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Exercise 3

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Report
Name: Luis Eduardo Ramos Amado
ID Number: 2829505
Name of the course: Contemporary Professor´s name: Gustavo Elidio
world.
Gonzalez Felix
Module: Module 1
Activity: Exercise 3
Date: Thursday 16th, August 2018
Bibliography:
Users.clas.ufl.edu. (2018). The Scientific Revolution - Definition - Concept History.
http://users.clas.ufl.edu/ufhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-
Teaching/03sr-definition-concept.html
Anon,
(2018).
https://physics.tutorvista.com/scientific-
methods/contributions-of-scientists.html
Science,
L.
(2018).
What
Was
the
Enlightenment?
Live
Science.
https://www.livescience.com/55327-the-enlightenment.html
Make a timeline with the information
1.
The Scientific Revolution (1550-1700): Time of scientific
changes, changes that were revolutionaries for the people on that age.
2.
The
Enlightenment
(1685-1815) :European
intellectual
movement in which people resorted into reason for deep thoughts.
3.
Enlightened Despotism (1689-1815):It was a certain way of
thinking which enhance the leader's power.
4.
The French Revolution(1787-1799):was a period of ideological,
political and social difference.
5.
The US Independence (1770-1776):Commemoration of the
adoption of the Declaration of Independence
Report
Describe four contributions of each period's scientists.
Scientist
Contribution
Nicolaus
Known as the father of modern astronomy, he made
Copernicus
translations of Greek philosophers and astronomers and
(The
Scientific postulated heliocentric model of the solar system
Revolution)
Newton
Non for discovering the three laws of motion in which he
(The
represented natural bodies in a sterile ambient and the
Enlightenment)
gravity law.
David Hume
His greatest contribution to Western philosophy is was the
(Enlightened
development of skepticism and philosophical empiricism.
Despotism)
Some of his contributions and ideas were:
-Innate ideas do not exist; we all require experience, directly.
-The mental behavior is governed by custom.
Antoine
He showed that in a chemical reaction, the amount of matter
Lavoisier
is the same at the beginning and end of the reaction, testing
(
The
French the law of conservation of matter in a quantitative way.
Revolution)
Report
Benjamin
His scientific research covered topics such as electricity, the
Franklin
field of mathematics and cartography. He collaborated in the
(The
US drafting of the Declaration of Independence and the
Independence)
Constitution of the United States.
Complete the following.
1.
Describe biographical details of some proponents of the
Enlightenment, such as Voltaire and Diderot. What do you find most
interesting? (half page)
The people who supported the illustration were so impressed by the travel
literature and explorations that revealed that the rules of life of primitive man
were based on a simple and good ideology; The exponent of this orientation
was Denis Diderot, who compared the evil of Christian society with primitive
and simple society. This ideology became a symbol of the aspiration to return
man to natural conditions. Therefore, Christianity was rejected, trying to reach
simple and clear truths. Among the Illustrators prevailed a deistic vision in
which the existence of a God was accepted, but he was only seen as the
creator of the world. Later, however, an atheistic current spread that denied all
spiritual life to the soul. The thinkers of the Enlightenment opposed
Catholicism
and
clericalism
as
instruments
of
power
because
the
Enlightenment promoted tolerance contrary to the dogmatic impositions of the
church. In the struggle for distinguished tolerance Voltaire formulated the
principle of respect for religious and political views of people, which expresses
in his treatise on tolerance of 1763. The Enlightenment fought for freedom of
thought, but soon after it emerged a critical spirit between social classes and
that led to real absolutism. Many nobles felt the weight of absolutism, some
aristocrats and members of the clergy used to carry out reforms, and the
bourgeoisie no longer accepted to be excluded from the activities of the
government.
Report
2.
Why were some European kings called enlightened despots?
The enlightened despots were monarchs who distinguished themselves from
the previous ones in the way they ruled. Illuminated monarchs ruled
absolutistically on the basis of the principles of the Enlightenment. This means
that the monarchs ruled with the purpose of taking care of the development of
all their subjects, not only to please the nobility.
Although their kingdoms were based on the ideas of the Enlightenment, their
thinking about the royal powers was similar to that of their predecessors. The
enlightened despots believed that they had obtained the right to rule by birth.
3.
Identify three kings that are representative of enlightened
despotism, supporting your choice through images and a short
biography
King Charles III (1759-1788)king of Spain
and king of Naples (as Charles VII, 1734–59),
one of the “enlightened despots” of the 18th
century, who helped lead Spain to a brief
cultural and economic revival.
