB7:+,@8%
+,6%@B,?C,Y,8B@,:B@%A):A%AY,8.%B1J%(%86%):8AB@C))1<8+,A1/81.1)%+:?C,A,>@:+C),,8b
B@,,6,A>,)B%+:@I,6:(4,B:/@&.1):):8C8%)1,@B%18+,>,8+,8)1%+,6:?C,,6+1A,9%+:@+1Ab
>:8/%\A+,)1@Y,8,6)%7>:+,6%B@%8A%))1<8F1AC%6A,>@:+C),C8,.,)B:?C,,A>%@%6,6:%
6%B@%8A%))1<8F,@(%6\,/D8):I[
_@%(%4%8+:%>%@B1@+,6%B,:@2%A618/E2AB1)%A+,6%A,71<B1)%Y>,@:@,)0%J%8+:6%.,,86%B@%8A71b
A1<8+,A1/81.1)%+:>@,+,)1(6,Y,AB%A1+,%A,7>,J%@:8%B,8,@C8.C,@B,17>%)B:,8,6B@%(%4:+,
6:A,ABC+1%8B,A+,+1A,9:/@&.1):\C,F:A,H>,@17,8B:A,H>6:@%@:86%@,6%)1<8,8B@,B,HB:,17%b
/,8I,8B@,,6>@:),A:+,6,)BC@%I,6+,F1A1<87,+1%8B,B,HB:A,17&/,8,A+,AB18%+:A%A,@6,2b
prv
+:A,8+,B%66,`\ 8,6)%7>:+,6+1A,9:B@1+17,8A1:8%6c7:(161%@1:Y+1A,9:18B,@1:@I>@:+C)B:AcB%7(1-80C(:
C8%),@)%71,8B:%6%AB,:@2%A+,6%A,71<B1)%Y6%618/E2AB1)%>:ABb,AB@C)BC@%6>@:>:81,8+:,6CA:
+,6%%8%6:/2%I6%7,B&.:@%>%@%66,F%@%6+1A,9:7&A%66&+,AC)1@)C8AB%8)1%187,+1%B%\8,6
)%7>:+,67:(161%@1:Y,AB:A1/81.1)<,H>,@17,8B%@):88C,F%A,AB@%B,/1%AB%6,A):7:@,>6%8B,%@
ACB@%+1)1:8%6>%>,6+,7,+1%+:@,8B@,,6)C,@>:0C7%8:I,6,A>%)1:YB@%B%@6:):7:C8%>,b
?C,9%%@?C1B,)BC@%:71@%@0%)1%AC01AB:@1%,8B%8B:?C,+,>:A1B%@1%+,6%7,7:@1%):6,)B1F%\
8,6&7(1B:+,6+1A,9:+,>@:+C)B:.C,+:8+,BCF1,@:86C/%@6%A7%I:@,A188:F%)1:8,A\%A
B,:@2%A .C8)1:8%61AB%A +,.,8+2%8 6% 17>:@B%8)1% +, 6%A .C8)1:8,A .2A1)%A I ,AB@C)BC@%6,A +, 6:A
>@:+C)B:A%@/C7,8B%8+:?C,,6+,A,7>,9:%+,)C%+:+,AC):7,B1+:,AAC7%I:@%B@1(CB:+,
(,66,J%\6:@8%7,8B:I6%7,B&.:@%?C,+%(%8%A2B:B%67,8B,,61718%+:A+,6>@:/@%7%+,6+1b
