Subido por Andres Ponce

3 The Literature Review review in research (1)

Anuncio
!" #$%"&'%(&" &")$"* $+ &","'&-!
! "#$ %&'()& #* #**+#, -.!+#, /(- 0-#1+#!& -&$&#-'"&-$ &)%#-2.*0 (* !"&.3-(4&'!$ !( #$2 #%(+! !"& ,.!&-#!+-& -&5.&67 8"&9 +$+#,,9 6#*! !( 2*(6
6"#! # -&5.&6 (/ !"& ,.!&-#!+-& ,((2$ ,.2& #*1 "(6 !"&9 $"(+,1 1( (*&7
:!+1&*!$ #*1 !+!(-$ ;*1 !"#! !"&-& .$ *( $.*0,& !&<! !"#! '#* %& +$&1 !(
0+.1& !"&) (* "(6 !( '(*1+'! !"& ,.!&-#!+-& -&5.&6= "&*'& !"& 3+-3($& (/
!".$ %((27
! .$ # 0+.1& !( -&5.&6.*0 ,.!&-#!+-& /(- -&$&#-'"7
8"& %((2> "(6&5&-> .$ *(! #%(+! -&5.&6.*0 (- '-.!.'#, &5#,+#!.(* (/ !"&
2.*1$ (/ #-!.',&$ /(+*1 .* !"& -&5.&6 $&'!.(*$ (/ *&6$3#3&-$ $+'" #$
#$"% &'()*+#,-*. /(00."$"-+
,.!&-#!+-&7
(-
1(*2'#*-7
!"
! .$ #%(+! -&5.&6.*0 # -&$&#-'"
! .*!-(1+'&$ #*1 3-(5.1&$ &<#)3,&$ (/ # -#*0& (/ !&'"*.?+&$
!"#! '#* %& +$&1 !( #*#,9$& .1&#$> ;*1 -&,#!.(*$".3$ %&!6&&* 1.//&-&*! .1&#$
#*1 +*1&-$!#*1 !"& *#!+-& #*1 +$& (/ #-0+)&*! .* -&$&#-'"7 @"#! 9(+ '#*
&<3&'!> !"&-&/(-&> .$ &<3,#*#!.(*> 1.$'+$$.(* #*1 &<#)3,&$ (* "(6 !(
#*#,9$& (!"&- 3&(3,&A$ .1&#$> !"($& .1&#$ !"#! '(*$!.!+!& !"& %(19 (/
2*(6,&10& (* !"& !(3.' (/ 9(+- -&$&#-'"7
*.!.#,,9 6& '#* $#9 !"#! # -&5.&6 (/ !"& ,.!&-#!+-& .$ .)3(-!#*! %&'#+$&
6.!"(+! .! 9(+ 6.,, *(! #'?+.-& #* +*1&-$!#*1.*0 (/ 9(+- !(3.'> (/ 6"#! "#$
#,-&#19 %&&* 1(*& (* .!> "(6 .! "#$ %&&* -&$&#-'"&1> #*1 6"#! !"& 2&9
.$$+&$ #-&7
* 9(+- 6-.!!&* 3-(4&'! 9(+ 6.,, %& &<3&'!&1 !( $"(6 !"#! 9(+
+*1&-$!#*1 3-&5.(+$ -&$&#-'" (* 9(+- !(3.'7 8".$ #)(+*!$ !( $"(6.*0 !"#!
9(+ "#5& +*1&-$!((1 !"& )#.* !"&(-.&$ .* !"& $+%4&'! #-&# #*1 "(6 !"&9
"#5& %&&* #33,.&1 #*1 1&5&,(3&1> #$ 6&,, #$ !"& )#.* '-.!.'.$)$ !"#! "#5&
%&&* )#1& (/ 6(-2 (* !"& !(3.'7 8"& -&5.&6 .$ !"&-&/(-& # 3#-! (/ 9(+#'#1&).' 1&5&,(3)&*! B (/ %&'().*0 #* &<3&-! .* !"& ;&,17
C(6&5&-> !"& .)3(-!#*'& (/ !"& ,.!&-#!+-& -&5.&6 .$ *(! )#!'"&1 %9 #
'())(* +*1&-$!#*1.*0 (/ "(6 # -&5.&6 (/ -&,#!&1 ,.!&-#!+-& '#* %& 1(*&>
"(6 .! '#* %& +$&1 .* !"& -&$&#-'"> (- 6"9 .! *&&1$ !( %& 1(*& .* !"& ;-$!
3,#'&7
D*1&-!#2.*0 # -&5.&6 (/ # %(19 (/ ,.!&-#!+-& .$ (/!&* $&&* #$ $()&!".*0
(%5.(+$ #*1 #$ # !#$2 &#$.,9 1(*&7
* 3-#'!.'&> #,!"(+0" -&$&#-'" $!+1&*!$
1( 3-(1+'& 6"#! #-& '#,,&1 -&5.&6$ (/ !"& ,.!&-#!+-&> !"& ?+#,.!9 (/ !"&$&
5#-.&$ '(*$.1&-#%,97 E#*9 -&5.&6$> .* /#'!> #-& (*,9 !".*,9 1.$0+.$&1 #**(F
!#!&1 %.%,.(0-#3".&$7 G+#,.!9 )&#*$ #33-(3-.#!& %-&#1!" #*1 1&3!"> -.0(+#*1 '(*$.$!&*'9> ',#-.!9 #*1 %-&5.!9> #*1 &//&'!.5& #*#,9$.$ #*1 $9*!"&$.$= .*
(!"&- 6(-1$> !"& +$& (/ !"& .1&#$ .* !"& ,.!&-#!+-& !( 4+$!./9 !"& 3#-!.'+,##33-(#'" !( !"& !(3.'> !"& $&,&'!.(* (/ )&!"(1$> #*1 1&)(*$!-#!.(* !"#! !".$
!"#$ % &"'()%'*)( )(+"(,
!"!# $% $&'( )*+(!" "&,!(%)'- '!./ 0&&
$#''&( #4.#5" *! *4#,!6 &' (%! "(+6!'(
!1)!." &2 # (&3)$ 4)(! #(+ !
!"!# $%! / 7( )" '&( '!$!""# )45
(%!) 2#+4( & # 2#)4)'- )' (%!) #*)4)(58 3&& 4)(! #(+ ! !1)!." $#' &2(!' *!
(%! 2#+4( &2 (%&"! .%& 3 &1)6! (%! !6+$#()&' #'6 ( #)')'- )' !"!# $%/
9%)" *&&: %#" *!!' . )((!' 3 ),# )45 2& "(+6!'( !"!# $%! "; #4(%&+-% )(
,#5 #4"& *! &2 +"! (& (%&"! .%& 3 &1)6! !6+$#()&' #'6 ( #)')'- )'
!"!# $%/ 7( )" )'(!'6!6 (& *! #' )'( &6+$()&' (& (%&"! !4!,!'(" &2 (%!
!"!# $% 3 &$!"" (%#( '!!6 (& *! #33 !$)#(!6 )' & 6!
(& +'6! "(#'6 (%!
%&. #'6 .%5 &2 !1)!.)'- # (&3)$<"3!$)=$ 4)(! #(+ !/ >" "+$%; #' #((!,3(
%#" *!!' ,#6! (& 3 &1)6! #' )'( &6+$()&' (& # #'-! &2 -!'! )$ (!$%')?+!"
(%#( $#' *! +"!6 (&
!#6 #'#45()$#445 #'6 (& "5'(%!")@! )6!#" )' '!. #'6
!A$)()'- .#5" (%#( ,)-%( %!43 ),3 &1! (%! ?+#4)(5 &2 (%! !"!# $%/
9%)" *&&: )" #),!6 #( 3!&34! .& :)'- .)(%)' (%! "&$)#4 "$)!'$!"; .%)$%
)'$4+6!" (%! 6)"$)34)'!" 4)"(!6 *!4&./ 9%)" 4)"(
)" '&(
!A%#+"()1!B
# $%#!&4&-5; 2& )'"(#'$!; ,)-%( %#1! *!!' )'$4+6!6 )' (%)" 4)"(/
*+)4( !'1) &',!'( #'6
(&.' 34#'')'-
!$&'&,)$"
!6+$#()&'#4 "(+6)!"
*+")'!"" "(+6)!"
!'1) &',!'(#4 "(+6)!"
$&,,+')$#()&' #'6
-!'6! "(+6)!"
,!6)# "(+6)!"
3"5$%&4&-5
!4)-)&+" "(+6)!"
"&$)#4 #'6 3&4)()$#4
(%!& 5
%+,#' -!&- #3%5
"&$)#4 #'(% &3&4&-5
$&,,+')(5 "(+6)!"
4)(! #(+ !
"&$)#4 3&4)$5 #'6
$+4(+ #4 "(+6)!"
& -#')@#()&'#4 "(+6)!"
!$&'&,)$ #'6 "&$)#4
3&4)$5 #'#45")"
"&$)#4 !"!# $%
3&4)()$#4 "(+6)!"
"&$)&4&-5
%)"(& 5
#6,)')"( #()&'
9%! ,#)' #), &2 (%)" *&&: )" (%! !2& ! (& 3 &1)6! !"!# $%! " .)(% # "!( &2
- &+'6
+4!"; #""+,3()&'" #'6 (!$%')?+!" (%#( # ! #334)$#*4! 2&
+'6! <
"(#'6)'- .& : 3 &6+$!6 )' (%! .%&4! #'-! &2 6)"$)34)'!" (%#( ,#:! +3 (%!
"&$)#4 "$)!'$!"/ 9%! #""+,3()&'" &+(4)'!6 )' (%! *&&: 2& , # *#")" 2& (%!
+'6! "(#'6)'- #'6 $ &""<2! ()4)@#()&' &2 )6!#" #$ &"" 6)"$)34)'!"/ 9%!
1# )&+" (!$%')?+!" #), (& 3 &1)6! (%! (&&4" 2& # "5"(!,#()$ #'6 )-& &+"
#'#45")" &2 "+*C!$( 4)(! #(+ !/ D+--!"()&'" # ! #4"& ,#6! &' . )()'- +3 (%!
#'#45")" &2 )6!#" )' .#5" (%#( $#' -)1! $4# )(5; $&%! !'$! #'6 )'(!44)-)*)4)(5
(& (%! .& :/
9%)" $%#3(!
.)44 )'( &6+$! 5&+ (& (%! ":)44" '!!6!6 2&
!"!# $%; (%!
34#$! &2 (%! 4)(! #(+ ! !1)!. )' !"!# $% #'6 (%! ),3& (#'$! &2 (%! !1)!.
(& ,#"(! E" #'6 6&$(& #4 "(+65/ 7' F%#3(! G .! 4&&: #( (%! 3+ 3&"! &2 (%!
!1)!. )' !"!# $% #'6 .%#( )" ,!#'( *5 (%! !"!# $% ),#-)'#()&'/ F%#3(!
H !A#,)'!" (%! (53!" &2 !"!# $% (& *! 2&+'6 )' (%! 4)(! #(+ !; (&-!(%! .)(%
!A#,34!" &2 !1)!." +'6! (#:!' )' # #'-! &2 "+*C!$( # !#"/ 7( #4"& "%&."
!A#,34!" &2 -&&6 3 #$()$!" (%#( 5&+ "%&+46 *! #*4! (& #6#3( #'6 +()4)@! )'
5&+ &.' .& :; !"3!$)#445 )' !#6)'- (& !1)!./ F%#3(! I )" #*&+( +'6! <
"(#'6)'- # -+,!'("/ 9& #'#45"! # 4)(! #(+ ! &' # (&3)$ '!$!""# )45 )'1&41!"
+'6! "(#'6)'- (%! "(#'63&)'( J,& #4 #'6 !(%)$#4K #'6 3! "3!$()1! J3&4)()$#4
,*+ -%$+."$/.+ .+0%+1 %& .+2+".)*
-
!" #"$%&%'#( &) ! *+,%- , . *.$"/ 0, 1+$-. 2 !" 3 -$ 4%*+ +,$ +%%&.
!" +$(,!#5*$. %6 ! &7.#. !" .7!+,$.#./ 8..$!+# & +$(,!#5*$. .*(, .
! &7.#!' ! -'*9$!+: +,#!;#!' (-#+#( &&7 !" 9 11#!' #"$ . -$
$<1& #!$"/ = +,-$ " -*!!#!' +,-%*', +,$.$ (, 1+$-. #. '*#" !($ %! ,%>
+% 9 ! '$ #!6%-9 +#%!/ ?,#. #. 4$( *.$: >#+,%*+ .+-#(+ 9 ! '$9$!+ %6
9 +$-# &. !" #"$ .: !7 +,$.#. >#&& & (; +,$ +$(,!#( & .+ !" -". -$5*#-$" %6
+,$ 1%.+'- "* +$ .+*"$!+/ ?,$ @! & (, 1+$- #. 4%*+ >-#+#!' *1 7%*-$A#$> %6 +,$ &#+$- +*-$/ B*#" !($ #. '#A$! %! ,%> 7%*- -$A#$> ( ! 4$ *.$"
+% C*.+#67 7%*- +%1#( . >$&& . %! >, + .+-*(+*-$. !" 6%-9 +. 9#',+ 4$
*.$"/
!"## $%& &' '(&)* "+ ,*' %)"(# )"'+)'
?,$ 4-$ "+, !" "$1+, %6 +,$ A -#%*. .*4C$(+ "#.(#1&#!$. +, + 9 ;$ *1 +,$
.%(# & .(#$!($.: .%9$ %6 >,#(, , A$ 4$$! &#.+$" 4%A$: -$ !%+ $ .#&7
(& ..#@$"/ ?,$-$ -$ &.% +,$ #!(-$ .#!' %11%-+*!#+#$. 6%- .+*"$!+. +% .+*"7
- !'$ %6 9%"*&$. >,#(, (*+ (-%.. "#66$-$!+ -$ . %6 ;!%>&$"'$/
0%94#!$" >#+, +,$.$ #. +,$ 1 ($ %6 "$A$&%19$!+ %6 +,$ $&$(+-%!#( .7.+$9.
4$#!' *.$" #!(-$ .#!'&7 #! && +71$. %6 -$.$ -(,/
!"#$%&' $( )*"&'+
?,$ $<1 !.#%! %6 $"*( +#%! , . 4$$! ((%91 !#$" 47
9 ..#A$ !"
'-%>#!' $<1 !.#%! %6 #!6%-9 +#%! A #& 4&$ +% -$.$ -(, .+*"$!+./ D!
1-#!+$" !" $&$(+-%!#( 6%-9 +,$ 1 ($ %6 #!6%-9 +#%! '$!$- +#%! (%!+#!*$. +%
#!(-$ .$: -$.*&+#!' #! &#4- -#$. (5*#-#!' %!&7 A$-7 .9 && 1-%1%-+#%! %6
+, + A #& 4&$/ =. (%!.$5*$!($: 9 !7 ( "$9#( &#4- -#$. , A$ 4$(%9$
' +$> 7. +% #!6%-9 +#%! - +,$- +, ! .+%-$,%*.$. %6 ;!%>&$"'$/ E%* >#&&
@!" +, + !$ -&7 && *!#A$-.#+7 &#4- -#$. !" 1*4&#( &#4- -#$. -$ 4&$ +% .$-A$
7%*- !$$". . -$.$ -(,$-/
?,$ 9%A$ %6 *!#A$-.#+7 &#4- -#$. > 7 6-%9 .+%-$,%*.$. %6 ;!%>&$"'$
+%> -". #!6%-9 +#%! -$.%*-($ ($!+-$. , . 4$$! ((%91 !#$" 47 ! #!(-$ .$
#! +,$ *.$ %6 #!6%-9 +#%! +$(,!%&%'7 FD?)/ G !7 &#4- -#$. 9 ! '$ +,$
$<1 !.#%! %6 #!6%-9 +#%! >#+, +,$ #" %6 (%91*+$- .7.+$9. 4&$ +% (%9H
9*!#( +$ -%*!" +,$ '&%4$ I "$A$&%19$!+ >,#(, , . %1$!$" *1 - !'$
%6 !$> 1%..#4#&#+#$. +% -$.$ -(,$-./ D+ #. !%> 1%..#4&$ 6%- 7%* +% (($..
#!6%-9 +#%! +, + >%*&" 1-$A#%*.&7 , A$ 4$$! "#6@(*&+ !" $<1$!.#A$ +%
@!"/ = .#!'&$ " 7 .$ -(,#!' 0JHKLG " + 4 .$ %- +,$ #!+$-!$+ ( ! +,-%>
*1 9 !7 9%-$ .%*-($. +, ! 9#',+ , A$ 4$$! 6%*!" 6-%9 >$$;. %6
.$ -(,#!' +,-%*', 1-#!+$" 4.+- (+. !" #!"$<$./ M%>$A$-: +,$-$ -$ +>%
1-%4&$9. 7%* 9 7 $!(%*!+$- #! +,#. -$ / L!$ #. +,$ & (; %6 *!"$-.+ !"#!'
