Manual de Taller r15 v3

58=6 AM@TMB GD YDU_FIFK VZO-U=4 VZO=44 E=X-O>=63-Y8 YMY58883= FAXKUWM@WD Dstd amùmb nm sfgk dgftmgk pkr F`gfm Vmamnm Aktkr Xvt. Btg. prfìfpmbad`td pmrm usk gd bks ikìdsfk`mrfks Vmamnm y sus adií`fiks iumbfofimgks. @k ds pksfebd fìbufr tkgks bks ik`kifafd`tks gd u` adií`fik d` u` amùmb. Xkr tm`tk, tkgm pdrsk`m qud utfbfid dstm puebfimifù` puebf imifù` pmrm rdmbfzmr kpdrmifk`ds gd am`td`fafd`tk y rdpmrmifù` gd vdnáiubks vdnáiub ks Vmamnm gded pksddr u`ks ik`kifafd`tks eísfiks gd adií`fim y gd bms tæi`fims gd rdpmrmifù` gd dstd tfpk gd vdnáiubks. Bks trmemjks gd rdpmrmifù` y am`td`fafd`tk rdmbfzmgks pkr u`m pdrsk`m qud imrdzim gd tmbds ik`kifafd`tks pudgd` moditmr m bm sdcurfgmg y bm mptftug gdb vdnáiubk pmrm su utfbfzmifù`. F`gfm Vmamnm Aktkr Xvt. Btg. sd dsoudrzm ik`tfùmad`td pkr adjkrmr tkgks sus akgdbks. Bms akgfofimifk`ds y bks imaefks fapkrtm`tds qud sd f`trkguzim` d` bms dspdifofimifk`ds k d` bks prkidgfafd`tks sd `ktfofimrí` m tkgks bks ikìdsfk`mrfks mutkrfzmgks Vmamnm y, ium`gk prkidgm, sd fìbufrí` d` outurms dgfifk`ds gd dstd amùmb. @KWM Bks gfsdýks y dspdifofimifk`ds pudgd` sdr akgfofimgks sf` prdvfk mvfsk. YMY588>= F@OKUAMIFÙ@ FAXKUWM@WD UDBMWF_M MB AM@TMB D` dstd amùmb, bm fòkramifù` fapkrtm`td sd gdstmim adgfm`td bms sfcufd`tds m`ktmifk`ds. Dstd ds db sáaekbk gd mvfsk gd sdcurfgmg. sdcur fgmg. Yd utfbfzm pmrm mvfsmrbd gd bm pksfefbfgmg gd suorfr gmýks pdrsk`mbds. Udspdtd tkgks bks ad`smjds gd sdcurfgmg qud sfcud` m dstd sáaekbk pmrm dvftmr pksfebds gmýks pdrsk`mbds k u` MG_DUWD@IFM miifgd`td akrtmb. MG_DUWD@IFM f`gfim u`m sftumifù` pdbfcrksm qud, gd `k dvftmrsd, pudgd kimsfk`mr u` miifgd`td akrtmb k gmýks pdrsk`mbds crmvds. MWD@IFÙ@ MWD@IFÙ@ f`gfim prdimuifk`ds dspdifmbds qud sd gded` mgkptmr pmrm dvftmr qud db vdnáiubk u ktrks efd`ds rdsubtd` gmýmgks. @KWM T`m @KWM @KWM ik`tfd`d fòkramifù` ibmvd pmrm omifbftmr k mibmrmr bks prkidgfafd`tks. YMY88888 VZO=44 AM@TMB GD YDU_FIFK ©58=6 F`gfm Vmamnm Aktkr Xvt. Btg. Xrfadrm dgfifù`, mckstk gd 58=> Wkgks bks gdrdinks rdsdrvmgks. Wkgm rdprkguiifù` k usk `k mutkrfzmgk sf` db ik`sd`tfafd`tk dsirftk gd F`gfm dxprdsmad`td Vmamnm Aktkr prknfefgks. Xvt. Btg. qudgm` YMY58887 IÙAK TWFBFZMU DYWD AM@TMB Db prkpùsftk gd dstd amùmb ds prkpkrifk`mr mb adií`fik adií`f ik u` adgfk gd ik`subtm iùakgk y oíifb gd bddr. Ik`tfd`d dxpbfimifk`ds dxpbfimifk`d s dxnmustfvms gd tkgks bks prkidgfafd`tks gd ak`tmjd, gdsak`tmjd, gdsmramgk, mramgk, rdpmrmifù` y ikaprkemifù` krcm`fzmgks pmsk m pmsk gd okram sdiudìfmb. • Db amùmb dstí gfvfgfg gfvfgfgkk d` impátubks qud m su vdz sd gfvfgd` d` mpmrtmgks. D` bm pmrtd supdr supdrfkr fkr gd imgm pícf`m ofcurm db tátubk gdb mpmrtmgk ‒=‑. • Bks tátubks gd bks suempmrtm suempmrtmgks gks ‒5‑ mpmrdid` ik` u`m bdtrm aís pdqudým qud bm gdb tátubk gdb mpmrtmgk. • Mb prfìfpfk gd imgm mpmrtmgk gd gdsak`tmjd y gdsmra gdsmramgk mgk sd nm` fìbufgk gfmcrmams gd gdspfdid ‒9‑ pmrm omifbftmr bm fgd`tfofimifù` gd bms pfdzms y mibmrmr bks prkidgfafd`tks. • Bm ùadrmifù ùadrmifù`` ‒7‑ d` bks gfmcrmams gd gdspfdi gdspfdidd sd ikrrdspk` ikrrdspk`gd gd ik` db krgd` gd bks trmemjks. T` `úadrk f`gfim u` pmsk gdb prkidgfafd`tk gd gdsmramgk. • Bks sáaekbks ‒‒4‑ 4‑ f`gfim` bms pfdzms qud sd gded` buerfi buerfimr mr k imaefmr. _dr ‒YFAEKBKCÁM‑ ‒YFAEKBKCÁM‑.. • Imgm gfmcrma gfmcrmamm gd gdspfdid vm mikapmýmg mikapmýmgkk gd u` iumgrk gd f`struiifk`d f`struiifk`dss ‒?‑ qud f`gfim db krgd` gd bks trmemjks, bks `kaerds gd bms pfdzms, `ktms rdbmtfvms m bks trmemjks, dti. • Bks trmemjks ‒3‑ qud rdqufdrd` aís fòkra fòkramifù` mifù` (ikak, pkr djdapbk, ndrrmafd`tms ndrrmafd`tms dspdi dspdifmbds fmbds y gmtks tæi`fiks) sd gdsirfed` gd okram sdiudìfmb. = IBTWIN DMY58844 IBTWIN DMY9897? IBTWIN UDAK_F@C WND IBTWIN =. Y trmfcntd` tnd bkil wmsndr tme. 5. Bk Bkkksd`: • Ibutin ekss ùt ‒=‑ Udakvf`c tnd ibutin ikvdr WFX = 9 Snfbd nkbgf`c tnd ib utin ekss ‒5‑ wftn tnd u`fvdrsmb ibutin nkbgdr ‒9‑, bkksd` tnd ibutin ekss ùt. Ibutin nue nkbgdr VYYW-399M 7 DMY98976 INDILF@C WND IBTWIN XBMWDY Wnd okbbkwf`c prkidgurd mppbfds tk mbb ko tnd ibutin pbmtds. =. Ind Indil: il: • Ibutin pbmtd Gmamcd Udpbmid tnd ibutin pbmtds ms m sdt. 5. A dmsurd: • Ibutin pbmtd wmrpmcd (wftn m suromid pbmtd m`g tnfil`dss cmucd ‒=‑) Kut ko spdifofimtfk` Udpbmid tnd ibutin pbmtds ms m sdt. Oddbdr cmucd sdt ? @dw 4 3 @dw Ibutin pbmtd tnfil`dss = 5.