Barclays Ecuador Is it possible to break the default restructuring cycle

FICC Research
EM Strategy
13 November 2023
Ecuador
Is it possible to break the default/
restructuring cycle?
The mismatch between political and economic cycles narrows
the window of opportunity to tackle Ecuador's structural
challenges. The main option left for authorities to change
market perceptions seems to be sending a strong signal of
willingness to pay through some sort of liability management.
• The political cycle does not generate incentives for reforms or fiscal adjustment
measures in the near future. This should not be a surprise; however, a delay of any type of
adjustment measures leaves markets with no clear positive catalyst in the near future;
instead, there is a risk of additional deterioration of economic fundamentals.
• The core challenge for Ecuador seems to be addressing the political risks and
uncertainty about the willingness to service its debt. Although macroeconomic
fundamentals have been deteriorating, they remain better than many peers and do not seem
sufficient to justify the perception of risks.
• Despite the government's limited resources, we think it still has options to muddle
through in the near future and incentives to avoid a default. It may still have access to
pockets of liquidity that could allow it to conduct a debt buyback that delivers some cash
saving, improves the debt profile in a way that could significantly reduce default risk in the
short and medium term, and might facilitate access to other sources of financing. If it fails to
take rapid action, waiting until 2025 could be too late to change market perceptions and it
risks remaining trapped in the default/restructuring cycle.
A strong signal of willingness to pay is needed
The election of President Daniel Noboa has contributed to contain short-term political
risks (see Ecuador: A new leadership emerges); however, the incoming administration still
faces big challenges. It is inheriting a complex fiscal situation amid a tough governability
backdrop. A series of political shocks in recent months have made the country backtrack on the
fiscal consolidation achievements made until last year. In addition, there are social demands for
the creation of jobs and solving the security crisis, which could have non-negligible fiscal costs.
The country is also exposed to the effects of El Niño and will have to deal with the closing of the
ITT field, which puts at risk more than 10% of the country's oil production. These economic
conditions impose major hurdles for the new administration; however, probably the biggest
challenge is the mistrust and lack of confidence in the country generated by the perceived
This document is intended for institutional investors and is not subject to all of the
independence and disclosure standards applicable to debt research reports prepared for retail
investors under U.S. FINRA Rule 2242. Barclays trades the securities covered in this report for its
own account and on a discretionary basis on behalf of certain clients. Such trading interests
may be contrary to the recommendations offered in this report.
Please see analyst certifications and important disclosures beginning on page 8.
Completed: 13-Nov-23, 18:29 GMT Released: 13-Nov-23, 18:34 GMT
Restricted - External
CORE
Alejandro Arreaza
+1 212 412 3021
alejandro.arreaza@barclays.com
BCI, US
Barclays | Ecuador
political risks and its willingness to pay, which restricts access to financing. Under these
conditions, the country risks repeating the cycle of debt default and restructuring in which has
been trapped, but authorities may still have a chance to break this cycle.
Currently, there is a mismatch between the political and economic cycles that narrows the
window of opportunity to take actions to tackle the country's structural challenges. The
political cycle does not generate incentives for reforms or fiscal adjustment measures that could
be politically costly in the short term and for which economic benefits will take longer to
materialize. The new administration was elected as a transitional government for just 18
months, which makes its re-election in 2025 the top priority. Considering the centrist approach
of the Noboa administration, its re-election could be positive news for markets, particularly
considering that the alternative could be a less market-friendly government. However, a delay
of any type of adjustment measures leaves the market with no clear positive catalyst in the near
future; instead, there is a risk of additional deterioration of the economic fundamentals. Waiting
until 2025 to tackle the fiscal challenges could be too late, as the government might not have
enough time to regain market confidence before debt payments start to come due.
The alternative scenario in which the government front-loads the adjustment might not
deliver better results either. Even if Ecuador were to present a highly qualified economic team
and announce a series of orthodox measures to reduce its fiscal imbalance, such as reducing
the fuel subsidy and increasing taxes, it might prove insufficient to radically change market
perceptions. Considering the precedents in Ecuador's recent history, if such measures were
implemented, against a complex governability backdrop, the stability of the administration
might be perceived to be at risk and the credibility of the program would be low.