%6 +$(,!%&%'7 !" ,%> #+ ( ! 4$ *.$" #! -$.$ -(,/ ?,$ %+,$- #. & (; %6
*!"$-.+ !"#!' 4%*+ ,%> ;!%>&$"'$ #. '$!$- +$" !" %-' !#N$" +,-%*',
+,$ *.$ %6 +%%&.: .*(, . 4.+- (+. !" #!"$<$.: #! %-"$- +% 9 ;$ #+ (($..#4&$/
6-!*" + 5!,%$+,#$% $%7!%4
RESEARCH
is
INFORMATION
is
generated from
conducted by
critical evaluations
interpretative work
research
associations
commerce
institutions
pressure groups
charities
individuals
government
unions
communicated via
anthologies
conference papers journals lectures letters
newspapers reports seminars textbooks
meetings
theses
newsletters
organized in
abstracts bibliographies catalogues dictionaries directories encyclopaedias indexes
accessed through
electronic media
hardcopy
!"#$% &'& ()% "%*%$+,!-* +*. /-00#*!/+,!-* -1 $%2%+$/) 3*-45%."%
+*. !*1-$0+,!-*
!"#$% &'& ($)*!+%, -. )*%$*!%/ ,0)/!." 10% 2-!. ,)#$3%, )4 5.)/6%+"%
-.+ 10% 1))6, 78 /0!30 2),1 )4 !1 !, )$"-.!9%+ 4)$ $%1$!%*-6'
:)$% $%3%.168 10%$% 0-, 7%%. - 2)*% !. 0!"0%$ %+#3-1!). -.+ $%,%-$30 1)
6%-$. 4$)2 )10%$ +!,3!(6!.%,; 1) 7% 3$),,<+!,3!(6!.-$8' =1#+%.1, ). ,)3!-6
,1#+!%, -.+ 0#2-.!1!%, 3)#$,%, -$% %>(%31%+ 1) #.+%$1-5% 1$-!.!." !.
3)2(#1!." -.+ 1) 7%3)2% 3)2(%1%.1 !. 10% #,% )4 ,1-1!,1!3-6 1%30.!?#%,;
%2(6)8!." 3)2(#1%$, 4)$ +-1- -.-68,!, -.+ ($%,%.1-1!).' @++%+ 1) 10!, !,
10% 1$%.+ 1)/-$+, 3)27!.%+ +%"$%%,' @ 3).,%?#%.3% !, 10-1 $%,%-$30%$,
.%%+ 1) 7% 2)$% A%>!76% !. 10%!$ -11!1#+% 1) 5.)/6%+"%' B) +) 10!, 10%8
.%%+ 2#30 7$)-+%$ ,5!66, -.+ 5.)/6%+"% 7-,%, 1) 1-5% 4#66 -+*-.1-"% )4
0!"0%$ %+#3-1!).'
B0% 30-."!." $%?#!$%2%.1, (6-3%+ ). 10% ,1#+%.1 0-*% 7%"#. 1) 2-.!<
4%,1 10%2,%6*%, !. - 1%$2!.)6)"8 )4 ,5!66,; 3)2(%1%.3!%, -.+ ($)4%,,!).-6
3-(-7!6!1!%,' @6).",!+% - 1$-+!1!).-6 %+#3-1!).; ,1#+%.1, -$% %>(%31%+ 1)
-3?#!$% - ,%1 )4 (%$,).-6 1$-.,4%$-76% ,5!66,' B0% 7-,!3 %6%2%.1, )4 3)2<
2#.!3-1!).; ,#30 -, /$!1!." $%()$1,; 2-5!." ($%,%.1-1!)., -.+ .%")1!-1!.";
!" +*)"#%),#" #"-*". *( #"$"%#&!
!"#$ %& !'()*+&+ !' $#&,& ,-!)),. /#& & 0#1,!, 2' ,-!)), !, '2$ ,2 &$#!'"
*'!3*& $2 1 ,2(!1) ,(!&'(&, &+*(1$!2' 4 ,-!)), 15& %&(2 !'" ! 025$1'$ $2 $#&
(15&&5, 26 "51+*1$&, 1'+ $2 3*1)!$7 5&,&15(# !' "&'&51).
8'+&5"51+*1$& 1'+ 02,$"51+*1$& 5&,&15(# !, 1' !+&1) 20025$*'!$7 625
,*(# 0&5,2'1) $51',6&51%)& ,-!)), $2 %& 1(3*!5&+ 1'+ +&9&)20&+. :)$#2*"#
,&15(#!'" 1'+ 5&9!&;!'" 1 )!$&51$*5& +2 '2$ (29&5 $#& ;#2)& ,0&($5* 26
,-!)),< $#&7 +2 (29&5 ,2 & -&7 2'&,. /#&,& !'()*+&= $! & 1'1"& &'$<
25"1'!>1$!2' 26 1$&5!1),< (2 0*$&5 *,&< !'625 1$!2' #1'+)!'"< 2'?)!'&
,&15(#!'" 1'+ ;5!$!'".
!" #"$"%#&! %''#"()*&"$!*'
@$ !, '2$ 1' &1,7 1$$&5 $2 +& 2',$51$& $#& -!'+, 26 ,-!)), 1'+ 1%!)!$!&,
&A0&($&+ 26 1 (2 0&$&'$ 5&,&15(#&5 !' $#& 5&025$ 26 $#& 5&,&15(#. /#& ,-!)),
5&3*!5&+ 15& (2',!+&51%)& 1'+ 15& !'(5&1,!'")7 ,*%B&($ $2 +&$1!)&+ &91)*?
1$!2'. :, $#& 20025$*'!$!&, $2 *'+&5$1-& 5&,&15(# #19& &A01'+&+< ,2 $22
#1, $#& +& 1'+ 625 %&$$&5 1'+ ! 0529&+ &+*(1$!2' 1'+ $51!'!'" 625
5&,&15(#&5,. @' !$, 5&,02',& $2 $#&,& +& 1'+, $#& C(2'2 !( 1'+ D2(!1)
E&,&15(# F2*'(!) GCDEFH !' $#& 8I 052+*(&+ 1 ,&$ 26 "*!+&)!'&, ;#!(#
!'()*+& 1 '* %&5 26 %1,!( 05202,1), 625 5&,&15(# $51!'!'" ;#!(# 15&
!'$&'+&+ $2 052 2$& 3*1)!$7 5&,&15(#. /#& 62))2;!'" )!,$ !'+!(1$&, $#& $;2
%1,!( $70&, 26 ,-!)), 5&3*!5&+ 652 5&,&15(#&5,.
,-!)), 1'+
J F25&
1%!)!$!&,=
$2 !'$&"51$&
J :%!)!$7
$#&257 1'+ &$#2+=
;#!)& $#& +!66&5&'(&, 1-& ,*%B&($ +!,(!0)!'&,
+!,$!'($!9&< $#&5& &A!,$, 1 (2 2' (25& 26 ,-!)),
1'+ 1$$!$*+&, ;#!(# 1)) 5&,&15(#&5, ,#2*)+
02,,&,, 1'+ ,#2*)+ %& 1%)& $2 100)7 !'
+!66&5&'$ ,!$*1$!2', ;!$# +!66&5&'$ $20!(, 1'+
052%)& ,.
5&,&15(# 625 1)) +!,(!0)!'&, !'92)9&, 1' *'+&5?
,$1'+!'" 26 $#& !'$&55&)1$!2',#!0 %&$;&&'
$#&257< &$#2+ 1'+ 5&,&15(# +&,!"'< 051($!(1)
,-!)), 1'+ 015$!(*)15 &$#2+,< $#& -'2;)&+"&
%1,& 26 $#& ,*%B&($ 1'+ &$#2+2)2"!(1)
62*'+1$!2',.
K2$# 26 $#&,& 05202,1), (1)) 625 1 5&,&15(# $51!'!'" $#1$ &A02,&, $#&
1005&'$!(& $2 $#& 51'"& 26 "&'&51) 1(1+& !( 5&,&15(# ,-!)), 1'+ &A0&5$!,&
&A0&($&+ 26 1 0526&,,!2'1) 5&,&15(#&5. /#& 1(1+& !( ,-!)), 1'+ &A0&5$!,&
(2 2' $2 1)) ,*%B&($ L&)+, ;!$#!' $#& ,2(!1) ,(!&'(&, (1' %& "52*0&+ 1,
,#2;' !' /1%)& M.M G29&5)&16H.
@' 1++!$!2' $2 $#& (2 2' 1(1+& !( ,-!)), $#& CDEF "*!+&)!'&, 1),2
!+&'$!67 ,*%B&($?,0&(!L( ,-!)),< 1%!)!$!&, 1'+ -'2;)&+"& $2 %& &A0&($&+ 26
02,$"51+*1$& ,$*+&'$,. CA1 0)&, 26 $#&,& 625 $;2 ,*%B&($ 15&1,< )!'"*!,$!(,
1'+ ,2(!2)2"7< (1' %& ,&&' !' /1%)& M.N G0. OH.
G#(2= % $(1,&%16&, &,7(,@
*%+$, -.- /,',%&!" %&,%' 0#& 1", %))$(!%1(#2 #0 '3($$' %24 %+($(1(,'
5(1,&%16&, ',%&!"
%24 ,7%$6%1(#2
8#& ,9%:)$,; $(+&%&< ',%&!"(2= %24 6', #0 %+'1&%!1' %24 (24,9,'>
+(+$(#=&%)"(! !#2'1&6!1(#2> &,!#&4 3,,)(2=> 6', #0 ?* 0#& @#&4A
)&#!,''(2=B 4%1%+%','B #2A$(2, ',%&!"(2= %24 ,$,!1&#2(! :%($> %24
1,!"2(C6,' 0#& 1", ,7%$6%1(#2 #0 &,',%&!"B (2!$64(2= &,0,&,,(2=B
&,7(,@(2= %24 %11&(+61(#2 #0 (4,%'.
/,',%&!" 4,'(=2
%24 '1&%1,=<
8#& ,9%:)$,; 0#&:6$%1(#2 #0 &,',%&!"%+$, )&#+$,:' %24 1&%2'$%1(#2
(21# )&%!1(!%+$, &,',%&!" 4,'(=2'> (4,21(0<(2= &,$%1,4 @#&3 1#
&%1(#2%$(D, 1", 1#)(! %24 (4,21(0< % 0#!6'> #&=%2(D, 1(:,1%+$,'>
#&=%2(D, 4%1% %24 :%1,&(%$'> 624,&'1%24 %24 %))&,!(%1, 1",
(:)$(!%1(#2' #0 4(00,&,21 :,1"#4#$#=(!%$ 0#624%1(#2'> %24 "#@ 1#
4,%$ @(1" ,1"(!%$ %24 :#&%$ !#2'(4,&%1(#2' @"(!" :%< %&(',.
E&(1(2= %24
)&,',21(2=
8#& ,9%:)$,; )$%22(2= @&(1(2=> '3($$' 0#& )&,)%&(2= %24 '6+:(11(2=
)%),&' 0#& )6+$(!%1(#2B !#20,&,2!,' %24 F#6&2%$'> 6', #0 &,0,&,2!,'B
!(1%1(#2 )&%!1(!,' %24 32#@$,4=, #0 !#)<&(="1> !#2'1&6!1(#2 %24
4,0,2!, #0 %&=6:,21'> $#=(!%$B !$,%& %24 !#",&,21 ,9)&,''(#2> %24
624,&'1%24(2= #0 1", 4('1(2!1(#2 +,1@,,2 !#2!$6'(#2' %24
&,!#::,24%1(#2'.
! "# "$%&'!()! !*(! '+#+(',* +-.,(!"&) ()- !'(")")/ -&+# %'&-.,+
'+#+(',*+'# 0*& ('+ ,&$%+!+)! ()- ,&)1-+)! ") ( '()/+ &2 #3"44# (),(%(5"4"!"+# ()- 0*& *(6+ () (%%'&%'"(!+ 3)&04+-/+ 5(#+7 8) +4+$+)!
,&$$&) !& !*+ ,&'+ ('+(# "# ( !*&'&./* .)-+'#!()-")/ &2 ")2&'$(!"&)7 9*"#
$+()# !*(! (# ( '+#+(',*+' :&. )++- !& 5+,&$+ 2($"4"(' 0"!*; (,,+##")/ ().#")/ !*+ 6(#! '+#&.',+# &2 (,(-+$",< %.54", ()- ,&$$+',"(4 4"5'('"+# ")
!*+ 0&'4-< !*'&./*< 2&' +=($%4+< >8?@9 A>&")! 8,(-+$", ?+!0&'3B< CD8E
AC)F4")+
D.54",
8,,+##
E(!(4&/.+#B
()-
!*+
G'"!"#*
H"5'(':I
3++%")/
(,,.'(!+ '+,&'-# ()- +#!(54"#*")/ '+4"(54+ %'&,+-.'+# !& $()(/+ $(!+'"(4#I
(%%4:")/ !+,*)"J.+# !& ()(4:#+ 5&-"+# &2 4"!+'(!.'+ ()- #:)!*+#"K+ 3+:
"-+(#I ()- 0'"!")/ +=%4","! '+6"+0# 0*",* -"#%4(: -+%!* ()- 5'+(-!* ()0*",*
('+
")!+44+,!.(44:
'"/&'&.#7
844
!*+#+
('+
%('!
&2
!*+
+##+)!"(4
!'()#2+'(54+ #3"44# &2 !*+ '+#+(',*+'7
L&#! -"#,"%4")+# ")!'&-.,+ !*+"' #!.-+)!# !& !*+ !*+&'+!",(4 ()- *"#!&'",(4
!'(-"!"&)# !*(! /"6+ #*(%+ ()- -"#!"),!"6+)+## !& !*+ #.5M+,! 3)&04+-/+7 G.!
") #& -&")/ !*+ $+!*&-&4&/",(4 5"(#< -"#,"%4")(': 5&.)-('"+# ()- $"#F
.)-+'#!()-")/ (5&.! &!*+' #.5M+,!# "# %+'%+!.(!+-7 9*"# &2!+) ,'+(!+#
5(''"+'# !& ,'&##F-"#,"%4")(': #!.-"+# ()- ( 4(,3 &2 (%%'+,"(!"&) &2 (4!+')(F
!"6+ 0(:# &2 '+#+(',*")/ ()- .)-+'#!()-")/ !*+ 0&'4-7 9*"# 5&&3 ("$# !&
#*&0 0(:# ") 0*",* !*+#+ 3")-# &2 5(''"+'# ,() 5+ &6+',&$+ ()- 0+ 5+/")
5: ,&)#"-+'")/ 0*(! 0+ $+() 5: #,*&4('#*"%7
!"#$%&'"()
L&#! %+&%4+ ('+ ,(%(54+ &2 -&")/ ( %"+,+ &2 '+#+(',* 5.! !*(! ,(%(5"4"!: *(#
!& 5+ (,J."'+- N 2&' ")#!(),+< :&. ,())&! #"$%4: 0'"!+ ( J.+#!"&))("'+ (# "2
:&. ('+ 0'"!")/ ( #*&%%")/ 4"#!7 8 #&.)- 3)&04+-/+ &2 !*+ 0*&4+ '+#+(',*
)R+;R:R=S
)#*+"&,$&!'* !- *.&//* %'0 %1&/&$&#* #2,#+$#0 -"!3 $4# "#*#%"+4 *$50#'$
?@.#212A@9 2B #.0,-.15.41
;11-$1 2B 5@$2C9 42015C-45.20D AC2"#$E B2CE-#!5.20D !0/ $FA#!0!5.20G "!1.4 5@$E$1 $&,&D C$!#.1ED
E$05!#.1ED 02E.0!#.1ED $EA.C.4.1ED "$@!H.2-C.1E !0/ #2,.4.1EG 2052#2,.4!# !0/ $A.15$E2#2,.4!# .11-$1G
15!5-1 2B /!5! !0/ -1$ 2B .0B2CE!05 3-/,$E$051G C2#$ 2B B2CE!#.1EG !C,-E$05!5.20 !0/ 15!5-1 2B
$F!EA#$1G C$#!5.201@.A "$57$$0 5@$2C9 !0/ /!5!G 1$!C4@ B2C -0.H$C1!#1G ./$2#2,.4!# .EA#.4!5.201 2B
./$!#.I!5.20G 4-#5-C!# A!C5.!#.59G J-@0.!0 A!C!/.,E1&
*$1$!C4@ E$5@2/1 .0
#.0,-.15.41
K-!#.5!5.H$ E$5@2/1 -1$ 2B .0B2CE!051G !-/.2 !0/ H./$2 C$42C/.0,G A@20$5.4 !0/ 2C5@2,C!A@.4
5C!014C.A5.20G /$14C.A5.H$ #.0,-.15.41 L/.!4@C20.4 !0/ 420H$C1!5.20 !0!#91.1M&
+2EA-5!5.20!# E$5@2/1 -1$ 2B #.0,-.15.4 42CA2C! ,C!EE!C 1915$E1G 1A$$4@ 72C615!5.20G A@202#2,.4!#
!0/ E2CA@2#2,.4!# !0!#91.1G "!1.4 AC2,C!EE.0, .0 @.,@N#$H$# #!0,-!,$D $&,&D ?C2#2,&
O2CE!# E$5@2/1 E!5@$E!5.4!# #.0,-.15.41 L1$5D 15C.0,D 5C$$D ,C!EE!CD $P-.H!#$04$D @.$C!C4@9D #!E"/!