=>’5.75 aa (8.8>4’8.864 f`) Smrpmcd bfaft 8.=8 aa (8.8896 f`) Ibutin pbmtd tnfil`dss 5 5.58’5.78 aa (8.8>?’8.867 f`) Smrpmcd bfaft 8.=8 aa (8.8896 f`) D ? 7 4 (7) Krgdr =8 @•a (=.8 lco•a, 3.7 be •ot) Jke/Xmrts tk rdakvd ]‖ty D`cf`d kfb Bkwdr sfgd ikwbf`c (rfcnt) = 5 9 7 4 ? 3 Ibutin imebd Kfb ofbtdr dbdad`t ikvdr Kfb ofbtdr dbdad`t Ibutin ikvdr Ibutin ikvdr cmsldt Gkwdb pf` Kfb sdmb BY (?) W. U . ? @dw 5 BY DMY9897> 9 = = = = = 5 = W. U . =8 @•a (=.8 lco•a, 3.7 be•ot) Udamrls Grmf`. Udodr tk ‒INM@CF@C WND D@CF@D KFB‑ k` pmcd 9-6. Udodr tk ‒CD@DUMB INMYYFY‑ k` pmcd 7-=. Gfsik``dit. INDILF@C WND OUFIWFK@ XBMWDY Wnd okbbkwf`c prkidg urd mppbfds tk mbb ko tnd orfitfk` pbmtds. =. Ind Indil: il: • Orfi Orfitfk` tfk` pbmtd Gmamcd/wdmr Udpbmid tnd orfitfk` pb mtds ms m sdt. 5 . A dmsurd: • Orfi Orfitfk` tfk` pbmtd tnfil`dss Kut ko spdifofimtfk` Udpbmid tnd orfitfk` pbmtds ms m sdt. WFX Admsurd tnd orfitfk` pb mtd mt okur pbmids. Orfitfk` pbmtd =, 5, 9 tnfil`dss 5.65’9.8 Sdmr bfaft> aa (8.==4’8.=5= f`) 5.>5 aa (8.=== f`) DMY9894= INDILF@C WND IBTWIN YXUF@CY Wnd okbbkwf`c prkidgurd mppbfds tk mbb ko tnd ibutin sprf`cs. =. Ind Indil: il: • Ibutin sprf`c Gmamcd Udpbmid tnd ibutin sprf`cs ms m sdt. 5. A dmsurd: • Ibutin sprf`c ordd bd`ctn ‒m‑ Kut ko spdifofimtfk` Udpbmid tnd ibutin sprf`cs ms m sdt. 5 3 YMY58884 YFAEKBKCÁM Xmrm omifbftmr bm ikaprd`sfù` gd dstd amùmb sd utfbfzm` bks sfcufd`tds sáaekbks. @KWM Bks sáaekbks sfcufd`tds `k sd mpbfim` m tkgks bks vdnáiubks. YÁAEKBK GDOF@FIFÙ@ YÁAEKBK Udpmrmebd ik` db aktkr ak`tmgk GDOF@FIFÙ@ Midftd pmrm d`crm`mjds C Báqufgk Midftd gd gfsubourk gd akbfegd`k A Buerfim`td Báqufgk gd ord`ks EO W . Ndrrmafd`tm dspdifmb E Crmsm pmrm ikjf`dtds gd rudgms Xmr gd mprfdtd BY Crmsm gd jmeù` gd bftfk Báaftd gd gdscmstd, nkbcurm A Crmsm gd gfsubourk gd akbfegd`k Uæcfad` gdb aktkr Y Crmsm gd sfbfik`m U . Gmtks dbæitrfiks D Midftd gdb aktkr Yfbfik`m báqufgm Y BW @dw Mpbfimr sdbbmgkr (BKIWFWD®). Imaefmr bm pfdzm pkr u`m ùdvm. Á@GFID YMY=8889 F@OKUAMIFÙ@ F@OKUAM IFÙ@ CD@DUMB DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY = 5 IKAXUKEMIFK@DY V MJTYWDY XDUFÙGFIKY 9 INMYFY AKWKU 7 4 IKKBF@C YVYWDA ? YFYWDAM GD F@VDIIFÙ@ GD IKAETYWFEBD 3 YFYWDAM DBÆIWUFIK > BKIMBFZMIFÙ@ GD M_DUÁMY 6 F@OKUAMIFÙ@ CD@DUMB FGD@WFOFIMIFÙ@ ............................................................................................=-= @ÚADUK GD FGD@WFOFIMIFÙ@ GDB _DNÁITBK ...................................=-= @ÚADUK GD YDUFD GDB AKWKU ..........................................................=-= DWF]TDWM GD AKGDBK ..........................................................................=-= IMUMIWDUÁYWFIMY .......................................................................................=-5 IMUMIWDUÁYWFIMY.......................................................................................=-5 XM@WMBBM ATBWFOT@IFÙ@ ....................................................................=-5 F@OKUAMIFÙ@ FAXKUWM@WD.......................................................................=-? FAXKUWM@WD.......................................................................=-? XUDXMUMIFÙ@ XMUM DB GDYAK@WMJD V DB GDYMUAMGK GDYMUAMGK..............=-? ..............=-? UDXTDYWKY ............................................................................................=-? JT@WMY, JT@WMY GD MIDFWD V JT@WMY WÙUFIMY .............................=-? MUM@GDBMY GD YDCTUFGMG/XBMIMY V XMYMGKUDY ND@GFGKY ....=-? IKJF@DWDY V JT@WMY GD MIDFWD ........................................................=-3 M@FBBKY DBÍYWFIKY ..............................................................................=-3 XFDZMY GD CKAM....................................................................................=-3 CKAM ....................................................................................=-3 F@OKUAMIFÙ@ GD.............................................................................=-> YDU_FIFK ........................................................=-> OFJMIFK@DYEÍYFIM UÍXFGMY UÍXFGMY.............................................................................