A,9:7:+,@8:\,/%@6,%6:A:(4,B:AAC):7>:8,8B,+,):@%B1F%IA17(<61)%,?C1F%62%%>@1F%@b
6:A+,+:A,6,7,8B:A?C,0%(2%8A1+:.C8+%7,8B%6,A,8B:+%AC01AB:@1%\:@C8%>%@B,Y?C1J&A
0%(@2%?C,>@,/C8B%@A,>:@6%>,@B18,8)1%+,,AB%%7>CB%)1<8\:@6%:B@%%>%@,)2%,8,6,A),b
8%@1:C8%>%@%.,@8%61%+,:(4,B:A)CI%A>@,AB%)1:8,AI%8:,@%8,6@,AC6B%+:+,AC.C8)1:8%b
71,8B:7,)&81):A18:+,ACA):7>:8,8B,A,6,)B@<81):A\6>%@%+1/7%7:+,@8:,AB%(%,AB@,b
)0%7,8B,@,6%)1:8%+:):8C8%@,F:6C)1<818+CAB@1%6(%A%+%,86%7,)%81J%)1<8>,@:):8,6%+b
F,8171,8B:+,6%,6,)B@<81)%,AB,>%@%+1/7%?C,+%(%:(A:6,B:\0:@%6%A718DA)C6%AF&6FC6%A
B@%8A1AB:@1J%+%AY6:A)1@)C1B:AI6:A71)@:)01>A>C,+,8):6:)%@A,+,)C%6?C1,@7:+:+,8B@:+,6%
pru
)#Y%B0,@18,I1)0%,6[_0,,G1A):C@A,`
,86+,@A,Ib!1661%7AYC/0Y,B%6\[2E%6E>&/A\psbpx\
MOS
&EC>&/\pv\
cqpoc
$#
)%@)%A%>:@6:?C,-AB%I%8:,AB&:(61/%+%%@,>@,A,8B%@,8,6,HB,@1:@6%+1A>:A1)1<818B,@1:@
+,ACA,6,7,8B:A):8AB1BCB1F:A\:?C,,6CAC%@1:>,@)1(,,8C8:(4,B:,6,)B@<81):,AC8):8b
4C8B:(%AB%8B,):7>61)%+:+,>@,AB%)1:8,A?C,)%@,),8+,,8B1+%+.2A1)%\6+1A,9:+,%(C@@1b
+%A_)%4%AB,)8:6</1)%A`?C,0%(2%8>@:>C,AB:6:A>@17,@:A.%(@1)%8B,A+,,6,)B@<81)%c,8AC
7%I:@2%%6,7%8,AI4%>:8,A,Ac0%(2%):8+C)1+:%C8)1,@B:@,)0%J:>:@>%@B,+,6:ACAC%@1:A\
8@%8(@::5>,8A%@:8?C,%+,7&A+,):7>@,8+,@%+,)C%+%7,8B,,6.C8)1:8%71,8B:+,6%
>%@%.,@8%61% ,6,)B@<81)% c):8B,AB%+:@,A %CB:7&B1):AY .%HY :@+,8%+:@,AY B,6,F1A:@,AY 71)@:b
:8+%Ac,6CAC%@1:+,(,@2%+,A%@@:66%@C8A,8B171,8B:>:A1B1F:0%)1%,66%7,+1%8B,,6@,)C@A:
+,6:A17(<61):\%A%61+%+,,AB,6%(,@18B:>:+2%,8):8B@%@A,,ABC+1%8+:6%A>:A1(161+%+,A+,
6%_A,7&8B1)%+,6>@:+C)B:`\,B@%B%(%+,(CA)%@6%A,A,8)1%AI6%A)C%61+%+,A%@?C,B2>1)%A
+,6>@:+C)B:18F,AB1/%8+:6%,A,8)1%+,6%@B,.%)B:\8%>@17,@%,AB@%B,/1%>:+2%):8A1AB1@,8
6%18F,AB1/%)1<8+,AC1):8:/@%.2%\ %8:8/A%1+1A,9<,8pxwuC8%B:AB%+:@%)CI%)%@)%A%
B,82%6%.:@7%+,+:A@,(%8%+%A+,>%8):8C8/@%(%+:,8@,61,F,?C,@,>@,A,8B%(%+,7:b
+: 1):8:/@&.1): 6%A :8+%A ,6-)B@1)%A\ % .:@7% @,AC6B%8B, ,H>61)%(% A18 ,?C2F:):A ?C, >:@
7,+1:+,6)%6:@,6>%8A,):8F,@B2%,8B:AB%+%\
47. Lisa Krohn: prototipo de contestador automático, 1987.
48. Paul Montgomery: prototipo de deshumidificador, 1987.
%_A,7&8B1)%+,6>@:+C)B:`8:,AC8*..):C8,AB16:YA18:C8%.16:A:.2%+,6+1A,9:?C,+,b
.1,8+,?C,6:A>@:+C)B:AcA:(@,B:+:6:A,6,)B@<81):Ac+,(,8>%@,),@6:?C,0%),8\A+,)1@Y
AC .:@7% +,(, A1/81.1)%@ : AC/,@1@ +, 7%8,@% 7&A : 7,8:A .1/C@%B1F% )C&6 ,A AC CA:\ AB%
%>@:H17%)1<87,B%.<@1)%.C,@&>1+%7,8B,%+:>B%+%,8,67:(161%@1:>:@?C,.:@7%(%>%@B,
+,AC01AB:@1%\8)%7(1:,@%7&A>@:(6,7&B1)%,86:A## 65,6,)B@<81):A>:@?C,)%@,)2%8
+,)C%6?C1,@B@%+1)1<8I>:@?C,Y,86:A%9:AA,B,8B%A,,7>,9%(%8,8%+:>B%@6%.:@7%+,6%
71AB,@1:A%_)%4%B,)8:6</1)%`\1A%@:08IC)5,@ 1,7,1AB,@+,7%@B,A1/8Y+1A,9%@:8,8
pxwvC8):8B,AB%+:@%CB:7&B1):?C,YB:7%8+:):7:@,.,@,8)1%6%1+,%+,6:A7,8A%4,A,Ab
)@1B:AY%+:>B%(%6%.:@7%+,C8%%/,8+%+,A:(@,7,A%,86%?C,%6>%A%@)%+%>&/18%A,%)b
B1F%(%IA,,H>61)%(%C8%.C8)1<8+,B,@718%+%\,,AB,7:+:,6CAC%@1:A,%0:@@%(%6%,8/:b
@@:A%6,)BC@%+,67%8C%6+,18AB@C))1:8,A\
% A,7&8B1)% +,6 >@:+C)B: : +1A,9: 7,B%.<@1):Y .C, %):/1+% ):8 /@%8 ,8BCA1%A7: >:@ 6%
):7C81+%+18B,@8%)1:8%6+,6+1A,9:?C,F1:,8,66%C8%,A)%>%B:@1%%6:A,AB@,)0:A6271B,A
cqppc
$#
?C,0%(2%17>C,AB:6%+:)B@18%+,6.C8)1:8%61A7:\+,7&A+,6,6,7,8B:A17(<61):,8,6B,b
@@,8: ,AB@1)B%7,8B,Y .:@7%6 %>%@,)1,@:8 628,%A A,+C)B:@%A %662 +:8+, %8B,A 0%(2% 628,%A I
&8/C6:A@,)B:A:)C@F%A+,):7>&AZ6:A):6:@,A8,CB@:A+,4%(%8>%A:%6:A):6:@,A(@166%8b