4!#4-#-1MG 5@$2C9 2B .0B$C$04$1 !0/ 1$E!05.41 2B QC15N2C/$C #2,.4G B$!5-C$ 15C-45-C$1 !0/ -0.Q4!5.20&
K-!05.5!5.H$ E$5@2/1 $FA$C.E$05!# /$1.,0G H!#./.59 !0/ 420/-45 2B $FA$C.E$051G P-$15.200!.C$1G
.05$CH.$7.0,G 1!EA#.0, !0/ 1-CH$9 /$1.,0G 15!5.15.41 12B57!C$G /$14C.A5.H$ !0/ .0B$C$05.!# 15!5.15.41&
?@.#212A@9 2B 5@$
124.!# 14.$04$1
>0/$C15!0/.0, 2B 5@$ E!32C !#5$C0!5.H$ A@.#212A@.4!# A21.5.201 B2C 5@$2C9 42015C-45.20D !AAC!.1!# !0/
5$15.0,D B2C $FA#!0!52C9 ,2!#1 2B 5@$2C.$1 !0/ B2C 5@$ -1$ 2B E2/$#1& >0/$C15!0/.0, 2B @27 H!C.2-1
A21.5.201 !BB$45 C$1$!C4@ /$1.,0D C$1$!C4@ 4@2.4$1D /!5!N42##$45.20 !0/ !0!#91.1 5$4@0.P-$1&
>0/$C15!0/.0, 2B 5@$ 5@$2C$5.4!# 4205$F5 2B C$1$!C4@G 5@$2C$5.4!# .11-$1 !0/ /$"!5$1 B2C 5@21$ $0,!,$/
.0 $EA.C.4!# 72C6G !0/ $H!#-!5.20 2B C$1$!C4@&
*$1$!C4@ /$1.,0
)5!,$1 !0/ AC24$11$1 .0 B2CE-#!5.0, C$1$!C4@!"#$ AC2"#$E1 !0/ 5C!01#!5.0, 5@$E .052 AC!45.4!# C$1$!C4@
/$1.,01& T!6.0, .0B2CE$/ 3-/,$E$051 !"2-5 $5@.4!# !0/ E2C!# .11-$1& >0/$C15!0/.0, 2B 5@$ -1$1 !0/
.EA#.4!5.201 2B8 $FA$C.E$05!# 15-/9G 1-CH$9 C$1$!C4@G 42EA!C!5.H$ 15-/.$1G #20,.5-/.0!# C$1$!C4@G
$5@02,C!A@9G 4!1$ 15-/.$1G C$A#.4!5.20 15-/.$1G $H!#-!5.20 C$1$!C4@G AC$/.45.20 !0/ !45.20 C$1$!C4@&
U!5! 42##$45.20 !0/
!0!#91.1
V7!C$0$11 2B C!0,$ 2B 12-C4$1D $&,&D !C4@.H!# !0/ @.152C.4!# /!5!G !,$049 C$42C/1G 2BQ4.!# 15!5.15.41G
A.452C.!# E!5$C.!#1G !0/ 5$F5-!# /!5!& J027#$/,$!"#$ 2B /!5!N42##$45.20 5$4@0.P-$1 "9 A!C5.4.A!05 !0/
020NA!C5.4.A!05 2"1$CH!5.20D $5@02,C!A@.4 Q$#/ 72C6D ,C2-A /.14-11.20D H!C.2-1 59A$1 2B .05$CH.$71 !0/
P-$15.200!.C$1D !0/ 5@C2-,@ -02"5C-1.H$ E$!1-C$1& T$5@2/1 2B C$42C/.0, /!5! 1-4@ !1 025$ 5!6.0,D
!-/.2 !0/ H./$2G /!5! 42/.0, !0/ ./$05.B9.0, C$#!5.201@.A1 "$57$$0 4204$A51WH!C.!"#$1G 5@$ AC.04.A#$1 2B
/$14C.A5.H$ !0/ .0B$C$05.!# 15!5.15.41 !0/ ".N !0/ E-#5.H!C.!5$ !0!#91.1G 5@$ 1915$E!5.4 !0!#91.1 2B 5$F5-!#
/!5! !0/ 25@$C P-!#.5!5.H$ E!5$C.!#1G !0/ -1$ 2B 42EA-5$C A!46!,$1 B2C /!5! E!0!,$E$05&
6
:;<=>;) ;+)
!"# $"%&'&'(
@4C!$1$C 0. 7$.H$C $C-5!C$5.# $@
!"#$ %&' ()*+ ,-./$#.0$1 20 1-"3$45 6027#$/,$ !0/ 16.##18 #.0,-.15.41 !0/ 124.2#2,9
!"#$ % &"'()%'*)( )(+"(,
!"#$%% &% !$'(&!$) *+) ,"( +$$) -" (+)$!%-*+) ./$!$ )*-* #"00$#-&"+ 1-%
&+-" -/$ 20"3*0 &#-(!$ "4 ./*- ,"( *!$ )"&+25 6/&% 7$*+% 8+".&+2 /". -"
%-*-$ -/$ *&7% *+) "39$#-&:$% "4 ,"(! !$%$*!#/; )$1+$ ,"(! 7*9"! #"+#$ -%
*+) 7$-/")"0"2&#*0 *%%(7 -&"+%; " $!*-&"+*0&<$ = (- &+-" !*#-&#$> -/"%$
#"+#$ -% *+) *%%(7 -&"+% 3, #/""%&+2 *+ * !" !&*-$ -$#/+&'($ -" #"00$#)*-*; 8+". /". ,"( *!$ 2"&+2 -" #"00*-$ !$%(0-%; *+) %" "+5 ?"7 $-$+!$%$*!#/ -/$!$4"!$ !$'(&!$% -$#/+&#*0 8+".0$)2$5 6/$!$ &%; /".$:$!; *
)&44$!$+#$ 3$-.$$+ !")(#&+2 * &$#$ "4 #"7 $-$+- !$%$*!#/ *+) * &$#$ "4
!$%$*!#/ -/*- )$7"+%-!*-$% %#/"0*!%/& 5
@#/"0*!%/& &% "4-$+ -/"(2/- -" 3$ %"7$-/&+2 *#*)$7&# /&2/A3!". -, $%
)"5 B$ *!$ *00 4*7&0&*! .&-/ -/$ " (0*! &7*2$ "4 -/$ %#/"0*! *% "+$ "4 *+
*2$&+2 3$% $#-*#0$) 7*+ .&-/ (+8$7 - /*&!; )!$%%$) %/*33&0, &+ #"!)(!",
.&-/ * -/&#8 "0) 0$*-/$!A3"(+) 3""8 &+ /*+)5 C*+, "4 ,"( 7*, 3$ *.*!$ "4
0*#$% "4 %#/"0*!%/& $ &-"7&<$) &+ -$0$:&%&"+ !"2!*77$% %(#/ *% !"#$
*+) &+ +":$0% %(#/ *% %"&'$#($)' *$+&#&,$'5 6/$ %(!!$*0 %(!!"(+)&+2% "4 -/$
DE3!&)2$ #"00$2$%; .&-/ -/$&! /&2/ -".$!%; -/$ "*8A#0*) 0&3!*!, 4(00 "4 3""8%
*+) 7*+(%#!& -%; *+) .&-/ -/$ %7$00 "4 )(%- *+) 0$*-/$!; *!$ #"77"+
&7*2$% "4 %#/"0*!0, 0*#$%5 C*+, (+&:$!%&-&$% )" /*:$ -!*)&-&"+*0 "*8A#0*)
0&3!*!&$%; 3(- 7*+, "-/$!% -")*, )" +"-5 F- &% 7"!$ #"77"+ 4"! (+&:$!%&-&$%
-" /*:$ 7")$!+ .$00 $'(& $) 0$*!+&+2 !$%"(!#$ #$+-!$% 3!&77&+2 .&-/
-$#/+"0"2,; -/*+ -" /*:$ !".% "4 3""8% "+ %/$0:$%5 @#/"0*!%/& &% *+
*#-&:&-,G &- &% %"7$-/&+2 * $!%"+ #*+ )"5 H"( )" +"- /*:$ -" 3$ "4 * #$!-*&+
%"#&*0 #0*%%; 2$+)$!; $-/+&# "!&2&+ "! -" /*:$ %(##$%%4(00, 9(7 $) ":$!
4"!7*0 $)(#*-&"+*0 /(!)0$%5 B$ #*+ %*, -/*- %#/"0*!0, *#-&:&-, $+#"7 *%%$%
*00 "4 -/$%$ *+) 7"!$5 @#/"0*!0, *#-&:&-, &% *3"(- 8+".&+2 /". -"G )"
#"7 $-$+- !$%$*!#/I !$*); &+-$! !$- *+) *+*0,%$ *!2(7$+-%I %,+-/$%&<$
&)$*% *+) 7*8$ #"++$#-&"+% *#!"%% )&%#& 0&+$%I .!&-$ *+) !$%$+- &)$*%
#0$*!0, *+) %,%-$7*-&#*00,I *+) (%$ ,"(! &7*2&+*-&"+5 J+)$! &++&+2 *00 "4
-/$%$ *!$ * +(73$! "4 3*%&# 2!"(+) !(0$%; ./&#/ .$ 0""8 *- &+ 7"!$ )$-*&0
&+ -/$ +$E- %$#-&"+5 K(- ./*- -/$, *7"(+- -" &% *+ *--&-()$ "4 7&+) -/*- &%
" $+ -" &)$*% *+) -" )&44$!$+- %-,0$% *+) -, $% "4 !$%$*!#/; *+) &% 4!$$ "4
!$9()&#$% *3"(- ./*- #"(+-% *% (%$4(0 !$%$*!#/ *+) ./*- -, $ "4 $!%"+
%/"(0) 3$ *00".$) -" )" !$%$*!#/5
L 8$, $0$7$+- -/*- 7*8$% 4"! 2"") %#/"0*!%/& &% &+-$2!*-&"+5 F+-$2!*-&"+
&% *3"(- 7*8&+2 #"++$#-&"+% 3$-.$$+ &)$*%; -/$"!&$% *+) $E $!&$+#$5 F- &%
*3"(- * 0,&+2 * 7$-/") "! 7$-/")"0"2, 4!"7 "+$ *!$* -" *+"-/$!G *3"(0*#&+2 %"7$ $ &%")$ &+-" * 0*!2$! -/$"!$-&#*0 4!*7$."!8; -/$!$3, !"A
:&)&+2 * +$. .*, "4 0""8&+2 *- -/*- /$+"7$+"+5 6/&% 7&2/- 7$*+
)!*.&+2 $0$7$+-% 4!"7 )&44$!$+- -/$"!&$% -" 4"!7 * +$. %,+-/$%&% "! -"
!":&)$ * +$. &+%&2/-5 F- 7&2/- *0%" 7$*+ !$A$E*7&+&+2 *+ $E&%-&+2 3"), "4
8+".0$)2$ &+ -/$ 0&2/- "4 * +$. )$:$0" 7$+-5 6/$ *#-&:&-, "4 %#/"0*!%/&
&%; -/$!$4"!$; *3"(- -/&+8&+2 %,%-$7*-&#*00,5 F- 7&2/- 7$*+ 4"!#&+2 +$.
-, "0"2&$% "+-" -/$ %-!(#-(!$ "4 8+".0$)2$ "! "+-" * -*8$+A4"!A2!*+-$)
$!% $#-&:$5 M&-/$! .*,; -/$ %#/"0*! $+)$*:"(!% -" &+-$! !$- *+) (+)$!A
%-*+)5 6/$ &+-$+- &% -" 7*8$ "-/$!% -/&+8 *3"(- *+) "%%&30, !$A$:*0(*-$
./*- -/$, /*:$ /&-/$!-" -*8$+ -" 3$ (+'($%-&"+*30$ 8+".0$)2$5 6/$!$4"!$;
!" #$%"&'%(&" &")$"* $+ &","'&-!
.
! "#$%"&' ()# "&*+&+,- &+()&.&+, %+/ % '.)"&+&0&+, %""&")/# %.# 1#%").# *1
'2*3%.3! %'"&4&"!5
6" $% "#.7 3#4#3- "2& $&,2" $#%+ 3**8&+, %" %993!&+, % $#"2*/*3*,! &+
:%! +*" ".&#/ ;#1*.#5 6" /*'"*.%3 3#4#3- &" $&,2" $#%+ %""#$9"&+, "*
.#<,).# *. .# 9#'&1! "2# :%! &+ :2&'2 *$# 9)003# *. 9.*;3#$ 2% ".%/&=
"&*+%33! ;##+ /#<+#/5 >2# %+"2.*9*3*,& " ?3&11*./ @##."0 ABCDEF BGHIGJ
),,# " "2%" .#<,).%"&*+ & $*.# "2%+ $#.#3! "%$9#.&+, :&"2 "2# /#"%&3 *1
2*: :# ,* %;*)" )+/#. "%+/&+, "2# :*.3/ %.*)+/ ) 5 K# %! .#<,).%"&*+
& +*" %;*)" .#/.%:&+, "2# ')3").%3 $%9 *. '2%+,&+, *$# *1 "2# /& 9)"#/
;*./#. - &" & %;*)" %3"#.&+, "2# 4#.! 9.&+'&93# ;! :2&'2 :# $%9 "2# *'&%3
:*.3/5 L.*$ "2# 2& "*.! *1 '&#+'#- 1*. #M%$93#- N&'*3% ?*9#.+&') ABOPQI
BHOQJ .#=#M%$&+#/ "2#*.&# %;*)" "2# '* $* %+/ "2# 93%'# *1 "2# #%."2
:&"2&+ &"5 >.%/&"&*+%3 "2#*.! 2#3/ "2# 4&#: "2%" "2# #%."2 :% $*"&*+3#
%+/ "**/ %" "2# '#+".# *1 "2# )+&4#. #F "2# )+- *"2#. "%. %+/ 93%+#" :#.#
;#3&#4#/ "* .#4*34# %.*)+/ "2# #%."25 ?*9#.+&') % 8#/ 2&$ #31 &1 "2#.# :%
%+*"2#. :%! *1 &+"#.9.#"&+, "2& ;#3&#15 R2%" &1- 2# % 8#/- "2# )+ :%
$*"&*+3# %+/ "2# #%."2- 93%+#" %+/ "%. .#4*34#/ %.*)+/ &"S T+ BHOB 2#
*)"3&+#/ 2& &/#% %+/ "2#.# ;#,%+ % .#<,).%"&*+ *1 2*: "2# '* $* :%
$%99#/5 R# '%+ ## % '3% &' #M%$93# *1 .#<,).%"&*+ &+ "2# :*.8 *1 K%.*3/
@%.<+8#35 @%.<+8#3 .# 9#'&<#/ "2# 92#+*$#+% *1 "2# *'&%3 '&#+'# # 9#'&%33! *'&*3*,! A ## U)""*+- BCCBJ5 K# )+/#."**8 % "2*.*),2 '.)"&+!
*1 ".%/&"&*+%3 *'&*3*,&'%3 "2#*.! %+/ 1*)+/ "2%" *'&%3 '&#+'# &,+*.#/ :2%"
.#%3 9#*93# /* &+ .#%3 &")%"&*+ V "2# .# )3" :% "2%" 2# *.&,&+%"#/ "2#
"#'2+&()# *1 #"2+*$#"2*/*3*,!5 W* .%/&'%3 :% "2& .# 9#'&<'%"&*+ "2%"
".%/&"&*+%3 *'&%3 '&#+'# 2% $%.,&+%3&0#/ "2# :*.8 *1 @%.<+8#3 %+/ *"2#.
:2* )+/#."%8# #"2+*$#"2*/*3*,&'%3 ")/&# *1 *'&%3 3&1#5
!"## $%& '() #"')*$'+*) *),")>2# .# #%.'2#.- %" :2%"#4#. 3#4#3 *1 #M9#.&#+'#- & #M9#'"#/ "* )+/#."%8# %
.#4&#: *1 "2# 3&"#.%").# &+ "2#&. <#3/5 X+/#.,.%/)%"# .# #%.'2&+, 1*. %
"2# & *. /& #."%"&*+ %.# #M9#'"#/ "* 2*: 1%$&3&%.&"! :&"2 "2#&. "*9&'5
X )%33! "2& "%8# "2# 1*.$ *1 % )$$%.! *1 "2# 3&"#.%").# :2&'2 /#$*+=
".%"# "2# 8&33 "* #%.'2 *+ % );Y#'"- '*$9&3# %'').%"# %+/ '*+ & "#+"
;&;3&*,.%92&# %+/ )$$%.&0# 8#! &/#%
2*:&+, % '.&"&'%3 %:%.#+# 5
>2#! %.# #M9#'"#/ "* :#&,2 )9 "2# '*+".&;)"&*+ "2%" 9%."&')3%. &/#% 9* &"&*+ *. %99.*%'2# 2%4# $%/# "* "2#&. "*9&'5 T+ 2*."- "2#! %.#
.#()&.#/ "* /#$*+ ".%"#- *+ "2# *+# 2%+/- 3&;.%.! %+/ &+1*.$%"&*+ 8&33 %+/ *+ "2# *"2#.- "2# &+"#33#'")%3 '%9%;&3&"! "* Y) "&1! /#'& &*+ *+ "2#
'2*&'# *1 .#3#4%+" &/#% %+/ "2# %;&3&"! "* % # "2# 4%3)# *1 "2* # &/#% &+
'*+"#M"5
X+/#.,.%/)%"# :2* $*4# *+ "* 9* ",.%/)%"# .# #%.'2 <+/ "2%" #M9#'=
"%"&*+ '2%+,#5 >2# '*9#- ;.#%/"2 %+/ /#9"2 *1 "2# 3&"#.%").# #%.'2
&+'.#% # 5 >2# .# #%.'2 ")/#+" & #M9#'"#/ "* #%.'2 $*.# :&/#3!- %'.*
/& '&93&+# - %+/ &+ ,.#%"#. /#"%&3 "2%+ %" )+/#.,.%/)%"# 3#4#35 >2# %$*)+"
-!%$) ' .%(,+'(#+, +,/%,0
! "#$%&'#( ')%*$'+%) '*,&%#-%- $.% #" /*$ ! &%#)'*0 $.% &%-%#&,.%& .#- $
) 1 2* #))'$' *3 &%#)'*0 "#$%&'#(- #,& -- -%4%&#( )'-,'5('*%- ,#* 6% )'!+,/($
6%,#/-% ! $.% )'!!%&%*$ -$7(%- '* 8.',. 4#&' /- )'-,'5('*%- 5&%-%*$ ')%#-1
9(- 3 $.% 4 ,#6/(#&'%- ! )'!!%&%*$ -/6:%,$- #*) 8.#$ #&% $#;%* $ 6% $.%
, &%3 &%-%#&,.#6(% 5& 6(%"- ! & # 5#&$',/(#& )'-,'5('*% , *-$'$/$% !/&$.%&
)'!+,/($'%-1 < & %=#"5(%3 $.% -$/)%*$ ! "#*#0%"%*$ "#7 6% $ $#((7
/*!#"'('#& 8'$. $.% 4%&6 -% #*) -%%"'*0(7 , "" *-%*-% -$7(% !3 -#73
- ,' ( 071 > *4%&-%(73 $.%7 "#7 +*) $.% 0 '*0 (%-- )'!+,/($ '! !#,%) 8'$.