Emperor Joseph II (1765-1790) Joseph
Benedict Augustus of Austria was an Austrian
archduke of century XVIII and soon emperor of
the Sacrum Germanic Roman Empire of 1765
to 1790, king of Hungary and king of Bohemia.
Czar Catherine II (1762-1796) Catherine II of
Russia, called Catherine the Great was
Empress of Russia for 34 years, from June 28,
1762 until her death, at 67 years.
Report
4.
Consider the historical context at the time and indicate the
triumphs and failures of the kings who were sympathetic to the
Enlightenment.
In this period, the sovereigns increasingly met the demands of freedom and
equality, but in the sense of keeping everyone equal before them, thus
maintaining their power almost intact. This was also possible due to a serious
lack of Enlightenment that, on the one hand, criticized the divine origin of real
power and, on the other, distrusted any program too democratic, fearing
irrationality and the disorderly passion of the people. That is why they
accepted the royal authority whenever their own reforms were implemented.
Then, some sovereigns could: limit and combat the privileges of the nobility
and the clergy, establish freedom of trade, promote public education, improve
the tax system. In this way, the living conditions of some States improved, but,
in general, the populations continued to be subject to the decision of the
constituted power, to remain deprived of the most basic and fundamental
rights. The state that became even stronger stems from this situation. Richer
and better administered.
However, enlightened absolutism had the undeniable merit of promoting
economic, social and political reforms to improve the state. For example,
Frederick II abolished serfdom, Charles III made improvements in agriculture,
Catherine the Great implemented legal and scholastic reforms, while Joseph II
introduced religious tolerance.
5.
Describe the conditions in which the French people lived
before revolution broke out. (half page)
The French social system was inherited from the feudal system. The society
was unfair in three unequal orders. We can speak of an unequal society
because the first two orders, the clergy and the nobility, have honorary and
fiscal privileges. Each order is heterogeneous; and within them, individuals are
more or less privileged: the high clergy are very rich, while the lower clergy
receive only the small portion; only the high nobility receives pensions from the
king while the nobility clings desperately asked the rights to survive. As a
Report
result, inequality increases, the rich are richer and the poor are poorer and
poorer. The ranking is done according to the service rendered to each order; it
is related to the vocation, the birth, or the esteem accorded to certain roles.
The financial crisis, already present under Louis XV, worsens during the reign
of Louis XVI. The poor harvests of 1787 and 1788 caused an increase in the
price of bread and the people suffered from scarcity. Faced with the crisis and
the attitude of the privileged, the bourgeois obtain from the King the
convocation of the States-General (the meeting of the representatives of the
three orders) for 1789. To prepare them, the notebooks of the grievances are
written: each order collects the claims in the whole kingdom and elect
representatives.
6.
Identify and briefly explain the heritage of the French
Revolution which has lasted to our days. (at least three lasting
aspects)
Freedom: The main contribution of the French Revolution is democracy:
citizens are now free and equal rights, and Edmond "still believes".
The birth of the Republic: The French Revolution allowed the establishment
of the Republic. the mobilization of the people was "the first attempt at
republican construction in France".
The modernization of France: The Revolution facilitated "the entry of France
into modernity" thanks to the reforms put in place under the reign of Napoleon.
Ana rightly notes that "the civil code is born thanks to Napoleon Bonaparte, on
the ashes of the Revolution.The administrative organization of France that
continues until today also dates from this time".
7.
Reflect on and write the significance of each contribution.
Deep structural causes, which have been combined with other causes due to
the economic situation of the period. The revolution is not due to a single
event but to a set of events which, together, have created a shock of sufficient
Report
importance to bring about irreversible transformations in the conception of the
organization of political power, society and freedoms individual.
8.
Indicate at least three conditions that permitted the thirteen
colonies of North America to win their independence.
The Thirteen Colonies had a high degree of self-governance and active local
elections, and they resisted London's demands for more control.
9.
On what continent (Europe or America) did the ideas of the
Enlightenment first triumph? And what factors of that environment
are credited with this triumph?
Europe, the people who supported the illustration were so impressed by the
travel literature and explorations that revealed that the rules of life of primitive
man were based on a simple and good ideology; The exponent of this
orientation was Denis Diderot, who compared the evil of Christian society with
primitive and simple society.
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