The core challenge for Ecuador seems to be addressing the political risks and the
uncertainty about the willingness to service its debt. Although macroeconomic
fundamentals have been deteriorating, they remain better than many peers and do not seem
sufficient to justify the perception of risks. The new administration is making progress in the
political forum and has options to form a coalition in the National Assembly that could allow it
to advance some elements of its agenda. A more centrist composition of the assembly could
facilitate an alliance with the centrist party Construye and the PSC; alternatively, the interest of
correismo in a quid pro quo of governability for some sort of legal amnesty could allow the
administration to reach a "political truce," which could give it some political room for
maneuver. However, reducing the perception of political risks would require a broader national
consensus agreement to improve governability, which seems difficult to achieve, could face
multiple implementation risks, and would, at the least, take time to be effective.
The main option left for the authorities to change market perceptions seem to be sending
a strong signal of willingness to pay that generates a confidence shock. President Noboa
has reiterated his commitment to honoring the country's obligations; however, given the
economic conditions, this has not been enough to change market perceptions, as this message
is seen as contradictory to the direction in which economic fundamentals are moving.
Therefore, with Ecuadorian debt under increasing pressures, some sort of liability management
could increasingly start to make sense and might be the alternative authorities have left to try
to reset the market's expectations. Despite its limited resources, the government could still have
access to pockets of liquidity that could allow it to conduct a debt buyback that delivers some
cash saving, improves the debt profile in a way that could significantly reduce default risk in the
short and medium term, and might facilitate access to other sources of financing.
President Noboa has suggested the possibility of using international reserves as a source of
funding.1 He has softened his position on this point and has placed it as a last resort option, but
1
13 November 2023
Daniel Noboa también quiere 'meterle mano' a las reservas internacionales, Primicias.ec, September 8, 2023
2
Barclays | Ecuador
has not taken it off the table, and given the current conditions, there seems to be an increasing
probability that he might have to use it. While this is a risky measure that could contribute to
financial instability in the longer term, its final implications would depend on how the
authorities might implement it use those resources.
Despite the decline registered in recent months, reserves are still at USD6.0bn, USD2bn above
their historical average (Figure 1), and the country has a current account surplus (Figure 2). A
direct borrowing from the central bank reserves to the government would require undoing legal
reforms that have been put in place to preserve the stability of the dollarization system.
However, there could be an indirect way to access the reserves and yet mitigate the damage, by
allowing local banks to use their reserve requirements to buy local debt, which could
potentially provide enough liquidity for the government to conduct a debt buyback and cover
some of its funding needs. Using the reserves to purely finance current expenditures would be
negative news and leave the country in a more vulnerable position. However, if the government
uses at least USD1bn to buy back its shortest-maturity bond (ECUA 2030), which is currently
priced at less than half its nominal value, it could take out of the market almost the entire
issuance and drastically reduce the default risk over the next seven years.
FIGURE 1. International reserves remain above the historical average
(USD bn)
Thousands
10.0
FIGURE 2. The country still has a current account surplus
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
1.5
140
120
1.0
100
0.5
5.0
80
4.0
Source: Haver, Barclays Research
Jan-23
Jan-22
Jan-21
Jan-20
Jan-19
Jan-18
Jan-17
Jan-16
Jan-15
Jan-14
Jan-13
Jan-12
Jan-11
International Reserves
Average
Q3-23
Q1-23
Q3-22
Q1-22
Q3-21
Q1-21
Q3-20
Q1-20
Q3-19
Q1-19
-0.5
1.0
Q3-18
2.0
Q1-18
0.0
3.0
60
40
-1.0
20
Current Account (USDbn)
Brent (USD/b, RHS)
Source: Haver, Barclays Research
Authorities seem to have room and incentives to muddle through with debt payments over
the 18-month period for which they have been elected. Despite the fiscal challenges, the
short-term situation seems manageable. Although the government is proposing infrastructure
and security plans and other initiatives that could have some fiscal cost, risks related to fiscal
expenditures might be contained. The new president is supposed to take office on December 1;
therefore, it does not even seem to have enough time to present and approve the budget for
next year, which, in principle, would imply that the Noboa administration will have to work over
the next year with the 2023 budget that was approved for the Lasso administration. Even if
some changes are possible, there would be limited room to increase expenditures, so the
government might end up reallocating resources. Moreover, a new administration, in which
many of its members have limited experience in the public sector, would have to overcome a
learning curve, which could slow the execution of many of its projects.