B,AI6%AAC>,@.1)1,A61A%A+%(%8>%A:%6%AAC>,@.1)1,AB,HBC@%+%A\
18,7(%@/:Y):7::)C@@2%,8,6)%A:+,6+1A,9:
/@&.1):Y0%(2%,6>,61/@:+,?C,6%A,7&8B1)%+,6
>@:+C)B: .C,@% +1FC6/%+% ):7: C8 ,AB16: )C%8b
+:,8@,%61+%+8:6:,@%I%?C,A,B@%B%(%+,C8
+1A>:A1B1F: B,<@1): >%@% 18F,AB1/%@ 6% ):8AB@C)b
)1<8+,6A1/81.1)%+:\prwA2?C,Y,8@%8(@::5YA,
>@:>CA1,@:8 66,F%@ ,6 +,(%B, C8 >:): 7&A %66&
>@:>:81,8+: )C,AB1:8,A +, 7%I:@ )%6%+:\ %
A,7&8B1)%+,6>@:+C)B:B:7<C8%8C,F%+1@,)b
)1<8 %617,8B%+% >:@ 6% .16:A:.2% .@%8),A% >:ABb
,AB@C)BC@%61AB% 8: >@:>C,AB% ,8 B-@718:A +,
B,:@2%61B,@%@1%A18:,86:AB-@718:A?C,,8B1,8b
+,8 6:A +1A,9%+:@,AY ,A: ,AY A, B@%B%(% +, ,Hb
B,8+,@ 6:A 66%7%+:A _.%)B:@,A 0C7%8:A` c,6
>@:/@%7%.C8)1:8%6cY+,6:.2A1):I6:.1A1:6</1):
% 6: )C6BC@%6\prx % 1+,% ,@% ?C, 6% .:@7% >:+2%
B:+%F2%A,/C1@%6%.C8)1<8\%+1.,@,8)1%,@%?C,
,8@%8(@::56%>A1):6:/2%I6%)C6BC@%B%7(1-8
A,):8A1+,@%(%8.C8)1:8,A\
,6 .16<A:.: .@%8)-A ,%8 %C+@166%@+Y A, B:7%b
@:8 6%A 1+,%A +, _6% )C6BC@% +,6 :(4,B:` I _6% 49. Alen Hori: cartel para una exposición
.C8)1<8 +,6 A1/8:` ,8 @,6%)1<8 ):8 6:A :(4,B:A sobre la tipografía como discurso, 1989.
,8C818B,8B:>:@,H>61)%@)<7:6:A+1A,9:AA:8
)<7>61),A+,6%)@,%)1<8+,6:A71B:A+:7-AB1):A>:@>%@B,+,ACA>@:>1,B%@1:A\pso18,7b
(%@/:6%AB,:@2%A+,%C+@166%@+B,82%8C8.C8+%7,8B:7%@H1AB%6:?C,8:,@%7CI(1,8F,b
81+:,8C8),8B@:?C,8:)C,AB1:8%(%6%AF1@BC+,A+,6%,):8:72%+,7,@)%+:\
% %+1)1<8 +, A1/81.1)%+: ,8 6:A >@:+C)B:A +, 6% B,)8:6:/2% ,6,)B@<81)% A, 01J: ):8A)1,8B,b
7,8B,>,@:>%@%4CJ/%@,6/@%+:,8?C,,6A1/81.1)%+:>:+2%:+,(,@2%A,@18B@:+C)1+:):7:
%)B:+,61(,@%+:+,+1A,9:A,(CA)<18A>1@%)1<8,86%.16:A:.2%):8:)1+%):7:.,8:7,8:6:/2%\
%C@1), ,@6,%Cb:8BI A:AB1,8, ?C, )C%6?C1,@ 18B,8B: +, 18F,AB1/%@ 6% ):8)1,8)1% c,8 ,AB,
)%A:6%+17,8A1<8@%)1:8%6+,6+1A,9:c.@%)%A%@&A1+,A%B1,8+,6%):8B@1(C)1<8+,C8:71A7:
c6%+17,8A1<818BC1B1F%+,6+1A,9:\psp:@6:B%8B:Y6%18B,8)1<8+,6+1A,9%+:@+,)@,%@C8>@:b