#)4#*,%) - ,'#( -$#$'-$',-1 ?.% &%-/($ "#7 6% $.% )'-"'--#( ! $.% 4%&6 -%
-$7(% #*) #)"'&#$' * ! $.% */"%&',#( ! &"/(#%1 ?.% #,,%5$#*,% ! *%
-$7(% 4%& #* $.%& '- !$%* )/% $ )'-,'5('*#&7 , "5#&$"%*$#('@#$' *1
A#*#0%"%*$ -$/)%*$- "'0.$ 6% %=5%,$%) $ 6% " &% !#"'('#& 8'$. -$#$'-$',$.#* 8'$. - ,'#( $.% &'%-1 ?.%7 "'0.$ #(- .#4% # " &% 5&#0"#$', #$$'$/)%3
'*B/%*,'*0 $.%" $ !#4 /& ,(#&'$7 #*) -/,,'*,$*%--1 9- # , *-%C/%*,%3
5 $%*$'#((7 '*$%&%-$'*0 #*) &%(%4#*$ ')%#- "'0.$ 6% "'--%)1
D/& )'-,/--' * - !#& .#- 6%%* #6 /$ $.% ;'*)- ! #--/"5$' *- $.#$
"'0.$ .%(5 4%&, "% )'-,'5('*#&7 , "5#&$"%*$#('@#$' * #*) - %*, /&#0%
,& --E)'-,'5('*#&7 /*)%&-$#*)'*01 2* 5&#,$',%3 $.'- #))&%--%- $8 "#'*
!%#$/&%- ! #,#)%"', &%-%#&,.F *% '- $.% ,%*$&#( 5(#,% #&0/"%*$ .#- '*
#,#)%"', 8 &;3 #*) $.% $.%& '- $.% *%%) $ 6% 5%*E"'*)%) 8.%* &%#)'*0
$.% 8 &; ! $.%& 5% 5(%1 G% ( ; " &% ,( -%(7 * 8 #$ %#,. ! $.%-% '*
$/&*1
!""#$%&'(%$) *!#+ '+)#",$(
A -$ #/$. &- #$$%"5$ $ "#;% $.%'& 8&'$'*0 ,(%#&3 , *-'-$%*$ #*) , .%&%*$ H
- "%$.'*0 4%&7 )'!+,/($ $ #,.'%4% '* #*7 8 &;3 8.#$%4%& '$- (%*0$. &
$ 5',1 I%4%&$.%(%--3 ,(#&'$73 , *-'-$%*,7 #*) , .%&%*,% #&% %--%*$'#(3 6%,#/-%
8'$. /$ $.%" # 8 &; ,#* 6% /*'*$%(('0'6(%1 9- # , *-%C/%*,% $.% 8 &;
"'0.$ 6% "'-/*)%&-$ )3 )'-"'--%) & /-%) '* 8#7- * $ '*$%*)%) 67 $.%
#/$. &1 A -$ '"5 &$#*$3 $.% "#'* ')%#3 * "#$$%& . 8 '*$%&%-$'*03 "'0.$ 6%
( -$1 > *4%&-%(73 8.#$ -%%"- ,(%#& #*) , .%&%*$ $ $.% 8&'$%& ,#* 6% /$$%&(7
'*, "5&%.%*-'6(% $ $.% &%#)%&1 J*!#"'('#&'$7 8'$. $.% -$7(%3 5&%-%*$#$' * &
(#*0/#0% /-% '- *%#&(7 #(8#7- # ,#/-% ! !&/-$&#$' * $ $.% &%#)%&1
G% *%%) $ #,;* 8(%)0% $.#$ %!! &$ '- &%C/'&%) #*) $ #,,%5$ $.#$ ,(#&'$73
, *-'-$%*,7 #*) , .%&%*,% #&% * $ "7-$%&' /- C/#('$'%- #6(% $ 6% 5&#,$',%)
*(7 67 $.% !%81 ?.%-% ,#* 6% #,.'%4%) $.& /0. %=5(','$ %=5&%--' * '*
8&'$'*0 #*) %=5(','$ , ""'$"%*$ '* &%#)'*01 9 5& 6(%" ! & $.% #,#)%"',
#/$. &3 . 8%4%&3 '- $.% $'"% $.#$ &%#)%&- #(( ,#$% $ $.%'& &%#)'*0 #*) $.%
(%4%( ! %!! &$ $.%7 #&% 8'(('*0 $ '*4%-$ '* &)%& $ 0&#-5 $.% ')%#- '* # $%=$1
9$ $.% -#"% $'"%3 - "% #/$. &- -%%" $ *%0(%,$ $.% *%%)- ! $.%'& 5 $%*$'#(
&%#)%&- #*) "#*#0% $ "#;% &%(#$'4%(7 -'"5(% ')%#- , *!/-'*01
2* $%&"- ! &%4'%8'*0 # 6 )7 ! ('$%&#$/&% H "#)% /5 ! ) @%*- !
#&$',(%-3 , *!%&%*,% 5#5%&- #*) " * 0&#5.- H *% 5& 6(%" '- )'4%&-'$71
?%=$- 8.',. &'0'*#$% !& " -%4%&#( )'-,'5('*%- #*) 8.',. .#4% 6%%*
8&'$$%* '* )'!!%&%*$ -$7(%- %*0%*)%& $.% *%%) ! & # B%='6(% #*) 5%*E
!" -+."'/.0'" '"1+"2 +# '","/'3!
!"#$# %&&!&'#$ ()* &+$ )$,!$-$). /##$# &* &+!01 &+$)$ !0 *(&$" % 2%34 *(
$562!3!&"$007 !& !0 )%)$ &* 8"# %" %33*'"& *( % 6!$3$ *( )$0$%)3+ &+%&
090&$ %&!3%229 2%90 *'& -+%& -%0 #*"$1 -+9 !& -%0 #*"$ %"# #!03'00$0 &+$
,%)!*'0 ! 62!3%&!*"0 *( &+*0$ 3+*!3$0. :+$ )$,!$-$) "$$#0 &* %66)$3!%&$
0* $ *( &+$ )$%0*"0 (*) &+$ 2%34 *( $562!3!&"$00. ;!)0&1 !& &%4$0 3*"0!#$)%<2$
$((*)& %"# &! $ &* $56)$00 !#$%0 !" -)!&!"=. >$3*"#291 2! !&%&!*"0 62%3$# *"
06%3$ *) -*)# 3*'"&0 *(&$" )$0'2& !" $#!&!"= "*& #$$ $# !#$%2 <9 &+$
%'&+*). /20*1 <$!"= $562!3!& $56*0$0 &+$ )$0$%)3+ ?%"# )$0$%)3+$)@ &* 3)!&!3%2
!"06$3&!*". A)$0' %<291 %"9 %<2$ )$0$%)3+$)0 #* "*& 6'<2!0+ -!#$29 0* %0
&* %,*!# 0'3+ 3)!&!3!0 .
!" #""$ %&' &("#)*+#$"$#",,
/0 -$ 0%- $%)2!$)1 3* 6$&$"3$ !" )$%#!"= )$0$%)3+ !0 "*& $%0!29 %3B'!)$#. C&
!0 % 6%)& *( &+$ 6)*3$00 *( )$0$%)3+ &)%!"!"= %"# $#'3%&!*". C& &%4$0 &! $ %"#
% -!22!"="$00 &* (%3$ 3+%22$"=$01 %3B'!)$ "$- '"#$)0&%"#!"=0 %"# +%,$
0'(83!$"& *6$""$00 *( !"# &* %66)$3!%&$ &+%& &+$)$ %)$ *&+$) ,!$-0 *( &+$
-*)2#. :+!0 <$=!"0 <9 )$3*="!D!"= &+%& &+$ )$,!$-$) '"#$)&%4$0 % )$,!$(*) % 6')6*0$ E %"# %" %'&+*) -)!&$0 (*) % 6')6*0$. F+!2$ %" %'&+*) %9
"*& %2-%90 %4$ &+$!) !#$%0 32$%)1 3*"0!0&$"& %"# 3*+$)$"&1 &+$ )$,!$-$) !0
)$B'!)$# &* $5$)3!0$ 6%&!$"3$ -+$" )$%#!"=. :+$ )$,!$-$) "$$#0 &* %00' $
?"* %&&$) +*- #!(83'2& &+$ )$%#!"=@ &+%& &+$ %'&+*) +%0 0* $&+!"= &*
3*"&)!<'&$. C& !0 &+$)$(*)$ ! 6*)&%"& &* %4$ &+$ $((*)& &* &$%0$ *'& &+$ %!"
!#$%0 ()* &+$ &$5& '"#$) 3*"0!#$)%&!*". C& %20* $%"0 %4!"= &+$ $((*)& &*
'"#$)0&%"# -+9 9*' %)$ +%,!"= #!(83'2&9 !" 3* 6)$+$"#!"= &+$ &$5&. :+!0
$%"0 "*& 3%&$=*)!D!"= &+$ &$5& '0!"= 6)$G'#!3!%2 6$)3$6&!*"0 *( &+$ 0'<G$3&
#!03!62!"$1 <'& !"0&$%# 62%3!"= &+$ )$0$%)3+ !" &+$ 3*"&$5& *( &+$ "*) 0 *(
&+$ #!03!62!"$ %"# "*& G'#=!"= !& <9 &+$ 6)%3&!3$0 *( &+$ #!03!62!"$ -!&+
-+!3+ 9*' %)$ *0& (% !2!%).
/0 % 6%)& *( &+!0 %&&!&'#$ &+$ )$0$%)3+$) "$$#0 &* $5$)3!0$ % -!22!"="$00 &*
'"#$)0&%"# 6+!2*0*6+!3%2 ?*) $&+*#*2*=!3%2@ &)%#!&!*"0. :+$ 3+*!3$ *( %
6%)&!3'2%) &*6!31 &*=$&+$) -!&+ &+$ #$3!0!*" &* )$0$%)3+ !& '0!"= *"$ 06$3!83
0&)%&$=9 )%&+$) &+%" %"*&+$) %"# &* 6)$0$"& !& !" % 3$)&%!" 0&92$1 %)$ #$0!="
#$3!0!*"0 *(&$" <%0$# *" 6)!*) 3* !& $"&0 &* % ,!$- *( )$0$%)3+. /"
!"#!,!#'%2 6!$3$ *( )$0$%)3+ 3%" &+$)$(*)$ <$ 62%3$#1 !" =$"$)%2 &$) 01 !"
%" !"&$22$3&'%2 &)%#!&!*" 0'3+ %0 6*0!&!,!0 *) 6+$"* $"*2*=9. H'& &+$
)$,!$-$) "$$#0 &* &%4$ 3%)$ "*& &* 3)!&!3!D$ &+%& )$0$%)3+ 6')$29 *" =$"$)%2
&$) 0 %"# $06$3!%229 ()* #!(($)$"& 0&%"#6*!"&0. :+$ #!(($)$"& !"&$22$3&'%2
&)%#!&!*"0 "$$# &* <$ %66)$3!%&$# (*) -+%& &+$9 %)$ %"# "*& (*) -+%& &+$9
%)$ %00' $# &* 2%34 ()* %"*&+$) 0&%"#6*!"&.
:+!0 3%" <$ !22'0&)%&$# -!&+ % <)!$( $5% 62$. I%"9 0*3!%2 03!$"3$
0&'#$"&0 -!22 +%,$ 3* $ %3)*00 $&+"* $&+*#*2*=91 <'& %6%)& ()* % ($"*&%<2$ $53$6&!*"01 $&+"* $&+*#*2*=9 !0 B'!3429 6%00$# *,$) !" *0&
6)*=)% $0 *( 0&'#9. F$ +%,$ (*'"#1 ()* $56$)!$"3$1 &+%& &+!0 !0 *(&$"
#'$ &* &+$ $5&)$ $ #!(83'2&9 *( '"#$)0&%"#!"= -+%& $&+"* $&+*#*2*=9 !0
,-
!"#$ % &"'()%'*)( )(+"(,
!"#$ %& '"( $" &" % )$'%"*)$'"&"+",-. + /$#&01 2% )3 *4+) 56"* $')
("67 "5 $') 5"#%&)6 "5 )$'%"*)$'"&"+",08 9 6"+& : 6;%7)+8 -++#/$6 $)/
$'-/ 4"-%$1 <'-/ -/ $') $-$+) 56"* 6).)%$ 6$-.+) !0 '-*= >?)/4).-;. $-"%=
)@-&)%.) 5"6 +". ++0 46"&#.)&8 % $#6 ++0 .."#%$ !+) 4')%"*)% "5 "6&)68
+",-.8 6) /"%8 *) %-%,8 *)$'"&8 )$.1 -% %& / "5 $') )//)%$- + ' )..)-$0 "5
-**"6$ + "6&-% 60 /".-)$0 ABC D % %%"#%.)*)%$ "5 /$#&-)/E A: 6;%7)+8
FGGF= FHC1
<'"/) #%5 *-+- 6 (-$' )$'%"*)$'"&"+",0 *-,'$ %"( 446).- $) $')
&-5;.#+$-)/ -% *)6)+0 #%&)6/$ %&-%, (' $ : 6;%7)+ -/ $60-%, $" / 01 I#$
$')6) 6) $(" @)60 6)+)@ %$ 4"-%$/ ')6)1 <') ;6/$ -/ $' $ $)% .-$0 -/ 6)J#-6)&
$" #%&)6/$ %& % 446" .' /#.' / )$'%"*)$'"&"+",01 K-*4+0 !). #/)
: 6;%7)+E/ ("67 -/ %"$ -%/$ %$+0 6).",%-L !+) / /".-"+",0 -/ %"$ /#5;.-)%$
6) /"% $" &-/*-// -$1 K)."%&+08 : 6;%7)+E/ -&) / *-,'$ !) -*4"6$ %$ D -5
$')0 6) &-/*-//)& !). #/) $') 6) &)6 -/ %"$ (-++-%, $" -%@)/$ $-*) %&
)55"6$8 $')% % -*4"6$ %$ "44"6$#%-$0 5"6 +) 6%-%, *-,'$ !) *-//)&1 <')
"%+0 ( 0 $" !)."*) ."*4)$)%$ )%"#,' $" ."**)%$ "% ."*4+)3 -&) /8 /#.'
/ $'"/) 46"4"/)& !0 : 6;%7)+8 -/ $" 6) & $') ("67/ "5 $') $')"6-/$ %&
5"++"( $'6"#,' (' $ -/ / -&1
<') //#*4$-"%/ &-/.#//)& -% $'-/ /).$-"% 6) $') ! /-/ 5"6 + $)6 .' 4$)6/1
M"++).$-@)+0 (' $ $')0 *"#%$ $" -/ % "4)6 $-"% +-L $-"% "5 /.'"+ 6/'-4
%& ,""& * %%)6/ -% 6)/) 6.'1 <')0 +/" /-,%4"/$ $') %))& 5"6 6)@-)()6/ "5
6)/) 6.' $" !) -%5"6*)& !"#$8 %& $" !) !+) $" &)*"%/$6 $) ( 6)%)// "58
$') &-55)6)%$ /$0+)/ %& $6 &-$-"%/ -% 6)/) 6.'1
!" #$%" $& !" %' "#( )#" #"*'"+
<') 46"&#.$ "5 *"/$ 6)/) 6.' -/ /"*) 5"6* "5 (6-$$)% .."#%$8 5"6 )3 *4+)8
% 6$-.+)8 6)4"6$8 &-//)6$ $-"% "6 ."%5)6)%.) 4 4)61 <') &-//)*-% $-"% "5
/#.' ;%&-%,/ -/ -*4"6$ %$ !). #/) $') 4#64"/) "5 6)/) 6.' -/ $" ."%$6-!#$)
-% /"*) ( 0 $" "#6 #%&)6/$ %&-%, "5 $') ("6+&1 <'-/ . %%"$ !) &"%) -5
6)/) 6.' ;%&-%,/ 6) %"$ /' 6)&1 <') 4#!+-. @ -+ !-+-$0 "5 6)/) 6.'
