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Academic Text - TOEFL Preparation

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ACADEMIC TEXT
By: Mg. Jorge Gonza
DISCOURSE COMMUNITY
• DISCOURSE COMMUNITY
• In a way, there are many “Englishes”.
• For example, written English and spoken English are different: You don’t
speak as you write and vice versa.
• Same with setting, topic, and the relationship between speakers.
Language (grammar and vocabulary) varies.
• One of theses differences is the “discourse community”
• Our target Discourse Community is, in general, academically
educated speakers of English, under their educational system.
EXPLICIT, LOGIC, CLEAR (NOT AMBIGUOUS)
• CHARACTERISTICS
• Unlike other types of text, Academic English texts must be
explicit in terms of IDEAS and FACTS.
• Accordingly, the message must be clear or unambiguous:
every reader or listener must understand the message in
exactly the same way.
• By contrast, in literature –for example– the ideas may not be
explicit and may be subject to interpretation. In journalistic
writing, the writer focuses on the facts rather than on the
ideas.
STRUCTURE AND TYPES
MESSAGE
[main idea]
IDEAS
[key points]
Rational
thinking
FACTS
[details &
examples]
Empirical
evidence
Ideas + Facts = Support
TYPE
MAIN IDEA
KEY POINTS
1. Argument
Main Point / Thesis / Reasons
Opinion / Claim
2. Description
Concept
Classification;
characteristics
3. Explanation
Unexpected
phenomenon / fact
Causes
4. Process
Purpose / Result
Steps (Verbs)
5. Narrative
(history, bio)
Main event
Important
events
FACTS, EVIDENCE
Statistics, reports,
records, censuses,
prior research
(journal articles),
experiment results,
surveys, examples
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