Risks related to the fiscal accounts seem to be more concentrated on the revenue side but there
is a significant level of uncertainty about the magnitude of the resources that the government
could lose. The closing of the ITT oil field implies the loss of fiscal revenue of up to USD600mn,
but it is still unclear how fast that would occur, which may affect the timing of effects. The
government is proposing a tax reform that is intended to provide incentives to the private sector
13 November 2023
3
Barclays | Ecuador
to generate jobs, which is also likely to imply a sacrifice for the government in terms of tax
collection, at least in the near future. However, details of the reform that would allow an
assessment of the size of the effect are still missing. Similar tax cuts implemented by the current
administration have had a cost of around USD300mn. If that is taken as a reference, although
the loss of revenue under current conditions is not ideal, there could be some space to
accommodate it, too.
We remain of the view that domestic and multilateral funding could provide enough room
to maneuver for the administration to muddle through its term. While the central
government has a deficit of around USD4bn (c. 3.5% of GDP), the rest of the public sector,
mainly the social security and local governments, runs a surplus of approximately 2.0% of GDP
(Figure 3). Although the government might not be able to appropriate all of those resources,
they could be a source of funding either directly through the purchase of government debt or
forcefully through the accumulation of arrears. Additionally, this year, the government is
receiving more than USD2bn in multilateral funding, and next year, it could have options to
increase that amount to somewhere around USD3bn.
13 November 2023
4
Barclays | Ecuador
FIGURE 3. There is space in public entities (IESS, GADS) to provide financing to the central government either through local debt
or accumulation of arrears(USD)
2020
2021
2022
Jan-Aug 22
Jan-Aug 23
2023F*
19.4
4.7
2.7
1.9
25.1
8.8
5.4
3.4
28.6
10.5
7.5
3.0
20.9
8.7
5.6
3.0
14.5
2.0
2.0
0.0
22.5
3.6
3.6
0.0
Non-oil
14.8
16.3
18.1
12.2
12.5
18.8
Tax
12.4
13.6
15.1
10.4
10.0
14.9
Non-tax
1.9
2.1
2.6
1.5
2.0
3.0
Transfers
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.5
1.0
27.5
29.3
30.0
20.3
17.1
26.7
22.3
21.9
24.8
17.4
13.9
21.1
Interest
3.3
1.9
2.4
1.5
2.1
3.2
Salaries
8.6
8.2
9.2
5.8
6.2
9.7
Goods & Svcs
6.1
7.4
8.1
6.8
2.0
2.8
Others
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Revenue
Oil
Exports
Derivatives sales
Expenditures
Current Expenditures
Transfers
Capital Expenditure
Central Gov Balance
(% GDP)
Primary Balance
4.2
4.2
5.0
3.2
3.5
5.3
5.2
7.4
5.2
2.9
3.2
5.6
0.6
-2.5
-8.1
-4.3
-1.4
-8.1%
-4.0%
-1.2%
-4.2
-3.5%
-4.8
-2.3
1.0
-4.8%
-2.2%
0.8%
Other Public Entities
2.1
2.5
1.4
1.4
1.8
2.2
Public Sector Balance
-5.9
-1.8
0.0
2.0
-0.7
-2.1
-6.0%
-1.7%
0.0%
-1.7%
Oil Price (Brent, USD/b)
43.0
72.0
99.0
84.0
GDP growth (%)
-7.8
4.2
2.9
1.7
Inflation
-0.9
1.9
3.7
2.7
Oil Production (k b/d)
479
473
481
470
(% GDP)
(% GDP)
2.1
-0.4
-1.0
-0.9%
Asumptions
* There is a change in the reporting in 2023 for oil revenues and the purchases of refined products previously included in good and services; they are now being deducted
from the oil revenues.
Source: Haver, Barclays Research
President Noboa has been in conversations with the IMF and has expressed interest in a bridge
loan.2 A regular stand-by agreement or EFF program seems unlikely, given the limited scope for
reform; however, given the effects of El Niño, a rapid financing instrument could be a viable
alternative to receive unconditioned funding. On a regular basis, this facility could allow access
of up to 50% of quota per year and a cumulative amount of 150% of quota. This would mean at
least USD600mn that Ecuador could obtain in 2024. If authorities are able to move fast and
close a deal before the end of this year, they might be able to negotiate USD600 for this year,
too, for a total of USD1.2bn. In the case of large natural disasters, the fund establishes a limit
2
13 November 2023
El presidente electo Daniel Noboa dice en Washington que Ecuador necesita un “préstamo puente” para financiar su
plan de gobierno, El Universo, November 6, 2023
5
Barclays | Ecuador
that could be up to 80% of quota per year and 183.33% of quota on a cumulative basis; this
could mean something in the range of USD1-2bn; however, Ecuador might not qualify for this
larger facility, as it would likely require a more destructive phenomenon.