;%&-%,/ *) %/ $' $ .."#%$/ "5 6)/) 6.' 6) 6)."%/$6#.$)& >/$"6-)/E D $'"/)
/)6)%&-4-$"#/8 "5$)% .' "$-.8 56 ,*)%$)& %& ."%$-%,)%$ /4).$/ "5 *"/$
6)/) 6.' A$') @)60 $'-%,/ $' $ * 7) 6)/) 6.' .' ++)%,-%,NC ('-.' &" %"$
;%& $')-6 ( 0 -%$" $') 5"6* + .."#%$1 O) $')6)5"6) %))& $" ,)$ % -%-$- +
#%&)6/$ %&-%, "5 (' $ $') 6"+) "5 $') +-$)6 $#6) 6)@-)( -/ %& (')6) -$ ;$/
-%$" $') $')/-/ "6 &-//)6$ $-"%1
<') /$6#.$#6) "5 $') 5"6* + 6)4"6$ 5"6 *"/$ 6)/) 6.' -/ /$ %& 6&-L)& %&
* %0 "5 $') /).$-"%/ 5"#%& -% 6)4"6$ 6) +/" 5"#%& -% 46"4"/ + 5"6
6)/) 6.' A/)) < !+) F1P "@)6+) 5 C1 <') 5#++ 66 %,)*)%$ 5"6 $') 6)/) 6.'
46"4"/ + -/ /'"(% -% 244)%&-3 F1 O-$'-% $'-/ 66 %,)*)%$ $') #$'"6 "5
$') .."#%$ #/# ++0 )*4+"0/ 6 %,) "5 /$0+-/$-. ."%@)%$-"%/ $" &)*"%/$6 $)
$') #$'"6-$0 %& +),-$-* .0 "5 $')-6 6)/) 6.' %& $' $ $') 46"Q).$ ' / !))%
#%&)6$ 7)% -% ( 0 $' $ -/ 6-,"6"#/ %& ."*4)$)%$1
!" $'&"6+&/6" 6",'"5 ') 6"#"+6%!
23
+-$" ;:< =(0" #"%&'()# %(00()$> *(/). ') -(&! + 6"#"+6%!
26(2(#+$ +). 6"2(6&
.!/%$&#
0$1
?)&6(./%&'()
( #!(5 &!" +'0#4 (-@"%&',"#4 #%(2"4 6+&'()+$" +). ."#'9) *"+&/6"# (*
&!" 6"#"+6%!: !" 6+&'()+$" '# /#/+$$> #/22(6&". -> 6"*"6")%"# &(
(&!"6 5(6A# 5!'%! !+," +$6"+.> '.")&'7". &!" -6(+. )+&/6" (* &!"
26(-$"0:
B'&"6+&/6" 6",'"5
( ."0()#&6+&" #A'$$# ') $'-6+6> #"+6%!')9C &( #!(5 %(00+). (* &!"
#/-@"%& +6"+ +). /)."6#&+).')9 (* &!" 26(-$"0C &( @/#&'*> &!"
6"#"+6%! &(2'%4 ."#'9) +). 0"&!(.($(9>:
D"&!(.($(9>
( #!(5 &!" +226(26'+&")"## (* &!" &"%!)'E/"# /#". &( 9+&!"6 .+&+
+). &!" 0"&!(.($(9'%+$ +226(+%!"# "02$(>".: F"$",+)& 6"*"6")%"#
*6(0 &!" $'&"6+&/6" +6" (*&") /#". &( #!(5 +) /)."6#&+).')9 (* .+&+G
%($$"%&'() &"%!)'E/"# +). 0"&!(.($(9'%+$ '02$'%+&'()#4 +). &( @/#&'*>
&!"'6 /#" (,"6 +$&"6)+&'," &"%!)'E/"#:
!"# $%&'( )*+ ,"- .%/ 0(( 12%1 12( !(34(5 "6 !('%1(7 '41(!%1-!( 40 %/
(00(/14%' 8%!1 "6 12( !(0(%!.2 8!".(00 %/7 12( !(0(%!.2 !(8"!1 9 41 40 #"!(
12%/ % :-01 01%;( 1" &( -/7(!1%<(/ "! % 2-!7'( 1" &( "3(!."#(* 4;-!( )*=
>8* )?@ 02"50 0"#( "6 12( A-(014"/0 12%1 ,"- 54'' &( %&'( 1" %/05(! 6!"#
-/7(!1%<4/; % '41(!%1-!( !(34(5 "/ ,"-! 1"84.*
$2( '41(!%1-!( !(34(5 40 4/1(;!%' 1" 12( 0-..(00 "6 %.%7(#4. !(0(%!.2* B
#%:"! &(/(C1 "6 12( !(34(5 40 12%1 41 (/0-!(0 12( !(0(%!.2%&4'41, "6 ,"-!
1"84. &(6"!( D8!"8(!E !(0(%!.2 ."##(/.(0* B'' 1"" "61(/ 01-7(/10 /(5 1"
!(0(%!.2 (A-%1( 12( &!(%712 "6 12(4! !(0(%!.2 5412 410 3%'-(* F/414%' (/12-04G
%0#H ."#&4/(7 5412 1240 ."##"/ #40."/.(814"/H "61(/ !(0-'10 4/ &!"%7H
;(/(!%'4I(7 %/7 %#&414"-0 8!"8"0%'0* F1 40 12( 8!";!(0043( !""#$% & "6 12(
1"84.H 12!"-;2 12( '41(!%1-!( !(34(5H 12%1 #%<(0 #"01 !(0(%!.2 % 8!%.14.%'
."/047(!%14"/*
J%!!"54/; 7"5/ % 1"84. .%/ &( 746C.-'1 %/7 .%/ 1%<( 0(3(!%' 5((<0 "!
(3(/ #"/120H &-1 41 7"(0 #(%/ 12%1 12( !(0(%!.2 40 #"!( '4<(', 1" &(
."#8'(1(7* F1 %'0" ."/1!4&-1(0 1" 12( 7(3('"8#(/1 "6 ,"-! 4/1(''(.1-%'
.%8%.41, %/7 8!%.14.%' 0<4''0H &(.%-0( 41 (/;(/7(!0 % !(0(%!.2 %1141-7( %/7
54'' (/."-!%;( ,"- 1" 124/< !4;"!"-0', %&"-1 ,"-! 1"84. %/7 52%1 !(0(%!.2
,"- .%/ 7" "/ 41 4/ 12( 14#( ,"- 2%3( %3%4'%&'(* $4#( %/7 (66"!1 .%!(6-'',
(K8(/7(7 %1 1240 (%!', 01%;( .%/ 0%3( % ;!(%1 7(%' "6 (66"!1 %/7 3%;-(
0(%!.24/; '%1(!*
!"#$%$&#' ($%!)*%+)! )!,$!!" #"$"%&'() (* +,+'$+-$" .(%/0")&# 1-(&! 2/-$'#!". +). /)2/-$'#!".3 () &!" &(2'%4
5!'%! %()&+') ')*(60+&'()4 '."+#4 .+&+ +). ",'.")%" 56'&&") *6(0 + 2+6&'%/$+6
#&+).2(')& &( */$7$ %"6&+') +'0# (6 "826"## %"6&+') ,'"5# () &!" )+&/6" (* &!" &(2'%
+). !(5 '& '# &( -" '),"#&'9+&".4 +). &!" "**"%&'," ",+$/+&'() (* &!"#" .(%/0")&# ')
6"$+&'() &( &!" 6"#"+6%! -"')9 26(2(#".:
12
91*4+ $ 7*&"'$&,'" '"5*"6
What are the key sources?
What are the key theories,
concepts and ideas?
What are the major
issues and debates about
the topic?
What are the epistemological
and ontological grounds for
the discipline?
Literature search
and review on your topic
What are the main questions
and problems that have been
addressed to date?
What are the
political standpoints?
What are the origins and
definitions of the topic?
How is knowledge on the topic
structured and organized?
How have approaches to
these questions increased our
understanding and knowledge?
)*+,'" -./ 01#" 12 &!" 3,"%&*14% &!" '"5*"6 12 &!" 7*&"'$&,'" 8$4
$4%6"'
!"#!$#%& '(#))' *%+ ,-! ./',& *+0*,! ,-!'#'
!"#$% &%$'()* $+ ")"',!-) &%$.%"!!,/ -0 &$/*.%"'("*, ,'()"*-$0 -/ *1,
*1,/-/2 31-/ /,)*-$0 4-55 5$$6 "* *1, &5"), $+ *1, 5-*,%"*(%, %,7-,4 -0 %,5"*-$0
*$ *1, *1,/-/2 8* 4-55 "**,!&* *$ $(*5-0, /$!, $+ *1, '-!,0/-$0/ "0' ,5,!,0*/
*1"* &%$7-', ,7-',0), +$% "//,//-0. *1, 4$%*1-0,// $+ " *1,/-/2 91,%,"/
(0',%.%"'("*, &%$#,)*/ "%, $+*,0 "//,//,' "))$%'-0. *$ &%$ +$%!" !"%6-0.
/)1,'(5,/: " &$/*.%"'("*, *1,/-/ -/ "//,//,' +$% -*/ 4$%*1-0,// "0' *1,
5-*,%"*(%, %,7-,4 &5";/ " !"#$% %$5, -0 *1, "//,//!,0*2 &%$<5,!: 1$4,7,%:
-/ /";-0. #(/* 41"* )$0/*-*(*,/ "0 (0',%.%"'("*, '-//,%*"*-$0 $% &%$#,)* "0'
1$4 *1-/ '-++,%/ +%$!: /";: " !"/*,%=/ *1,/-/: "5*1$(.1 *1-/ -/ 0$* *1, &5"), *$
5$$6 )5$/,5; "* *1-/ >(,/*-$02 3"<5, ?2@ A&2 ?BC &%$7-',/ " /(!!"%; $+ *1,
+(0)*-$0 "0' +$%!"* $+ *1, 5-*,%"*(%, %,7-,4 "* *1,/, '-++,%,0* 5,7,5/2
D$*, *1"* *1, !"-0 )$0),%0 -/ 0$* $05; *$ /"*-/+; "//,//$%/ <(* *$ &%$'(),
" )$!&,*,0* %,7-,4 $+ " <$'; $+ 5-*,%"*(%,2 31, *4$ ',/)%-&*-$0/ *1"* +$55$4
"%, 0$* -0*,0',' *$ <, %,"' "/ /,&"%"*, )%-*,%-" +$% " !"/*,%=/ "0' +$% "
'$)*$%"*,2 E"*1,%: *1,; "%, -0*,0',' *$ <, %,"' "/ .(-',/ *$ 41"* !-.1* <,
,F&,)*,' +%$! &$/*.%"'("*, %,/,"%)12 9, <,.-0 4-*1 *1, !"/*,%=/: 41-)1
"5/$ .-7,/ *1, 0,),//"%; &%,%,>(-/-*, /6-55/ +$% " '$)*$%"*,2
!" #$%&"'(%
91"* 4, 4-55 +$)(/ $0 1,%, -/ *1, /6-55/ ,5,!,0* 0,),//"%; +$% *1, !"/*,%=/
*1,/-/2 8+ 4, *"6, %,/,"%)1 +$% " !"/*,%=/ *1,/-/ "/ <,-0. " /-.0-G)"0* &-,),
/$ #3.$*!.0*$ *$43$5 3, *$+$!*:/
56
!"#$ %&' ($)*$$+ !,- ./$ ,!.0*$ 12 ./$ #3.$*!.0*$ *$43$5
!"#!! $%&
#!1!$#)/ 2#,&()*
'(%)*+,% $%& -,#.$* ,- */! 0+*!#$*(#!
#!3+!4 +% #!1!$#)/ $* */!1! 0!3!01
678 69:8 6;<*1=$:.
;++$,.3!##> -$+:*3?.34$8 .1?3: 21:0+$-@ A1+.#> 3,-3:!.34$ 12 A!3,8
:0**$,. +10*:$+ 1, ./$ .1?3:& 7,!#>+3+ 3+ 12 ./$ .1?3: 3, .$*A+ 12
=0+.3B:!.31,&
C78 C9:8 C</
(3++$*.!.31, 1*
./$+3+
7,!#>.3:!# !,- +0AA!.34$8 :14$*3,) A$./1-1#1)3:!# 3++0$+8 *$+$!*:/
.$:/,3D0$+ !,- .1?3:+& <1++3"#> .51 #3.$*!.0*$E"!+$- :/!?.$*+8 1,$ 1,
A$./1-1#1)3:!# 3++0$+8 5/3:/ -$A1,+.*!.$+ F,15#$-)$ 12 ./$
!-4!,.!)$+ !,- -3+!-4!,.!)$+8 !,- !,1./$* 1, ./$1*$.3:!# 3++0$+
*$#$4!,. .1 ./$ .1?3:G?*1"#$A&
</(8 (</3#8 (H3..
/$+3+
7,!#>.3:!# +>,./$+3+8 :14$*3,) !## F,15, #3.$*!.0*$ 1, ./$ ?*1"#$A8
3,:#0-3,) ./!. 3, 1./$* #!,)0!)$+& I3)/ #$4$# 12 :1,:$?.0!# #3,F3,)
53./3, !,- !:*1++ ./$1*3$+& 90AA!.34$ !,- 21*A!.34$ $4!#0!.31, 12
?*$4310+ 51*F 1, ./$ ?*1"#$A& ($?./ !,- "*$!-./ 12 -3+:0++31, 1,
*$#$4!,. ?/3#1+1?/3:!# .*!-3.31,+ !,- 5!>+ 3, 5/3:/ ./$> *$#!.$ .1 ./$
?*1"#$A&
! "#$%&'"()'"$% * +,- '.%# '.% ! // *"#(
)"5&6 )+% %57 3"%3 "# '.)' "#$%&'"()'" #8
00 +'1#"'"%& 2 + %314)'" #)/
9 :# 00 +'1#"'; "& 0+ $"3%3 ! + '.% &'13%#' ' 3%&"(# )#3 4)++; 1' )
&17&')#'")/ 0"%4% ! "#$%&'"()'"$% * +, "# ) &17<%4'=&0%4">4 3"&4"0/"#%8
?.% +%$"%* ! +%/)'%3 )#3 +%/%$)#' /"'%+)'1+% *"// 7% $%+; "50 +')#' '
'.% +%&%)+4. *.%'.%+ "# '.% >%/3 + !+ 5 ) 3%&,8
@ :# 00 +'1#"'; "& 0+ $"3%3 ' '),% ) ' 0"4 )#3- '.+ 1(. ) &%)+4. )#3
)#)/;&"& ! '.% /"'%+)'1+%- ! 41& "' ' ) +%&%)+4.)7/% ' 0"48 ?."& 01'& ' '.%
'%&' '.% &'13%#'A& )7"/"'; ' &%)+4. ! + )#3 5)#)(% +%/%$)#' '%B'& )#3
5)'%+")/& )#3 ' "#'%+0+%' )#)/;'"4)//; "3%)& )#3 3)')8
C :# 00 +'1#"'; "& 0+ $"3%3 ! + '.% &'13%#' ' +%4 (#"D% '.% &'+14'1+% !
$)+" 1& )+(15%#'& )#3 ' 0+ $"3% 4 (%#'- +%)& #%3 )#3 7<%4'"$%
%$)/1)'"$% )#)/;&"&8 ?."& 01'& ' '.% '%&' '.% )7"/"'; ' "#'%(+)'% )#3
%$)/1)'% "3%)&8
:& '.% 0+ 314' ! ; 1+ '"5% )#3 +%&%)+4. '.% 5)&'%+A& '.%&"& 2*."4. )'
5)&'%+A& /%$%/ 5); )/& 7% 4)//%3 '.% !""#$%&%!'(6 "& ) /%)+#"#( )4'"$"';8 ?.%
"#'%#' ! '.% )4'"$"'; "& '.)' ; 1 )4E1"+% ) +)#(% ! &,"//& )' )# )00+ 0+")'%
/%$%/ '.)' )+% +%/)'%3 ' 3 "#( 4)0)7/% )#3 4 50%'%#' +%&%)+4.8 ?.% '.%&"& "&
'.% %$"3%#4% '.)' ; 1 .)$% )4E1"+%3 '.% #%4%&&)+; &,"//& )#3 4)# '.%+%! +%
7% )44+%3"'%3 )& ) 4 50%'%#' +%&%)+4.%+8 ?.% ,"#3& ! &,"//& #%%3%3 )+%
'. &% )&& 4")'%3 *"'. +%&%)+4. 3%&"(#- 3)') 4 //%4'" #- "#! +5)'" # 5)#)(%=
5%#'- )#)/;&"& ! 3)')- &;#'.%&"& ! 3)') *"'. %B"&'"#( ,# */%3(% )#3
%$)/1)'" # ! %B"&'"#( "3%)& )/ #( *"'. ) 4+"'"4)/ %$)/1)'" # ! ; 1+ *#
* +,8 F% *"// / , )' '.%&% "50 +')#' 0 "#'& "# 5 +% 3%')"/ "# ) 5 5%#'8
G%5%57%+ '.)' ; 1+ '.%&"& "& '.% #/; 00 +'1#"'; ; 1 *"// .)$% '
3%5 #&'+)'% ; 1+ )7"/"'; ' )00/; '.%&% &,"//& ' ) 0)+'"41/)+ ' 0"4H '."&
/#"%+ * .")'!*)$!' !',"'0
!"#$%&'(&)#$ ! &*! &*!%)%+ ,#- &*! &*!%)% %*#./ 0! 1#*!'!$& ($ /#2)1(/($ $#& ( %!')!% #3 %!4('(&! ($ )$( !5.(&!/6 '!/(&! !/!"!$&%+ 7*!'!
%*#./ 0! 1/!(' /)$8% 0!&9!!$ &*! ()"% #3 6#.' '!%!('1* ($ &*! /)&!'(&.'!
'!:)!9- &*! 1*#)1! #3 '!%!('1* !%)2$ ($ "!($% .%! &# 1#//!1& (&(- 6#.'
