E F F E C T OF O I L S AND O I L - P R O D U C T S ON C R U S T A C E A N S A. G. K A S Y M O V and V. M. G A S A N O V The Caspian Sea Biological Station, Institute of Zoology of the Azerbaijan SSR (Baku) Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R. (Received August 17, 1986; revised April 16, 1987) Abstract. The effect of oil and oil products on the 5 species of crustaceans in the Caspian sea was investigated. Two species of shrimp (Palaemon elegans, P. adspersus), crab (Thithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus), amphipoda (Pontogammarus maeoticus), and cirripeda crayfish (Balanus improvisus) are classified among them. Various oil products (oil, phenol, fuel oil, xerosene, gasoline, solar oil) were used in the experiments. The influence of oil on the respiration and mass increase, quality of generation, and larval stages of the crustaceans was studied. Minimal critical concentrations for the crustaceans are 0.001 mg L - 1 of fenol, 0.4 mg L - 1 of oil, 0.1 mg L - 1 of solar Oil, 0.01 mg L - 1 of gasofine and fuel oil. 1. Introduction The expansion of the oft-products facilities and sea transport and oft exploration on the continental shelf produce pollution of the littoral and offshore areas. Thus, it is important to study the effect of different softs and oil-products on sea organisms. The effect of oils and oil-products on crustaceans was the purpose of this investigation. Samples of organisms were collected in the Caspian sea littoral area of Apsheron peninsula. There organisms consisted of two kinds of shrimps (Palaemon elegans, P. adspersus), a crab (Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus), amphipoda (Pontogamrnarus maeoticus) and cirripedia crayfish (Balanus improvisus). 2. Methods and Materials Experiments with the crayfish were carried out in 1977-1983 at Shikhov substation of the Caspian Sea biological station of Institute of Zoology of the Azerbaljan SSR Academy of Sciences. The experiments were conducted in Koch flasks and up to 10 L aquaria. The crayfish were provided with mixed food of sea algae and mollusk flesh. Water in aquaria was changed every two days and sometimes daily. The water temperature and the oxygen content were measured three times a day. An electric mixer was used to make a water-oft emulsion which was presettled for half an hour and then filtered through cotton and paper filters. The dissolved oil concentration in working solutions was determined by the weight method. The toxicity of oils and oil-products in the water medium was determined by short (< 100 hr) and long-time tests (up to 3 mo). The C15ofor short-time tests (24, 48, and 96 hr) in oils were determined by the Lukyanenko (1967) method: C15o = (a + b) (M - H) 2OO Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 36 (1987) 9-22. © 1987 by D. Reidel Publishing Company. 10 A. O. KASYMOV AND V. M. GASANOU where: a - calculating concentration; b - previous concentration; M - percent of dead species at calculating concentration and H - percent of dead species caused by previous concentration. The test sea water was pre-kept in a room during 24 hr. The oxygen consumption activity was estimated by: 60 OCA (mg g - 1 h r - 1) = (n 2 _ n l ) _ _ , mt where: n I -- 0 2 quantity (mg) in a respiration vessel before test; n 2 - 0 2 quantity (mg) in a vessel after test; m - mass of tested crustaceans (g); and t - test time (rain). The obtained test data were statistically processed by the method of small samplings (Rokitsky, 1967). The statistical criteria were calculated at 0.05 of significance level. For the tests oils from oil-fields of 'Neftyany Kamni', Artem island and 'Sangachaly-More' were used. The oil composition is given in Table I. TABLE I Composition of oils used in tests with crustaceans Oil-field Density P4 Kinematic viscosity a t 2 0 °C Composition, ~o in oil Excise tars Silicageltar S N Paraffin Naphthenic acid Neftyany Kamni 0.8870 29.80 24.0 9.0 0.20 0.16 1.0 1.22 Artem island 0.8870 33.0 22.0 10.0 0.32 0.20 1.6 0.26 SangachalyMore 0.8807 36.25 44.0 17.0 0.26 0.31 1.2 0.54 3. Oil Effect on Crustaceans 3.1. O I L E F F E C T O N SURVIVAL R A T E O F C R U S T A C E A N S For the chronic tests, the lethal, sublethal, and vital concentrations of oils were determined. The lethal (10 to 25 mg L - a) sublethal (5 mg L - 1) concentrations during short and sub-short time tests depended on the shrimp kind and oil type. During short and sub-short time tests toxic effects o f 0.1 to 5.0 mg L - 1 concentrations were not EFFECT OF OIL AND OIL-PRODUCTS ON CRUSTACEANS 11 observed. P. elegans was more sensitive to the oil toxicity than P. adspersus as 100~o of its species died per day at 20 mg L - 1 concentration of oil taken from the oil-field 'Neftyany Kamni' (Table II) and 100~o of shrimp died by 27 days at 5 mg L -1 concentration. The mean survival rate for both kinds of shrimp does not differ from the mean survival rate in controlled conditions at 1 mg L - 1 concentration in oil solution of 'Neftyany Kamni' and Artem island oil-fields. The paper by Kasymov and Granovsky (1970) points out that among oils from the above mentioned oil-fields the oil from Bulla-Duvany oil-field is the most toxic for P. maeoticus: the mean survival rate for these crayfish was 17 days at 0.1 mg L - 1 oil concentration and 10 days at 1.0 mg L - 1 oil concentration. The oil from Artem island oil-field is the most toxic for larvas of Chironomus albidus and less toxic for Nereis diversicolor and mollusks Abra ovata (Kasymov and Aliev, 1973). Comparing degree of toxicity for different oils one can point out that among the studied oils the most toxic is the oil from 'Neftyany Karnni' oil-field and the less toxic is the oil from Sangachaly-More oil-field. The mean daily survival rate of shrimp in the oil solution from 'Neftyany Kamni' was 2.8 at 10 mg L - 1 concentration, from Artem island - 5.4, from S angachaly- 18.1 days. The high survival rate of shrimp (80 to 100Yo) was observed at concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 mg L-1. B. improvisus was the most resistive to the oil toxicity, it showed the high survival rate at oil concentrations from 0.1 to 5 mg L - 1 At 10 mg L - 1 concentration 40~o of species survived to the end of the test and at 220 m g L -1 concentration only 10~o of species survived. 50 to 90 mg L - 1 oil concentrations were lethal for B. improvisus. Among crustaceans a crab is distinguished by its high resistivity to oil toxicity. Its high survival rate was observed at 0.1 to 1 0 m g L -1 oil concentration and 2 0 m g L -1 concentration was highly toxic for crabs. 3. 