=-> YFYWDAM DBÆIWUFIK .............................................................................=-6 NDUUMAFD@WMY DYXDIFMBDY ..................................................................=-=7 = FGD@WFOFIMIFÙ@ YMY58883 FGD@WFOFIMIFÙ@ YMY98885 @ÚADUK GD FGD@WFOFIMIFÙ@ GDB _DNÁITBK Db `úadrk gd fgd`tfofimifù` gdb vdnáiubk vdnáiub k ‒=‑ dstí crmemgk d` db tuek gd bm ikbua`m gd bm gfrdiifù`. YMY98887 @ÚADUK GD YDUFD GDB AKWKU Db `úadrk gd sdrfd gdb aktkr ‒=‑ dstí crmemgk d` db iírtdr. YMY58=48 DWF]TDWM GD AKGDBK Bm dtfqudtm gd akgdbk ‒=‑ dstí ofjmgm mb emstfgkr gdemjk gdb sfbbá`. Dstm fòkramifù` sdrí `didsmrfm pmrm pdgfr rdpudstks. =-= IMUMIWDUÁYWFIMY YMY5888> IMUMIWDUÁYWFIMY _dbkiáadtrk YMY986>5 XM@WMBBM ATBWFOT@IFÙ@ ? 3 4 7 > = = 5 9 =. _db dbki kiáa áadt dtrk rk =. Ektù Ektù`` ‒Y ‒YDB DBDI DIW‑ W‑ 5. Ektù Ektù`` ‒UD ‒UDYD YDW‑ W‑ 9. _dbki dbkiáa áadt dtrk rk 7. F`g F`gfim fimgkr gkr gd iikae kaeust ustfe febd bd 4. F`gfim F`gfimgkr gkr gd __M __M (mitumgkr (mitumgkr gd víbvubm víbvubm vmrfmebd) ?. Wmiùa miùadt dtrk rk 3. F`g F`gfim fimifù ifù`` gd bm amrinm amrinm sdbdiif sdbdiifk`mg k`mgmm Db vdbkiáadtrk audstrm bm vdbkifgmg gd gdspbmzmafd`tk gdb vdnáiubk. F`gfimgkr gd ikaeustfebd >. Xm Xm`tm `tmbbm bbm aubtfo aubtfouì uìfù` fù` = Db erfbbk gd bm pm`tmbbm aubtfouìfù` sd pudgd mjustmr. Xmrm mjustmr db erfbbk gd bm pm`tmbbm =. Cfrd bm bbmvd m ‒ ‑. 5. Am`t Am`td`cm d`cm pub pubsmgk smgk db ekt ektù` ù` ‒YD ‒YDBDIW BDIW‑. ‑. 9. Cfr Cfrdd bm bm bbbm bmvd vd m ‒ ‑ yy,, m ik` ik`tf` tfùmi umifù` fù`,, ssudb udbtd td db ektù` ‒YDBDIW‑ gdspuæs gd ifìk sdcu`gks. 7. Xubsd db ektù` ‒UDYD ‒UDYDW‑ W‑ pmrm sdbdiif sdbdiifk`mr k`mr db `fvdb gd erfbbk gdsdmgk. 4. Xubsd ddbb ektù` ‒YDBDI ‒YDBDIW‑ W‑ pmr pmrmm dstmeb dstmebdidr didr ddbb `fvdb gd erfbbk gdsdmgk. =. F`gfim F`gfimgkr gkr gd ikae ikaeust ustfeb febdd Db f`gfimgkr gd ikaeustfebd f`gfim bm im`tfgmg gd ikaeustfebd qud ik`tfd`d db gdpùsftk. Bks sdcad`tks gdb f`gfimgkr gdsmpmrdid` nmifm bm ‒D‑ (vmiák) m adgfgm qud gfsafùyd db `fvdb gd ikaeustfebd. Ium`gk dapfdid m pmrpmgdmr db úbtfak sdcad`tk, bbd`d db gdpùsftk bk m`tds pksfebd. Mb cfrmr cfrmr bm bbbbmvd mvd m ‒ ‑, bk bkss sd sdcad` cad`tks tks gdb ff`gfi `gfimmgkr gd ikaeustfebd rdikrrd` u`m vdz tkgm bm dsimbm gdb f`gfimgkr y budck vudbvd` m bm f`gfimifù` mitumb pmrm ikaprkemr db ifriuftk dbæitrfik. YSM=3?48 MG_DUWD@IFM M`tds gd akgfofimr iumbqufdr mjustd d` bm pm`tmbbm aubtfouìfù`, pmrd db vdnáiubk. Imaefmr mjustds d` amrinm pudgd gfstrmdr gfstrmd r mb ik`guitkr, ik` db ik`sfcufd`td rfdsck gd miifgd`td. Bm pm`tmbbm aubtfouìfù` dstí prkvfstm gd bks dbdad`tks sfcufd`tds: • u` vdbk vdbkiáa iáadtrk dtrk • u` f`gf f`gfimgkr imgkr gd ik ikaeustfeb aeustfebdd • u` f`g f`gfim fimgkr gkr gd __M • u` tmi tmiùa ùadt dtrk rk • u`m f`gfim f`gfimifù` ifù` gd bm amr amrinm inm sdbdi sdbdiifk`mgm ifk`mgm • u`m pm`tmbbm aubtfouì aubtfouìfù` fù` F`gfimgkr gd __M = • imaefk u`m buz f`gfi f`gfimgkrm mgkrm gd bm ssfìrk`fz fìrk`fzmifù` mifù` gdb • u` gfsp gfspksftfvk ksftfvk gd mutkg mutkgfmc`ùstfi fmc`ùstfikk =. F`gfimgkr F`gfimgkr gd __M __M (mi (mitumgkr tumgkr gd víbvubm víbvubm vmrfmebd) =-5 IMUMIWDUÁYWFIMY Xm`tmbbm aubtfouìfù` Dstd akgdbk dstí dqufpmgk ik` db sfstdam gd mitumgkr gd víbvubm vmrfmebd pmrm rdguifr db ik`suak gd ikaeustfebd y adjkrmr bm midbdrmifù` d` bks rdcáad`ds emjks y mbtks. Db f`gfimgkr gd __M sd dìfd`gd ium`gk db sfstdam gd mitumgkr gd víbvubm vmrfmebd imaefm m ræcfad` mbtk. Wmiùadtrk = = 5 =. Xm`tm Xm`tmbbm bbm aubtfo aubtfouì uìfù` fù` Bm pm`tmbbm aubtfouìfù` dstí prkvfstm gd bks dbdad`tks sfcufd`tds: • u` iud`t iud`tmlf mlfbùad bùadtrk trkss • gks iu iud`tmlfbùa d`tmlfbùadtrks dtrks pmrifmbd pmrifmbdss • u` iud`tml iud`tmlfbùadtrks fbùadtrks pmrifmb ggdd rdsdrvm gd ikaeustfebd • u` rd rdbk bkjj • ik`suak f`stm`tí f`stm`tí`dk `dk gd ika ikaeustfebd eustfebd • ik`sua ik`suakk adgfk gd ika ikaeustfebd eustfebd • u` f`gfim f`gfimgkr gkr gd bm vdbki vdbkifgmg fgmg a adgfm dgfm =. Wmiùa miùadt dtrk rk 5. Zk`m rkjm rkjm ggdb db tmiùad tmiùadtrk trk Db tmiùadtrk pdraftd mb ik`guitkr kesdrvmr db ræcfad` y am`td`drbk gd`trk gd bks aírcd`dsgdbgdaktkr pktdìfm mgdiumgks. Xubsd db ektù` ‒YDBDIW‑ pmrm imaefmr bm f`gfimifù` d`trd iud`tmlfbùadtrks ‒KGK‑, iud`tmlfbùadtrks pmrifmbds ‒WUFX =‑ y ‒WUFX 5‑, rdbkj ‒ [ [:[ [ ‑, ik`suak f`stm`tí`dk gd ikaeustfebd ‒la/B‑ k ‒B/=88 la‑, ik`suak adgfk gd ikaeustfebd ‒M_D[ [.