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1st ESO UNIT 03 BASIC PHYSICAL SKILLS editado

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Colegio Sagrada Familia – Hijas de Jesús
Valladolid
Department of Physical Education
1st ESO Unit 3: Basic Physical Skills
BASIC PHYSICAL SKILLS
1. – INTRODUCTION.
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Everyone has a number of physical skills which enable them to perform different
movements both in everyday and during their sporting activities.
These skills are responsible for human movement and every individual has a
different degree of development of their skill. The state of each of these skills is what is
referred to as physical fitness.
Physical fitness is determined by physical skills which vary depending on the age of
the person and the type and amount of physical exercises they perform.
2. –BASIC PHYSICAL SKILLS.
Basic Physical Skills are essential components of physical fitness since physical
performance can be improved through their training.
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2.1 STRENGTH is the ability that enables us to overcome resistance or oppose muscle
tension.
From the perspective of training, strength can be
classified into three different types according to the way
it is manifested:
+ MAXIMAL STRENGTH, it is the ability of the muscles to
develop maximum potential tension to perform
activity using the greatest possible strength.
This is the kind of strength used in weightlifting
or wrestling.
Jorge Nicolás de Blas Barriuso
-2-
Colegio Sagrada Familia – Hijas de Jesús
Valladolid
Department of Physical Education
1st ESO Unit 3: Basic Physical Skills
+ SPEED STRENGTH, it stablishes a relationship
between strength and speed. It is the ability of the
muscles to perform movements that require
strength at the highest possible speed.
This kind of strength is used in sports
gestures such as a serve in tennis, penalty in
handball….
STAMINA STRENGTH, it establishes a
relationship between strength and stamina. It is the
ability of the muscles to perform movements that
require strength for a long period of time. Neither
the load nor the speed are great so many
repetitions can be made.
+
This type of strength is needed for physical
activities that require long and continuous effort,
such as middle distance running in athletics, skiing,
cycling…
2.2 ENDURANCE is the skill used to perform efforts during the longest possible time,
withstand the state of progressive fatigue caused by the efforts and recover from them
quickly.
From the point of view of training, endurance
can be classified in two different types:
+ AEROBIC ENDURANCE, it is when the oxygen
supply is sufficient to meet the needs of our body.
It is the kind of endurance for sports like
marathon, swimming, cycling…
+ ANAEROBIC ENDURANCE, it is when the supply of
oxygen is insufficient to meet the needs of our
body. This happens when the intensity of exercise
increases.
It is the kind of endurance for sports like
sprinting, long jump…
Endurance is a skill that can undergo rapid decline if you do not train, but if you
work at it regularly, it increases in a short period of time.
Jorge Nicolás de Blas Barriuso
-3-
Colegio Sagrada Familia – Hijas de Jesús
Valladolid
Department of Physical Education
1st ESO Unit 3: Basic Physical Skills
2.3 SPEED is defined as the ability to perform motor actions in the shortest possible time.
It is a skill that depends heavily on the central nervous system and for its quick
development training should start and a early age. In sports, speed is usually classified into
three types:
+ REACTION RATE, it is the ability to respond in the
shortest possible time after the stimulus. This is seen ,
for example, in a response of a goalkeeper, a starting
gun… It is possible to measure the reaction time.
+ GESTURE RATE is the ability to
perform rapid movement with
part of the body, for example,
backhand with racket in tennis,
batting in baseball or a spike in
volleyball.
+ MOVEMENT RATE, it is the
ability to cover a short distance
in the shortest possible time,
such as, a 100m race or running
to win a base in baseball.
2.4 FLEXIBILITY is defined as the ability of a given joint or a group of joints to perform
movements with maximum range of motion. Flexibility is determined by joint mobility and
muscle elasticity.
Flexibility is essential in many activities that require large joint movements such as
taekwondo, gymnastics…
3. –EVOLUTION OF BASIC PHYSICAL SKILLS WITH AGE.
The physical condition of each person varies throughout their life because physical
skills are not static or permanent. They vary and undergo changes with age.
Each physical skill evolves according to its own characteristics:
Jorge Nicolás de Blas Barriuso
-4-
Colegio Sagrada Familia – Hijas de Jesús
Valladolid
Department of Physical Education
1st ESO Unit 3: Basic Physical Skills
-5-
Jorge Nicolás de Blas Barriuso
Colegio Sagrada Familia – Hijas de Jesús
Valladolid
Department of Physical Education
1st ESO Unit 3: Basic Physical Skills
4. –MOTOR SKILLS.
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Motor skills depend on the central nervous system. They are determined by the
ability of part of the various receptors of movement (optical, acoustic, tactile and
kinesthetic) to respond to stimuli from the environment and develop the information sent by
them.
4.1 COORDINATION it can be defined as the organization and control of any movement of
the body towards the performance of a given gesture, through precise synchronization of
the different body segments.
The precise synchronization of movement of the different parts of the body in space
and time enables athletes to adjust to these body movements and perform technical,
concrete gestures that they are thinking about.
Coordination can be divided into:
+ GENERAL DYNAMIC COORDINATION, it affects ample
movements involving a joint action of many body parts. In many
cases, it involves locomotion activities.
+ SEGMENTAL COORDINATION, it concerns the relationship
between the sense of sight and any of the body segments. In
many cases it involves the handling or control of objects.
Depending on the body segment, it is divided into:
+ Eye hand coordination, it relates the
eyes with the hands. It covers all the
different types of movements: bounces,
hitting,
driving,
throwing,
passes,
catches…
+ Eye foot coordination, it relates the
eyes with the feet. It covers all the
different types of movements: bounces,
hitting,
driving,
throwing,
passes,
catches…
+ Dynamic hand coordination, it relates the eyes to the
movement of two hands in a synchronized way.
Jorge Nicolás de Blas Barriuso
Colegio Sagrada Familia – Hijas de Jesús
Valladolid
Department of Physical Education
1st ESO Unit 3: Basic Physical Skills
4.1 BALANCE it can be defined as the ability of human beings to keep the body in a stable
position against gravity both in state situations and in
movement.
Balance is essential in all sporting activities and crucial
in those that include acrobatic movements, unexpected
changes and accelerations and sudden changes in position.
Balance is manifested in two ways:
+ STATIC BALANCE, when the body is maintained in a particular
position without moving from the centre of gravity which falls
within the area delimited by the base of support.
+ DYNAMIC BALANCE, when the body is maintained in a stable
position despite the continuous shift of the body´s centre of
gravity. The movement is the result of the succession of
controlled imbalances.
Jorge Nicolás de Blas Barriuso
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