2. O I L E F F E C T ON R E S P I R A T I O N A N D MASS I N C R E M E N T OF S H R I M P S Sublethal oil concentrations effect the 02 consumption by shrimp. For the first days 1 mg L - 1 concentration decreased the 02 consumption by 43 ~o. On the third day the respiration intensity increased and by the end of the test its intensity constituted 75.4 ~o compared to the control. For the first days 5 mg L - 1 oil concentration caused abrupt disorder of the respiration intensity and the 0 2 consumption decreased 6 0 ~ . On the third day the O z consumption increased almost two times and by the end of the test the stable decreasing of the gas exchange intensity was observed. On the 25th day the 0 2 consumption intensity decreased more than 75 ~o. Therefore, 5 and 10 mg L - 1 oil concentrations effect the respiration of shrimp suppressing the 0 2 consumption intensity. The oil effect on the shrimp mass increment was also studied in process of experiments (Figure 1). The average increment of the shrimp mass differed from the average weight of the control group at 2.5 mg L - 1 oil concentration. At all concentrations within 0.1 to 2.5 mg L - 1 the tendency of the mass increment to decrease was observed; the statistically true suppression developed only at 2.5 mg L - 1 12 A. G. KASYMOVAND V. M. GASANOU TABLE II Mean daily survival rate (days) for crustaceans at effect of different oils Oil concentration (mg L - 1) 1 Oil type Neftyany Kamni Artem Sangachal-more 2 3 4 Palaemon elegans 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 Control C15o/60 mg L - 1 60.0 + 59.5 + 59.4 + 60.0 + 59.3 + 43.7 + 14.7 + 2.8 + 1.0 + 60.0 + 2.35 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.6 3.3 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 59.0 + 0.7 60.0 + 0.0 59.1 + 0.7 59.2 +_ 0.6 56.4 + 2.6 45.1 + 2.7 13.1 + 1.6 5.4 + 0.8 2.4 + 0.2 59.0 + 0.9 3.15 50.0 + 58.7 + 57.0 + 60.0 + 60.0 + 53.9 + 45.5 + 18.1 + 10.6 + 60.0 + 6.80 0.0 2.8 2.9 0.0 0.0 3.3 4.1 2.3 0.8 0.0 Palaemon adspersus 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 Control C15o/60 mg L - 1 59.5 + 59.6 + 57.2 + 58.4 + 48.7 + 26.8 + 11.4 + 1.2 + 59.4 + 2.10 0.4 0.4 1.8 1.7 3.3 3.1 0.9 0.01 0.1 0.4 1.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 Control C15o/6o mg L - 1 60.0 + 0.0 59.1 + 0.7 58.6 + 1.3 45.5 _+ 2.7 40.4 _+ 3.1 31.6 + 2.4 14.1 _+ 0.9 7.1 + 0.9 1.0 + 0.03 60.0 _+ 0.0 10.30 0.5 60.0 59:6 59.2 57.1 56.2 30.1 11.2 4.2 1.1 + 0.0 + 0.2 + 0.8 + 2.8 + 3.8 + 2.7 + 1.3 _+ 0.3 + 0.01 59.4 + 0.3 2.80 59.1 _+ 0.8 59.8 + 0.1 59.4 + 0.6 58.1 + 1.9 59.2 + 0.6 52.2 + 2.4 40.2 + 3.1 16.7 _+ 1.1 9.1 + 0.8 3.8 + 0.3 59.6 + 0.4 5.14 Balanus improvisus 59.6 + 0.3 60.0 + 0.0 56.2 + 2.1 55.2 + 2.6 46.8 + 3.4 38.4 _+ 1.8 18.1 + 2.1 18.4 _+ 1.7 5.6 + 0.9 2.0 + 0.04 0.9 _+ 0.01 59.2 _+ 0.8 12.15 60.0 + 0.0 58.4 + 1.5 59.1 + 0.7 55.4 + 2.1 44.8 + 2.9 43.6 + 1.93 20.4 + 2.1 21.6 _+ 1.8 14.4 _+ 1.3 12.6 _+ 0.7 8.4 + 1.1 60.0 + 0.0 16.10 Rhithroponapeus harrisii tridentatus 0.1 1.0 59.4 + 0.6 59.1 + 0.7 60.0 + 0.0 59.1 + 0.6 60.0 + 0.0 59.2 + 0.7 13 EFFECT OF OIL AND OIL-PRODUCTS ON CRUSTACEANS Table 1I (continued) Oil concentration (mg L - 1) Oil type Neftyany Kamni Artem Sangachal-more 1 2 3 4 5.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 59.1 + 60.0 + 56.7 + 39.0 + 22.4 + 3.8 + 1.2 + 59.2 + 22.82 Control Clso/6o mg L - ' 0.7 0.0 3.4 4.1 2.1 0.1 0.1 59.1 + 57.1 + 56.8 + 38.1 + 24.6 + 10.2 + 3.4 + 2.7 + 60.0 + 25.10 0.8 0.7 2.7 2.6 3.3 1.8 1.6 0.5 0.4 0.0 60.0 + 0.0 59.1 + 0.7 58.1 + 1.1 44.1 + 3.4 31.2 + 2.7 16.1 +_ 1.1 8.1 + 0.7 4.1 + 0.6 59.3 + 0.7 28.14 By the end of the test 20 ~o of crabs survived. The lethal concentrations were 60 to 70 mg L - ~. #w , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,,,,,,,,, 0 | l laours Oj~ ,, S 10 +------------_L__÷ 2., 20 Fig. 1. 