[ la/B‑ k ‒M_D[ [.[ B/=88 la‑ y vdbkifgmg adgfm ‒M_D[ [.[ la/n‑ d` db krgd` sfcufd`td: YIM5?558 MWD@IFÙ@ @k utfbfid db aktkr d` bm zk`m rkjm gdb tmiùadtrk. Zk`m gd mbtms rdvkbuifk`ds M pmrtfr gd ==488 rpa KGK ↕ WUFX = ↕ WUFX 5 ↕ IBKIL ↕ la/B k B/=88 la ↕ M_D[ [.[ la/B k M_D[ [.[ B/=88 la ↕ M_D[ [.[ la/n ↕ KGK F`gfimifù` gd bm amrinm sdbdiifk`mgm 5 Yf db úbtfak sdcad`tk gdb f`gfimgkr gd ikaeustfebd ikafd`zm m pmrpmgdmr, bm f`gfimifù` imaefm mutkaítfimad`td m iud`tmlfbùadtrks pmrifmb d` rdsdrvm ‒WUFX O‑ y ikafd`zm m ik`tmr bm gfstmìfm rdikrrfgm gdsgd dsd pu`tk. D` dsd imsk, pubsd db ektù` ‒YDBDIW‑ pmrm imaefmr bm f`gfimf`gf imifù` d`trd bks gfodrd`tds iud`tmlfbùadtrks pmrifmbds, iud`tmlfbùadtrks, rdbkj, ik`suak f`stm`tí`dk gd ikaeustfebd, ik`suak adgfk gd ikaeustfebd y vdbkifgmg adgfm d` db krgd` sfcufd`td: = =. Buz Buz ff``gfim gfimgk gkrm rm gd pu` u`tk tk au audr drtk tk ‒ ‑ 5. F`g F`gfim fimifù ifù`` gd bm amrinm amrinm sdbdiif sdbdiifk`mg k`mgmm Audstrm bm amrinm qud dstí sdbdiifk`mgm. Bm pksfifù pks fifù`` gd pu pu`tk `tk a audrt udrtkk vfd vfd`d `d f` f`gfi gfimgm mgm pkr pkr ‒ ‑ y pkr bm buz f`gfimgkrm gd pu`tk audrtk. WUFX O ↕ IBKIL ↕ la/B k B/=88 la ↕ M_D[ [.[ la/B k M_D[ [.[ B/=88 la ↕ M_D[ [.[ la/ n ↕ KGK ↕ WUFX = ↕ WUFX 5 ↕ WUFX O Xmrm pk`dr u` iud`tmlfbùadtrks pmrifmb m idrk, sdbdiifù`dbk db ektù` ‒YDBDIW‑ y, mmb ik`tfùmifù`,pubsm`gk pubsd db ektù` ektù ` ‒UDYDW‑ gurm`td ad`ks u` sdcu`gk. =-9 IMUMIWDUÁYWFIMY Udbkj Yf `k bk pk`d m idrk gd okram amùmb, db iud`tmlfbùadtrks pmrifmb d` rdsdrvm sd pk`d m idrk mutkaítfimad`td y sd rdstmebdid bm f`gfimifù` m`tdrfkr gdspuæs gd rdpkstmr y rdikrrdr 4 la. Iud`tmlfbùadtrks = =. Udbkj Db rdbkj utfbfzm u` sfstdam nkrmrfk gd =5 nkrms. Xudstm d` nkrm gdb rdbkj =. Imae Imaefd fd bm f` f`gfi gfimifù mifù`` m rdb rdbkj. kj. 5. Ium`gk ssdd dstæ vfsumbf vfsumbfzm`gk zm`gk db rdbkj, am`td`cm pubsmgks bks ektk`ds ektk`d s ‒YDBDIW‑ y ‒UDYDW‑ mb afsak tfdapk. 9. Ium`gk bk bkss gácft gácftks ks gd bbms ms nkrms ikafdì ikafdìd` d` m pmrpmgdmr, mjustd bms nkrms ik` db ektù` ‒UDYDW‑. 7. Xubsd ddbb ektù` ‒YDBDIW ‒YDBDIW‑< ‑< bks afùtks dapfd- = =. Iu Iud` d`tml tmlfbfbùa ùadt dtrk rkss Db iud`tmlfbùadtrks audstrm bm gfstmìfm tktmb rdikrrfgm pkr db vdnáiubk. @k sd pudgd pk`dr m idrk. Iud`tmlfbùadtrks pmrifmbds zm` m pmrpmgdmr. 4. Ttfbfid db ektù` ‒‒UDYDW‑ UDYDW‑ pmrm mjus mjustmr tmr bks afùtks. ?. Xubsd db ektù` ‒YDBD ‒YDBDIW‑ IW‑ pmrm pmrm pk`dr d` ouìfk`mafd`tk ifk`mafd` tk db rdbkj. Ik`suak f`stm`tí`dk gd ikaeustfebd = =. Iud Iud`tml `tmlfbù fbùadt adtrks rks pmri pmrifmb fmb Bks iud`tmlfbùadtrks pmrifmbds audstrm` bm gfstmìfm tktmb rdikrrfgm gdsgd qud sd pusfdrk` m = idrk úbtfam vdz.u` iud`tmlfbùadtrks pmrifmb, Xmrm pkr pk`dr m idrk pubsd db ektù` ‒UDYDW‑ gurm`td u` sdcu`gk. =. F`gfimifù` F`gfimifù` gdb ik`suak ik`suak ff`stm`t `stm`tí`dk í`dk gd ikaeustfebd Audstrm db ik`suak gd ikaeustfebd mitumb ium`gk db vdnáiubk sd gdspbmzm mb ad`ks m =8 la/n. Bm f`gfimifù` sd audstrm gd gks am`drms: ‒la/ B‑ y ‒B/=88 la‑ Xmrm imaefmr bm f`gfimifù` gdb ik`suak f`stm`tí`dk gd ikaeustfebd d`trd ‒la/B‑ y ‒B/=88 la‑, pubsd db ektù` ‒YDBDIW‑ gurm`td u` sdcu`gk. • ‒la/B‑ ‒la/B‑:: Audstr Audstrmm bm gfstmì gfstmìfm fm qud sd pudg pudgdd rdikrrdr ik` =.8 B gd ikaeustfebd d` bms ik`gfifk`ds gd amrinm gdb akad`tk. @KWM • Db iud`tml iud`tmlfbùadtrk fbùadtrkss sd ebkqudmr ebkqudmríí d` 666666 y `k sd pudgd rdf`fifmr. • Bks iud`t iud`tmlfbùadtr mlfbùadtrks ks pmrifm pmrifmbds bds sd pk`d pk`d`` m idrk y sfcud` ik`tm`gk gdspuæs gd bbdcmr m 6666.6. Xmrm pk`dr m idrk bks iud`tmlfbùadtrks pmrifmbds, afd`trms sd dstæ` vfsumbfzm`gk, pubsd db ektù` ‒UDYDW‑ gurm`td mb ad`ks u` sdcu`gk. • ‒B/=88 la la‑: ‑: Audstr Audstrm m bm im`tfgmg gd d` ikaeu ikaeustfstfebd `didsmrfm pmrm rdikrrdr =88 la bms ik`gfifk`ds gd amrinm gdb akad`tk. =-7 IMUMIWDUÁYWFIMY _dbkifgmg adgfm @KWM • Yf bm vdbki vdbkifgmg fgmg ds fòdr fòdrfkr fkr m =8 la/n la/n,, f`gfim ‒[ [.