+C)B:Y>:@,67,@:0,)0:+,AC)@,%)1<8YI%17>61)%C8%,H>@,A1<8+,A271A7:\:A.,8:7,b
8:6:/1AB%A>@,.1,@,8?C,8:A,8.@,8B,7:A%6%@,%61+%++,6%A):A%AB%6I):7:%>%@,),8%8B,
8:A:B@:A%8B,A?C,%ACA):7>61)%+%AF,@+%+,A18B,@8%A\C,6%B,)8:6:/2%A,%)%+%F,J7&A
18A:8+%(6,,AC8%(C,8%8:B1)1%>%@%6:ACAC%@1:AY>:@?C,8:B1,8,8>:@?C-):7>@,8+,@,6
prw
:(@,6%+,):8AB@C))1<8,8,6+1A,9:/@&.1):F,@Y%?C,6[_%F1A1<8+,):8AB@C)B1F%`
,8%5 -4$.=C +5.,6 +2.4, .5 %5 -.#4"%.IMUUTGNLLOJC
%1+<AY%@),6:8%bC,8:A1@,Ab-H1):YqoosY>&/A\stbsx\
prx
,@,6%@B2)C6:[#b!YC/0[_0,7%81,@1AB:.71)@:6,)B@:81)A`
,8#b!Y,B%6\>&/A\qqbqu\
pso
&EC>&/\qq\
psp
CB:@+, ,.+ ,.*.#& *2 4 2%0,Y+\,828AC6%Y%@),6:8%YpxvtipK,+1)1<8[%@2AYpxstj\
cqpqc
$#
.C8)1:8%71,8B: +, 6% >%@%.,@8%61% ,6,)B@<81)%Y >,@: B%7(1-8 >%@% 6:A +1A,9%+:@,A ?C,
+,A,%8 0C7%81J%@ 6:A >@:+C)B:A +, +1)0% B,)8:6:/2%\ , B:+:A 7:+:AY 6%A +1.1)C6B%+,A ?C,
>@,A,8B%6%.,8:7,8:6:/2%>%@%%),>B%@,6>@:/@,A:)1,8B2.1):%)BC%68:):8+C),%>@,+,)1@
?C,A,%C8%(C,8%0,@@%71,8B%B,<@1)%>%@%,6+1A,9:I%?C,6:A+1A,9%+:@,A+,(,@&8A1,7b
>@, ):7>@,8+,@ 6%A 8C,F%A B,)8:6:/2%A ?C, AC@/,8 +, 6% )1,8)1%\psq A2 >:@ ,4,7>6:Y ,B,@
B%01A +1A,9< C8 B,6,F1A:@ >%@% ):6:)%@ %6 6%+: +, 6% )%7% )CI% >%8B%66% >,@7%8,)2% :)C6B%
>,@:?C,%6B:)%@6%A,/1@%(%YA,+1@1/2%%6,A>,)B%+:@IA,>:82%,87%@)0%\C8?C,6%.:@7%
+,6 B,6,F1A:@ 8: @,)C@@2% % 6% 7,B&.:@% .&)16 +,6 /%B: %)C@@C)%+: 4C8B: % 6% )%7% A2 ?C,Y ,8
)%7(1:Y0%)2%C8%%6CA1<8+1@,)B%%6%+:7,AB1)1+%+\
6+,@A,Ib!1661%7A):8)6CI,?C,+C@%8B,6:A%9:A:)0,8B%6%18F,AB1/%)1<8+,6:A.C8+%7,8b
B:A .16:A<.1):A +,6 +1A,9: ,8 @%8(@::5 ,F:6C)1:8< >@:/@,A1F%7,8B, +,A+, 6: 1):8:/@&.1):
0%AB%6:7,B%.<@1):IY+,A+,%662Y0%AB%6:.,8:7,8:6</1):\AB%.C,C8%>@:/@,A1<86</1)%,8
C8%):7C81+%++,+1A,9%+:@,A+,A,:A:A+,18AC.6%@A1/81.1)%+:%6:A:(4,B:A+,6%8C,F%,@%
B,)8:6</1)%7,+1%8B,C8%,H>6:@%)1<818-+1B%?C,8:)%I,@%,86%B@1F1%61+%+\