3.3. m. Effect of different concentrations of oil (rag L - l ) from Artem island oil-field on mass increment of Palaemon elegans. O I L EFFECT ON THE POSTERITY QUALITY The tests were carded out with amphipoda Pontogarnmarus maeoticus during May-August. In the process of chronic tests with small concentrations of Sangachaly oil (up to 1 mg L - 1) the first generation did not show a significant difference from the behavior of the control amphipoda (Table III). At 0.1 to 0.8 mg L - 1 the death of the first generation species was within 34 to 4 1 ~ and at 0.1 to 0 . 4 m g L -1 it was within 25 to 30.3~o. The toxic effect on the first generation of amphipoda does not develop at oil concentrations up to 0.8 mg L - l ; species behave similar to the control group but the lethal effect of oil develops in the second generation. Table III shows that in the second generation of amphipoda a high 14 A. G. KASYMOVAND V. M. GASANOU TABLE III The effect of Sangachaly oil on the posterity of Pontogammarus maeoticus Indicies of the posterity quality Quantity of new born stock of the I generation Quantity of remained young stock in 10 days In 20 days In 30 days In 40 days In 50 days Deatg ~ of the I generation Quantity of new born stock of the II generation Quantity of remained young stock: In 10 days In 20 days In 30 days In 40 days In 50 days Death ~o of the II generation Oil concentration, mg L - x 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Control 120 135 115 140 145 150 132 121 104 92 86 82 41.4 119 109 98 93 89 38.6 120 102 86 72 60 60.0 107 103 92 86 80 39.4 118 136 108 134 104 81 64 41 36 73.5 86 56 32 12 100 116 113 109 103 98 26.8 96 89 84 78 74 38.3 108 91 89 88 85 80 25.9 115 106 96 90 86 36.3 90 85 81 77 75 34.8 126 132 106 102 98 93 91 27.8 116 109 104 100 92 30.3 93 74 63 55 32 72.9 percent o f d e a t h is o b s e r v e d at 0.6 to 0.8 nag L - 1 concentrations. A t 1 mg L - 1 concentration the new b o r n species died completely. The high death percent o f a m p h i p o d a is c a u s e d by the toxic effect o f oil. In the tests with Sangachaly oil (0.1 to 1.0 nag L - ~) the first generation behavior did n o t differ from a m p h i p o d a o f the control group. In the aquarium for the first minutes species showed a high activity, they m o v e d vigorously in water a n d then in 10 to 20 min they completely i m m e r s e d themselves in sand. The s e c o n d generation starting with the s e c o n d d e c a d e showed the suppression o f the m o t i o n activity at 0.8 to 1.0 mg L - ' oil concentration. During those tests the changing o f the m e t a b o l i s m intensity o f a m p h i p o d a was studied. Thus, d i m e n s i o n s a n d m a s s o f a m p h i p o d a grown at 0.6 to 0.8 nag L - ' oil c o n c e n t r a t i o n were almost one half that o f the control group. It was possible to assume that oil reduces the growth rate o f a m p h i p o d a (Figure 2). Thus, the chronic tests at low oil concentrations (0.1 to 0.4 m g L - 1) showed that the survival rate a n d health o f the s e c o n d generation o f a m p h i p o d a did n o t differ from the control group. A t 0.6 mg and higher oil concentrations the death percent o f the s e c o n d generation increased at 1 mg L - ' a n d the d e a t h o f all species was observed. EFFECT OF OIL AND OIL-PRODUCTS ON CRUSTACEANS 15 A a L , Y, o~ i ,°t tO 20 ]0 I ~ ~ , | \\\ 2o 30 i I i ..... i , I I , I I I I "~.~-.. 50 40 j' j i I ~ / I - - _. - Z4JrlourS OO|T"* I- 30 40 ~'~ _SO ~ 0~8 AM, % B t0 ~ , 20 30. * : , ! 