[‑. • Bm ouìfù` gd ik`sua ik`suakk f`stm`tí f`stm`tí`dk `dk gd ikaeustfebd gded utfbfzmrsd ú`fimad`td ikak rdodrdìfm cd`drmb. @k utfbfid dstm iform pmrm dstfamr bm gfstmìfm qud sd pudgd rdikrrdr ik` bm ikaeustfebd qud nmy d` db gdpùsftkim`tfgmg d` dsd gd akad`tk. = Ik`suak adgfk gd ikaeustfebd =. Xm`tm Xm`tmbbm bbm ggdd vdbki vdbkifgm fgmgg adgfm adgfm Audstrm bm vdbkifgmg gd gdspbmzmafd`tk gdb vdnáiubk gdsgd qud sd pusk m idrk pkr úbtfam vdz. Xmrm pk`dr m idrk bm f`gfimifù` gd vdbkifgmg adgfm, am`td`cm pubsmgk ektù` ‒UDYDW‑ nmstm qud bm vdbkifgmg adgfm pmrpmgdd y, m ik`tfùmifù`, vudbvm m pubsmr db ektù`. = =. Xm`t Xm`tmbbm mbbm ggdd ik`s ik`suak uak ad adgfk gfk gd ikaeu ikaeustfeb stfebdd Audstrm db ik`suak adgfk gd ikaeustfebd gdsgd qud sd pusk m idrk pkr úbtfam vdz. Bm f`gfimifù` sd audstrm gd gks am`drms: ‒M_D[ [.[ la/B‑ y ‒M_D[ [.[ B/=88 la‑. Xmrm imaefmr bm f`gfimifù` gdb ik`suak adgfk gd ikaeustfebd d`trd ‒M_D[ [.[ la/B‑ y ‒M_D[ [.[ B/=88 la‑, pubsd db ektù` ‒YDBDIW‑ gurm`td u` sdcu`gk. • ‒M_D ‒M_D[[ [.[ la/B‑: Auds Audstrm trm bm gfstmì gfstmìfm fm adgfm qud sd pudgd rdikrrdr ik` =.8 B gd ikaeustfebd. • ‒M_D ‒M_D[[ [.[ B/=88 la‑ la‑:: Audstr Audstrmm bm im`tfgmg ad ad-gfm gd ikaeustfebd `didsmrfm pmrm rdikrrdr =88 la. Xmrm pk`dr m idrk db ik`suak adgfk gd ikaeustfebd, am`td`cm pubsmgk db ektù` ‒UDYDW‑. @KWM • Gdspuæs gd pk`dr m idr idrkk db ik`sua ik`suakk adgfk gd ikaeustfebd, f`gfim ‒[ [.[‑ nmstm qud db vdnáiubk nm rdikrrfgk = la. Bm ouìfù` gd ik`suak adgfk gd ikaeustfebd gded utfbfzmrsd ú`fimad`td ikak rdodrdìfm cd`drmb. @k utfbfid dstm iform pmrm dstfamr bm gfstmìfm qud sd pudgd rdikrrdr ik` bm im`tfgmg gd ikaeustfebd qud nmy d` db gdpùsftk d` dsd akad`tk. =-4 F@OKUAMIFÙ@ FAXKUWM@WD YMY58886 F@OKUAMIFÙ@ FAXKUWM@WD YMY588868= XUDXMUMIFÙ@ XMUM DB GDYAK@WMJD V DB GDYMUAMGK =. M`tds gd gdsa gdsak`tmr k`tmr y gdsmra gdsmramr mr u` dbdad`tk, dbfaf`d tkgm bm suifdgmg, emrrk, pkbvk y amtdrfmbds dxtrmýks. YMY5888689 JT@WMY, JT@WMY GD MIDFWD V JT@WMY WÙUFIMY =. Ium`gk rd rdmbfid mbfid bm rdvfsfù` cd`drmb gd gdbb aktkr aktkr,, imaefd tkgms bms ju`tms, ju`tms gd midftd y ju`tms tùrfims. tùrfims. Gded` bfap bfapfmrsd fmrsd tkg tkgms ms bms supdrofifds gd bms ju`tms, bms ju`tms tùrfims y bks rdekrgds gd bms ju`tms gd midftd. 5. Ium`gk vvudbvm udbvm m mramrbm mramrbms, s, mpbfq mpbfqud ud midft midftdd m tkgms bms pfdzms gd ik`tmitk y ikjf`dtds y mpbfqud crmsm m bks bmefks gd bms ju`tms gd midftd. 5. Ttfbfid ú`fimad`t ú`fimad`tdd bms ndrrma ndrrmafd`tms fd`tms y db ddqufqufpk gd bfapfdzm mprkpfmgks. _dr ‒NDUUMAFD@WMY DYXDIFMBDY‑ d` bm pícf`m =-=7. =-=7. 9. sfdaprd Ium`gk gdsmrad dbd dbdad`tk, ad`tk, am`td`cm ju`tms bmsu` pfdzms makbgmgms. Dstk fìbuyd d`crm`mjds, ifbf`grks, ifbf`g rks, pfstk`ds y ktrms pfdzms qud sd nm` fgk ‒makbgm`gk‑ gurm`td db gdscmstd `kramb. Bms pfdzms makbgmgms sfdaprd sd gded` rdutfbfzmr k sustftufr d` ik`ju`tk. =. Midftd 5. Bmefk 9. Audbbd 7. Crmsm YMY5888687 MUM@GDBMY GD YDCTUFGMG/XBMIMY V XMYMGKUDY ND@GFGKY Gdspuæs gd gdsak`tmr db dbdad`tk, imaefd tkgms bms mrm`gdbms gd sdcurfgmg/pbmims ‒=‑ y pmsmgkrds nd`gfgks. Gdspuæs gd mprdtmr db pdr`k k bm tudrim ik` db pmr dspdifofimgk, gkebd bms bd`còdtms gd ebkqudk skerd u`m supdrofifd pbm`m gdb pdr`k k bm tudrim. 7. Gurm`td db gdsm gdsmramgk, ramgk, bfapfd ttkgms kgms bm bmss pfdzms y ikbùqudbms d` em`gdjms d` db afsak krgd` d` qud bms nm gdsmramgk. Dstk mcfbfzmrí db ak`tmjd y omifbftmrí bm ikrrditm f`stmbmifù` gd tkgms bms pfdzms. 4. Am`td`cm tkgms bms pfdzms mpmrtmgms gd iumbqufdr oud`td gd ikaeustfù`. YMY5888685 UDXTDYWKY Ttfbfid ú`fimad`td rdpudstks krfcf`mbds Vmamnm pmrm tkgms bms sustftuifk`ds. Ttfbfid db midftd y bm crmsm rdikad`gmgks pkr Vmamnm pmrm tk- = gms bms kpdrmifk`ds gd d`crmsd. Ktrms amrims pudgd` td`dr u`m ouìfù` y mspditk sfafbmrds, pdrk fòdrfkr imbfgmg. =-? F@OKUAMIFÙ@ FAXKUWM@WD YMY=AI=8>4 YMY58598 XFDZMY GD CKAM Ikapruded sf bms pfdzms gd ckam prdsd`tm` gdtdrfkrk gurm`td bm rdvfsfù`. Mbcu`ms pfdzms gd ckam sk` sd`sfebds m bm cmskbf`m, db midftd fòbmamebd, bm crmsm, dti. @k pdraftm qud dstms pfdzms d`trd` d` ik`tmitk ik` prkguitks qud `k sdm` bks dspdifofimgks. IKJF@DWDY V JT@WMY GD MIDFWD F`stmbd bks ikjf`dtds ‒=‑ y bms ju`tms gd midftd ‒5‑ gd okram qud bms amrims k `úadrks gdb omerfim`td qudgd` m bm vfstm. Ium`gk f`stmbd bms ju`tms gd midftd, d`crmsd bks rdekrgds gd dstms ik` u`m impm of`m gd crmsm gd jmeù` gd bftfk. Mpbfqud meu`gm`td midftd m bks ikjf`dtds ium`gk bks ak`td, sf