AS 1100.201—1992 Australian StandardR Technical drawing Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 Part 201: Mechanical engineering drawing This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee ME/72, Technical Drawing. It was approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 25 August 1992 and published on 16 November 1992. The following interests are represented on Committee ME/72: Association of Consulting Engineers Australia Australian Chamber of Commerce Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia Confederation of Australian Industry Department of Administrative Services Department of Defence Department of Employment and Technical and Further Education, South Australia Institute of Draftsmen, Australia Institute of Industrial Arts Institution of Engineers, Australia Master Builders—Construction and Housing Association Australia N.S.W Technical and Further Education Commission Public Works Department, N.S.W. University of New South Wales University of Queensland Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard: Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 University of Technology, Sydney Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up–to–date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any amendments thereto. Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australian Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards. Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards Australia, are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken. This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 90109. AS 1100.201—1992 Australian StandardR Technical drawing Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 Part 201: Mechanical engineering drawing For history before 1992, see Preface. Second edition AS 1100.201—1992. Incorporating Amdt 1-1992 PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA (STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA) 1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140 ISBN 0 7262 7805 X PREFACE This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Technical Drawing to supersede AS 1100.201–1984. AS 1100.201 was a revision and amalgamation of AS 1100 Parts 9 to 11 all published in 1974 and AS 1100 Part 12 published in 1979. AS 1100 Parts 9 to 12 ran concurrently with AS CZ1.1 of 1976 which was withdrawn in 1982. AS CZ1.1 was a revision of AS CZ1 which was first published in 1941 with further editions published in 1944, 1946, 1951, 1966 and 1973. The 1966 edition also superseded AS Z8 of 1956 (endorsement of BS 308.2—1953 without amendment). The AS CZ1 Standards were endorsements of The Institution of Engineers, Australia publications entitled, Engineering Drawing Practice. The document from which these publications originated, was published by the Institution under the title, Recommended Engineering Drawing Practice but this was not endorsed by this Association. This Standard is one of a series dealing with technical drawing, the other Standards in the series being as follows: General principles Part 101: Part 301: Architectural drawing Part 401: Engineering survey and engineering survey design drawing Part 501: Structural engineering drawing In the preparation of this Standard, the committee took account of changes in Australian technical drawing practice and recommendations of the International Organization for Standardization. Also considered were the equivalent British and American Standards. In its preparation, many changes in the layout of the text and figures have taken place resulting in greater consistency and improved ease of use of the document. New material introduced in this edition includes the simplified representation of pipelines, centre holes, seals and a guide to general tolerancing of castings. The section on dimensioning and tolerancing which previously was in this part of the Standard is now contained in Part 101. Reference to Part 101 is required for the source and definition of some of the contents of this part. This Standard is in agreement with the following International Standards: ISO 128 1302 2162 2203 2768 2768–1 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 2768–2 6410 6411 6412 6412–1 6412–2 6413 8062 8826 8826–1 9222 9222–1 9222–2 Technical drawings — General principles of presentation Technical drawings — Method of indicating surface texture on drawings Technical drawings — Representation of springs Technical drawings — Conventional representation of gears General tolerances Part 1: Tolerances for linear and angular dimensions without individual tolerance indications Part 2: Geometrical tolerances for features without individual tolerance indications Technical drawings — Conventional representation of threaded parts Technical drawings — Simplified representation of centre holes Technical drawings — Simplified representation of pipelines Part 1: General rules and orthogonal representation Part 2: Isometric projection Technical drawings — Representation of splines and serrations Castings — System of dimensional tolerances Technical drawings — Rolling bearings Part 1: General simplified representation Technical drawings — Seals for dynamic application Part 1: General simplified representation Part 2: Detailed simplified representation CONTENTS Page SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TERMINOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 5 5 5 SECTION 2 GENERAL APPLICATIONS 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DRAWING SCALES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8 8 8 8 SECTION 3 SURFACE TEXTURE 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 SCOPE OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDICATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDICATION OF SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . INDICATION ON DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL APPLICATION OF Ra VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPLICATION OF SURFACE TEXTURE SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 12 13 15 16 19 19 SECTION 4 WELDING 4.1 WELDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 SECTION 5 CENTRE HOLES 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DESIGNATION OF CENTRE HOLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 23 23 23 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 SECTION 6 SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION OF PIPELINES 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 SCOPE OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ISOMETRIC PROJECTION METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 25 25 28 SECTION 7 SPRINGS 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 INFORMATION ON DRAWING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TYPES OF SPRINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPRINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 37 37 40 SECTION 8 GEARS 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 INFORMATION ON DRAWING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TYPES OF GEARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF GEARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 44 44 45 Page SECTION 9 SPLINES 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DESIGNATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TRUE REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPLINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 52 52 54 SECTION 10 ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS 10.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 SECTION 11 SEALS 11.1 GENERAL CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 ELEMENTS OF DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SEALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 EXAMPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 57 57 57 SECTION 12 KNURLING 12.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF KNURLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 APPENDICES Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 A B C D GUIDE TO GENERAL TOLERANCING OF MACHINED COMPONENTS . GUIDE TO THE GENERAL TOLERANCING OF CASTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . GENERAL APPLICATION OF Ra VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TYPICAL ROUGHNESS VALUES OBTAINED WITH ORDINARY MATERIALS AND COMMON PRODUCTION PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . 65 69 74 75 E Copyright — STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where the Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from Standards Australia. Permission may be conditional on an appropriate royalty payment. Requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed to the head office of Standards Australia. Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use exclusively in–house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia. Standards Australia will also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royalty payment provided such programs are used exclusively in–house by the creators of the programs. Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified. The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercial contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time. 5 AS 1100.201—1992 STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Australian Standard Technical drawing Part 201: Mechanical engineering drawing SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL 1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out requirements and recommendations for mechanical engineering drawing practice. It is complementary to AS 1100.101. The Standard provides information on surface texture and welding, and the simplified representation of pipelines. Details are also provided on various mechanical features and parts used on mechanical drawings. Appendices provide guidance on the tolerancing of machined components and castings. 1.2 APPLICATION The principles given in this Standard are intended for adoption by engineers, draftspersons, and workshop personnel in the preparation and interpretationof mechanical engineering drawings. 