SPAIN IN THE 19th CENTURY 🙢 BUILDING A LIBERAL REGIME 2nd part The Carlist Wars 🙢 🙢 When Ferdinand VII died, a civil war broke out between the absolutist supporters of Carlos (Carlists) and the liberals who supported Isabella. 🙢 The absolutists started and uprising against María Cristina, who acted as a regent. 🙢 Most of the nobility, the clergy and a large proportion of peasants from the North-east of Spain supported Carlism. 🙢 Maria Cristina had the support of liberals, who wanted to create a constitutional monarchy. 🙢 “God, country, fueros and king” was the motto of Carlism, which defended the divine origin of the monarchy, the absolute power of the King, the active presence of the Church in public life and the maintenance of the fueros. 🙢 The liberal army triumphed and the Convention of Vergara marked the end of the war. Generals Espartero and Maroto signed the treaty. Maria Cristina’s regency 🙢 🙢 María Cristina gave power to the progressive liberals, led by Mendizábal who made some reforms: 🙢 The Ancien Regime was abolished. 🙢 The property of the Church were confiscated and sold (Desamortización de Mendizábal). 🙢 A new progressive Constitution was drafted (national sovereignty, separation of powers, separation of Church and state, census suffrage and a bicameral Parliament). The Regency of Espartero 🙢 🙢 In 1837 the moderate liberals took control of the government and led to the opposition of progressive General Espartero. 🙢 Maria Cristina was forced to resign in 1840 and Espartero was appointed regent by the Parliament. 🙢 His authoritarian ideas and the intoduction of free trade measures created stong opposition. 🙢 A «pronunciamiento» carried out by moderate liberals forced Espartero to resign in 1843. 🙢 In 1843, Isabel II took the throne at the age of 13. The reign of Isabel II: The moderate decade 🙢 🙢 During her reign Moderate Liberal Party, led by General Narváez, remained in government. 🙢 Spain converted into an extremely conservative and centralist state. 🙢 The Constitution of 1845 restricted suffrage and sovereignity was shared by the courts and the crown. 🙢 The state agreed to finance the church and stop the confiscations (Concordat with the Holy See) 🙢 A penal code, a national education system and the Guardia Civil were created. María Cristina, Espartero e Isabel II 🙢 Isabel II and Francisco de Asís de Borbón 🙢 . Copla popular: Gran problema es en la Corte averiguar si el Consorte cuando acude al escusado mea de pie o mea sentado The Progressive Bienium 🙢 🙢 In 1854, the progressive took the power thanks to a military coup led by general O’Donnell. 🙢 Espartero and O’Donnell formed a new government which made two important reforms: 🙢 The sale of public assets (desamortización de Madoz). 🙢 The General Railway Law (Ley de Ferrocarriles) which created a railway network. THE SYSTEM IN DECLINE 🙢 🙢 The second half of her reign was a turbulent period because of disagreements among the liberals. 🙢 New political groups emerged: 🙢 Democrats who defended universal male suffrage. 🙢 Republicans who wanted to abolish monarchy. 🙢 The situation led to an economic crisis and unrest among the population. The 1868 Revolution: six years of democracy 🙢 🙢 The crisis of the monarchy led to the «Glorious Revolution» whose goal was to promote democratisation and economic recovery. 🙢 The uprising «La Gloriosa» marked the beginning of the Revolution in 1868. 🙢 The revolt against the monarchy was led by Prim, Serrano and Topete. 🙢 There were similar uprisings across Spain. 🙢 After the battle of Alcolea the Queen was forced into exile. 🙢 A parliamentary monarchy was established and Amadeo I was chosen for the throne. THE MONARCHY OF AMADEO I (1870-1873) 🙢 🙢 He was supported by progessives, unionists and democrats. 🙢 He wanted to introduce measures to help economic recovery and the democratisation of Spain. 🙢 The conflicts (Cuba and the Carlist Wars) and the lack of popular support led to his resignation. 🙢 He ruled for three years. THE FIRST REPUBLIC 🙢 🙢 After Amadeo I’s resignation, a Republic was proclaimed by the Cortes. 🙢 A programme of social reforms was prepared and there was an attempt to form a federal government. 🙢 There was a permanent instability due to the wars and divisions among Republicans. 🙢 Cartagena proclaimed itself an independent canton. 🙢 The monarchists wanted to restore the Bourbon monarchy to Isabella’s son, Alfonso. 🙢 General Pavia led a coup and dissolved the Cortes. THE RESTORATION OF THE MONARCHY The Canovist System 🙢 🙢 In 1874 Alfonso of Bourbon was proclaimed king of Spain. 🙢 The monarchy adopted a political systen created by Cánovas del Castillo, Canovist system: political parties would alternate in power and promised political and social stability. 🙢 The Constitution of 1876 was moderate and permit conservatives and liberals to rule without changing it. 🙢 Under this bipartisan system, two political parties were created, the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party. Both defended monarchy, the Constitution and the centralist state. THE RESTORATION OF THE MONARCHY The Canovist System 🙢 🙢 The Conservative Party was led by Cánovas. They defended the Church and the social order in place. They didn’t support comprehensive reforms. 🙢 The Liberal Party was led by Sagasta. They favoured significant social reforms based on democratic values such as universal suffrage. 🙢 The two parties alternated in power using the turno pacífico. Electoral manipulation and chieftaincy made it possible. NATIONALISM 🙢 🙢 Some nationalist movements emerged: 🙢 Nationalism in Catalonia aimed to revive the Catalan language and culture. 🙢 In Basque Country, the abolition of regional laws led to the creation of the Nationalist Basque Party (PNV). 🙢 The cultural movement for autonomy in Galicia: Rexurdimento. THE CRISIS OF 1898 🙢 🙢 At the end of the 19th century there was a nationalist movement in Cuba that led to the independence of the island. 🙢 Spain also lost Puerto Rico and Phillipines. 🙢 This crisis provoked feelings of frustation and pessimism in Spain. 🙢 Regenerationist movements emerged that called for a real democratic state. Generación del 98 🙢 🙢 Miguel de Unamuno, Valle-Inclán, Pío Baroja, Azorín y Antonio y Manuel Machado. 🙢 Corriente crítica del canovismo denominada regeneracionismo 🙢 El acontecimiento histórico que los mueve es la decadencia española y el desastre de 1898: La imagen lamentable que presenta España, que ha caído en la apatía y el desinterés.