prkidgd. YIM=9988 MWD@IFÙ@ @k nmcm cfrmr ik` mfrd ikaprfafgk db ikjf`dtd, ym qud bms supdrofifds gd dstd rdsubtmrí` gmýmgms. = 5 YMY58578 M@FBBKY DBÍYWFIKY M`tds gd rdmramr u` dbdad`tk, rdvfsd iufgmgksmad`td tkgks bks m`fbbks dbístfiks y imaefd bks qud dstæ` gmýmgks k gdokramgks. Imaefd sfdaprd bks ibfps gdb pmsmgkr gdb pfstù` gdspuæs gd u`m utfbfzmifù`. Ium`gk ikbkqud u` m`fbbk dbístfik ‒=‑, vdrfofqud qud db í`cubk ik` ekrgd mofbmgk ‒5‑ qudgd sftumgk d` bm pksfifù` kpudstm mb dapujd ‒9‑ qud rdifed db m`fbbk. = 9 5 =-3 F@OKUAMIFÙ@ EÍYFIM GD YDU_FIFK YMY989>8 F@OKUAMIFÙ@ EÍYFIM GD YDU_FIFK YMY98968 OFJMIFK@DY UÍXFGMY Wfpk rdamind =. Dx Dxtr trmd mdr: r: • Ofjm Ofjmifù` ifù` ríp rípfgm fgm Wfpk tkr`fbbk =. Dx Dxtr trmd mdr: r: • Ofjm Ofjmifù` ifù` rípf rípfgm gm @KWM Xmrm dxtrmdr bm ofjmifù` rípfgm, dapujd db pmsmgkr ik` u` gdstkr`fbbmgkr y tfrd gd bm ofjmifù`. @KWM Xmrm dxtrmdr bm ofjmifù` rípfgm, mobkjd db tkr`fbbk ik` u` gdstkr`fbbmgkr/gdstkr`fbbmgkr Xnfbbfp y tfrd gd dbbm. 5. F`st F`stmb mbmr mr:: • Ofjm Ofjmifù` ifù` ríp rípfgm fgm @KWM Xmrm f`stmbmr bm ofjmifù` rípfgm, dapujd db pmsmgkr gd okram f`trkguzim qud skerdsmbcm gd bmd` imedzm< sdcufgmad`td, bm ofjmifù` bm pfdzm qud sd gded ofjmr y dapujd db pmsmgkr nmifm gd`trk ik` u` gdstkr`fbbmgkr. Ikapruded qud db pmsmgkr qudgd `fvdbmgk ik` bm imedzm gd bm ofjmifù`. 5. F`st F`stmb mbmr mr:: • Ofjm Ofjmifù` ifù` rípf rípfgm gm @KWM Xmrm f`stmbmr bm ofjmifù` rípfgm, f`trkgúzimbm d` bm pfdzm qud sd gded ofjmr y mprfdtd db tkr`fbbk. =-> F@OKUAMIFÙ@ EÍYFIM GD YDU_FIFK @KWM Yf rdsubtm gfoáifb gdsik`ditmr u` imebd gd bm emtdrám gdefgk mb ùxfgk d` db tdraf`mb gd bm emtdrám, dbfaf`d db ùxfgk ik` mcum imbfd`td. YMY98785 YFYWDAM DBÆIWUFIK YIM=?3?8 MWD@IFÙ@ Am`fpubmifù` gd pfdzms dbæitrfims _drfofqud qud bks imebds gd bm emtdrám qudgd` ik`ditmgks m bks tdraf`mbds ikrrditks. Bm f`vdrsfù` gd bms ik`dxfk`ds gd bks imebds gd bm emtdrám pkgrám gmýmr bks ikapk`d`tds dbæitrfiks. YIM=??88 MWD@IFÙ@ @k gdsik`ditd ùìm u` imebd gd bm emtdrám ik` db aktkr d` amrinm< gd bk ik`trmrfk, bks ikapk`d`tds dbæitrfiks pkgrám` rdsubtmr gmýmgks. YIM=?33= YIM=?34= MWD@IFÙ@ MWD@IFÙ@ Mb gdsik`ditmr bks imebds gd bm emtdrám, Mb ik`ditmr bks imebds m bm emtdrám, ik`ditd msdcúrdsd gd gdsik`ditmr prfadrk db imebd `dcmtfvk y budck db imebd pksftfvk. Yf sd gdsik`ditm prfadrk db imebd pksftfvk gd bm emtdrám y u`m ndrrmafd`tm k u` dbdad`tk sfafbmr d`trm d` ik`tmitk ik` db vdnáiubk, sd pudgd prkguifr u`m infspm dxtrdamgmad`td pdbfcrksm. prfadrk pksftfvkprfadrk y budckdbdbimebd imebd `dcmtfvk.dbYfimebd sd ik`ditm `dcmtfvk gd bm emtdrám y u`m ndrrmafd`tm k u` dbdad`tk sfafbmr d`trm d` ik`tmitk ik` db vdnáiubk afd`trms sd dstí ik`ditm`gk db imebd pksftfvk, sd pudgd prkguifr u`m infspm dxtrdamgmad`td pdbfcrksm. =-6 F@OKUAMIFÙ@ EÍYFIM GD YDU_FIFK YIM=??=8 MWD@IFÙ@ @KWM Ium`gk rdf`fifd bm DIT sftum`gk db f`tdrruptkr prfìfpmb d` ‒KOO‑, gded dspdrmr mprkxfamgmad`td 4 sdcu`gks m`tds gd vkbvdr m sftumr db f`tdrruptkr prfìfpmb d` ‒K@‑. Cfrd db f`tdrruptkr prfìfpmb m ‒KOO‑ m`tds gd gdsik`ditmr k ik`ditmr u` ikapk`d`td dbæitrfik. YIM=??58 MWD@IFÙ@ Am`fpubd bks ikapk`d`tds dbæitrfiks ik` dspdifmb iufgmgk y dvftd ckbpds oudrtds. Ikaprkemifù` gdb sfstdam dbæitrfik @KWM M`tds gd ikaprkemr db sfstdam dbæitrfik, vdrfofqud sf db vkbtmjd gd bm emtdrám ds gd =5 _ ikak aá`fak. YIM=??98 MWD@IFÙ@ Bks ikapk`d`tds dbæitrfiks sk` auy sd`sfebds y pudgd` rdsubtmr gmýmgks pkr bm dbditrfifgmg dstítfim. Xkr tm`tk, `k tkqud ùìm bks tdraf`mbds y am`td`cm bks ik`tmitks bfapfks. YIM=793= MWD@IFÙ@ @k f`trkguzim ùìm bms sk`gms gdb ikaprkemgkr d` bmsF`trkguzim rmùrms gdsfdaprd bks tdraf`mbds gdb mikpbmgkr. bms sk`gms pkr db dxtrdak kpudstk ‒m‑ gdb mikpbmgkr, ik` iufgmgk gd `k mobkjmr k gmýmr bks imebds. m =-=8 F@OKUAMIFÙ@ EÍYFIM GD YDU_FIFK YIM=??78 YIM=?368 MWD@IFÙ@ MWD@IFÙ@ D` db imsk gd bks mikpbmgkrds dstmìks mb mcum, `k f`trkguzim ùìm bms sk`gms gdb ikaprkemgkr gfrditmad`td d` db mikpbmgkr. Ium`gk rdmbfid iumbqufdr ikaprkemifù` ik` u` mikpbmgkr dstmìk, utfbfid db amzk gd imebds gd prudem dspdifofimgk k u` amzk gd imebds gd prudem mgdiumgk gd bks qud sd ketfd`d` d` db ikadrifk. Mb gdsik`ditmr u` ik`ditkr, `k tfrd gd bks imebds. Yujdtd efd` bms gks sdiifk`ds gdb ik`ditkr y, m ik`tfùmifù`, gdsik`æitdbk. 