English language 1th 2th 3th Block/topic CL1 Deadline @March 2, 2023 Main topic Resume the topic in a sentence. Revision @February 9, 2023 5:00 PM Extra material https://langster.org/en/blog/a-brief-history-of-th e-english-language-from-old-english-to-moder n-days/ Great Vowel Shift: History, Summary & Example | StudySmart ✓ ✓ Great Vowel Shift: Definition Spelling System Shakespeare StudySmarter Original ✓ ✓ ✓ Accent ✓ Diagram https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/english/the-history-of nglish-language/great-vowel-shift/ Timeline of the English Language - The Children's University o https://www.childrensuniversity.manchester.ac.uk/learning-activitie ords/timeline-english-language-2/ Diglossia: Meaning & Examples | StudySmarter ✓ ✓ ✓ Diglossia: Meaning Linguistics Examples Bilingualism StudySmarter Original ✓ ✓ Types ✓ https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/english/internatio nal-english/diglossia/ Timeline of the History of English Language English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England. The language has evolved over time, and here is a timeline of its history: Old English (700 - 1100 AD) 600 BC: The first languages we know about in the British Isles are the Celtic ones like Welsh and Scots Gaelic. 2500 years ago. English still has some borrowed Celtic words like corgi meaning 'little dog' from Welsh or whisky 'water of life' from Gaelic. 55BC: There was an invasion by the Romans who spoke Latin. They gave Latin names to places and some of these names are still used today. Language begins since the Romans left the island 410. 450 AD: The Anglo-Saxons invade Britain and bring their West Germanic dialects with them. Old English. Egbert, in Old English Ecgbehrt, the first King of all England, was born around 770-780. English language 1 The Old English period began in 449 AD with the arrival of three Germanic tribes from the Continent: the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Germanic is a branch of the Indo-European language family, which includes languages such as English, German, Dutch, and Swedish. English evolved from Old English, which was a West Germanic language spoken in Anglo-Saxon England. While English and German share some linguistic roots, they are distinct languages with unique grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. The Heptarchy The England of the Old English period was not one kingdom. 7 kingdoms. Kent, Essex (East Saxons), Sussex (South Saxons), Wessex (West Saxons), Mercia (Angles), Northhumbria (Angles) and East Anglia. The main point to note here is that these kingdoms actually spoke different languages based on the grammars, vocabularies and pronunciations of the original Germanic languages of the different tribes. Many words from this time are still around in English: cow, house, bread and sword. 800 AD: The vinkings invaded Britain, they came from places like Denmark and Norway and spoke a language which later develop into Norwegian and Danish. 900 AD they left. Scandinavia most commonly refers to Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. This Scandinavian influence made the English vocabulary simpler and more regular. You, husband, law and anger. Early Middle English (1100 - 1300) 1066: The Norman Conquest of England introduces Old Norman and Old French to the English language. (Normanisation) French became the language of the ruling class A mixture of Latin and french was used for official documents. Norman-French words did not enter English inmmediately, but gradually. A reduction in the number of inflections and grammatical rules. French became a language for the high status. For example, the Old English word for a king was cyning or cyng, which was replaced by the Norman word we use today, king. The Battle of Hastings The king of England before the conquest was Edward the Confessor. Battle of Hastings, battle on October 14, 1066, that ended in the defeat of Harold II of England by William, duke of Normandy, and established the Normans as the rulers of England. Edgar Atheling, the grandson of Edward. It took place in a field seven miles from Hastings, which is now the appropriately named village of Battle. The battle took place over one day. The Normans used a well-known ancient tactic called “feigned flight” which involved them pretending to run away. It tricked the English troops into breaking formation, opening themselves up to attack. After the battle his army moved to isolate London, where William I was crowned king on December 25. The harrying of the north English language 2 The winter of 1069 - 1070 is remembered in England as the most notorious period in the whole of King William’s reign. Faced with local rebellions in northern England that were encouraged by the Scots and the Danes, William set about systematically destroying large parts of the north. But there were consequences of this battle, it had enormous burden costs to the economy, society and culture. And there were thousands of massacred people, entire villages were burdened, leading to food shortages. Killed by famming 150 000 people. He was religious. Efficient military machine to scope the rebellions. 1086 the doombook. It took until 1071 for the country to be fully subdue because of numerous rebellions. The domesday book (during william’s period) This book is like a census in modern days, it verifies how many people are in a place and helps to count how many people were killed and the villages. Was written in Latin. Besides, recorded who owned the land as well as the size of the land that they owned. Divided into 2 parts- little Domesday and Great Domesday. It was prepared in the space of one year and was completed in 1086. It was prepared in an unstable period when fortuness of several families were changing Also it was a statistical document and was used as an administrative tool. "Little Domesday" (covering Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex). "Great Domesday" (covering much of the remainder of England – except for lands in the north that later became Westmorland, Cumberland, Northumberland) Moreover, it was a piece of evidence and reveals an excellent insight into England’s wealth at the time. Castle Motte and Bailey castles were built commonly, both to consolidate peace and in response to local rebellions in the turbulent times. Were erected at key strategic points on routes to the North and the Midlands, called ‘the spine’. The first castles at Hastings and Pevensey were vital because they provided defensive points, and also acted as a base for further expansion. They presented clear physical evidence of Norman military and political supremacy The presence of the Norman castles symbolised the strength and enduring legacy of their hierarchal dominance.. They were easy to built and were vital bc provide defensive points. England’s feudal system English language 3 vassals to someone who swore loyalty and service to a superior lord Prior to the Norman invasion, England’s feudal system existed in a primitive state. Barons became William’s vassals. This meant that because they had received land from William, they were mutually obliged to provide knights if their superior lord was