40, ,~~', so 24hours I i I I 0'1 t0 2O 5O. Fig. 2. Effect of different concentrations of oil (mg L - l) from Sangachaly oil-field on dimension (a) and weight (b) of Pontogammarus maeotieus. 3.4. T H E OIL EFFECT ON LARVA STAGE OF CRUSTACEANS Larva for tests were obtained in laboratory conditions. The duration test with the shrimp P. elegans was 40 days, the mean survival rate was maximum in the control group and minimum at 5 mg L - 1 oil concentration (Table IV). The survival rate of larva at 0.1 to 0.2 mg L - 1 concentrations of 'Neftyany Kamni' 16 A. G. KASYMOV AND V. M. G A S A N O U T A B L E IV Effect of different oils on survival rate (average daily) for larva of crustaceans Organisms (larva) Oil concentration (mg L - 1) Oil type Neftyany K a m n i Survival rate t (M + m) 1 2 3 Palaemon elegans 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 5.0 Control 21.2 20.4 14.9 13.4 6.8 4.7 1.1 22.7 + + + + + + + + 12.6 11.2 11.2 7.8 7.6 3.1 1.4 20.2 Palaemon adspersus 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 5.0 Control Rhithropanopeus harrisii tn'dentatus B alanus improvisus 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 5.0 Control 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 5.0 Control Artem island Survival rate Sangachaly-More t (M + m) 4 5 1.9 2.1 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.2 2.6 0.47 0.69 2.80 3.25 5.84 6.75 8.28 - 22.6 21.4 15.8 14.1 6.2 3.8 1.2 21.4 + + + + + + + + 1.5 1.3 1.4 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.2 2.2 11.2 10.1 7.2 5.9 5.8 1.1 0.5 12.1 + + + + + + + + 12.8 9.8 8.3 4.1 4.1 1.6 0.4 13.1 + + + + + + + + Survival rate t (M + m) 6 7 + 2.1 + 2.3 _+ 1.4 _+ 1.2 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.3 _+ 2.1 0.40 0 2.21 3.02 6.76 8.23 9.52 - 22.8 21.6 21.8 12.6 7.2 4.2 1.3 23.6 + 1.8 + 1.4 + 2.1 + 1.5 + 0.9 _+ 0.3 + 0.05 + 2.2 2.85 14.5 3.52 11.6 3.45 9.1 5.305.127.2 7.41 6.9 8.51 2.7 1.1 18.8 + 1.3 + 1.2 + 0.8 + 1.0 _+ 0.7 + 0.4 + 0.2 _+ 2.1 1.74 2.98 4.32 4.99 5.38 7.53 8.86 - 18.8 12.3 11.4 8.1 7.2 4.1 1.8 19.1 + + + + + + + + 2.1 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.I 1.9 0.11 2.95 3.51 5.23 5.77 7.72 9.02 - 1.3 1.4 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.04 1.8 0.41 2.28 2.43 2.94 3.20 6.03 6.44 - 10.6 10.9 8.4 6.3 5.2 1.0 0.9 11.8 + 1.8 + 1.3 _+ 1.3 + 0.9 + 0.7 + 0.2 + 0.1 + 2.1 0.43 0.36 2.47 2.41 2.98 5.12 5.18 - 11.8 11.8 10.1 8.4 5.8 1.8 1.0 12.2 + + + + + + + + 1.8 1.7 1.2 1.3 0.5 0.4 0.2 2.2 0.14 0.13 0.84 1.49 2.84 4.65 5.07 - 1.7 1.3 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.05 1.3 0.14 1.79 2.97 6.62 6.75 8.74 9.76 - 11.6 9.2 7.5 5.1 3.9 1.3 0.9 12.6 + + + + + + + + 0.36 1.40 2.27 3.34 4.52 5.82 6.31 - 12.3 11.9 10.8 6.8 5.0 7.0 1.1 12.5 + 2.1 + 1.8 + 1.5 + 0.9 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.2 _+ 2.1 0.07 0.22 0.66 2.49 3.34 4.91 5.40 - 2.0 1.5 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.4 0.05 1.9 8 0.28 0.77 0.59 4.13 6.90 8.74 10.13 - Note: (t) in columns 4, 6, 8 denotes the test certainty difference from the control. oil d i d n o t d i f f e r f r o m t h e s u r v i v a l r a t e o f t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p . T h e t o x i c oil e f f e c t w a s o b s e r v e d a t 0 . 4 m g L - 1 a n d b y t h e e n d o f t h e t e s t t h e s u r v i v a l r a t e w a s 4 0 . 3 ~o. 2 . 5 a n d 5.0 mg L- 1 concentrations concentrations caused 100~o death of organisms ( 0 . 