C)0:A+,6:A,H>,@17,8B:A+,6:A%6C78:A,8%?C,66%->:)%,@%818F1%(6,A+,A+,C8>C8B:
+,F1AB%B-)81)::):7,@)1%6>,@:,66:8:17>1+1<?C,,7>@,A%A):7:0161>AY%8/l6C.A,8Y
1)B%>0:8,:>>6,:7>CB,@A,18B,@,A%@%8>:@,66:A,86%7,+1+%?C,(CA)%(%8%6B,@8%B1b
F%A%60,@7,B1A7:+,6%A_)%4%AB,)8:6</1)%A`?C,0%AB%,8B:8),A18F%+2%8,67,@)%+:\6+1Ab
)C@A:%6B,@8%B1F:+,6%_B,)8:6:/2%%71/%`?C,,8%+,6%8B,A,>@:>CA:%6CAC%@1:A,:@1/18<
,8(C,8%>%@B,,8@%8(@::5\
% )%+,7I :. @B +, @%8(@::5 ,A C8 >:): +1.2)16 +, C(1)%@ +,8B@: +,6 ,A?C,7% ,F:6CB1F:
+,A)@1B:>:@C)0%8%8%6>@18)1>1:+,,AB,)%>2BC6:\8ACA:@2/,8,AY%.18%6,A+,6:A%9:AF,18b
B,Y>:+2%>%@,),@C8),8B@:>:):>@:/@,A1AB%>C,AB:?C,A,18A>1@%(%,86%AB@%+1)1:8,A%@B,b
A%8%A+,6%A465K4"65/,AB%+%A,8,6A1/6:""\AB:6%A1BC%@2%,8,6>@17,@81F,6:81F,6+,
:.1)1:(%AB%8B,>:@+,B@&A+,%6/C8%A,?C1F%6,8B,A,C@:>,%AY):7:6%%C0%CAY6%,A)C,6%+,
@%85.C@B:,68AB1BCB:,17%88+,,@628Y>:@%?C,66%->:)%I%7CI):7>@:7,B1+%A):86:A
7:F171,8B:A+,F%8/C%@+1%I,6+,A%@@:66:>@:.,A1:8%6+,6+1A,9:\,@:>:@,60,)0:+,?C,
A<6:%),>B%@%,ABC+1%8B,A+,81F,6%F%8J%+:)CI%B%@,%,@%6%18F,AB1/%)1<8>:+@2%):8A1+,@%@b
A,C8),8B@:A1BC%+:,8,6B,@),@81F,6\,0,)0:YC8%F,JAC>,@%+%A6,A>,8C@1%A+,6%@%8
,>@,A1<8I+,6%,/C8+%C,@@%C8+1%6Y6%>@:+C))1<8+,@%8(@::5,7>,J<%A,@,HB@%b
:@+18%@1%7,8B,188:F%+:@%\:B%8B:+,A+,,6>C8B:+,F1AB%+1A)1>618%@Y):7:6:.C,6%.
+,67YA18:+,A+,,6>C8B:+,F1AB%,AB-B1):\AB:8:B1,8,8%+%+,>%@B1)C6%@>C,AB:?C,C8:
+,6:A>:):A:(4,B1F:A+,)6%@%+:A+,@%8(@::5,A,6):7>@:71A:+,6%6C78:):86%18F,AB1b
/%)1<8 +, C8 6,8/C%4, >,@A:8%6 A<61+%7,8B, %@/C7,8B%+:\ A2Y 71,8B@%A ?C, ,6 ,7>,9: +,
67.C,+:B%@%6+1A,9:+,C8.C8+%7,8B:)1,8B2.1):Y,8@%8(@::5,6,7>,9:0%):8A1AB1+:
,8+:B%@6:+,.C8+%7,8B:A,AB-B1):A%):@+,A):8,6,A>2@1BC+,)%+%->:)%\
:@:B@%>%@B,Y8:,A+,6B:+:%>@:>1%+:):7>%@%@6%)%+,7I+,@%8(@::5):86%%C0%CA\
1A1?C1,@%,8ACA:@2/,8,A\67-@1B:+,6%%C0%CAY:+,6:A 0+,:A)DY.C,6%
)@,%)1<8+,C87-B:+:>@:>,+-CB1):Y,A+,)1@Y6%+,.181)1<8+,6%A7%B,@1%AI,4,@)1)1:A):b
