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THE REIGN OF THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
Although the Kingdoms of Castilla and Aragon were jointly governed by the
Catholic Monarchs, each kingdom maintained its own laws and institutions.
The Catholic Monarchs wanted to increase their
territories. In 1492 they conquered the Kingdom of
Granada
and in 1512 the crown of Castille annexed the
kingdom of Navarra.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0VzwouEFeg
But perhaps the most important of all their efforts came in 1492 when the
Catholic Monarchs gave Christopher Columbus (he was an Italian explorer)
money for his expedition to Asia. In return, he promised to bring back gold, spices
and silk, promote Cristianity and to later lead an expedition to China.
Most navigators sailed east around the south coast of Africa to get to Asia.
However, Columbus decided to sail west across the Atlantic Ocean.
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On 3 August 1492, the tree caravels La Pinta, La Niña and La Santa Maria left Palos
de la Frontera in Huelva. They arrived in San Salvador, an Island in the Americas,
on 12 October 1492. They took gold, spices and parrots back to Spain for the
Catholic Monarcs. Columbus thought he had arrived in Asia and called the people
living there Indiands.
ECONOMIC EFFECTS
Thanks to its naval exploration, Spain became one of the most powerful
countries in Europe. They discover different products and develop trading
infrastructure. Spain began trading with the Americas, and imported goods such
as gold, silvers, fruit, vegetables, cocoa, and vanilla. Spain exported goods such as
cloth, wood and leather, and exported foods like flour and cereals.
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But...why the new continent was named America?
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During the Early Modern Age, many European explorers made voyages to distant
places. They discovered and conquered new lands and peoples. For this reason, this
period is called the Age of Discovery. The conquistadors were Spanish explorers
who conquered lands that became part of the Spanish Empire.
He landed on the Caribbean islands of San Salvador and
Hispaniola. He discovered America, but he believed he
was in Asia. Columbus made three more voyages after
that.
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Christopher
Columbus
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1492
1519
Ferdinand
Magellan
He was the first person to sail across the…
1522
Juan
Sebastián
Elcano
He took over Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition. He arrived
in Spain in 1522 and became the first person to sail…
1519
Hernán Cortés
He went to Mexico and travelled to the Aztec capital.
The Aztec king, Montezuma, gave him gifts. But Cortés
captured the king and conquered the Aztecs. He
founded…
1532
Francisco
Pizarro
He went to…
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16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES
In the 16th and 17th centuries, Spain was ruled by the Hapsburg dynasty. Carlos I
and Felipe II were the most important Hapsburg kings. During their reigns, Spain
became an enormous international empire.
King Carlos I, the grandson of the Catholic Monarchs, became the king of Spain in
1516.
During this period France became Spain’s main rival for power in Europe. As a
result, there were many battles between France and Spain.
King Carlos I also fought the Turks. They wanted to control the Mediterranean.
Finally, Carlos I decided to abandon the throne and he divided his empire between
his brother and his son Felipe II.
In 1556 Felipe II became ruler of the largest empire of its time.
He defeated France but the conflict between the two countries reappeared at the
end of his reign.
In 1571, he defeated the Turks at the battle of Lepanto.
All of these wars had enormous costs. The Spanish population became poorer
when the price of certain products went up, and the quantity of metals coming
from Americas went down.
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In the 17th century, after the death of Felipe II in 1598, the Spanish Empire weakened
and began to break up.
The kings of the 17th century (Hapsburg kings) were Felipe III, Felipe IV and Carlos
II. They were less powerful and less successful than Carlos I and Felipe II.
During the period of the Catholic Monarchs and the Hapsburg dynasty, new artistic
styles appeared in Europe: the Renaissance and the Baroque style.
The 16th and 17th centuries, is a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain.
There were many great artists and writers in Spain, so this period is known as the
Golden Age.
The war of succession
In 1700, King Carlos II died without leaving a successor. There were two candidates
to succeed to the throne: the Archduke Charles from Germany, and Philip of Anjou
from France. Each European country supported one or the other depending on its
own interests. Spain was also divided: Castile supported Philip whilst Aragon
supported Charles. These conflicts prompted the War of Succession. This was both
an international war and a civil war.
The war of succession ended in 1713 with the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht. This
recognised the triumph of Philip of Anjou, who became King Felipe V (de Borbón).
18TH CENTURY
The Bourbons
In the 18th century Spain was ruled by the Bourbon dynasty. Felipe V, Fernando VI,
Carlos III and Carlos IV made many reforms.
Felipe V established a new form of government, an absolute monarchy. This means
the king controls all the powers of the state. He eliminated many local laws and
institutions. They were replaced by new laws and institutions for the whole kingdom.
Felipe V also divided Spain into provinces.
Carlos III ruled Spain in the second half of the 18th century. He made many changes
to improve the country and the lives of the Spanish people. He introduced projects
to modernise the country. For example, he improved the road system and the
cities, and built canals.
Write a change made by.
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CARLOS III
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FELIPE V
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The end of the Modern Age
Throughout the 18th century Great Britain and Portugal wanted Spain to give up its
monopoly on the colonies in the Americas, so that they could trade with them
too. As a result of this conflict there were various wars between Spain and this
countries.
Wars had enormous costs. To pay for them, kings raised taxes. This made Spanish
people poorer. In 1808, the Riot of Aranjuez forced Carlos IV to abdicate. His son
became the next king, Fernando VII.
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