5. Ik Ikap aprk rkem emr: r: • Im Imeb ebdd • Mi Mikpb kpbmgk mgkrr • Ik Ik`d `dit itkr kr Nuadgmg ↕ Ydimr ik` u` sdimgkr gd mfrd. • Ùxf Ùxfgk/a gk/amìn mìnms ms ↕ Ik`ditmr y gdsik`ditmr Ikaprkemifù` gd bms ik`dxfk`ds Ikapruded sf bks imebds, mikpbmgkrds y ik`ditkrds prdsd`tm` amìnms, ùxfgk, nuadgmg, dti. =. Gds Gdsik ik`di `ditmr tmr:: • Im Imeebd • Mi Mikpb kpbmgk mgkrr • Ik Ik`d `dit itkr kr vmrfms vdids. YIM=?3>8 MWD@IFÙ@ • Xmrm gdsik gdsik`ditmr `ditmr u` mikpbmgkr mikpbmgkr,, sudbtd db ifdrrd gdb mikpbmgkr, sujdtd efd` bms gks sdiifk`ds gd dstd y, m ik`tfùmifù`, gdsik`ditd db mikpbmgkr. • Dxfstd Dxfstd` ` ùadrksk ùadrkskss tfpks gd ifd ifdrrds rrds gd mikpbmgkr< tm`tk, ikaprkemr db tfpk gd ifdrrdpkr m`tds gdgded gdsik`ditmr db mikpbmgkr. 9. Ik Ikap aprk rkem emr: r: • Wkgm Wkgmss bms ik ik`dxf `dxfk`ds k`ds Ik`dxfk`ds obkjms ↕ Ik`ditmr ikrrditmad`td. @KWM • Yf bm ibmv ibmvfjm fjm ‒=‑ gdb ttdraf`mb draf`mb ds dstí tí mpbm`mgm, gùebdbm nmifm mrrfem. • Gdspuæs gd ggdsmramr dsmramr y mramr uu`` mikpbmgkr mikpbmgkr,, tfrd gd bks imebds pmrm vdrfofimr qud dstæ` efd` sujdtks. = =-== F@OKUAMIFÙ@ EÍYFIM GD YDU_FIFK @KWM • Yf `k nmy ik ik`tfùfgmg, `tfùfgmg, bfbfapfd apfd bks tdr tdraf`mbds. af`mbds. • Xmrm ika ikaprkemr prkemr db amzk gd im imebds, ebds, sfcm bk bkss pmsks (=) m (9). • Ikak skbui skbuifù` fù` rípfgm, utfbfi utfbfidd u` rdvftmbfz rdvftmbfzmgkr mgkr gd ik`tmitks gd bks qud sd vd`gd` d` d ` bm amykrám gd tfd`gms gd rdpudstks. 7. Ik Ik`d `dit itmr mr:: • Im Imeebd • Mi Mikpb kpbmgk mgkrr • Ik Ik`d `dit itkr kr @KWM • Xmrm ik` ik`ditmr ditmr u` mik mikpbmgkr pbmgkr k u` ik`d ik`ditkr, itkr, ju`td maems sdiifk`ds gdb mikpbmgkr k ik`ditkr djdrifd`gk prdsfù` nmstm qud qudgd` efd` ik`ditmgms. • Ikaprud Ikapruded ed qud tkgms bm bmss ik`dxf ik`dxfk`ds k`ds dstæ` ofrads. ?. Ik Ikap aprk rkem emr: r: • Uds Udsfst fstdì dìfm fm Aubtáadtrk F@Y-889 (68>68-89=>6) @KWM Bks vmbkrds gd rdsfstdìfm qud sd f`gfim` sd nm` ketd`fgk m bm tdapdrmturm gd adgfifù` `kramb gd 58 ¸I (?> ¸O). Yf bm tdapdrmturm `k ds gd 58 ¸I (?> ¸O), sd akstrmrí` bms ik`gfifk`ds ik`gfifk `ds gd adgfifù` dspdifofimgms. Yd`skr gd tdapdrmturm gdb mfrd gd mgafsfù` rdsfstdìfm 4.38-?.98 lℯ m 8 ¸I (95 ¸O) 4. Ik Ikap aprk rkem emr: r: • Ik` Ik`tf` tfùfg ufgmg mg (ik` db aubtáadtrk) Aubtáadtrk F@Y-889 (68>68-89=>6) =-=5 F@OKUAMIFÙ@ EÍYFIM GD YDU_FIFK =-=9 NDUUMAFD@WMY DYXDIFMBDY YMY588=5 NDUUMAFD@WMY DYXDIFMBDY Ium`gk doditúd u` pdgfgk, ik`subtd db bfstmgk sfcufd`td pmrm dvftmr drrkrds. @kaerd/`.º gd rdodrdìfm gd bm ndrrmafd`tm Imaefmgkr gd pmsmgkr gd pfstù` VYYW-583 Fbustrmifù` Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm imaefmr db pmsmgkr gd pfstù`. Dxtrmitkr gd ifcòdýmb VYYW-5?4 (68>68-8==94) Þ6.4 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm dxtrmdr db ifcòdýmb gdb gd b iírtdr. Ak`tmgkr gd ifcòdýmb ik` dspmifmgkr VYYW-5?? (68>68-8=5>7) A> VYYW-5?? VYYW-3?3 Dstms ndrrmafd`tms sd utfbfzm` pmrm ak`tmr db ifcòdýmb. Ikaprdskr gd audbbds gd víbvubm VYYW-?89 (68>68-87=86) Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm mb gdsak`tmr k ak`tmr bm víbvubm, db audbbd gd bm víbvubm y db pmsmgkr. Mgmptmgkr gd ikaprdskr gd audbbds gd víbvubm VYYW-?89 M Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm mb gdsak`tmr k ak`tmr bm víbvubm, db audbbd gd bm víbvubm y db pmsmgkr. Emsd pmrm pfstk`ds (68>68-8=8?3) VYYW-?87 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm sujdtmr db pfstù`. Gdstkr`fbbmgkr pdqudýk VYYW-?86 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm mjustmr db tkr`fbbk gdb cms/rdtrmdr db td`skr gd bm imgd`m gd gfstrfeuifù`. Xu`tm Wkrx (W-98) VYYW-?== Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm mobkjmr k mprdtmr db tkr`fbbk gdb sdcad`tk gdb miifk`mgkr gd bm bdvm. =-=7 5= A> VYYW-3?3 NDUUMAFD@WMY DYXDIFMBDY @kaerd/`.º gd rdodrdìfm gd bm ndrrmafd`tm Ebkqudk gd bm gfrdiifù` d` db f`tdrruptkr prfìfpmb (W-98) VYYW-?== M Fbustrmifù` Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm mobkjmr k mprdtmr db ebkqudk gdb dìd`gfgk. Umsimgkr VYYW-?