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this Standard: AS 1100 Technical drawing 1100.101 Part 101: General principles 1100.301 Part 301: Architectural drawing 1100.401 Part 401: Engineering survey and engineering survey design drawing 1100.501 Part 501: Structural engineering drawing 1101 Graphical symbols for general engineering 1101.1 Part 1: Hydraulic and pneumatic systems 1101.2 Part 2: Ventilation systems in ships 1101.3 Part 3: Welding and non-destructive examination 1101.4 Part 4: Machine elements 1101.5 Part 5: Piping, ducting and mechanical services for buildings 1913 Centre drills 2075 Glossary of terms and notations for gears 2536 Surface texture ISO 6412 Technical drawings — Simplified representation of pipelines Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 1.4 TERMINOLOGY For the purpose of this Standard, the terminology given in AS 1100.101 applies. 1.5 ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations for all technical drawings are given in AS 1100.101. Those related only to mechanical engineering drawing are given in Table 1.1 and are decoded in Table 1.2. Abbreviations should be used only where brevity and conservation of space make it necessary and then only when their meanings are unquestionably clear to the intended reader. WHEN IN DOUBT SPELL IT OUT. NOTES: 1 An abbreviation may or may not be recognized internationally. 2 The abbreviations given in Tables 1.1 and 1.2 are not exhaustive. Other abbreviati ons and other meanings for those given may be used, provided that — (a) their common usage in parti cular fi elds is clear; (b) the meaning is clarif ied on the drawing; or (c) the meaning is clarif ied in a reference document. COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 6 TABLE 1.1 ABBREVIATIONS Term Abbreviati on AF ANL BV BP BWU BOP CH COMP R CBORE XTAL DED DP ECM EDM FP FIM PCD PA RFS RMS Ra across flats annealed balancing valve boiling point boiling water unit bott om of pipe case harden compression ratio counterbore crystal dedendum diametri cal pit ch electr ochemical machining electr odischarge machining fr eezing point full indicator movement pitch cir cle diameter pressure angle regardless of feature size root mean square roughness value (arit hmetic mean deviati on) specif ic heat specif ic volume spot face unless noted otherwise SP HT SP VOL SF UNO TABLE 1.2 ABBREVIATIONS DECODING Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 Abbreviati on AF ANL BOP BP BV BWU CBORE CH COMP R DED DP ECM EDM FIM FP PA PCD Ra RFS RMS SF SP HT SP VOL UNO XTAL Term across flats annealed bott om of pipe boiling point balancing valve boiling water unit counterbore case harden compression ratio dedendum diametri cal pit ch electr ochemical machining electr odischarge machining full indicator movement fr eezing point pressure angle pitch cir cle diameter roughness value (ari thmeti c mean deviation) regardless of feature size root mean square spot face specif ic heat specif ic volume unless noted otherwise crystal COPYRIGHT 7 SECTION 2 AS 1100.201—1992 GENERAL APPLICATIONS Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 2.1 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING 2.1.1 General The units and methods used in the dimensioning and tolerancing of drawings shall be in accordance with AS 1100.101. A guide to the general tolerancing of machined components is given in Appendix A and a guide to the general tolerancing of castings is given in Appendix B. 2.1.2 General tolerancing examples All features on components always have a size and geometric shape. The tolerancing should be complete to ensure that the deviations of size and geometry for all features are controlled. The use of general tolerances simplifies this task by obviating the need to tolerance individually the size and geometry for all features. An example of the application of general tolerances for length, angle and geometry for features not explicitly toleranced is shown in Figure 2.1. The interpretation of the general tolerances in Figure 2.1 is given in Appendix A which also lists the permissible variations for grades of accuracy. 2.1.3 Geometry tolerancing Typical examples of geometry tolerancing applied to mechanical engineering components are shown in Figures 2.2 and 2.3. Figure 2.2 shows the drawing of a simple component using the tolerance frame method. Figure 2.3 shows the drawing of a complicated component using the tolerance tabular method. COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 8 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 2.1.4 Dimensioning of keyways Keyways should be dimensioned by one of the methods shown in Figures 2.4 and 2.5. 2.2 LINES 2.2.1 Type of line A type of line appropriate for each application should be selected from and used in accordance with AS 1100.101. 2.2.2 Line thickness Line thicknesses should be selected in accordance with AS 1100.101. 2.2.3 Application of lines Typical application of lines in mechanical drawings are shown on Figure 2.6. The letters refer to the various line types given in AS 1100.101. 2.3 SYMBOLS The symbols given in AS 1100.101 and AS 1101.1, AS 1101.2, AS 1101.3, AS 1101.4 and AS 1101.5 should be used to indicate relevant features or requirements on drawings. The use of dimensioning and tolerancing symbols is shown on Figures 2.2 and 2.3. Welding symbols and their application are given in AS 1101.3. Symbols for surface texture are given in Section 3, for centre holes in Section 5, and for splines in Section 9. 2.4 DRAWING SCALES Drawing scales shall comply with the requirements of AS 1100.101. Different scales on one sheet should be kept to a minimum, with all scales clearly indicated. 2.5 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION Conventional representation is a simplified drafting technique for depicting a component or repetitive feature to obviate unnecessary detailing. A conventional representation drawing, is drawn to scale and to the line types specified in AS 1100.101. Dimensions and other details may be applied directly to this drawing or by means of tabulated data or other suitable methods. The conventional representation of springs, gears, splines, rolling element bearings, seals, and knurling is given in this Standard. For general and particular discipline conventions, reference should be made to AS 1100.101, AS 1100.301, AS 1100.401 and AS 1100.501. COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 9 COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 AS 1100.201—1992 10 COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 11 COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 AS 1100.201—1992 12 SECTION 3 SURFACE TEXTURE 3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION This Section provides information on the indication of surface texture on mechanical engineeringdrawingsand similar applications.For a more complete understandingof surface texture, reference should be made to AS 2536. 3.2 SYMBOLS 3.2.1 Basic symbol The basic symbol is shown in Figure 3.1. The dimensions of surface texture symbols are shown in Figure 3.2. Sloping lines in the symbol are at 60° to the horizontal. Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 FIGURE 3.1 BA SIC SY MBOL * h 1.4h 2h 2.8h 2.5 3.5 5.0 7.0 10 14 20 3.5 5.0* 7.0 10 * 14 20 * 28 5.0 7.0 10 14 20 28 40 7.0 10 * 14 20 * 28 40 * 56 These figures are rounded upwards. NOTE: h = character height FIGU RE 3.2 SH AP E AN D SIZE OF SUR FACE TEX TURE SY MBOLS 3.2.2 Modification to basic symbol The following modifications may be made to the basic symbol: (a) The symbol to be used where machining is mandatory shall be the basic symbol with a bar added, as shown in Figure 3.3. This symbol may be used alone to indicate that a surface is to be machined without defining either the surface texture or the process to be used. COPYRIGHT 13 (b) AS 1100.201—1992 The symbol to be used when the removal of material is not permitted shall be the basic symbol with a circle added, as shown in Figure 3.4. This symbol may be used alone to indicate that a surface is to be left in the state resulting from a preceding manufacturing process. Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 3.2.3 Extension of symbols When special surface characteristics are to be indicated (see Clause 3.4), the symbols shown in Figures 3.1, 3.3 and 3.4 may be extended by adding a line of appropriate length to the long leg, as shown in Figure 3.5. 3.3 INDICATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS 3.3.1 General The principle parameter used for describing and quantifying surface roughness is the arithmetic mean deviation (Ra ). When specifying this parameter, the value should be selected from those given in Table 3.1. The R a value should be shown on the drawing by inscribing the R a value in micrometres (see Column 1, Table 3.1). NOTES: 1 The ‘ari thmeti c mean deviation’ (R a) was previously known as the ‘centr e-line average value’ (CLA). 2 The corr esponding R a value in microinches is shown for comparison in Column 2, Table 3.1. COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 14 TABLE 3.1 PREFERRED R a VALUES 1 2 Roughness values Ra µm µin 50 25 12.5 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025 2000 1000 500 250 125 63 32 16 8 4 2 1 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 3.3.2 Method of indication The R a values shall be placed above the appropriate symbol to indicate the degree of surface roughness required, as follows: (a) One value only Where only one value is specified, it represents the maximum permissible value of surface roughness (see Figure 3.6). Figure 3.6(a)shall apply when the surface roughness may be obtained by any production method. Figure 3.6(b)shall apply when the surface roughness must be obtained by machining. Figure 3.6(c)shall apply when the surface roughness must be obtained without machining. (b) Two values If it is necessary to impose maximum and minimum limits on the principal criterion of surface roughness, both values shall be shown with the maximum limit placed above the minimum limit (see Figure 3.7). Figure 3.7(a)shall apply when the surface roughness may be obtained by any production method. Figure 3.7(b)shall apply when the surface roughness must be obtained by machining. Figure 3.7(c)shall apply when the surface roughness must be obtained without machining. COPYRIGHT 15 AS 1100.201—1992 3.4 INDICATION OF SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS 3.4.1 General It may be necessary to specify additional requirements associated with surface texture. Such requirements shall be indicated as shown in Figure 3.8 and Clauses 3.4.2 to 3.4.6. Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 3.4.2 Production processes If it is required that the final surface texture be produced by one particular method, this method shall be indicated in plain language above the extension of the symbol, as illustrated in Figure 3.9. If the material requires a final treatment such as plating or chemical processing, the R a roughness value applies after such treatment, unless otherwise indicated. If it is necessary to specify surface texture both before and after treatment, this should be indicated either in a special note or as in the example shown in Figure 3.10 where two symbols are used, one to a line to indicate the untreated surface and the other to a Type J line to represent the surface after treatment. COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 16 3.4.3 Cut-off (sampling length) Where the cut-off is to be other than 0.8 mm, the selected value shall be indicated below the extension of the symbol, as illustrated in Figure 3.11. Cut-off shall be selected from the following preferred series: 0.08; 0.25; 0.8; 2.5; and 8 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 3.4.4 Lay If it is necessary, for functional reasons, to specify the direction of lay, it shall be indicated by adding to the symbol the appropriate lay symbol selected from those given in Column 1, Table 3.2. Column 2 shows the method of indication of drawings and Column 3 gives the interpretation. Should it be necessary to specify a lay not clearly defined in Table 3.2, then it shall be indicated by a suitable note on the drawing. 3.4.5 Machining allowance Where it is necessary to specify the value of the machining allowance, this shall be indicated on the left of the symbol (see example shown in Figure 3.12). 3.4.6 Waviness Where necessary, the value of the maximum waviness height selected from Table 3.3 shall be indicated above the extension of the symbol followed by the waviness spacing where required (see Figure 3.13). The indicationof waviness requirements shall follow productionprocess requirements. 3.5 INDICATION ON DRAWINGS 3.5.1 General principles Symbols and their inscriptions shall be orientated so that they can be read from the bottom or the right-hand side of the drawing. If necessary, the symbol may be connected to the surface by a leader terminating in an arrow. The symbol or the arrow shall point from outside the surface either to the line representing the surface or to a projection line from it. Figure 3.14 shows typical examples of the placement of symbols in drawings. In accordance with the general principles of dimensioning, the symbol shall be used once only for a given surface and, if possible, on the view which carries the dimension defining the size or position of the surface. An example is shown in Figure 3.15. COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 17 COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 AS 1100.201—1992 18 TABLE 3.3 PREFERRED MAXIMUM WAVINESS HEIGHT VALUE mil li metres Waviness height (maximum) 0.0005 0.0008 0.0012 0.008 0.012 0.02 0.12 0.2 0.3 0.0020 0.003 0.005 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.50 0.80 FIGU RE 3.13 EX AM PLE OF IND ICATION OF MAX IMUM WAVINE SS HEIGHT AN D SPA CING NOTE: Roughness values not shown. Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 FIGU RE 3.14 PLAC EMEN T OF SYMBO LS FIGU RE 3.15 RE LATION SH IP BE TWEE N SU RFAC E ROUGHNE SS SYMBO LS AND DIMEN SIONS COPYRIGHT 19 AS 1100.201—1992 3.5.2 Simplified procedures If one or more textures are required on a number of surfaces of a part, a simplified procedure may be adopted. The procedure involves either using a symbol which is qualified if necessary, or introducing a substitute symbol which is clearly defined. Such symbols should be placed near a view of the part, near the title block or in the space devoted to general notes. Details and examples are given in (a) to (d) below: (a) Where a single surface texture specification applies to all surfaces — the symbol may be qualified thus: (b) Where a single surface texture specification applies to the majority of surfaces — the symbol may be qualified thus: Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 Surface texture specifications which are exceptions to the major requirement shall be indicated on the corresponding surfaces by appropriate symbols. (c) Where a single surface texture specification applies to a large number of surfaces — use basic symbol, Figure 3.1, as a substitute symbol on the appropriate surfaces and clearly define the meaning of the substitute symbol. See Figure 3.16. This procedure is recommended particularly where the surface specification is complicated and where space is limited. Surface texture specifications which are exceptions to the major requirement shall be indicated on the corresponding surfaces by appropriate symbols. (d) Where each of two or more surface texture specifications applies to a number of surfaces, use simplified symbols as substitute symbols on appropriate surfaces as illustrated in Figure 3.16. The meaning of each substitute symbol shall be clearly defined on the drawing. This procedure is recommended particularlywhere the surface texture specifications are complicated and where space is limited. Surface texture specifications which are not covered by the above simplified symbols shall be indicated on the corresponding surfaces by appropriate symbols. 3.6 GENERAL APPLICATION OF R a VALUES Appendices C and D indicate the appearance and application of various surface roughness R a values and the production process by which each is generally achieved. 3.7 APPLICATION OF SURFACE TEXTURE SYMBOLS The application of surface texture symbols to indicate the principal criterion of roughness R a is given in Table 3.4. The applicationand placement of additional indications with the surface texture symbols is given in Table 3.5. COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 20 NOTES: 1 ‘a 1’, ‘a2’ and ‘a3’ represent values selected from Table 3.1, Column 1. 2 ‘b’ and ‘d’ represent a production method and lay respectively. 3 ‘y’ and ‘z’ represent two selected lett er characters. FIGU RE 3.16 EX AM PLE OF THE USE OF SU BS TITUTE SYMBO LS TABLE 3.4 SYMBOLS WITH INDICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE CRITERION OF ROUGHNESS, R a Symbol Meaning Symoval of material by machine is Obli gatory prohibit ed A surface wit h a maximum surf ace roughness value R a of 3.2µm Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 opti onal A surface wit h a maximum surf ace roughness value of R a of 6.3 µm and a minimum of 1.6 µm COPYRIGHT 21 AS 1100.201—1992 TABLE 3.5 SYMBOLS WITH ADDITIONAL INDICATIONS Symbol Meaning of addit ional indicati on Producti on method - mill ed Cut- off— 2.5 mm Direction of lay—perpendicular to the plan of projection of the view Mechining all owance—2 mm Indicati on (i n brackets) of a crit erion of roughness other than that used for Ra, for example Rz = 0.4 µm Maximum waviness height 0.01 mm and maximum wavelength of 5mm Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 NOTE: Symbols may be used singly, in combinati on, or combined with an appropriate symbol from Table 3.4. COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 22 SECTION 4 WELDING 4.1 WELDING Symbols for depicting complete welding information on drawings shall comply with AS 1101.3. The typical application of weld symbols on a mechanical drawing is shown on Figure 4.1. Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 FIGU RE 4.1 US E OF WELD SY MBOLS COPYRIGHT 23 AS 1100.201—1992 SECTION 5 CENTRE HOLES 5.1 GENERAL The symbolic representation of centre holes may be used where it is not necessary to show the exact form and size or where the designation of standard centre holes is sufficient for information. 5.2 SYMBOLS Symbols for centre holes are given in Figure 5.1. * h 0.1h * 3.5 5 7 0.35 0.5 0.7 10 14 20 1.0 1.4 2.0 Line thickness for symbol and lett ering FIGU RE 5.1 SY MBOLS FOR CEN TRE HOLES Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 5.3 SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION The symbolic representation of centre holes and their application are shown in Figure 5.2. If the centre hole may remain on the finished part, no symbol is required. 5.4 DESIGNATION OF CENTRE HOLES The designation of centre holes consists of — (a) a reference to AS 1913; (b) the letter for the drill type (A, B, or R); (c) the pilot diameter (d ); and (d) the outside countersink centre hole diameter (D ). The two values are separated by a slash. Drill types A, B, and R and the diameters d and D are defined in AS 1913. Figure 5.3 shows examples of the designation of centre holes. COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 AS 1100.201—1992 24 COPYRIGHT 25 SECTION 6 AS 1100.201—1992 SIMPLIFIED REPRESENTATION OF PIPELINES Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 6.1 SCOPE OF SECTION This Section specifies rules and conventions for the preparation of simplified drawings for the representation of pipelines made of various materials including both rigid and flexible. The single line method is presented. Both orthogonal and isometric methods of projection are given. 6.2 SYMBOLS Symbols representing pipes, crossings, connections, and equipment are given in AS 1101.5. See AS 1100.101 for the information on shape and size of symbols. 6.3 ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION METHOD 6.3.1 Representationof pipes The simplified representationof a pipe, irrespective of its diameter,shall be by means of a Type A line coinciding with the centre-line of the pipe. Bends may be simplified by extending the straight length of the pipe to the vertex (see Figure 6.1(a)). However, bends may be shown for sake of clarity in the form illustrated in Figure 6.1(b). In this case, if projections of bends would otherwise have been elliptical, these projectionsmay be simplified by using circular arcs. 6.3.2 Dimensioning In general, dimensions shall be in accordance with AS 1100.101. Nominal diameters may be indicated by the short designation ‘DN’ (see Figure 6.1(a)). The nominal diameter and wall thickness may be indicated on the line representing the pipe (see Figure 6.1(b)). The lengths should start from the outer faces of the pipe ends, flanges, or centre of the joint, whichever is appropriate. COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 26 Pipes with bends should be generally dimensioned from centre-line to centre-line of the pipes (see Figure 6.1(a) and (b)). If it is necessary to specify the dimension from vertex to vertex of the bent pipe, the dimension may be specified by the arrows heading to short type B lines parallel to the projection lines in order to indicate the outer or inner vertex of the bent pipe (see Figure 6.2). The dimensions from outer vertex to outer vertex, from inner to inner and from inner to outer are shown in Figure 6.2(a), (b), and (c), respectively. Radii and angles of bends may be indicated as shown in Figure 6.3. The functional angle shall be indicated; angles of 90° shall not be indicated. Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 Levels refer generally to the centre of the pipe above (+) or below (-) the datum levels (see Figure 6.4(a)). If, in special cases, it is necessary to specify the level to the bottom of a pipe this shall be indicated by the reference arrow pointing to short thin (type B) strokes. A similar rule shall be applied to indicate levels to the top of the pipe (see Figure 6.4(b)). COPYRIGHT 27 AS 1100.201—1992 The direction of slope shall be indicated by a right-angled triangle above the flow line pointing from the higher down to the lower level (see Figure 6.5). The amount of slope shall be indicated in accordance with the methods shown in Figure 6.6. 6.3.3 Crossings and connections Crossings without connections shall normally be depicted without interrupting the line representing the hidden pipe (see Figure 6.7(a)). If it is absolutely necessary to indicate that one pipe has to pass behind the other, the line representing the hidden pipe shall be interrupted (see Figure 6.7(b)). Permanent junctions shall be marked by a prominent dot (see Figure 6.8). The diameter of the dot shall be five times the thickness of the line. Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 NOTE: Clause 6.3.3 agrees wit h ISO 6412. AS 1101.5—1984 does not conform to Clause 6.3.3. COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 28 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 6.3.4 Adjoining apparatus If needed, adjoining apparatussuch as tanks and machinery, not belonging to the piping itself, may be represented by their outlines using Type K lines, as shown in Figure 6.9. 6.3.5 Direction of flow The direction of flow shall be indicated by an arrow on the piping or near a graphical symbol representing a valve (see Figure 6.10). 6.3.6 Flanges Flanges shall be represented, using Type A lines (see Figures 6.11 and 6.24), irrespective of their type and sizes, by — (a) two concentric circles for the front view, (b) one circle for the rear view, (c) a stroke for the side view of a single flange, and (d) two strokes for the side view of a pair of flanges. A simplified representation of the flange holes may be shown by the appropriate number of crosses at their centre-lines (see Figure 6.11). 6.3.7 Example An example of orthogonal projection is given in Figure 6.11. 6.4 ISOMETRIC PROJECTION METHOD 6.4.1 General Isometric projections have been introduced to a great extent for tender, manufacturing, and erection drawings in pipeline construction as well as in machine construction and the building industry. 6.4.2 Coordinates Where it is necessary to use cartesian coordinates, for instance for calculations or numerical control of machine tools, the coordinate axes shall comply with Figure 6.12. In all cases, the coordinates of individual pipes or pipe assemblies should comply with those adopted for the complete installation and should be indicated on the drawing or in an associated document. 6.4.3 Deviations from the direction of coordinate axes Pipes, or parts of pipes, running parallel to the coordinate axes shall be drawn parallel to the relevant axis without further indication. Deviations from the directions of the coordinate axes should be indicated by means of auxiliary hatched projection planes, as shown in Figure 6.13. COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 29 AS 1100.201—1992 NOTES: 1 Points at which the pipe changes direction and connections are indicated by reference numbers. The pipe and the reference numbers are identical wit h those in the isometri c representati on illustr ated in Figure 6.23. 2 Reference numbers for points hidden behind other points are shown in brackets. FIGU RE 6.11 EX AMPLE OF ORTHOGONA L PR OJEC TION Pipes, or parts of pipes, situated in a vertical plane shall be indicated by showing their projections on a horizontal plane (see Figure 6.14(a)). Pipes, or parts of pipes, situated in a horizontal plane shall be indicated by showing their projections on a vertical plane (see Figure 6.14(b)). Pipes, or parts of pipes, not running parallel to any coordinate plane shall be indicated by showing both their projections on a horizontal and on a vertical plane (see Figure 6.14(c)). Auxiliary projection planes may be emphasized by hatchings, parallel to the x or y axis for horizontal auxiliary planes, and vertical for all other auxiliary planes. COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 AS 1100.201—1992 30 If such hatching is not convenient, it may be omitted; in that case, the rectangle (see Figure 6.15(a)) or the rectangular prism (see Figure 6.15(b)), of which a diagonal coincides with the pipe, should be shown, using type B lines. 6.4.4 Dimensioning Special rules for dimensioning isometric projection for pipelines are specified below. Pipes with bends should be dimensioned from centre-line to centre-line of the pipelines or from centre-line to the end of pipe (see Figure 6.16). Radii and angles of bends may be indicated as shown in Figure 6.17. If required, the auxiliary hatched projection planes can be dimensioned (see Figure 6.18). If it is necessary to indicate double dimensions for manufacturing or technical purposes one of the dimensions should be indicated in parentheses (see Figure 6.18). COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 31 AS 1100.201—1992 6.4.5 Position of the end of pipes If necessary, the positions of the ends of the piping may be specified by indicating the coordinates referring to the centres of the end faces. For adjacent drawings, a reference note should be given. For example — ‘continued on drawing x’. 6.4.6 Graphical symbols All graphical symbols shall be drawn using the isometric projection method (see example in Figure 6.19). Valve actuators should be shown only if it is necessary to define their position or type (e.g. spindle, piston). If shown, an actuator with a position parallel to one of the coordinate axes need not be dimensioned. Deviations from such positions should be indicated (see Figure 6.20). Transformation pieces (cones) should be depicted as shown in Figure 6.21. The relevant nominal sizes should be indicated above the graphical symbols. Examples of flanges depicted in isometric projection are shown in Figure 6.22. COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 AS 1100.201—1992 32 COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 33 AS 1100.201—1992 6.4.6 Crossings and connections Crossings and connections shall be in accordance with Clause 6.3.3. 6.4.7 Examples Examples of isometric projection are shown in Figures 6.23 and 6.24. COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 AS 1100.201—1992 34 COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 35 AS 1100.201—1992 NOTE: Points at which the pipe changes dir ecti on and connecti ons are indicated by reference numbers. The pipe and the reference numbers are identical to those in the ort hogonal representati on illustrated in Figure 6.11. FIGU RE 6.23 EX AM PLE OF ISO METRIC PROJECTION — WITH REFER EN CE NU MBER S COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 AS 1100.201—1992 36 FIGU RE 6.24 EX AM PLE OF ISO METRIC PROJECTION — WITH SYMBO LS COPYRIGHT 37 SECTION 7 AS 1100.201—1992 SPRINGS Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 7.1 INFORMATION ON DRAWING The information to be included on a drawing is dependent upon the purpose for which the drawing is made. The following examples represent information that may be stated on the drawing or on an attached data sheet. For example the essential data for leaf springs is indicated in Clause 7.3.1. 7.2 DRAWINGS Springs are normally drawn in conventional representation, as shown in Table 7.1. 7.3 TYPES OF SPRINGS 7.3.1 Leaf springs Leaf springs are shown in Figure 7.1. The following particulars should be specified, as appropriate: (a) Number of leaves. (b) Dimensions — free centres, width and length of each leaf. (c) Load/deflection requirements. (d) Material specification. (e) Test required. (f) Manufacturing process. (g) Accuracy, including squareness. (h) Finish. (i) Identification. FIGURE 7.1 LEAF SP RINGS COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 38 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 7.3.2 Helical springs Helical springs may be in compression, tension or torsion. They may be wound from material of round, square, rectangular, or trapezoidal cross-section. They may also be wound in cylindrical, conical or double conical (hour-glass or barrel) form. Helical springs are shown in Figure 7.2. The following particulars should be specified, as appropriate: (a) Number of active (full section) coils plus coiling at each end. (b) Dimensions — free length, diameter (outside, mean or inside), shape of cross-section (and orientation if, for example, of rectangular or trapezoidal section) and end details. (c) Load/deflection requirements. (d) Material specification. (e) Direction of coiling, i.e. right-hand or left-hand. (f) Tests required. (g) Manufacturing process. (h) Accuracy, including squareness of ends. (i) Finish. (j) Identification. NOTE: These views are also drawn to a ’conventi on’ as the projecti on of a helix is not a str aight line. FIGU RE 7.2 HE LICA L SPR INGS COPYRIGHT 39 AS 1100.201—1992 7.3.3 Cup springs (also known as ‘coned disc springs’) Cup springs are a special type of compression spring. They are shown in Figure 7.3. The following particulars should be specified, as appropriate: (a) Number of cup springs used together and their orientation. (b) Dimensions — free height, internal and external diameters, and material thickness. (c) Load/deflection requirements. (d) Material specification. (e) Tests required. (f) Manufacturing process. (g) Accuracy. (h) Finish. Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 FIGURE 7.3 CU P SP RINGS 7.3.4 Spiral springs Spiral springs are a special type of torsion spring. They are shown in Figure 7.4. The following particulars should be specified, as appropriate: (a) Number of coils. (b) Dimensions — free diameter, material cross-section, length of material, and end details. (c) Load/deflection requirements. (d) Material specification. (e) Tests required. (f) Manufacturing process. (g) Accuracy. (h) Finish. (i) Identification. COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 40 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 7.4 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPRINGS A spring may be represented as shown in Table 7.1. This table shows a range of typical springs and the principles used may be extended to other variations of form, e.g. a helical compression spring using wire of square section. COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 41 COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 AS 1100.201—1992 42 COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 43 COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 AS 1100.201—1992 44 SECTION 8 GEARS 8.1 INFORMATION ON DRAWING The information to be included on a drawing is dependent upon the purpose for which the drawing is made. The following examples represent information that may be stated on the drawing or on an attached data sheet. For example, the essential tooth data for spur gears are indicated in Figure 8.1. All terms and notation for toothed gearing should be in accordance with AS 2075. 8.2 DRAWINGS Gears are normally drawn in conventional representation, e.g. gear teeth are not normally drawn. The drawings of gears given in Clause 8.3 use the conventional representation method shown in Clause 8.4. 8.3 TYPES OF GEARS 8.3.1 Spur gears The gear teeth are of constant section throughout their length and are parallel to the axis. Typical methods of drawing spur gears are shown with gear tooth data in Figure 8.1. * * Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 * * * * * * GEAR TOOTH DATA Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Module (diameter pitch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pitch diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tooth thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Whole depth, minimum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Working depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class of gear and relevant standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Base circle diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maximum profile error from start of active profile to end of active profile . . Accumulated pitch error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adjacent pitch error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tooth alignment error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement over rollers and roller diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . xx xx xx°xx’ x.xxx . xxx - .xxx .xxx . .xxx . x x.xxx . .xxx . .xxx . .xxx . .xxx . .xxx Chordal height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chordal tooth thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * Items marked thus are essential gear tooth data. FIGURE 8.1 SP UR GEA RS COPYRIGHT .xxx .xxx 45 AS 1100.201—1992 8.3.2 Helical gears The gear teeth are of constant section throughout their length and oblique to the axis. The tooth traces are helices. The axes of mating gears may be either parallel or inclined. Where axes are inclined, the gears are termed ‘crossed helical gears’ (previously known as ‘spiral gears’). In conventional representation, helical gears are drawn in the same manner as spur gears. Typical gear tooth data for helical gears are as follows: HELICAL GEAR TOOTH DATA Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx Lead (right-hand or left-hand) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RH (or LH) Base circle diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x.xxx Helix angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx°xx’ Module (diameter pitch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx Transverse circular pitch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Normal pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx°xx’ Normal arc thickness at pitch line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx - .xxx Pitch diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x.xxx Whole depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx - .xxx Measuring ball diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Measurement over balls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x.xxx - x.xxx Accumulated pitch error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Adjacent pitch error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Maximum lead error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Maximum profile error from start of active profile to end of active profile . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Maximum pitch circle diameter runout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx FIM relative to X Chordal height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Normal chordal tooth thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxx Class of gear and relevant standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 8.3.3 Straight bevel gears These are gears of conical form designed to operate on intersecting axes. Figure 8.2 illustrates details of a typical gear with gear tooth data. 8.3.4 Spiral bevel gears These are bevel gears having tooth lines that are other than straight line generators of the reference cone. Figure 8.3 illustrates details of a typical gear with gear tooth data. 8.3.5 Hypoid gears These are similar to spiral bevel gears, however the pinion is offset. The gear tooth data for the hypoid gear is the same as that for the spiral bevel gear with the additional information of the pinion offset distance above or below the centre-line. Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 Details of the hypoid pinion are shown in Figure 8.4. 8.4 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF GEARS Conventional representations for gears are shown in Table 8.1. COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 46 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 GEAR TOOTH DATA Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diametral pitch (circular pitch or module) . . . . . Pitch diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shaft angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Working depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Whole depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Root angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part number of mating gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of teeth in mating gear . . . . . . . . . . . . Backlash with mating gear on specified mounting Chordal thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tooth caliper settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chordal height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class of gear and relevant standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... ... . .. ... ... ... . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .. .. ..... .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. ..... .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. ..... . .. .. ..... .. .. . ..... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. .. .... .... .... .... .. . . .. .. .... . .. . FIGU RE 8.2 STRA IGHT BEV EL GEA RS COPYRIGHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... .. . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . . .. ... ... ... . .. .... .. .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .. . . . . . . xx xx x.xxx xx°xx’ x.xxx xx°xx’ .xxx xx°xx’ xxxxxxx . .xx .xxx - .xxx .xxx .xxx .xxx x 47 AS 1100.201—1992 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 GEAR TOOTH DATA Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diametral pitch (circular pitch or module) . . . . . . . Pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pitch diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shaft angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hand of spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chordal thickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chordal height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part number of mating pinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of teeth in mating pinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . Backlash with mating pinion on specified mounting Class of gear and relevant standard . . . . . . . . . . . Summary number* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . ... ......... . .. .. . ... .. .. . ... . .. . ... .. . .. .. . ... . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . ... . . .. . ... .. ... . .. . .. ......... .. ... . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ .. . ... .. .. .. ............ ............ ............ ........... ............ ............ . .. .. . ... .. . .. .. .. .. . ... .. .. ... . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. . . ............ . . . . . xx xx xx°xx’ x.xxx xx°xx’ RH (or LH) . .xxx . .xxx xxxxxxx .. xx .xxx - .xxx .. x xxxxxxx Additional information is usually recorded on a summary, which should be identified by an assigned number and referred to on the gear drawings. This is necessary because of various cutter specifications, machine types and sizes and cutting methods that may be used for a given gear and pinion pair with specified numbers of teeth, pitch and spiral angle. FIGU RE 8.3 SP IRAL BE VE L GE AR COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 48 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 HYPOID PINION TOOTH DATA Number of teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diametral pitch (circular pitch or module) . . . . . . . . Pressure angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spiral angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hand of spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Offset above or below centre-line . . . . . . . . . . . . . Part number of mating gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number of teeth in mating gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Backlash with mating gear on specified mounting . Class of gear and relevant standard . . . . . . . . . . . Summary number* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . * .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... ... . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .. .. . ...... . .. .. . .. . ... .. .. . . ... . .. .. . ... .. . .. . ...... ...... .. .