8 t o 1.0 m g L - 1) c a u s e d 100~ on the second day. Less death of larva on the 6 to 12th day. 17 EFFECT OF OIL AND OIL-PRODUCTS ON CRUSTACEANS TABLE V Phenol effect on survival rate of crustaceans Organisms Palaemon elegans Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus Concentration (mg L - 1) (~o) Average daily survival rate (~o) 0.01 0.1 1.0 5.0 10.0 Control 93.3 + 3.53 78.7 + 4.0 32.0 + 4.0 0 0 100 36.8 + 31.4 + 21.2 + 8.2 + 1.2 + 40 1.4 2.6 1.8 1.1 0.4 92.0 72.0 34.6 16.0 0 100 35.4 30.1 23.1 14.2 1.8 40 2.7 2.2 2.2 1.6 0.3 0.1 1.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 Control Survival rate + + + + 4.0 4.6 2.7 2.3 + + + + + K 100 BO O ~' 40 S., 20 0 t i I I ~,I I \" 24 Fig. 3. I ,S '10 ., I ~S hours Phenol effect ( 1 0 m g L -~) on survival rate on grown up species (I) and young stock(2) of crabs. 18 A. G. KASYMOV AND V. M. G A S A N O U The survival rate of shrimp larva at 0.1 mg L - ~ concentration of Artem and Sangachaly oils was 65 and 61 ~o, respectively, and at 0.2 mg L - 1 concentration it was 58 and 6 2 ~ o . The test duration with crab larva was 24 days. Their 100K death was observed at 0.8 to 5.0 mg L - 1 concentrations. The true deviation of the mean survival rate for crab larva from the control group was observed starting with 0.4 mg L - 1 concentration of 'Neftyany Kamni' oil and 0.6 mg L - 1 concentration of Artem and Sangachaly oils. In process of the tests (24 days) with B. improvisus the mean survival rate of larva depended on different concentration of oils. Thus, in oil solutions from 'Neftyany Kamni' within 0.2 mg L - 1 concentrations the mean survival rate of larva B. improvisus did not differ from the control group and the difference was observed only at 0.6 to 0.8 mg L - 1 concentrations. So, the larva of the tested crustaceans were more sensitive to the oils than their grown up stages. Similar data were also obtained for shrimps and crabs populating in littoral waters of Alaska (Brodersen et al., 1977). 3.5. PHENOL EFFECT ON CRUSTACEANS One hundred ~o death of shrimp was observed during one day in process of tests at 10 mg L - 1 phenol concentration but at 5 mg L - 1 concentration 2 0 ~ of alive shrimp TABLE VI Mazut effect on survival rate of crustaceans Organisms Palaemon elegans Concentration (mg L - 1) 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Control Palaemon adspersus 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Control Pontogammarus maeoticus 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Control Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus 0.01 0.I 1.0 10.0 20.0 Control (%) Survival rate Average daily survival rate (}'o) 100 76.2 + 4.15 33.2 + 4.15 0 100 50 41.9 + 2.50 26.4 + 2.48 0.9 + 0.05 50 100 84.4 + 4.04 38.8 + 0.84 0 97.8 + 1.83 50 44.2 30.3 0.8 47.1 + + + + 2.01 2.1 0.12 2.9 39.1 31.7 31.7 3.1 39.4 + + + + + 1.8 2.2 2.2 0.8 1.7 50 41.4 34.1 23.6 3.9 50 + 2.6 + 1.88 + 2.38 _+ 0.6 63.3 58.9 51.1 0 72.2 + 5.1 _+ 3.4 + 2.94 + 4.0 100 85.3 + 4.8 50.0 + 4.16 14.6 + 3.52 0 100 EFFECT OF OIL AND OIL-PRODUCTS ON CRUSTACEANS 19 remained on the 15th day (Table V). The 50~o survival rate was observed at 1 mg L - 1 phenol concentration and up to 100~ survival rate was distinguished for growns up species at 0.01 to 0.1 mg L - 1 phenol concentrations. Five and 10 mg L - i phenol concentrations were lethal for shrimp but the survival rate for crabs at this concentration was 35~o by the end of the tests. The high survival rate for crabs was observed within 0.1 to 1.0 mg L - 1 phenol concentration. The high death rate for crabs (about 20~o) was observed on the 6th and 13th day at mg L - 1 phenol concentration. At 20 mg L - 1 phenol concentration 50~o of crabs died after two days and 100~/o death was observed on the 4th day. In general, grown up crabs were more resistant to phenol than young species. Young crabs of 155 to 190 mg died on the 6th day (100~o) at 10 mg L - 1 phenol concentration and a part of grown up species (40~o) survived to the end of the test at the same concentration (Figure 3). 