Avoiding a credit event at least over the next 18 months seems to be in the best interest of
most of the stakeholders, including the government. Market debt service next year is about
USD600mn; the government would not gain much from a default. If the experience of the
country in 2020 is taken as a reference, stopping servicing the market debt payments could also
put multilateral disbursements at a standstill until the government is able to reach an
agreement with private creditors, which would leave the government without resources to
deliver results to its constituents ahead of the elections. Therefore, the incentive to default in
the near future seems low. On the contrary, there seems to be incentive to provide resources to
muddle through and reach the election milestone.
FIGURE 4. Multilateral and domestic financing may provide enough room for the new administration
to muddle through (USD bn)
USD bn
2020
Financing needs
2021
2022
2023F
2024F
12.0
6.7
5.0
7.5
9.2
Deficit
5.9
1.8
(0.0)
2.1
2.7
Debt amortization
6.1
4.9
5.0
5.5
6.6
Domestic
2.7
3.1
2.6
3.5
4.2
External
3.4
1.8
2.4
2.0
2.4
Financing sources
12.0
6.7
5.0
7.5
9.2
Debt issuance
13.4
7.3
5.2
6.5
8.3
Domestic
4.3
1.9
0.9
4.2
5.0
External
9.1
5.4
4.4
2.3
3.3
Market
1.5
-
Multilaterals
2.3
2.8
7.7
4.0
4.4
IMF
4.6
0.9
1.6
Others
3.0
3.1
2.8
Banks
-
-
-
Bilateral
-
0.4
Others
-
1.0
-
(1.4)
(0.6)
(0.3)
Net accum arrears/assets var
0.6
2.3
2.2
0.5
1.1
0.9
Source: Haver, Barclays Research
Ecuador has assets (eg, Banco Pacifico, Sacha oil field, CNT, etc.) that could be sold to obtain
additional liquidity. However, considering the currently elevated country risk premium, those
transactions are not viable, or the country would have to sell at extremely low prices.
Nonetheless, if authorities are able to reset market expectations and there is a significant
reduction of the country risk premium, this could be an additional source of funding that it
could tap.
The actions the authorities take over the coming months will determine the room to
maneuver to avoid a credit event from 2025 onward. If the country is not able to break the
cycle of defaults and debt restructuring, it risks remaining without access to capital markets for
a prolonged period, and limited capacity to raise additional financing from multilateral and
bilateral sources would limit the economy's ability to grow and the government's ability to
respond to social demands. From the market's perspective, risks might be more contained,
considering the concessions that creditors already gave the government in the 2020
restructuring, and at current debt levels, Ecuador does not seem to need a significant reduction
in the nominal value of the debt or a reduction of coupons. The most that it could likely obtain
13 November 2023
6
Barclays | Ecuador
from a negotiation with creditors is an extension of maturities, which could still result in a
relatively high recovery value for the debt in a potential restructuring scenario.
FIGURE 5. Debt profile suggests the government would gain little
from a default in the near future and it could put multilateral funding
at risk (USD bn)
FIGURE 6. Debt stock suggests that Ecuador may not need a
significant reduction in the nominal value of the debt or a reduction
of coupons (% GDP)
5.0
1
70
4.5
0
68
4.0
66
-1
3.5
64
3.0
-2
2.5
-3
60
-4
58
2.0
1.5
1.0
-5
0.5
-6
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
0.0
Old debt service
Restructured debt service
Source: Ministry of Finance, Barclays Research
13 November 2023
62
56
54
52
-7
50
2018
2019
2020
2021
Public sector balance
2022
2023F
2024F
Public debt
Source: Haver, Barclays Research
7
Barclays | Ecuador
Analyst(s) Certification(s):
I, Alejandro Arreaza, hereby certify (1) that the views expressed in this research report accurately reflect my personal views about any or all of the
subject securities or issuers referred to in this research report and (2) no part of my compensation was, is or will be directly or indirectly related to the
specific recommendations or views expressed in this research report.
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discretionary basis on behalf of certain clients. Such trading interests may be contrary to the recommendations offered in this report.
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