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... ....... ........ ........ ....... .. .. .. . . .. . ... . . .. .. . .. ... . .. . .. .. .. .. . ....... xx xx xx°xx’ xx°xx’ RH (or LH) x.xxx xxxxxxx xx .xxx - .xxx x xxxxxxx Additional information is usually recorded on a summary, which should be identified by an assigned number and referred to on the gear drawings. This is necessary because of various cutter specifications, machine types and sizes and cutting methods that may be used for a given gear and pinion pair with specified numbers of teeth, pitch and spiral angle. FIGU RE 8.4 HY PO ID PINION COPYRIGHT 49 AS 1100.201—1992 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 TABLE 8.1 GEARS (continued) COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 50 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 TABLE 8.1 (continued) (continued) COPYRIGHT 51 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 TABLE 8.1 (continued) COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 AS 1100.201—1992 52 SECTION 9 SPLINES 9.1 SYMBOLS The symbols for the straight-sided and involute splines are shown along with their dimensions in Figure 9.1. h 0.1h * 3.5 5 7 10 14 20 0.35 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2 0.3h 0.9h 1.6h 1.0 1.5 2.1 3.0 4.2 6.0 3.2 4.5 6.3 9.0 12.6 18.0 6 8 11 16 22 32 *Line thickness for symbol and letteri ng. FIGU RE 9.1 SY MBOLS FOR SPLINES Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 9.2 DESIGNATION The representation by designation of a spline on a drawing should consist of the symbol for the spline type and its designation. The designation should be indicated near the feature but always connected to the contour of the spline by a leader line (see Figure 9.2). In assembly drawings, the designation of both parts (hub and shaft) may be combined. FIGU RE 9.2 DE SIGNATION OF SPLINES 9.3 TRUE REPRESENTATION A complete and true representation of splines showing all details with their true dimensions is generally not necessary in technical drawing and should be avoided. Where a true representation of a spline is drawn, the designation of the spline may be added if desired. Figures 9.3 and 9.4 show the true representation of splines. COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 53 FIGU RE 9.4 TRU E RE PR ES EN TATION OF INV OLUTE SP LINE S COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 AS 1100.201—1992 54 9.4 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SPLINES The conventional representation of a splined shaft or a splined hole shall be as shown in Table 9.1. For straight-sided splines, the root surface (minor diameter of external spline, major diameter of internal spline) shall be drawn with a type B line. In the axial section of a splined shaft or hub, however, the root surface shall be drawn with a type A line. The pitch surface (pitch diameter) shall be drawn with a type G line for involute splines. Usually only the usable length of a spline is drawn. If necessary, the tool runout may be represented by an oblique line or a radius with the same line as used for the root surface (see Figure 9.5). If it is essential to indicate the position of the gear teeth in relation to a given axial plane, one or two gear teeth may be drawn with a type A line (see Figure 9.6). Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 TABLE 9.1 SPLINES NOTE: If necessary, the designation of the spline in accordance with Clause 9.2 may be added. COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 55 FIGU RE 9.6 PO SITION OF TEE TH COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 AS 1100.201—1992 56 SECTION 10 ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS 10.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION Ball and roller bearings may be represented in two different ways, depending on the degree of detailed information required. Method A in Table 10.1 shows the general method of representing a bearing where it is not necessary to show the basic function of the bearing. Method B in Table 10.1 shows the methods of representing various types of bearing where it is necessary to show the basic function of the bearing. All features of the conventional representation shall be drawn in type A lines. If it is necessary to show the exact contour of a rolling bearing, it should be represented by the true outline of its cross section, with the upright cross in a central position (see Figure 10.1). FIGU RE 10.1 BE AR ING CONTOUR TABLE 10.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION Description Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 METHOD A Component or feature Conventi onal representati on See Clause 10.1 Requirements and remarks Type A lines METHOD B Radial force tr ansmission Type A lines parallel to shaft axis Axial force transmission (t hrust) Type A lines normal to shaft axis Angular force tr ansmission Type A lines normal to general dir ecti on of force applied to elements COPYRIGHT 57 SECTION 11 AS 1100.201—1992 SEALS 11.1 GENERAL CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION For general purposes (without specified lip configuration where it is not necessary to show the exact contour), the seal shall be represented by a square and a freestanding diagonal cross centred in the square (see Figure 11.1). The cross shall not touch the outlines. The representation shown in Figure 11.1 shall be used only when the sealing direction is unimportant. If it is necessary to show the sealing direction, an arrowhead may be added to the diagonal cross (see Figure 11.2). FIGU RE 11.1 GEN ER AL PU RP OS E RE PR ES EN TATION FIGURE 11.2 SEA LING DIRE CTION SH OWN Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 If it is necessary to show the exact contour of a sealing composition, it should be represented by the true outline of its cross-section, with the diagonal cross in a central position (see Figure 11.3). The cross shall not touch the outlines. FIGU RE 11.3 CONTOUR OF SE AL SHOWN 11.2 ELEMENTS OF DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF SEALS The elements of the detailed conventional representation of seals are given in Table 11.1. 11.3 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION The detailed conventional representations of seals are given in Tables 11.2 to 11.4. 11.4 EXAMPLES Examples showing the conventional representation of seals are given in Figures 11.4 to 11.8. COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 58 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 TABLE 11.1 ELEMENTS OF THE DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION FOR SEALS * An arr owhead may be added to show the sealing dir ecti on. COPYRIGHT 59 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 TABLE 11.2 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 AS 1100.201—1992 60 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 TABLE 11.3 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF U-CUPS, PACKING SETS AND V-RINGS COPYRIGHT 61 AS 1100.201—1992 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 TABLE 11.4 DETAILED CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF LABYRINTH SEALS (IRRESPECTIVE OF THE NUMBER OF LABYRINTHS) FIGU RE 11.4 RO TARY SHA FT LIP TYPE SEA L (SE ALING AGA INST FLUIDS ) COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 AS 1100.201—1992 62 COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 63 FIGU RE 11.8 LABY RINTH SEA L COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 AS 1100.201—1992 64 SECTION 12 KNURLING 12.1 CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF KNURLING Knurling on a cylindrical feature shall be represented by a few type B lines as shown in Table 12.1. Generally, the diameterof the feature represents the dimension before knurling.Dependent on functional requirements, the diameter of the teeth over the knurling and the pitch or type and grade of knurl may also need to be specified. Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 TABLE 12.1 KNURLING COPYRIGHT 65 AS 1100.201—1992 APPENDIX A GUIDE TO GENERAL TOLERANCING OF MACHINED COMPONENTS (Informative) A1 INTRODUCTION This Appendix provides a guide for specifying permissible machining variation to the size and geometry of features that have no explicit tolerance indication. It is the responsibilityof the designer to determine in the best way, but as far as possible in accordance with the guidelines given below, the value of the permissible deviations to be shown in the general note for dimensions and geometry without explicit tolerance indication. A2 LINEAR AND ANGULAR DIMENSIONS The general note should preferably prescribe the following: (a) Standard tolerances should be indicated by an accuracy grade selected from Tables A1 and A2 for linear dimensions and Table A3 for angular dimensions. (b) For linear dimensions, indicate a standard tolerance in millimetres. (c) For angular dimensions, indicate a standard tolerance in degrees and minutes, decimal degrees, or a percentage such as the number of millimetres per 100 millimetres. A3 GEOMETRY The general note should preferably prescribe the following: (a) The geometry characteristics as listed in Table A4. Standard tolerances should be indicated by a grade of accuracy from the various characteristics selected from Tables A5, A6 and A7. For perpendicularity tolerances, the longer of the two sides forming the right angle shall be taken as the datum; if the sides are of equal nominal length, either may be taken as the datum (see Figure A1). (b) A single value in millimetres, whatever the geometric characteristic. Figure A2 shows an example application and the interpretationof the use of general tolerances. TABLE A1 PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS FOR LINEAR DIMENSIONS millimetres Accuracy grade Designation Description Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 ≥ 0.5* and ≤ 3* >3 and ≤6 >6 and ≤ 30 > 30 and ≤120 >120 and ≤400 > 400 and ≤1000 >1000 and ≤2000 >2000 and ≤4000 fine ±0.05 ±0.05 ±0.1 ±0.15 ±0.2 ±0.3 ±0.5 — m medium ±0.1 ±0.1 ±0.2 ±0.3 ±0.5 ±0.8 ±1.2 ±2 c coarse ±0.2 ±0.3 ±0.5 ±0.8 ±1.2 ±2 ±3 ±4 v very coarse — ±0.5 ±1 ±1.5 ±2.5 ±4 ±6 ±8 f * Permissible deviations for basic size range For basic sizes below 0.5 mm, the deviations should be indicated adjacent to the relevant basic size. TABLE A2 PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS FOR BROKEN EDGES (external radii and chamfer heights) Accuracy grade Designation f * Description fine m medium c coarse v very coarse millimetres Permissible deviations for basic