@@,A>:8+1,8B,A %6 81F,6 +, 181)1%)1<8 %6 +1A,9: @,C81+:A ,8 ,6 66%7%+: C@A: &A1): : C@A:
@,61718%@\AB%7,B:+:6:/2%,AAC7%I:@6,/%+:I>,@7%8,),0%AB%8C,AB@:A+2%A>,@:A,@2%
@,+C8+%8B,IA,0%),188,),A%@1%,86:A),8B@:A+,81F,6%F%8J%+:Y+,+1)%+:A%6%18F,AB1/%b
)1<8Y+:8+,,6%6C78:I%>:A,,C8%.:@7%)1<8,A>,)2.1)%I%)),+,):8C8%,+%+IC8/@%+:
+,%CB:8:72%>,@A:8%67C)0:7%I:@\
psq
#b!YC/0[
&EC>&/\qt\
cqprc
$#
LLD/-+64&0-
1AB<@1)%7,8B,Y 0,7:A F1AB: ):7: 6% .:@7%)1<8 ,8 +1A,9: BCF: ?C, 18F,8B%@A, % A2 71A7%
@:7>1,8+:I)C,AB1:8%+:F%@1%AB@%+1)1:8,A,AB%(6,)1+%A[,8>@17,@6C/%@Y6%,8A,9%8J%+,6%A
,66%A@B,A(%A%+%A,86%01AB:@1%I6%):>1%+,7:+,6:AZ,8A,/C8+:6C/%@6%A,8A,9%8J%+,
6:A:.1)1:A(%A%+%,8,6F1@BC:A1A7:7%8C%6YI6%,4,)C)1<8,8,6B%66,@+,>1,J%A7%/1AB@%6,AIY
,8 B,@),@ 6C/%@Y 6% %@?C1B,)BC@% :@1,8B%+% % 6% ):8AB@C))1<8 7:8C7,8B%6 I ,6 +:7181: +, 6:A
@,>,@B:@1:A+,):@%B1F:A\
%6</1)%>@:+C)B1F%>:+@2%0%),@>,8A%@?C,6%A,A)C,6%A+,+1A,9:+,(,@2%80%(,@A1+:A1,7>@,
.C8+%+%A I .18%8)1%+%A >:@ 6% 18+CAB@1% )CI: :(4,B1F: A,@2% .:@7%@ B@%(%4%+:@,A ,8 .C8)1<8 +,6
>@:),A:18+CAB@1%6\C@1:A%7,8B,%6%@/%,66:8:0%A1+:%A2\1,8%6/D87:7,8B:0,7:AB,81+:
8:B1)1% +, %6/C8%AY ):7: 6% ?C, )@,< ,6 @,71: +, %(@1)%8B,A ,HB16,A +, %(%+,66 : 6%A :b
F,@87,8B)0::6A:.,A1/8(@1B&81)%A8:>%@,),?C,>@:/@,A%@%8+,7%A1%+:0%)1%,6A1/6:""\
C1J&A6:A%6C78:A6%A>,@)1(2%8):7:C8%):8B18C%)1<8+,6%.&(@1)%I+,AC4:@8%+%6%(:@%6I
,66:Y%6%6%@/%Y>C+:0%(,@.@,8%+:AC):8B18C1+%+\%7(1-8>C,+,A,@?C,6%A18+CAB@1%A+,4%b
@%8+,>@,AB%@6,AAC%>:I:)C%8+:,8B@%@:8,8A1BC%)1:8,A+,)@1A1AI@,):8F,@A1<8\
1/C1,8+:):86%+,.181)1<8+,+1A,9:A,/D86%)C%6-AB,,AC87:F171,8B:)C6BC@%6?C,0%),C8%
)@2B1)%+,6,8B:@8:7%B,@1%6I%A>1@%%7:+,@81J%@6:YB:+:>%@,),18+1)%@?C,Y,8AC187,8A%7%b
I:@2%6%A,A)C,6%A+,+1A,9:?C,0%8B@1C8.%+:IA,0%871B1.1)%+:8:.C,@:8>@:7:F1+%AI)@,%b
+%A>:@6%18+CAB@1%A18:>:@+1A,9%+:@,AY18B,6,)BC%6,AI%)B1F1AB%AY.:@7%8+:C8%>%@B,,A,8)1%6
+,,AB,7:F171,8B:\8:+,ACA:(4,B1F:A.C8+%7,8B%6,AY,86%A+1.,@,8B,A,B%>%A+,6A1/6:""Y