)%1.%%)#$ #3 &*! )%%.!%- ($ 6#.' 1#$1/.%)#$% ($ '!1#""!$ (&)#$%+ 7#
%.""(');!- 9! 1($ %(6 &*(& &*! '!%!('1* %*#./ <
= 3#1.% #$ ( %4!1)>1 4'#0/!"- )%%.! #' !0(&!?
@ '!/(&! &# &*(& 4'#0/!"- )%%.! #' !0(&! )$ &!'"% &*(& %*#9 ( 0(/($1!
0!&9!!$ &*! &*!#'!&)1(/- "!&*# #/#2)1(/ ($ 4'(1&)1(/ (%4!1&% #3 &*!
&#4)1?
A )$1/. ! ( 1/!('/6 %&(&! '!%!('1* "!&*# #/#26 0(%! #$ &*! !B)%&)$2
/)&!'(&.'!?
C 4'#:) ! ($ ($(/6&)1(/ ($ 1')&)1(//6 !:(/.(&):! %&($1! &# &*! !B)%&)$2
/)&!'(&.'! #$ &*! &#4)1+
D "(%&!'E% &*!%)% )% &*!'!3#'! ( !"#$%&'(&)#$ )$ '!%!('1* &*)$8)$2 ($
#)$2+ F& )% )$&!$ ! &# %*#9 &*(& &*! %&. !$& *(% 0!!$ 1(4(0/! #3 '!(%#$)$2
#:!' 9*)1* "!&*# #/#2)1(/ (44'#(1* &# !"4/#6+ F& )% (/%# ( !"#$%&'(&)#$
#$ *#9 &# #4!'(&)#$(/);! 8!6 1#$1!4&% #3 "!&*# #/#26 &*'#.2* &*! .%! #3 (
'($2! #3 (&(G1#//!1&)#$ &!1*$)5.!%+
7*!'! ('!- &*!$- ( '($2! #3 %8)//% &*(& #3&!$ 3#'" &*! 0(%)% 3#' &*! 1')&!')(
#$ 9*)1* ( "(%&!'E% &*!%)% )% (%%!%%! + 7(0/! =+H I#:!'/!(3 J 4'#:) !% ($
#:!':)!9 #3 &*! 1')&!')( $#'"(//6 .%! 3#' (%%!%%)$2 &*! 9#'&*)$!%% #3 (
"(%&!'E% &*!%)% ($ )& (/%# %*#9% *#9 ($ !B1!//!$& 4)!1! #3 9#'8 1($ 0!
)%&)$2.)%*! 3'#" ( 4##' #$!+ F& "(6 0! .%!3./- (& &*)% %&(2!- &# %(6 ( /)&&/!
"#'! (0#.& %#"! #3 &*! 2!$!'(/ %8)//% ($ 1(4(0)/)&)!%+ K!'! 9! *(:!
4)18! #.& 3#.' &*(& ('! :!'6 )"4#'&($& ($ 9*)1* '!5.)'! %4!1)(/ (&&!$&)#$
06 &*! '!%!('1* %&. !$&+
!"#! $%&'!()*%&"%+ L#. 9)// 0! !B4!1&! &# !"#$%&'(&! ( %.3>1)!$&
/!:!/ #3 4')#' .$ !'%&($ )$2 #3 &*! &#4)1 ($ "!&*# #/#26+ 7*! 3#1.% 3#'
&*!%! )% .%.(//6 )$ &*! /)&!'(&.'! '!:)!9 ($ 1*(4&!' #$ "!&*# #/#26+ 7*!
/(&&!'- )%- #3 1#.'%!- #3&!$ *!(:)/6 !4!$ !$& #$ &*! .%! #3 &*! /)&!'(&.'!
!(/)$2 9)&* "!&*# #/#26+ 7*!'!3#'!- )3 6#.' "()$ "!&*# #/#26 9(%
%.':!6 0(%! 6#. 9#./ 0! !B4!1&! &# %*#9 3(")/)(')&6 9)&* &*! /)&!'(&.'!
#$ %.':!6%+ 7*)% ")2*& )$:#/:! 1')&)1(/ (44'()%(/ #3 8!6 9#'8% &*(&
( :#1(&! ( 4#%)&):)%&)1 (44'#(1* &# '!%!('1*- ) !$&)36)$2 1#'! (.&*#'% ($
'!/!:($& %&. )!% (% !B!"4/('% &# M.%&)36 6#.' 1*#)1! #3 (44'#(1*+ 7*)%
)$:#/:!% &*! 1#$%&'.1&)#$ #3 ($ ('2."!$&+ 7*! /)&!'(&.'! 9)// *!/4 6#. &#
4'#:) ! !:) !$1! ($ %.0%&($1! 3#' M.%&)36)$2 6#.' 1*#)1!+ D& &*! %("!
&)"! 6#. 9)// 0!1#"! 3(")/)(' 9)&* &*! /)&!'(&.'! #$ &*! "!&*# #/#26 ($
0! (0/! &# %*#9 &*)% )$ 6#.' &*!%)%+
'!(','!*%-' *%& &"."+'%-' L#. 9)// $#& $#'"(//6 >$ (// &*! )$3#'"(G
&)#$ 6#. '!5.)'! )$ ( 3!9 9!!8%+ L#. 9)// &*!'!3#'! $!! &# 0! 4!'%)%&!$& )$
!"#$ %&' ()*+$)*! ,-) !..$..*/0 ! 1!.+$)2. 3*..$)+!+*-/
3)4%)5"'%&$6 (#5")#%& ,-./
4*1.5 -"6$7+*8$. !/3
69.+*:7!+*-/
(#$!) !*1. !"#$ +- "$
-;$)!+*-/!#*<$3& =>;#!/!+*-/ -, +?$
+-;*7 @*+? .977*/7+ 69.+*:7!+*-/ 9.*/0
+?$ #*+$)!+9)$& A?-@. ,9## !@!)$/$..
-, +?$ /$$3 +- ,-79. -/ @?!+ *. !"#$
+- "$ 3-/$&
(#$!) !*1. !/3 -"6$7+*8$.&
477$;+!"#$ 69.+*:7!+*-/ @*+?
*3$/+*:7!+*-/ -, +?$ +-;*7&
4*1. !/3 -"6$7+*8$. 9/7#$!) 39$ +/- #-0*7!# 7-//$7+*-/. "$+@$$/
+?$1& B/.9,:7*$/+ !++$1;+ +- 69.+*,C
+?$ +-;*7& 47+9!# +-;*7 /-+ 7#$!) 39$
+- #!7D -, ,-79.&
E$+?-3-#-0C !/3 3!+!
7-##$7+*-/
(?-*7$ -, 1$+?-3-#-0C $>;#!*/$3 */
7-1;!)!+*8$ +$)1. .?-@*/0
7-/.*3$)!"#$ $8*3$/7$ -, )$!3*/0
!/3 9/3$).+!/3*/0& F8$)!## )$.$!)7?
3$.*0/ !"9/3!/+#C 7#$!) !/3 #-0*7!#
,-) +?$ .+93$/+ +- !;;#C& A+)$/0+?.
!/3 @$!D/$..$. */ ;)$8*-9.#C 9.$3
1$+?-3-#-0*$.G3!+!H7-##$7+*-/
+$7?/*I9$. !)$ )$7-0/*<$3 !/3 3$!#+
@*+?&
E$+?-3-#-0C 3$.7)*"$3 "9+ /-+ */
7-1;!)!+*8$ +$)1.J .- /$>;#!/!+*-/ 0*8$/ ,-) 7?-*7$.J
/$8$)+?$#$..5 !/ !;;)-;)*!+$
1$+?-3-#-0C $1;#-C$3& K$.$!)7?
+$7?/*I9$. 7#$!) !/3 .9*+!"#$ ,-) +?$
+-;*7& E!C ?!8$ )$;#*7!+$3
@$!D/$..$. -) "*!. */?$)$/+ */
;)$8*-9. @-)D -/ +?$ +-;*7&
L- $>;#!/!+*-/ -, +?$ 1$+?-3-#-0C5
*+. 7?-*7$ -) !;;)-;)*!+$/$.. ,-) +?$
)$.$!)7?& L- */3*7!+*-/ -, )$!3*/0
-/ 1$+?-3-#-0C -) 3!+!H7-##$7+*-/
+$7?/*I9$.5 .- /- 3$1-/.+)!+*-/ -,
!"*#*+C +- 7-##$7+ 3!+! */ ! .C.+$1!+*7
@!C& L- -8$)!## )$.$!)7? 3$.*0/&
M*+$)!+9)$ )$8*$@ !/3
$8!#9!+*-/
?-)-90? )$8*$@ -, +?$ )$#$8!/+
#*+$)!+9)$J .C.+$1!+*7!##C !/!#C.$3
!/3 !## 1!*/ 8!)*!"#$. !/3
!)091$/+. *3$/+*:$3& ()*+*7!#
$8!#9!+*-/ :)1#C #*/D$3 +69.+*:7!+*-/ !/3 1$+?-3-#-0C&
K$8*$@ -, +?$ 1!*/ #*+$)!+9)$ @*+?
1!*/ 8!)*!"#$. !/3 !)091$/+.
*3$/+*:$3& A-1$ #*/D. 1!3$ +1$+?-3-#-0C !/3 69.+*:7!+*-/&
L- )$8*$@ -, +?$ #*+$)!+9)$J
!//-+!+*-/. -, .-1$ *+$1. "9+ /!++$1;+ !+ ! 7)*+*7!# $8!#9!+*-/5
+?$)$,-)$ /- !)091$/+. -) D$C
8!)*!"#$. *3$/+*:$3 )$#$8!/+ +- +?$
+-;*7& L- "*"#*-0)!;?C -) +-- #!)0$ !
"*"#*-0)!;?C +- ?!8$ "$$/ 9.$3&
7-/+*/9$3 -8$)#$!,
?7)!$.$) /* @$*8$) $)9+!)$+*# $?
0-12#&#%& ,-./
87
!"#$$#%& '%( ()*&)%"&)+# ,-./
87
!"#$ %&' ()*+,-+.$/ 0
0-12#&#%& ,-./
3)4%)5"'%&$6 (#5")#%& ,-./
1,2#$ !+/ 34$5$+,!,-*+6
-+)#./-+7 ,8$ .5$ *9
74!38-) :!,$4-!#5
;#$!4 !+/ )*8$5-<$ 5,4.),.4$& =$42
>$## 34$5$+,$/ >-,8 !)).4!,$
)-,!,-*+5 !+/ "-"#-*74!382&
?:34$55-<$ .5$ *9 <-5.!# !+/ 74!38-)
/$<-)$56 !+/ $99$),-<$ !44!+7$:$+,
*9 :!,$4-!#5& @)).4!,$ !+/ 34*3$4
.5$ *9 A+7#-586 $:3#*2-+7 5)8*#!4#2
)*+<$+,-*+5&
;#$!4 5,4.),.4$ !+/ !44!+7$:$+, *9
:!,$4-!#5 >-,8 !)).4!,$ )-,!,-*+56
!334*34-!,$ .5$ *9 <-5.!# !+/
74!38-) /$<-)$5&
1,4.),.4$/ 34$5$+,!,-*+ "., <$42
,8-+ *+ 5."5,!+,-<$ )*+,$+,&
;-,!,-*+5 :*5,#2 )*44$), "., +*,
)*+5-5,$+,& B-,,#$ $<-/$+)$ *9
,8*.78, !"*., ,8$ .5$ *9 <-5.!# *4
74!38-) /$<-)$5& 1#*332 .5$ *9
#!+7.!7$&
C<$4!## )*8$4$+)$ !+/
!)!/$:-) 4-7*.4
125,$:!,-) !+/ )*+5-/$4$/ !334*!)8D
)4-,-)!##2 4$E$F-<$D )#!4-,2 !+/ #*7-) -+
,8$ 5,4.),.4-+7 *9 !47.:$+,D 34*3$4
.5$ *9 #!+7.!7$D !55.:3,-*+5 5,!,$/D
)8!4-,2 *9 -+,$434$,!,-*+D
-/$+,-G)!,-*+ *9 7!35 !+/ 3*55-"-#-,2
9*4 9.4,8$4 4$5$!4)8& C9 !
3."#-58!"#$ 5,!+/!4/&
;*+5-/$4$/ !334*!)8D )#!4-,2 -+ ,8$
5,4.),.4$ *9 34$5$+,!,-*+D
5!,-59!),*42 .5$ *9 #!+7.!7$D
!55.:3,-*+5 :*5,#2 5,!,$/6 ,8*.78
5*:$ -:3#-)-,D )*+)#.5-*+5 !+/ -/$!5
9*4 9.4,8$4 4$5$!4)8 -/$+,-G$/&
H*, ! )*+5-/$4$/ !334*!)8 ,8$4$9*4$
+* 3#!++-+7 $<-/$+,& I**4 .5$ *9
,$)8+-)!# ,$4:5 !+/ *<$4.5$ *9
)#-)8$J& H* !47.:$+,!,-<$ 5,4.),.4$
$<-/$+,& 1*:$ !,,$:3, !,
-+,$434$,!,-*+6 "., +*, "!5$/ *+ ,8$
/!,!&
>$-<$4 $4.,!4$,-# ! 7+-*K
!"#$$#%& '%( ()*&)%"&)+# ,-./
1+0 ,$#0-'#!-0 -0/$02 $) -0"0'-&+
!"# $!#%& '()* )* +*,+-).// 0(+ -.*+ $)0( 0(+ *+.#-( !1 0(+ /)0+#.0"#+&
23)0)./ *+.#-( *0#.0+4)+* 5. 3!0 #+6+./ $(.0 !" 5)4(0 (.6+ $.30+78 !"
0(+#+1!#+ 3++7 0! 9+ :+;)9/+ .37 *+.#-( 5!#+ $)7+/ !# "*+ 5!#+ -!5,/+;
-!59)3.0)!3* !1 $!#7* .37 ,(#.*+*& <+#*)*0+3-+ ./*! 5+.3* 9+)34 0(!#!"4(
)3 !"# *+.#-(8 9 5.%)34 7+0.)/+7 #+-!#7* !1 (!$ !" 5.3.4+7 0(+
.75)3)*0#.0)!3 !1 0(+ .-0)6)0 & '()* )* 9+-."*+ . -!5,#+(+3*)6+ *+.#-( 1!#
0(+ /)0+#.0"#+ !3 . 0!,)- )* 6+# 5"-( . 5.00+# !1 5.3.4)34 0(+ .75)3=
)*0#.0)!3 !1 *+.#-( *(++0*> #+-!#7*> 7.0.9.*+*> #+1+#+3-+* /!-.0+7> )0+5*
!90.)3+7 .37 0(!*+ !#7+#+7 1#!5 0(+ /)9#.# > .37 *! !3& '(+ "*+ !1 .//
#+/+6.30 *!"#-+* .37 #+*!"#-+* )* 0(+#+1!#+ #+?")#+7 0! 9+ *(!$3 )3 !"#
0(+*)*& '()* -.3 9+ $#)00+3 ", )3 0(+ 5+0(!7!/!4 -(.,0+# !# 0(+ #+6)+$ !1
0(+ /)0+#.0"#+&
!"#$%&'#$() @ 5.A!# #+?")#+5+30 )* 0(.0 !" ,#!6)7+ *"1B-)+30 .#4"=
5+30 0! A"*0)1 0(+ 0!,)- 1!# !"# #+*+.#-( $()-( 5+.3* *(!$)34 0(.0 $(.0
!" ,#!,!*+ 0! #+*+.#-( )* $!#0( !1 #+*+.#-(& '()* )36!/6+* 0(+ "*+ !1
+;)*0)34 /)0+#.0"#+ 0! 1!-"* !3 . ,.#0)-"/.# -!30+;0& '(+ -!30+;0 5)4(0 9+> 1!#
+;.5,/+> 5+0(!7!/!4)-./> )3 0(.0 !" ,#!,!*+ 0! +5,/! . 5+0(!7!/!4 !3
. 0!,)- )3 .3 .#+. )3 $()-( )0 (.* 3!0 ,#+6)!"*/ 9++3 "*+7& '()* 5)4(0
)36!/6+ -!3*0#"-0)34 .3 .#4"5+30 0! *(!$ (!$ . 5+0(!7!/!4 #+/.0+* 0!