size range ≥ 0.5* and ≤ 3 > 3 and ≤ 6 >6 ±0.2 ±0.5 ±1 ±0.4 ±1 ±2 For basic sizes below 0.5 mm, the deviations should be indicated adjacent to the relevant basic size. A4 ANGULAR DIMENSIONS General tolerances for angular dimensions apply, irrespective of the linear tolerances applied to the elements forming the angle. The upper and lower deviations of the angulardimension do not limit the form deviations of the lines or faces forming an angle. To define the measuring planes for an angle on a workpiece with surface form deviations, the angle is measured along the direction of the superimposed planes (contacting surface of ideal geometrical form). The maximum distance between the superimposed plane and the actual surface should be the least possible value (see AS 1100.101). COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 66 TABLE A3 PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS OF ANGULAR DIMENSIONS degrees Accuracy grade Designation f m c v Description fine medium coarse very coarse Permissible angular deviations for the length, in millimetres,of the shorter side of the angle concerned > 10 > 50 > 120 ≤10 and and and >400 ≤ 50 ≤120 ≤ 400 ±1° ±0°30’ ±0°20’ ±0°10’ ±0°5’ ±1°30’ ±3° ±1° ±2° ±0°30’ ±1° ±0°15’ ±0°30’ ±0°10’ ±0°20’ TABLE A4 GENERAL GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES Characteristic Relevant table Straightness Table A5 Flatness Table A5 Parallelism Size tolerance or Table A5* Perpendicularity Table A7 Table A6 Runout Total indicated runout Table A6 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 Requires individual indication * Whichever is the greater TABLE A5 GENERAL GEOMETRY TOLERANCES ON STRAIGHTNESS, FLATNESS, AND PARALLELISM millimetres Grade of accuracy General geometry tolerances for straightness, flatness,squareness and parallelism for nominal size range ≤10 > 10 and ≤ 30 > 30 and ≤100 > 100 and ≤ 300 > 300 and ≤1000 >1000 and ≤3000 H 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 K 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 L 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 1.2 1.6 COPYRIGHT 67 AS 1100.201—1992 TABLEA6 GENERAL GEOMETRY TOLERANCES FOR RUNOUT AND TOTAL RUNOUT millimetres Tolerance class Runout tolerance H 0.1 K 0.2 L 0.5 TABLE A7 GENERAL TOLERANCES OF SQUARENESS millimetres Tolerance class Perpendicularity tolerances for ranges of nominal lengths of the shorter side Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 ≤ 100 > 100 and ≤300 > 300 and ≤1000 ≤1000 and ≤3000 H 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 K 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 L 0.6 1 1.5 2 FIGURE A1 DATUM FOR SQUARENESSTOLERANCE COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 AS 1100.201—1992 68 FIGURE A2 EXAMPLE OF APPLYING GENERAL TOLERANCES COPYRIGHT 69 AS 1100.201—1992 APPENDIX B GUIDE TO THE GENERAL TOLERANCING OF CASTINGS (Informative) B1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) INFORMATION ON DRAWING A casting drawing should show the following: Name and part number. Actual or estimated mass. Important dimensions. Dimensional tolerances. Surfaces to be machined and machining allowances. Special requirements, such as finish, testing, gauging, special tolerances, disc or special grinding, drilling, tapping, machining locations, and hardness determination locations. (g) Special location for symbol or pattern numbers or trademarks, and type of symbols or numbers preferred (raised or sunken). B2 PRODUCTION METHODS The tolerance specified for a casting may determine the method of casting. It is therefore recommended, before the design or the order is finalized, for the customer to liaise with the foundry to discuss — (a) the proposed casting design and accuracy required; (b) method of casting; (c) the number of castings to be manufactured; and (d) the casting equipment involved. Becausethe dimensional accuracyof a casting is relatedto productionfactors, tolerances which can be achieved for various methods and metals are described in Paragraph B10 for — (i) long series and mass production, where development, adjustment and maintenance of casting equipment make it possible to achieve close tolerances; and (ii) short series and single production. The tolerancesshown are suitable for castings produced by sand moulding, gravity die casting, low pressure die casting, high pressure die casting, and investment casting. Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 B3 BASIC DIMENSIONS The basic dimensionsgiven refer to the dimensionsof a raw casting before machining (see Figure B1). The necessary machining allowances are therefore included (see Figure B2). FIGURE B1 DRAWING INDICATIONS B4 TOLERANCES There are 14 tolerance grades, designated CT3 to CT16 (see Table B1 and Figure B3). COPYRIGHT Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 AS 1100.201—1992 70 NOTE: Any mismatch shall lie within the limits of size shown (see Paragraphs B3, B4, and B6). FIGURE B3 TOLERANCE LIMITS B5 POSITION OF TOLERANCE ZONE The tolerance zone, unless otherwise stated, is to be symmetrically disposed with respect to a basic dimension, i.e. with one half on the positive side and one half on the negative side (see Figure B3). However, when agreed by both manufacturer and purchaser for specific reasons, the tolerance zone may be asymmetric, i.e. on either the positive side or negative side. COPYRIGHT 71 AS 1100.201—1992 B6 MISMATCH Mismatch shall lie within the tolerance given in Table B1. When it is importantto restrict further the value of mismatch, it shall be stated on the drawing (see Paragraph B7), and shall lie within the tolerances given in Table B1 or Table B2 whichever is smaller (see Figure B4). This value shall not be added to that given in Table B1. FIGURE B4 EXAMPLES OF MISMATCH B7 INDICATION OF CASTING TOLERANCES ON DRAWINGS Dimensions for which general tolerancesare not suitable shall be allocated individual tolerances. These may be finer or coarser than the general tolerances which would normally be applied to the basic dimensions, but the particular values should be chosen from Table B1. TABLE B1 CASTING TOLERANCES millimetres Raw casting basic dimension ≤ > Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 Total casting tolerance (see Note) casting tolerance grade CT 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 — 10 10 16 0.18 0.20 0.26 0.28 0.36 0.38 0.52 0.54 0.74 0.78 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.6 2.0 2.2 2.8 3.0 4.2 4.4 - - - - 16 25 40 25 40 63 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.30 0.32 0.36 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.58 0.64 0.70 0.82 0.90 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.6 5.0 5.6 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 12 12 14 16 63 100 160 100 160 250 0.28 0.30 0.34 0.40 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.70 0.78 0.88 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 5.0 5.6 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 14 14 16 18 18 20 22 250 400 630 400 630 1 000 0.40 — — 0.56 0.64 — 0.78 0.90 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 5 6 6.2 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 16 18 20 20 22 25 25 28 32 1 000 1 600 2 500 1 600 2 500 4 000 — — — — — — — — — 1.6 — — 2.2 2.6 — 3.2 3.8 4.4 4.6 5.4 6.2 7 8 9 9 10 12 13 15 17 18 21 24 23 26 30 29 33 38 37 42 49 4 000 6 300 6 300 10 000 — — — — — — — — — — — — 7.0 — 10 11 14 16 20 23 28 32 35 40 44 50 56 64 NOTE: See Paragraph B4. COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 72 TABLE B2 MISMATCH Tolerance grade CT 3 and 4 5 6 7 and 8 9 and 10 11 to 13 14 to 16 Mismatch (see Note) mm Within tolerance in Table B1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 2.5 NOTE: These values shall not be added to those given in Table B1. B8 WALL THICKNESS The tolerance for wall thickness must be specified to suit the type of casting required. Tolerance grading should not be applied. B9 TOLERANCES ON TAPERED FEATURES Where a design requires a tapered feature, the toleranceshall be applied symmetrically along the surface (see Figure B5). Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 FIGURE B5 TAPERED FEATURE B10 TOLERANCES FOR LONG AND SHORT SERIES PRODUCTION PROCESSES Table B3 shows tolerances which can normally be expected in casting processes. As indicated in Paragraph B2, the accuracy of a casting process is dependen t upon many factors including the following: (a) Complexity of the design. (b) Type of pattern equipment or dies. (c) Metal or alloy concerned. (d) Condition of patterns or dies. (e) Foundry working methods. For long series of repetitionwork it may be possible to make adjustments and to control core positionscarefully to achieve closer tolerances than those indicated in Table B3. For short production series and for single castings, it is generally impractical and uneconomic to use metal patterns and to develop equipment and casting procedures resulting in close tolerances. The wider tolerances for this class of manufacture are shown in Table B4. Many dimensions of a casting are affected by the presence of a mould joint or a core requiring increased dimensionaltolerance.Since the designer will not necessarily be aware of the mould and core layout to be used, increases have already been included in Table B1. COPYRIGHT 73 AS 1100.201—1992 TABLE B3 TOLERANCES FOR LONG SERIES PRODUCTION RAW CASTINGS Tolerance grade CT Method Malleabl eiron Coppera lloys Zinc alloys Light metal alloys Nickelbased alloys Cobalt -based alloys 11 to 13 11 to 13 10 to 12 — 9 to 11 — — 8 to 10 8 to 10 8 to 10 8 to 10 — 7 to 9 — — — 7 to 9 7 to 9 7 to9 7 to 9 7 to 9 6 to 8 — — — — — — 6 to 8 4 to 6 5 to 7 — — 4 to 6 4 to 6 4 to 6 — 4 to 6 — 4 to 6 4 to 6 4 to 6 Steel Grey iron S.G. iron Sand cast, hand-moulded 11 to 13 11 to 13 Sand cast, machine-moulded and shell moulding 8 to 10 Metallic permanent mould (gravity and low pressure) Pressure die casting Investment casting NOTE: The tolerances indicated are those which can normally be held for castings produced in long series and when production factors influencing the dimensional accuracy of the casting have been fully developed. TABLE B4 TOLERANCES FOR SHORT SERIES OR SINGLE PRODUCTION RAW CASTINGS Tolerance grade CT Moulding material Steel Grey iron Spheroidal graphite iron Malleable iron Copper alloys Light metal alloys Green sand 13 to 15 13 to 15 13 to 15 13 to 15 13 to 15 11 to 13 Self-setting materials 12 to 14 11 to 13 11 to 13 11 to 13 10 to 12 10 to 12 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 NOTES: 1 The tolerances indicated are those which can normally be held for sand castings produced in short series or as single castings. 