3.6. M A Z U T EFFECT ON CRUSTACEANS The suppression of the tested crustaceans started at 0.1 mg L - 1 mazut concentration (Table VI). Thus, the survival rate of shrimps P. elegans reduced 23.8 ~o at 0.01 mg L - 1 TABLE VII Kerosene effect on survival rate of crustaceans Organisms Concentration (rag L - 1) Survival rate (~) Average daily survival rate (~o) Palaemon elegans 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Control 100 82.2 + 4.0 46.7 + 3.3 0 100 55 50.2 + 2.9 38.8 +_ 2.4 1.8 + 0.2 55 Palaemon adspersus 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Control 100 81.1 + 4.9 54.4 + 2.9 0 100 55 48.6 + 2.6 41.6 + 2.1 1.4 + 0.2 55 Pontogammarus maeoticus 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Control Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 20.0 Control 76.7 71.1 40.0 0 80.0 + 3.8 + 5.6 + 3.8 + 5.7 46.6 44.2 36.7 1.4 50.7 + 2.9 + 2.9 + 2.6 + 0.4 _+ 3.5 100 83.3 + 3.9 70.0 + 6.9 34.4 _+ 2.9 0 100 55 50.1 43.6 29.8 3.1 55 + 3.5 + 2.7 +_ 2.4 + 0.8 20 A. G. KASYMOV AND V. M. GASANOU concentration a n d average daily survival rate reduced 8 days. P. adspersus showed in some extent more resistance to mazut. The survival rate of these species reduced 2.5 times at 0.1 mg L - 1 concentration. A m p h i p o d a P. maeoticus were more resistant to the toxic effect o f m a z u t . A b o u t 50 of the species survived at 0.1 mg L - 1 c o n c e n t r a t i o n 1.0 mg L - 1 concentration was absolutely lethal for them. The crab was more resistant to mazut. Its species survived within 10 mg L - 1. However, it concerns some separate species. Only half population of crabs survived at 1.0 mg L - a concentration. 3.7. KEROSENE EFFECT ON CRUSTACEANS A 0.001 mg L - 1 kerosene c o n c e n t r a t i o n did n o t cause a significant toxic effect on crustaceans (Table VII). At increased kerosene concentration to 0.01 mg L - 1 the health suppression was observed as some reduction of the survival rate. A 0.1 m g L - 1 kerosene concentration was toxic for all kinds of crustaceans but a m o n g them P. elegans and P. maeoticus were the most sensitive. The crab was the most resistant which survived n o t only at 1.0 mg L - 1 kerosene concentration. At 10 mg L - 1 concentration its survival rate reduced 6 5 ~ . A 1.0 mg L - 1 kerosene concentration was absolutely lethal for shrimp and amphipoda. TABLE VIII Gasoline effect on survival rate of crustaceans Organisms Palaemon elegans Concentration (rag L- 1) 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Survival rate (~) 92.2 4` 4.8 65.6 4` 2.94 23.3 + 1.9 - Average dally survival rate (~o) 56.2 + 2.2 46.6 + 3.5 18.3 + 1.3 1 . 4 4` 0 . 1 Control 100 60 Palaemon adspersus 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Control 90.6 _+4.2 58.6 4` 3.5 18.7 _+ 1.3 100 52.8 + 4.09 39.7 4` 2.2 16.8 + 1.7 1.0 + 0.2 60 Pontogamrnarus maeoticus 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Control 76.2 + 3.4 42.8 + 4.2 18.1 + 2.5 47.2 + 1.6 30.8 + 2.7 14.8 _+ 1.5 0 . 