0(+ 0!,)- .37 0(+#+9 *"44+*0 $(.0 )0* ,!0+30)./ 5)4(0 9+& @/0+#3.0)6+/ >
!" 5)4(0 ,#!6)7+ . *"55.0)6+ !# )30+4#.0)6+ #+6)+$& '()* $!"/7 )36!/6+
*"55.#)C)34 ,.*0 #+*+.#-( .37 5.%)34 #+-!55+37.0)!3* !3 (!$ !"#
#+*+.#-( $)// 9+ .3 .77)0)!3 0! 0(+ +;)*0)34 *0!-% !1 +6)7+3-+& 23 0()* -.*+
!" $!"/7 9+ ,#!,!*)34 0! .,,/ . 0#)+7 .,,#!.-( 0! !"# 0!,)-& D(.0+6+#
!" "*+ .* 0(+ 1!-"* 1!# !"# A"*0)B-.0)!3 !3+ 0()34 5"*0 ./$. * 9+ *++3E
+6)7+3-+ 1#!5 0(+ /)0+#.0"#+& F!" .#+ 0(+#+1!#+ +;,+-0+7 0! .6!)7 "*)34
,+#*!3./ !,)3)!3* .37 6)+$* .37 3+6+# *"95)0 . *0.0+5+30 $)0(!"0
*"1B-)+30 9.-%)34&
F!" .#+ #+?")#+7 0! "*+ 0(+ /)0+#.0"#+ )3 . $. 0(.0
)* ,#!,+#& @0 0(+ 5!*0 9.*)- /+6+/ 0()* 5+.3* -)0)34 #+1+#+3-+* )3 . *0.37.#7
1!#5.0 #+-!43)C+7 9 0(+ .-.7+5)- -!55"3)0 & F!" $)// B37 4")7.3-+ !3
0()* )3 @,,+37); G& 20 ./*! 5+.3* "*)34 0(+ /)0+#.0"#+ )3 . $. 0(.0 )*
-!3*)7+#+7 .37 -!3*)7+#.0+& F!" 5)4(0 3!0 9+ .9/+ 0! -)0+ .// 0(+ #+1+#+3-+*
0(.0 !" /!-.0+ )3 !"# *+.#-(& F!" $)// 0(+#+1!#+ 3++7 0! +;+#-)*+ A"74+=
5+30 .* 0! $()-( #+1+#+3-+* .#+ 0(+ 5!*0 )5,!#0.30> 0(.0 )*> 0(+ 5!*0
#+/+6.30 0! !"# ,"#,!*+& @3 .00)0"7+ !1 -#)0)-./ .,,#.)*./ $)// 9+ 3+-+**.#
0! .6!)7 *)5,/)*0)- *"55.0)6+ 7+*-#),0)!3 !1 0(+ -!30+30* !1 .#0)-/+* .37
9!!%*& '()* )36!/6+* 9+)34 -(.#)0.9/+ 0! 0(+ )7+.* !1 !0(+#* $()/+ .0 0(+
*.5+ 0)5+ +6./".0)34 0(+ "*+1"/3+** !1 0(!*+ )7+.* 0! !"# !$3 $!#%&
'(+ 5.*0+#H* )* . /)5)0+7 ,)+-+ !1 #+*+.#-(& '.%)34 .,,#!;)5.0+/ IJ>JJJ
0! IK>JJJ $!#7*> 0(+ 0(+*)* !# 7)**+#0.0)!3 )* . #+/.0)6+/ 5!7+*0 ,)+-+ !1
$#)0)34 +?")6./+30 0!> *. > 0(#++ !# 1!"# +;0+37+7 +**. *& 20* %+ +/+5+30*
.#+E 0(+ #+*+.#-(8 7+*)43 !1 0(+ #+*+.#-(8 .,,/)-.0)!3 !1 7.0.=-!//+-0)!3
0+-(3)?"+*8 5.3.4+5+30 !1 0(+ ,#!A+-0 .37 7.0.8 .37 )30+#,#+0.0)!3 !1 0(+
*&+(,'-,. &()/0)#$()"
/$+.0 ( ,+&"'(&1'" '"2+"3
!"#!$% #! &'( )*!&(+& *, -.(/#*0% 1*.23 4* "* &'(%( &'#!$% #! 5 156 &'5& #%
%)'*75.76 "(85!"% (,,()&#/( 85!5$(8(!& *, &'( .(%(5.)'3 9 %0885.6 *,
&'( %&5!"5."% .(:0#.(" #% $#/(! #! 9--(!"#+ ;3
!" #$%&$'(&"
4'(.( 5--(5. &* <( %(/(! 85#! .(:0#.(8(!&%= $(!(.5776 5$.((" 5).*%% &'(
5)5"(8#) -.*,(%%#*!= )*/(.#!$ &'( )*!&(!&= -.*)(%% 5!" -.*"0)& *, 5
"*)&*.57 &'(%#%3 4'(%( 5.(>
?
B
;
C
D
%-()#57#@5&#*! #! %)'*75.%'#-A
852#!$ 5 !(1 )*!&.#<0&#*! &* 5! 5.(5 *, 2!*17("$(A
"(8*!%&.5&#!$ 5 '#$' 7(/(7 *, %)'*75.%'#-A
"(8*!%&.5&#!$ *.#$#!57#&6A
&'( 5<#7#&6 &* 1.#&( 5 )*'(.(!& /*708( *, #!&(77()&05776 "(85!"#!$ 1*.2
*, 5 %#$!# )5!& 7(!$&'A
E &'( 5<#7#&6 &* "(/(7*- &'( )5-5)#&6 5!" -(.%*!57 )'5.5)&(. &* #!&(7F
7()&05776 85!5$( &'( .(%(5.)'= #!)70"#!$ &'( 1.#&#!$ *, &'( &'(%#%A
G %'*1#!$ #!F"(-&' 0!"(.%&5!"#!$ *, &'( &*-#) 5.(5 5!" 1*.2 .(75&(" &*
&'( .(%(5.)'3
H( 8#$'& 57%* 5"" 5! (#$'&' ).#&(.#*!A *!( 8*.( %-()# ) &* &'( "*)&*.57
/#/5>
I "(,(!"#!$ *.5776 1'5& 15% -.*"0)(" #! &(.8% *, &'( .(5%*! ,*. "*#!$
&'( .(%(5.)' 5!" )'*#)(% */(. &'( 156 #& 15% "*!(3
4'(%( %&5&(8(!&% "* !*& )5-&0.( &'( %)*-( 5!" "(-&' *, 577 "*)&*.57
.(%(5.)'3 4'(6 "*= '*1(/(.= -.*/#"( 5 %(& *, .(:0#.(8(!&% 1'#)' %'*1 &'(
).0)#57 #8-*.&5!)( *, &'( 7#&(.5&0.( .(/#(1 #! &'( .(%(5.)' -.*)(%% 5!" #!
&'( )*!&(!& *, &'( &'(%#% #&%(7,3 4'( .%& &'.(( %'*1 &'( #!-0& &'5& )5! <(
85"( <6 5 &'*.*0$' %(5.)' 5!" .(5"#!$ *, .(75&(" 7#&(.5&0.(3 J& #% &'(%(=
&*$(&'(. 1#&' "(8*!%&.5&#!$ *.#$#!57#&6= &'5& 1#77 !*1 <( "#%)0%%("3
)*"%+(,+-(&+$. 97&'*0$' %*8( 0!#/(.%#&#(% 577*1 )5!"#"5&(% &* (!.*77 ,*.
'#$'(. "($.((% 1#&'*0& 5 .%& "($.(( &'( 8*"(7 0%(" '(.( 5%%08(% 5!
5)5"(8#) )5.((. #! 1'#)' %)'*75.%'#- #% "(/(7*-8(!&57 5!" !*& )*!/(6("
&'.*0$' 5 &#&7(3 4'5& )5.((. !*.85776 )*!%#%&% *, 5 .%& "($.(( ,*77*1(" <6
-*%&$.5"05&( 1*.2= <*&' *, 1'#)' )5! <( ,077F&#8( *. -5.&F&#8( %&0"63
4'.*0$' 5! 5)5"(8#) )5.((. 5 %&0"(!& $.5"05776 5):0#.(% 5 )08075&#/(
.5!$( *, %2#77% 5!" 5<#7#&#(%= 5!" ,*)0%(% &'(#. 7(5.!#!$ *! 5 %0<K()&F%-()# )
2!*17("$(3 4'( 5/5#75<#7#&6 *, )'*#)( *, "($.(( 5!" *-&#*!% 1#&'#! "($.((%
8(5!% &'5& %0<K()& %-()#57#@5&#*! *, %*8( ,*.8 #% #!(/#&5<7(3 J! &(.8% *,
%2#77% 5!" 5<#7#&6 8*%& 0!"(.$.5"05&(% 5.( (+-()&(" &* 5):0#.( 5!" "(/(7*5 1#"( .5!$( *, -(.%*!57 &.5!%,(.5<7( %2#77%3 L#$0.( 9C3? #! 9--(!"#+ C
$#/(% 5! #!"#)5&#*! *, &'( #!,*.85&#*! 85!5$(8(!& &5%2 #!/*7/(" #!
./& 0#*&+!*-+& +&1#&' #$ +&2&!+(/
!"#!$#%& ' (#)! ')* !+ ,--!%.#/ 0 '(12 #%3(*.!1 &*#.'%3! 2% 42$ )2
5'%'&! )4! )!34%#3'( !(!5!%)1 26 )4! !"#!$7
84!
'$ 5')! #'(19 62
*%.! & '.*')! $2 :9 32552%(; #% )4! 62 5 26
' )#3(!1 6 25 <2* %'(19 -! #2.#3'(19 '%)42(2&#!1 '%. 52%2& '-419 ' ! )4!
#.!'1 26 2)4! -!2-(!9 *1*'((; )4! =62*%.#%& )4!2 #1)1> '%. =3*
26 )4! .#13#-(#%!7 @% 2 .!
!%) %2)'?(!1>
)2 *%.! 1)'%. )4! 1-!3#A31 26 )4! 1*?<!3)9 #) #1
!11!%)#'( )4') )4! *%.! & '.*')! 325!1 )2 )! 51 $#)4 )4! #.!'1 26 )4!
62*%.#%& )4!2 #1)1 '%. 3*
!%) %2)'?(!17 B%(; $4!% )4!; 4'"! .2%! )4#1
$#(( )4!; 4'"! 1*6A3#!%) 1*?<!3) :%2$(!.&! )2 ?! '?(! )2 )'(: 324! !%)(;
'?2*) '%. ?!&#% )2 '%'(;1! 3 #)#3'((; )4! #.!'1 26 )4! 1*?<!3)7 84#1 5!'%1
.!52%1) ')#%& 325- !4!%1#2% 26 )4! )2-#3 '%. )4! '()! %')#"! 5!)42.2(C
2&#!1 )4') 3'% ?! *1!. 62 #)1 #%"!1)#&')#2%7
D4#(! #) 5#&4) ?! -211#?(! )2 !'34 ' (!"!( 26 '."'%3!. 1)'%.#%& $#)42*)
'% '-- 2- #')! #%)!((!3)*'( '-- !%)#3!14#-9 )4! '3'.!5#3 3' !! #1 (#:!(; )2
?! ' 52 ! !(#'?(! 5!)42. 26 '3E*# #%& )4! #%C.!-)4 :%2$(!.&! .!5'%.!.
26 ' .23)2 '( 1)*.!%)7 84! ! ' ! 12*%. '3'.!5#3 !'12%1 62 )4! '3'.!5#3
3' !! '1 - !-' ')#2% 62 4#&4! .!& !!1 !1!' 347 84! '?#(#); '%. 3'-'3#);
)2 5'%'&! 32&%#)#"!(; 5'11#"! '52*%)1 26 #%62 5')#2%9 -('; $#)4 '?1) '3)
#.!'1 '%. )4!2 #!1 '%. 4'"! #%1#&4)1 #1 *1*'((; &'#%!. )4 2*&4 #%)!%1#"!
'3'.!5#3 $2 : '%. %2) 142 )C)! 59 . 2-C#% - 2& '55!19 2 )4! - 2.*3)#2%
26 233'1#2%'( -*?(#3')#2%17
!"#$% ! $&' ()$*+#,-*#)$
84! 1!3)#2% 2% 2 #&#%'(#); $4#34 62((2$1
!(')!1 )2 $4') #1 1'#. 4! !9 )4') )4! !E*# !5!%) 62 -21)& '.*')! !1!' 34
)2 '."'%3! *%.! 1)'%.#%& )4 2*&4 5':#%& ' %!$ 32%) #?*)#2%9 #1 .# !3)(;
.!-!%.!%) *-2% :%2$(!.&! 26 )4! 1*?<!3)7 84') :%2$(!.&! 3'% 2%(; ?!
2?)'#%!. )4 2*&4 )4! $2 : '%. !662 ) 26 !'.#%& '%. 1!!:#%& 2*) $';1 #%
$4#34 &!%! '( #.!'1 4'"! ?!!% .!"!(2-!. )4 2*&4 )4!2 ; '%. '--(#3')#2%7
84#1 - 23!11
!E*# !1 6 25 )4!
5!%)#2%!. #%
!(')#2% )2 *1#%& (#? ' #!17 F*) #) '(12
!1!' 34!
)4! :#%.1 26 1:#((1 '( !'.;
!E*# !1 ' 1-# #) 26
'."!%)* ! G' $#((#%&%!11 )2 !/-(2 ! %!$ ' !'1H9 '% 2-!% '))#)*.! )4')
'"2#.1 - !<*.&#%& '% #.!' '%. )!%'3#); )2 #%"!1) )4! )#5! '%. !662 ) !"!%
$4!% )4! &2#%& &!)1 )2*&47
D4') $! ' ! )'(:#%& '?2*) 4! ! #1 !1#1)#%& )4! )!5-)')#2% )2 5':! - #2
'11*5-)#2%1 '?2*) '%; #.!' 2
)4!2 ; *%)#( 2%! #1 :%2$(!.&!'?(! '?2*)
)4') #.!'7 84#1 #%"2("!1 )4! 1-# #) 26
!1!' 34I (22:#%& 62
(!'.1 )2 2)4!
$2 :1 3#)!. ?; )4! '*)42 $4#34 4'"! #%J*!%3!. )4!# )4#%:#%&7 K' A%:!(>1
!)4%25!)42.2(2&;9 62
!/'5-(!9 (#:! 5'%; 2)4!
%!$ '%. #%)! !1)#%&
.!"!(2-5!%)1 #% '(( 1*?<!3) A!(.19 .#. %2) !5! &! 6 25 %2)4#%&7 @) $'1
' .!"!(2-5!%) 6 25 '% !/#1)#%& 1!) 26 )4!2 #!1 '%. #.!'17 K' A%:!(
1;1)!5')#3'((; $2 :!. )4 2*&4 ' '%&! 26 !/#1)#%& )4!2 #!1 #% 2 .! )2 1!!
$4! ! 125! #.!'1 $2*(. (!'. #6 '--(#!.7 84 2*&4 4#1 !'.#%& '%. )4#%:#%&
4! $'1 '?(! )2 !/-(2 !9 #% )4! ) *! 1-# #) 26 '."!%)* !9 )4! 62*%.')#2%1 '%.
?2*%.' #!1 26 123#'( 13#!%3!7
D4') !%'?(!. K' A%:!( )2 5':! ' %!$ 32%) #?*)#2%9 !"!% )42*&4 )4!
'52*%) 26 $2 : 4! 4'1 - 2.*3!. #1 !(')#"!(; 15'((9 $'1 4#1 '?#(#); )2 1!!
#)$* ( ,)&!'(&1'! '!-)!2
!""#$#%#&#'" #( ')#"&#(* #+',"- .,/#(* ('0 #("#*1&" #" (!& 2'3'%4 ,$!5&
$'#(* ,$%' &! "4(&1'"#6' +#7895%& ,(+ %,3*' ,2!5(&" !7 2,&'3#,%": #& ,%"!
#(;!%;'" /(!0#(* 1!0 &! $' 93',&#;' ,(+: '31, ": !3#*#(,%- <& 9,((!& $'
!;'3'2 1,"#6'+: 1!0';'3: &1,& &! 2,/' , ('0 9!(&3#$5&#!( &! /(!0%'+*'
4!5 +! (!& 1,;' &! $' , *'(#5"- =1' "#6' !7 &1' 9!(&3#$5&#!( #" (!& 01,&
2,&&'3": #& #" &1' >5,%#&4 !7 0!3/ &1,& 3!+59'" &1' #("#*1&- ?" 4!5 0#%% "''
"1!3&%4: !3#*#(,%#&4 9,( $' +'8('+ ,(+ #" !7&'( "4"&'2,&#9 3,&1'3 &1,( !
"#$-
!"#$%&'(&)$* ( +)*+ ,!-!, #. %/+#,('%+)0 ?" 0' 1,;' (!&'+ ',3%#'3: &1'
&1'"#" #" &1' !(%4 &,(*#$%' ';#+'(9' !7 &1' 0!3/ ,(+ '77!3& &1,& 1," *!('
#(&! &1' 3'"',391- @!3 &1#" 3',"!( #& (''+" &! 3!;#+' '(!5*1 ';#+'(9': !7
&1' 3#*1& &4 ' ,(+ #( ,( , 3! 3#,&' 7!32: &! +'2!("&3,&' &1,& &1' +'"#3'+
%';'% !7 "91!%,3"1# 1," $''( ,91#';'+- ? /'4 ,3& !7 &1' &1'"#" 01#91
#%%5"&3,&'" "91!%,3"1# #" &1' 3';#'0 !7 &1' %#&'3,&53'- <& #" #( &1#" "'9&#!( &1,&
&1' $,%,(9' ,(+ %';'% !7 #(&'%%'9&5,% "/#%%" ,(+ ,$#%#&#'" 9,( $' 75%%4
+#" %,4'+ 7!3 "935&#(4 ,(+ ,""'""2'(&=1' 3';#'0 91, &'3 2#*1& 9!2 3#"' !(%4 AB &! CB ,*'": ," #( , +!9&!3,%
&1'"#": !3 DE &! FB #( , 2,"&'3G" &1'"#": ,%&1!5*1 &1' ,9&5,% %'(*&1 !7&'(
+' '(+" !( &1' (,&53' !7 &1' 3'"',391- =1'!34H$,"'+ 0!3/ &'(+" &! 3'>5#3'
, %!(*'3 3';#'0 &1,( '2 #3#9,% 0!3/- I#&1'3 0,4 &1#" #" , ;'34 "1!3& " ,9'
&! 9!;'3 ,%% &1,& #" 3'>5#3'+ ,(+ ') '9&'+- =4 #9,%%4: &1' 3';#'0 91, &'3 #"
,( '+#&'+ +!0( ;'3"#!( !7 &1' 2,""#;' ,2!5(& !7 (!&'" &,/'( 73!2
')&'("#;' 3',+#(*- =1' 2,&'3#,% !7 ,%% 3';#'0" 9!("#"&" !7 01,& 1," $''(
"',391'+: %!9,&'+: !$&,#('+ ,(+ 3',+: $5& #" 2591 2!3' &1,( "' ,3,&' #&'2"
!3 , $#$%#!*3, 14- =1' 3',+'3 !7 &1' &1'"#" #" $'#(* ,"/'+ &! "'' &1#"
%#&'3,&53' ," 3' 3'"'(&#(* &1' "52 &!&,% !7 9533'(& /(!0%'+*' !( &1' &! #9<& 25"& ,%"! +'2!("&3,&' &1' ,$#%#&4 &! &1#(/ 93#&#9,%%4 #( &'32" !7 ';,%5,&#(*
#+',": 2'&1!+!%!*#'" ,(+ &'91(#>5'" &! 9!%%'9& +,&,: ,(+ 3'J'9& !( #2 %#H
9,&#!(" ,(+ !""#$#%#&#'" 7!3 9'3&,#( #+',"- K91!%,3"1# &1'3'7!3' +'2,(+" ,
0#+' 3,(*' !7 "/#%%" ,(+ #(&'%%'9&5,% 9, ,$#%#&#'"<7 0' &,/' &1' 2'&1!+!%!*#9,% ," '9& !7 &1' &1'"#" 0' 9,( "'' &1,&
5(+'3 #((#(* ,%% 3'"',391 #" &1' ,$#%#&4 &! +'2!("&3,&' 9!2 %'&' 7,2#%#,3#&4
0#&1 &1' 3'" '9&#;' "&3'(*&1" ,(+ 0',/('""'" !7 , 3,(*' !7 3'"',391
2'&1!+!%!*#'" ,(+ &'91(#>5'" 7!3 9!%%'9&#(* +,&,- <& #" &1'3'7!3' #2 !3&,(&
&! 3',+ 0#+'%4 ,3!5(+ &1' %#&'3,&53' !( &1' 2,L!3 #(&'%%'9&5,% &3,+#&#!("
"591 ," !"#&#;#"2 ,(+ 1'(!2'(!%!*4- =1#" #" $'9,5"' #& #" &1'"'
&3,+#&#!(" &1,& "5 !3& ,(+ 1,;' "1, '+ &1' 0,4" #( 01#91 0' &'(+ &!