2 The values in this table apply generally to basic sizes greater than25 mm. For smaller sizes, finer tolerances can normally be economically and practically held as follows: (a) Basic size up to 100 mm: three grades finer. (b) Basic size 10 to 16 mm: two grades finer. (c) Basic size 16 to 25 mm: one grade finer. COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 74 APPENDIX C GENERAL APPLICATION OF Ra VALUES (Informative) Table C1 indicatesthe appearanceand applications of various surface roughness(Ra) values and the production processes by which each is generallyachieved. TABLE C1 GENERAL APPLICATION OF R a VALUES Ra values General application of R a values R a values General application of Ra values 25 Very rough, low grade surface resulting from sand casting, torch or saw cutting, chipping or rough forgings. Machine operations are not required as appearance is not objectionable. This finish, rarely specified, is suitable for unmachined clearance areas on machinery,jigs, and other rough construction items 0.8 12.5 Very rough, low grade surfaces, where smoothness is of no object, resulting from heavy cuts and coarse feeds in milling, turning, shaping, boring, and from veryroughfiling, rough disc grinding and snagging. This surface is suitable for clearance areas on machinery, jigs, and fixtures. This surface roughness may be obtained by the processes of sand casting or rough forging. A high-grade machine finish requiring close control when produced by lathes, shapers, milling machines, etc, but relatively easy to produce by centreless, cylindrical or surface grinders. This surface may be specified in parts where stress concentration is present. This surface roughness is satisfactory for bearing surfaces when motion is not continuous and loads are light. When finer finishes than this are specified, production costs rise rapidly, therefore such finishes must be analysed carefully by the engineer or designer. Also processes such as extruding, rolling or die casting may produce a comparable surface roughness when such processes are rigidly controlled. 0.4 A high quality surface produced by fine cylindrical grinding, emergy buffing, coarse honing or lapping. A surface of this value is specified where smoothness is of primary importance for proper functioning of the part, such as rapidly rotating shaft bearings, heavily loaded bearings, and extreme tension members. 0.2 Very fine surfaces produced by special finishing operations such as honing, lapping, or buffing. Surfaces refined to this degree are specified where packings and rings must slide across the direction of the surface grain, maintaining or withstanding pressures; the interior honed surfaces of hydraulic cylinders are an example. Finishes of this value may also be required in precision gauges and instrument work, on sensitive value surfaces, or on rapidly rotation shafts and on bearings where lubrication is not dependable. 0.1 Refined surfaces produced by special finishing operations such as honing, lapping, andbuffing. This surface roughness value should be specified only when the requirements of design make it mandatory as the cost of manufacturing is extremely high. Surfaces refined to this degree are required in instrument work, gauge work and where packings and rings must slide across the direction of surface grain, such as on chrome plated piston rods, etc, where lubrication is not dependable. 0.05 Very refined surfaces, produced only by the finest of modern honing, lapping, buffing, and superfinishing equipment. These surfaces may have a satin or highly polished appearance depending on the finishing operation and material. Finishes of this type are only specified when design requirements make it mandatory as the cost of manufacturing is extremely high. Surfaces refined to this degree are specified on fine or very sensitive instrument parts or other laboratory items, and certain gauge surfaces, such as on precision gauge blocks. 6.3 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 3.2 1.6 Coarse production surfaces, for unimportant clearanceand cleanupoperations,resulting from very coarse surface grind, rough file, disc grind, and from rapid feeds in turning, milling, shaping, drilling, boring, grinding, etc, where definite tool marks are not objectionable. This roughness may also be produced on the natural surfaces of forgings, permanent mould castings, extrusions androlled surfaces. Surfaceswith this roughness value can be produced very economically and are used to a great extent on parts where stress requirements, appearance, and conditions of operation and design permit. This is the roughest surface recommended for parts subject to loads, vibration, and high stress. This surface roughness is also permitted for bearing surfaces when the motion is slow and the loads are light or infrequent, but not to be specified for fast rotation shafts, axles, and parts subject to severe vibration or extreme tension. This surface is a medium, commercial machine finish in which relatively high speeds and fine feeds are used in taking light cuts with wellsharpened tools, and may be economically produced on lathes, milling machines, shapers, grinders, etc. The surface roughness may also be obtained on permanent mould castings, die castings, extrusions, and rolled surfaces. A good machinefinish produced undercontrolled production procedures using relatively high speeds and fine feeds in taking light cuts with well-sharpened cutters. This surface value may be specified where close fits are required and may be used for all stressed parts, except for fast rotating shafts, axles, and parts subject to severe vibration or extreme tension. Thissurface roughness is satisfactory for bearing surfaces when the motion is slow and the loads are light or infrequent. This surface roughness may also be obtained on extrusions, rolled surfaces, die castings, and permanent mould castings when rigidly controlled. COPYRIGHT 0.025 75 AS 1100.201—1992 APPENDIX D Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 TYPICAL ROUGHNESS VALUES OBTAINED WITH ORDINARY MATERIALS AND COMMON PRODUCTION PROCESSES (1) With this casting method, Ra values up to 125 µm occur for castings of unit mass up to 250 kg. COPYRIGHT AS 1100.201—1992 76 INDEX Clause 1.5, Table 1.1, Table 1.2 See also AS1100.101 Clause A2, A4, Table A3 Rack gears Rolling element bearings Roughness values Bearings Conventional representaiton Bevel gears Broken edges - Deviations Section 10 Table 10.1 Clause 8.3, Table 8.1 Clause A2, Table A2 Seals Double - acting piston rod seals Elements Labyrinth seals Packing sets Casting tolerances Centre holes Conventional representation Bearings Gears Knurling Seals Table B1 Section 5 Clause 2.5 Table 10.1 Table 8.1 Table 12.1 Clause 11.1, Table 11.1 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 Table 9.1 Table 7.1 Clause 6.3.3 Clause 7.3.3 Clause 3.4.3 Abbreviations Angular dimensions - Deviations Splines Springs Crossings and connections Cup springs (coned disc springs) Cut - off (sampling length) Pipelines Tolerances - Castings Tolerances - Machining Direction of Flow See also AS1100.101 Clause 2.1.4, Figure 2.4, 2.5 Clause 6.3.2, 6.4.4 Clause B3 Clause A2, A3, A4 Clause 6.3.5 Flanges - Pipes Flatness - Tolerances Clause 6.3.6 Table A5 Gear pairs Gears Conventional representation Helical gears Hypoid gears Spiral bevel gears Spur gears Straight bevel gears Geometry tolerancing (see also Tolerances) Examples Geometry - Tolerances Table 8.1 Section 8 Table 8.1 Clause 8.3.2 Clause 8.3.5 Clause 8.3.4 Clause 8.3.1 Clause 8.3.3 Appendix A,B See also AS 1100.101 Clause 2.1.3 Clause A3, Table A4 Helical gears Helical springs Clause 8.3.2, Table 8.1 Clause 7.3.2 Knurling Section 12 Lay Leaf springs Linear dimensions - Deviations Lines Clause 3.4.4 Clause 7.3.1 Clause A2, Table A1 Clause 2.2 See also AS1100.101 Clause 2.2.3 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001 Dimensioning Keyways Applications Long series production castings Tolerances Clause B10, Table B3 Machining allowance Mismatch Clause 3.4.5 Clause B6, Table B2 Parallelism - Tolerances Pipelines - Simplified representation Isometric projection Table A5 Orthogonal projection Symbols Production processing Section 6 Clause 6.4, Figure 6.23, 6.24 Clause 6.3, Figure 6.11 See AS1101.5, AS1100.101 Clause 3.4.2 Runout, Total runout-Tolerances Table 11.2 Rotary shaft lip type U - cups V - rings Short series or single production castings - Tolerances Single length (cut-off) Spiral springs Splines Conventional representation True representation Springs Conventional representation Spur, cylindrical gear Squareness - Tolerances Straightness - Tolerances Surface roughness Surface texture Symbols Centre holes Flow - Pipelines Lay - Surface texture Pipelines - Isometric Slope Splines Surface texture Tolerance Welding Table 8.1 Section 10 Clause 3.3, Table 3.4, Appendix C,D Table A6 Section 11 Table 11.2 Table 11.1 Table 11.4, Figure 11.8 Table 11.3, Figure 11.6 Piston rod seals Table 11.2, Figure 11.4, 11.5 Table 11.3 Table 11.3, Figure 11.7 Clause B10, Table B4 Clause 3.4.3 Clause 7.3.4 Section 9, Figure 9.5 Table 9.1 Clause 9.3 Section 7 Table 7.1 Table 8.1 Table A7, Figure A1 Table A5 Clause 3.3 Section 3 Clause 2.3, See also AS1100.101 Section 5 Clause 6.3.5 Table 3.2 Clause 6.4.6 Figure 6.5, 6.6 Clause 9.1 Clause 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.7 Table A4 See AS1101.03 Tapered features - Tolerances Tolerances Angular dimensions Castings Examples Examples of application Flatness Geometry Guide - Castings Guide - Machined components Linear dimensions Long seriees production castings Mismatch Parallelism Perpendicularity Runout, Total runout Short series or single production castings Squareness Straightness Tapered features Wall thickness Zone Clause B9 See also AS1100.101 Clause A2, A4, Table A3 Clause B4, Table B1 Clause 2.1.2 Figure 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, A2 Table A5 Clause A3, Table A4 Appendix B Appendix A Clause A2, Table A1 Clause B10, Table B3 Clause B6, Table B2 Table A5 Clause A3 Table A6 Wall thickness - Tolerances Waviness Welding Worm gears Clause B8 Clause 3.4.6 Clause 4.1 Table 8.1 COPYRIGHT Clause B10, Table B4 Table A7 Table A5 Clause B9 Clause B8 Clause B5 Accessed by WOODSIDE ENERGY LTD on 21 Nov 2001