threatened. Feudalism was a form of preserving government methods by securing the necessary forces, hence creating a safeguard against attacks. It can also be seen as an extreme form of decentralisation It fragmented political power and during Anglo-Saxon rule, the order of rank was as follows: King, Earls, Thegns, Ceorls, and then Slaves. This arrangement changed when William came to the throne and it became: King, Nobles (which consisted of Earls and Counts), Knights, and finally Serfs. The arrangement of the feudal pyramid began with the King at the top and descended increasingly, and the process of division and subdivision was known as subinfeudation. Religion William wanted to manipulate the people of England using influential post to convey his regime. Back then, schools did not exist and were surplus to a large peasant society, although they needed to teach groups of selected men who would join the Church and go on to help the Government. This led to a filtering of Anglo-Saxon aristocracy and it became virtually extinct, and the English lost control over the Church in England. William converted the Christian Church into Roman Catholic William sanctioned the Laws of the Forest, which limited anyone using resources from his private ‘New Forest’ There were also fines, such as ‘Wergild’ The amount of compensation paid by a person committing an offense to the injured party or, in case of death, to his family. Late Middle English (1300 - 1500) After the Hundred Years’ War (1337 - 1453) 1400 AD: There were no more invasions of England. English took over French. This is called Middle English. A number of books were published in middle English, perhaps the most famous one being a book of cracking stories called The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (Los cuentos de Canterbury es una lectura esencial para quienes deseen conocer mucho más sobre Inglaterra y sobre la historia de su literatura. Las historias por lo general son divertidas y tratan temas muy cercanos a todos los espacios, especialmente los relacionados a la vida social y el trato entre hombres y mujeres) 1476: William Caxton establishes the first printing press in England, standardizing the language. With the printing also came an interest in a standard way of writing English which had not been present before. Modern English (1500-Now) 1604: The publication of the first English dictionary by Robert Cawdrey. 1611: The King James Bible is published, influencing the English language for centuries. 1702: The first daily newspaper, The Daily Courant, is published in England. English language 4 1755: Samuel Johnson publishes the first comprehensive English dictionary. 1800s: English becomes the language of the British Empire, spreading to many parts of the world. 1922: The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is founded, leading to the development of standard British English. 1928: The Oxford English Dictionary is completed after 70 years of work. 21st century: English is the most widely spoken language in the world, with over 1.5 billion speakers. 1453 language took over as the language of power, after word. William shakespeare, created a lot of words in his books. Around 2000 Dr. Samuel Johnaon: Author of the 1th dictionary of the English language. Oxford english dictionary took 17 years to write it. First video was send 1972. 1.5 billion of people speak English arround the world. This timeline highlights the evolution of English language from its West Germanic roots to becoming the most spoken language in the world. Diglossia Diglossia refers to the coexistence of two varieties of a language within a speech community. In the history of the English language, diglossia was present during the Middle English period when French became the language of the ruling class and Latin was used for official documents, while English was spoken by the common people. This led to a reduction in the number of inflections and grammatical rules in English, making the language simpler and more regular. The influence of Scandinavian languages during the Early Middle English period also contributed to this simplification. Diglossia played a significant role in the evolution of the English language, especially during the Middle English period. Funtions H (High) and L(Low) Languages that die are those one from the H paositions. English was in L position, French in H positions. English won. Code-switching: Mix two languages. French and English mixed in Middle English. Language shift: the change of the language time by time in a society. A massive Relexification of English. Charles definition So we have these two kinds of varieties happening within the same language; one would be spoken—the dialects, etc.—and the other would be learned, standardized, the language of literature. Then he goes on of written literature either of an earlier period or in another speech community, which is learned largely by formal education—so you get to this other one by going to school—and is used for written and formal spoken purposes but is not used by any section of the community for ordinary conversation. So it’s easier to understand if you go to Zurich, for example, where you’ve got people speaking Swiss German in the street and on television, on local television, and then going and studying in standard German and learning to write standard German, and they wouldn’t write down their spoken language. These two varieties of the language with different social functions, and they are highly separate. The more relaxed definition English language 5 There’s a more relaxed definition, and that would be when the two varieties in question don’t have to belong to the same language, okay? So in parts of the complex society around us here, we find Spanish being used for official functions. Certainly, here, 50 years ago, Spanish would be absolutely the H variety and Catalan would be the L variety. They are different languages—cognate, but different—and yet they would satisfy most non-demanding definitions of diglossia. Week 1 Video Benjamin Lee Worf - 1930 Lanuage influence how we read, write and act. Language affects our behaviours, how we act and persive the present and the future. Saving or spending behaviour. Unhealthy and unhealthy habits. Even seemingly insignificant features on our languages, can have a masive consequence The great vowel shift The Great Vowel Shift was a major sound change that took place in the English language from around 1350 to 1700. During this time, the pronunciation of long vowels in English underwent a series of changes, English language 6 resulting in the shift in pronunciation that distinguishes Middle English from Modern English. The shift affected long vowels, and involved changes in vowel quality, length, and position within the mouth. Each number on the diagram represents the different steps of the shift. These are as follows: Step 1: i and u drop and become əɪ and əu Step 2: e and o move up and become i and u Step 3: a becomes æ Step 4: ɛ becomes e, and ɔ becomes o Step 5: æ becomes ɛ Step 6: e becomes i Step 7: ɛ becomes e Step 8: əɪ and əu drop again to aɪ and au The vowels affected during the Great Vowel Shift were long vowels English language 7