8 + 0.1 48.9 4` 2.4 Rhithropanopeus harrisii tn'dentatus 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 20.0 Control - 79.9 _+4.4 1O0 9.07 _+4.7 65.3 4- 3.5 18.7 +_ 1.6 - 1O0 60 54.5 _+2.8 42.3 4- 2.9 15.7 +_ 1.6 2.3 _+0.5 60 EFFECT OF OIL AND OIL-PRODUCTS ON CRUSTACEANS 21 3.8. GASOLINE EFFECT ON CRUSTACEANS A 0.001 mg L - 1 gasoline concentration tends to reduce the survival rate of crustaceans except crab (Table VIII). The gasoline concentration increasing to 0.1 mg L - 1 caused the mass elimination of shrimp and amphipoda. In such conditions the crab survival rate did not differ from the control grown up. For this kind the gasoline toxicity effected at 1 mg L - 1 concentration. If shrimp and amphipoda died at the same time (about a day) at 1.0 mg L - 1 concentration then crabs showed a high survival rate at the same concentration. 20.0 mg L - 1 gasoline concentration was absolutely lethal for crabs. 3.9. SOLAR OIL EFFECT ON CRUSTACEANS Tests with solar oil showed that it was relatively less toxic for crustaceans (Table IX). Shrimp P. elegans withstood the increasing of the solar oil concentration up to 0.01 mg L - 1 and at 0.1 mg L - 1 concentration the survival rate of shrimp abruptly reduced. One hundred ~o death came at 1.0 mg L - 1 concentration. Close results were also obtained with P. adspersus. The amphipoda were less sensitive to solar oil. The suppression of the survival rate was already observed at 0.01 mg L - 1 concentration. 63~o of crabs survived at 1.0 mg L - 1 concentration and 44~o survived at 10:0 mg L concentration. TABLE IX Solar oil effect on survival rate of crustaceans Organisms Palaemon elegans Palaemon adspersus Pontogammarus maeoticus Rhithropanopeus harrisii tridentatus Concentration (mg L - 1) Survival rate (~o) 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Control 97.0 81.8 50.5 0 97.0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Control 86.8 84.8 60.6 0 98.0 + 3.6 + 3,0 + 6.3 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 Control 78.1 63.8 40.9 0 89.5 + 4.2 + 3,4 + 4.1 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 20.0 Control 96.4 100 90.5 63.1 44.0 0 100 + 1.8 + 6.3 + 3.6 + 1.8 + 1.0 + 5,0 + 2,1 + 3.7 + 5.2 + 4.3 Average daily survival rate (~o) 44.0 35.5 25.3 2.3 44.0 + 0.5 + 3.8 + 2.5 _+_0.4 + 0.5 35.9 35.2 26.4 2.0 44.2 + + + + + 3.7 3.7 3.1 0.2 0.5 36.0 31.8 25.8 1.8 41.2 + + + + + 2.7 2.0 3.0 0.2 2.6 43.8 45 41.4 33.8 25.5 4.1 45 + 0.7 + + + + 1.4 2.0 2.3 0.5 22 A. G. KASYMOVAND V. M. GASANOU 4. Conclusions Ten to 25 mg L - 1 oil concentrations are considered as lethal rates for shrimp. Five mg L - 1 oil concentration.is considered as sublethal. Among crustaceans Balanus and crab are more resistant to oil pollution. 5 to 10 mg L - 1 phenol concentrations were lethal for shrimp but crabs survived (35 ~ ) at this concentration by the end of the test. Larva of crustaceans are more sensitive to oil and oil-product effect than their grown up species. The minimum critical concentrations for studied kinds of crustaceans are 0.001 mg L - ~ phenol, 0.4 mg L - 1 oil, 0.01 mg L - ~ gasoline and mazut, 0.1 mg L kerosene and solar oil. References Brodersen, C. C., Rice, S. D., Short, I. W., Mecklenburg, T. A., and Karinen, I. F.: 1977, Sensitivity of Larval and Adult Alaskan Shrimps and Crabs to Acute Exposures of the Water-Soluble Fraction of Cook Inlet Crude Oil, Oil Spill Cont. Proc. Prey. Behav., Confr., Cleanup New Orleans, 1977, Washington, pp. 575-578. Kasymov, A. G. and Aliev, A. D.: 1973, Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 2, 235.