;#'0 &1' (,&53' !7 &1' 0!3%+ ,(+ 1!0 #& #" !""#$%' &! *! ,$!5& +';'%! #(*
/(!0%'+*' ,(+ 5(+'3"&,(+#(* !7 !53 0!3%+- M(!0%'+*' !7 1#"&!3#9,% #+',"
,(+ &1'!3#'": !3 1#%!"! 14 ,(+ "!9#,% &1'!34: #" '""'(&#,%- <( , "#2#%,3 0,4
&! "/#%%": /(!0%'+*' !7: ",4: .,3) !3 &1' !"&2!+'3(#"&" 2#*1& $' "''( ,"
'""'(&#,% '3"!(,% &3,("7'3,$%' /(!0%'+*'?" , 3'"',391'3 4!5 25"& ,%"! +'2!("&3,&' &1' ,$#%#&4 &! ,""'""
2'&1!+!%!*#'" 5"'+ #( &1' +#"9# %#(' !3 #( &1' "&5+4 !7 &1' &! #9 #( !3+'3 &!
"1!0 9%',3 ,(+ 93#&#9,% 5(+'3"&,(+#(* !7 &1' %#2#&,&#!(" !7 &1' , 3!,91-
-.! +)&!'(&/'! '!0)!1 )$ '!%!('2.
!"# $"%% #!&$ '&() *+"%",' ,& -./%&' * )*01- &2 ,!-&)"-# *03 "3-*#
4&..&0 ,& ,!- 3"#4"/%"0- *03 ,& #(+5-4, ,!-. ,& 4)","4*% -6*%(*,"&0 "0 &)3-)
,& *36*04- (03-)#,*03"017 8, "06&%6-# 3-.&0#,)*,"01 ,!- 4*/*4",' ,& *)1()*,"&0*%%' *03 /)-#-0, ,!*, *)1(.-0, "0 * 4&!-)-0, #,)(4,()-7 9&: '&( 0--3
,& ;0&$ !&$ ,& *0*%'#- ,!- *)1(.-0,# &2 &,!-)# < ,!- )-*3-) &2 '&() ,!-#"#
=*0 ->,-)0*% ->*."0-)? $"%% +- %&&;"01 ,& #-- !&$ '&( !*6- *0*%'#-3 #(4!
,!-&)"-# *03 !&$ '&( !*6- 3-6-%&/-3 "03-/-03-0, 4&04%(#"&0# 2)&. '&()
)-*3"017 80 /*),"4(%*): '&() )-*3-) $"%% +- "0,-)-#,-3 ,& #-- !&$ '&(
3-6-%&/ * 4*#- =*)1(.-0,? 2&) ,!- )-#-*)4! '&( "0,-03 ,& (03-),*;-7
!"#$%&'(&)$* #')*)$(+)&, !- 0&,"&0 &2 &)"1"0*%",' "# 6-)' 4%&#-%'
)-%*,-3 ,& ,!- 2(04,"&0 &2 ,!- #-*)4! *03 *0*%'#"# &2 ,!- %",-)*,()-7 @- !*6*%)-*3' "03"4*,-3 ,!*, ,!)&(1! * )"1&)&(# *0*%'#"# &2 * )-#-*)4! %",-)*,()&0- 4*0 1"6- 2&4(# ,& * ,&/"47 8, "# ,!)&(1! ,!"# 2&4(#"01 /)&4-## ,!*, *0
&)"1"0*% ,)-*,.-0, &2 *0 -#,*+%"#!-3 ,&/"4 4*0 +- 3-6-%&/-37 A%*4"01 *#"3(0,"% %*,-) 4!*/,-)# !&$ ,!"# !*# *03 4*0 +- 3&0-: $- 0--3 ,& ,()0 &()
*,,-0,"&0 !-)- ,& ,!- 4&04-/, &2 &)"1"0*%",'7 80 B"1()- C7D =/7 EF? $- #!&$
#&.- &2 ,!- *##&4"*,"&0# ,!*, 4*0 +- .*3- 2)&. ,!- 3"22-)-0, 3-G0","&0# &2
&)"1"0*%",'7 H#- ,!-#- ,& 1)*#/ ,!- .-*0"01 &2 ,!- ,-).7 !"# "# "./&),*0,
+-4*(#- "0 *4*3-."4 )-#-*)4! ,!- *". "# 0&, ,& )-/%"4*,- $!*, !*# *%)-*3'
+--0 3&0-: +(, ,& *33 "0 #&.- $*': 0& .*,,-) !&$ #.*%%: #&.-,!"01 ,!*,
!-%/# 2(),!-) &() (03-)#,*03"01 &2 ,!- $&)%3 "0 $!"4! $- %"6-7
I%% )-#-*)4! "# "0 ",# &$0 $*' (0"J(-7 K6-0 )-#-*)4! ,!*, )-/%"4*,-# $&);
3&0- +' *0&,!-) /-)#&0 "# (0"J(-7 L(, ", "# 0&, &)"1"0*%7 L-"01 &)"1"0*%
."1!, +- ,*;-0 ,& .-*0 3&"01 #&.-,!"01 0& &0- !*# 3&0- +-2&)-: &) -6-0
,!&(1!, *+&(, 3&"01 +-2&)-7 9&.-,".-# ,!"# ;"03 &2 *//)&*4! ,& ,!"0;"01
*+&(, &)"1"0*%",' -J(*,-# &)"1"0*%",' $",! #/-4"*% J(*%","-# *##(.-3 ,& +/&##-##-3 +' &0%' * 2-$ "03"6"3(*%#7 !- ,!"01 ,& )-.-.+-) "# ,!*,
&)"1"0*%",' "# 0&, * .'#,-)"&(# J(*%",'M ", "# #&.-,!"01 *%% )-#-*)4!-)# *)4*/*+%- &2 "2 ,!-' ;0&$ !&$ ,& ,!"0; *+&(,: .*0*1- *03 /%*' $",! "3-*#7
!-)- "# *0 ".*1"0*)' -%-.-0, ,& )-#-*)4!7 !"# "# ,!- *+"%",' ,& 4)-*,*03 /%*' $",! ".*1-# "0 '&() ."03 &) &0 /*/-): )-*$*;-0"01 ,!- 4!"%3 "0
,!- *3(%,7 !"# *.&(0,# ,& ,!"0;"01 (#"01 6"#(*% /"4,()-#: $",!&(, *0'
"0!"+","&0# &) /)-4&04-"6-3 "3-*# *03 "06&%6-# 1"6"01 2)-- )-"0 ,& ,!".*1"0*,"&07
!-&)"#,# #(4! *# K"0#,-"0 *,,)"+(,- ,!-") "3-*# ,& +-"01 *+%- ,& /%*' $",!
.-0,*% ".*1-# *03 ,& .*;- (/ ".*1"0*)' ->/-)".-0,#7 !"# ,-4!0"J(- "#
(#-3 ,& .*;- 4&00-4,"&0# *.&01 ,!"01# ,!*, '&( $&(%3 0&, 0&).*%%' #-*# 4&00-4,*+%-7 K"0#,-"0: 2&) ->*./%-: 3-#4)"+-3 !&$ !- 4*.- ,& ,!"0;
*+&(, ,!- )-%*,"6",' &2 ,".- *03 #/*4- "0 ,!- $*' !- 3"3 +' #*'"01 ", *%%
+-1*0 $",! *0 ".*1"0*)' 5&()0-'7 K"0#,-"0 $*# *+%- ,& 2&%%&$ !"# 2*0,*#'
,!)&(1! ,& /)&3(4- !"# 2*.&(# -J(*,"&0 - N .4E7
!- /&"0, ,& 0&,- "# ,!*, K"0#,-"0O# 5&()0-' $*# * #.*%% -/"#&3-P #&.-Q
,!"01 .&#, &2 (# *)- 4*/*+%- &2 ->/-)"-04"017 K"0#,-"0O# *4!"-6-.-0, $*# "0
2&%%&$"01 ,!)&(1! !"# "3-*# ,& ,!-") ,!-&)-,"4*% 4&04%(#"&0#7 R- #,&//-3
#!&), !"# $&); $!-0 !- )-*%"S-3 ,!*, !"# "3-*# 4&(%3 !*6- * 3*); #"3-M ,!-
6,!1" * 4!0%$*0#$% $%7!%8
produced using your
own faculties
the result of thought
without copy or imitation
originality
not been done
authentic
new in style, character,
substance or form
!"#$% &'( )*+ ,- *..,/!*0!,1. !1 2%31!0!,1. ,- ,$!"!1*4!05
!"!#$%&!'( $) * '+,#!*- .!*%$' /0( 01 -!*11+-0'2 ($ 3'$. (4*( "!-5 )!.
%!$%#! .0## 6' (4!&1!#"!1 0' * 10&0#*- 10(+*(0$' ($ (4*( $) 70'1(!0'89 :( 01
1+)6,0!'( ($ 1*5 (4*( 1+,4 !%01$ !1 *-! *' !11!'(0*# %*-( $) (4! -!1!*-,4
0&*20'*(0$'9 ;$+ .0## $)(!' 6' 5$+-1!#) 4*"0'2 1+,4 !%01$ !1 *1 * %*-( $)
(4! (40'30'2 %-$,!119 ;$+ .0## $)(!' 6' 5$+-1!#) +' !-1(*' 0'2 (40'21
(4*( <+1( * )!. *51 $- .!!31 %-!"0$+1#5 1!!&! 0)6,+#( $- 0',$&%-!=
4!'10>#! >!,*+1!? *1 5$+ *%%#5 &$-! !'!-25 ($ 5$+- ($%0,? 5$+ .0## 0',-!*1!
5$+- ,*%*,0(5 )$- +' !-1(*' 0'29 @4!-!)$-!? '$(0$'1 *' >!#0!)1 *>$+(
4*"0'2 ($ >! 1$&! 30' $) 2!'0+1 0' $- !- ($ >! $-020'*# ,*' >! %#*,! ($
$'! 10 !9 A',! (401 01 $'! .! &024( >! *>#! ($ 1!! *' #!*-' 4$. ($ >!
$-020'*# 0' -!1!*-,49
B40##0%1 *' B+24 /CDDE8? 0' (4!0- 1(+ 5 $) $,($-*# -!1!*-,4? 0 !'(06!
'0'! !6'0(0$'1 $) .4*( 0( &!*'1 ($ >! $-020'*#9 @4!1! *-!F
C $0'2 !&%0-0,*##5 >*1! .$-3 (4*( 4*1 '$( >!!' $'! >!)$-!G
H +10'2 *#-!* 5 3'$.' 0 !*1? %-*,(0,!1 $- *%%-$*,4!1 >+( .0(4 * '!.
0'(!-%-!(*(0$'G
I >-0'20'2 '!. !"0 !',! ($ >!*- $' *' $# 011+! $- %-$>#!&G
E ,-!*(0'2 * '!. 15'(4!101 (4*( 4*1 '$( >!!' $'! >!)$-!G
J *%%#50'2 1$&!(40'2 $'! 0' *'$(4!- ,$+'(-5 ($ $'!K1 $.' ,$+'(-5G
L *%%#50'2 * (!,4'0M+! +1+*##5 *11$,0*(! .0(4 $'! *-!* ($ *'$(4!-G
N >!0'2 ,-$11= 01,0%#0'*-5 >5 +10'2 0))!-!'( &!(4$ $#$20!1G
O #$$30'2 *( *-!*1 (4*( %!$%#! 0' (4! 01,0%#0'! 4*"! '$( #$$3! *( >!)$-!G
D * 0'2 ($ 3'$.#! 2! 0' * .*5 (4*( 4*1 '$( %-!"0$+1#5 >!!' $'!
>!)$-!9
@4! #01( %-!1!'(! >5 B40##0%1 *' B+24 01 ,#$1! ($ .4*( &024( >! !P%!,(!
)-$& $,($-*# 1(+ !'(1? 10',! 0( 01 $-0!'(! ($.*- 1 &!(4$ $#$25 *'
!" #$%"&'%(&" &")$"* $+ &","'&-!
!"#$%& "'() *+ % ,-.
,45.!+ 60#7$./2.)
+".
+,/.0+ %$&.%/1 "%
'(
%0 ,0/.& +%0/'02 #3 %
!" #$%&!"
8".&. ' 0# ,!" +"'02 % +". (.&3.!+ &.9'.7) :$$ &.9'.7 ; '&&. (.!+'9. #3
+". +#('!; %&. 7&'++.0 3&#- % (%&+'!,$%& (.& (.!+'9. #& +%0/(#'0+ #3 +".
&.9'.7.&) 8"' (.& (.!+'9. #3+.0 #&'2'0%+. 3&#- +". !"##$ #3 +"#,2"+;
9#!%+'#0 #& '/.#$#2'!%$ +%0/(#'0+ '0 7"'!" +". &.9'.7.& ' $#!%+./) : %
!#0 .<,.0!.; +". (%&+'!,$%&'+1 #3 +". &.9'.7.& '-($'. % (%&+'!,$%& &.%/.&)
=.9'.7.& , ,%$$1 7&'+. 7'+" % (%&+'!,$%& 6'0/ #3 &.%/.& '0 -'0/> % &.%/.&
+"%+ +".1 -'2"+ 7%0+ +# '0?,.0!.) *+ ' 3%!+#& ,!" % +". . +"%+ -%6. %$$
&.9'.7 (%&+'%$ '0 #-. 7%1 #& #+".&) @,+ +"' ' 0#+ &.% #0 #& .A!, . 3#& %
(##& &.9'.7; %$+"#,2" +".1 !%0 -%6. % &.9'.7 '0+.&. +'02; !"%$$.02'02 #&
(&#9#!%+'9.) B%&+'%$'+1 '0 +.&- #3 9%$,. 5,/2.-.0+ ; #('0'#0 ; -#&%$'C'02
%0/ '/.#$#2,. !%0 #3+.0 4. 3#,0/ +# "%9. '09%/./ #& 3#&-./ +". +%&+'02
(#'0+ #3 % &.9'.7) D".0 &.%/'02 % &.9'.7 7&'++.0 41 #-.#0. .$ . #&
,0/.&+%6'02 % &.9'.7; 1#, "#,$/ 4. %7%&. #3 1#,& #70 9%$,. 5,/2.-.0+
%0/ +&1 +# %9#'/ % $%!6 #3 !"#$%&$1 &. (.!+ 3#& +". '/.% #3 #+".& )
B&#/,!'02 % 2##/ &.9'.7 0../ 0#+ 4. +## /'3E!,$+) *+ !%0 4. 3%& -#&.
&.7%&/'02 +"%0 60#!6'02 #-.+"'02 ,( <,'!6$1 %0/ 7'+"#,+ +## -,!"
'0+.$$.!+,%$ .33#&+) : $%&2. /.2&.. #3 %+' 3%!+'#0 !%0 4. "%/ 3&#- 7#&6'02 %+
+". &.9'.7 #9.& % (.&'#/ #3 +'-.) F#& % -% +.&G #& /#!+#&%$ !%0/'/%+. +"'
-'2"+ 4. ,( +# % 1.%& #& -#&.) : $%&2. -.% ,&. #3 +"%+ %+' 3%!+'#0 !#-.
3&#- +". %7%&.0.
+"%+ 1#, "%9. /.9.$#(./ 6'$$ %0/ %!<,'&./ '0+.$H
$.!+,%$ %4'$'+'. 1#, /'/ 0#+ "%9. 4.3#&. 1#, 4.2%0 1#,& &. .%&!")
Descargar