0%A1+:@,A>:8+,@):8,.1)%)1%%6%A+,7%8+%A+,6%18+CAB@1%I+,6%A:)1,+%++,6%):7C81)%b
)1<8Y>,@:8:,H)6CA1F%7,8B,\
%A ,A)C,6%A +, +1A,9: 8: A, 0%8 ):8.1/C@%+: ):7: 7,@:A )%8%6,A +, B@%8A71A1<8 +, ):8:)1b
71,8B:AA18:?C,0%8@,>@,A,8B%+:%CB-8B1):A.:@:A+,+,(%B,Y6C/%@,A+,A28B,A1A,8B@,):8:b
)171,8B:I)@,%)1<8Y,A>%)1:A+,@,.6,H1<8A:(@,6%+,.181)1<871A7%+,+1A,9:I6%71A1<8+,6:A
>@:.,A1:8%6,A\%AB%,6>C8B:+,?C,%F,),A>%@,),?C,0%81+:>:@+,6%8B,+,AC->:)%Y%8B1b
)1>%8+:6:?C,6%18+CAB@1%I6%A:)1,+%+1(%8%A:61)1B%@\AB%%.1@7%)1<88:,A+,A)%(,66%+%,8,6
7:7,8B:%)BC%6,8?C,6%18F,AB1/%)1<8?C,A,0%),,86%AC81F,@A1+%+,AA,+,+1)%>@,)1A%7,8b
B,%+1(C4%@,A),8%@1:A+,.CBC@:?C,81A1?C1,@%,67%@5,B18/,A)%>%J+,>@,F,@\
8+C+%(6,7,8B,Y6%A,A)C,6%A0%8B,81+:C8>%>,6.C8+%7,8B%6,86%)@,%)1<8+,6%1+,8B1+%++,
6:A+1A,9%+:@,AY?C,8:A,):8)1(,8%A271A7:A):7:7,@:A,4,)CB:@,A+,6%>%@B,)@,%B1F%+,
C8>@:),A:18+CAB@1%6YA18:):7:%CB-8B1):A%/,8B,A+,6)%7(1:A:)1%6\AB%):8+1)1<8+,%/,8b
B,A+,6)%7(1:Y?C,%F,),A0%%+?C1@1+:B18B,ACB<>1):AY,A%6/:%6:?C,6%7%I:@2%+,.CBC@:A
+1A,9%+:@,A%A>1@%8I%6:?C,6%A,A)C,6%A0%8?C,@1+:@,A>:8+,@\
6@,B:?C,A,>6%8B,%%)BC%67,8B,,86%,8A,9%8J%+,6+1A,9:,A6%)%>%)1+%++,@,%61J%@18F,Ab
B1/%)1<8%81F,6C81F,@A1B%@1:\%AB%0%),@,6%B1F%7,8B,>:):,86,7%81%Y@%8@,B%9%:A>%b
9%7C)0%A,A)C,6%A+,+1A,9:,@%8AC>,@1:@,A>,@:8:C81F,@A1B%@1%A\:@,4,7>6:6%.+,67
,@%C8%,A)C,6%B-)81)%AC>,@1:@YC8%$$.5$7* C>,@:8:A,,8):8B@%(%,8)C%+@%+%+,8B@:
+,6%C81F,@A1+%+\%8:@7%61J%)1<8I0:7:6:/%)1<8+,6:A,ABC+1:A+,/@%+:Y>:AB/@%+:I+:)B:b
@%+:,8B:+:,67C8+:0%0,)0:?C,6%,8A,9%8J%+,6+1A,9:0%I%+%+:C8A%6B:)C%61B%B1F:17b
>:@B%8B,\0:@%A,>6%8B,%%+:>B%@C8)%@&)B,@7&A)1,8B2.1):,8,6A,8B1+:+,?C,6%)1,8)1%,A
)%>%J+,>@:+C)1@%)C,@+:A:(@,6%F%61+,J+,6:A@,AC6B%+:A,8+1.,@,8B,A)C6BC@%AY,8+1.,@,8b
B,A->:)%AI,8B@,:(A,@F%+:@,A7CI+1A>%@,A\%F,8B%4%+,6%)1,8)1%,A?C,B1,8+,%>@:7:F,@
,6):8A,8A:C81F,@A%6A:(@,)%7>:A7CI%7>61:A\
cqpsc