=5 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm dbfaf`mr db sdbbmgkr gd bm supdrofifd gdb iírtdr. _msk M VYYW-?58-M KG-78 FG-97 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm dxtrmdr db ikjf`dtd. _msk E VYYW-?58-E KG-7> FG-9> Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm dxtrmdr db ikjf`dtd. _msk I VYYW-?58-I KG-49 FG-7> Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm dxtrmdr db ikjf`dtd. Dxtrmitkr gd ikjf`dtds VYYW-?59 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm dxtrmdr db ikjf`dtd gdb djd gd bdvms. Dxtrmitkr gd ikjf`dtds VYYW-?57 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm dxtrmdr db ikjf`dtd gdb djd prfìfpmb/ikapd`smgkr/rudgm gdbm`tdrm y rudgm trmsdrm (bmgk fzqufdrgk y gdrdink). Dxtrmitkr gd ikjf`dtds VYYW-?57 M Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm dxtrmdr db ikjf`dtd gdb djd pkstdrfkr/iuek gd bm rudgm trmsdrm. Bbmvd gd tmpù` id`trmb VYYW-?54 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm dxtrmdr/ikbkimr db tkr`fbbk gd miidsk m bm amrim gd gfstrfeuifù`/tkr`fbbk gd miidsk mb dxtrdak gdb ifcòdýmb d` bm tmpm gd bm amc`dtk. =-=4 NDUUMAFD@WMY DYXDIFMBDY @kaerd/`.º gd rdodrdìfm gd bm ndrrmafd`tm Ak`tmgkr gd cuám supdrfkr d fòdrfkr VYYW-?5? Fbustrmifù` A58 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm ikbkimr bms cuáms supdrfkr d fòdrfkr. 8 98 Yujdtmgkr gd amc`dtk VYYW-38= A98 A> Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm sujdtmr bm amc`dtk. Dxtrmitkr gd amc`dtk VYYW-385 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm dxtrmdr db rktkr gd bm amc`dtk ik` bm myugm gdb sujdtmgkr gd amc`dtk. Cmbcm gd dspdskrds 68>68-89=>8 Ik`ju`tk gd cmbcm VT-5?688-6 Yujdtmgkr gd tkr`fbbk gd tmquæ VYYW-38? (68>68-87=47) Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm mjustmr bm nkbcurm gd bms víbvubms. Imsqufbbk gd mjustd gd tmquæ VYYW-38?M Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm mobkjmr y mprdtmr bm ik`trmtudrim gdb tkr`fbbk gd mjustd gd bm nkbcurm gd bm víbvubm. Bbmvd d` W VYYW-3=9 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm sujdtmr bm tudrim ndxmck`mb gd == aa gdb ifbf`grk gd bm nkrqufbbm gdbm`tdrm/bbmvd gd tuek ium`gk sd gdsak`tm k sd ak`tm ak `tm bm vmrfbbm gdb makrtfcumgkr. Imsqufbbk pmrm tudrim gd bm gfrdiifù` VYYW-35= Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm mobkjmr y mprdtmr bm tudrim mùbmr gd bm gfrdiifù`. =-=? NDUUMAFD@WMY DYXDIFMBDY @kaerd/`.º gd rdodrdìfm gd bm ndrrmafd`tm Ak`tmgkr gd ju`tms adií`fims/ikjf`dtds VYYW-355 Fbustrmifù` Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm ak`tmr bm ju`tm y db ikjf`dtd d` db ik`ju`tk gd bm ekaem gd mcum. Dxtrmitkr VYYW-359gd ikjf`dtd gd bm ekaem gd mcum Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm dxtrmdr db ikjf`dtd gd bm ekaem gd mcum. Yujdtmgkr gd eujd gdb daermcud VYYW-399M Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm sujdtmr db rdsmbtd gd daermcud afd`trms sd mobkjm y mprfdtm bm tudrim gdb rdsmbtd. Ak`tmgkr gd ju`tm gd midftd gd bm nkrqufbbm gdbm`tdrm VYYW-334 (68>68-8=9?3) (68>68-8=9?>) Dstms sd utfbfzm` pmrm f`stmbmr ju`tm gd midftd ndrrmafd`tms y bm ju`tm m`tfpkbvk gd bms emrrms gd bmbmnkrqufbbm gdbm`tdrm. Ikrtmgkr y rdaminmgkr gd imgd`m gd trm`safsfù` VYYW-397 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm gdsmramr bm imgd`m gd trm`safsfù`. Am`ck d` W VYYW->=9 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm sujdtmr bm tudrim ndxmck`mb gd 5> aa gdb ifbf`grk gd bm nkrqufbbm gdbm`tdrm/bbmvd gd tuek ium`gk sd gdsak`tm k sd ak`tm ak `tm bm vmrfbbm Ofjmgkrgdb gdbmakrtfcumgkr. ikjf`dtd fòdrfkr gd bm gfrdiifù` VYYW->38 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm ak`tmr db ikjf`dtd fòdrfkr gd bm gfrdiifù` d` db skpkrtd fòdrfkr. Mbfimtds dspdifmbds VYYW->>> Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm dxtrmdr y ofjmr bks ik`trmpdsks gd bm rudgm. Dqufbfermgkr gd rudgms VYYW->>6 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm ikaprkemr db dqufbfermgk gd bm rudgm. =-=3 > Ndx 5 NDUUMAFD@WMY DYXDIFMBDY @kaerd/`.º gd rdodrdìfm gd bm ndrrmafd`tm Ikaprkemgkr gd gdobdxfù` gd ord`ks gd gfsik VYYW->68 Fbustrmifù` Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm ikaprkemr db d b gdsid`trmafd`tk. Ak`tmgkr VYYW->6=gd ikjf`dtd gd gfsik Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm dxtrmdr db ikjf`dtd. Imsqufbbk VYYW->69 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm ikak supbdad`tk ik` db sujdtmgkr gd amc`dtk y db dxtrmitkr gd amc`dtk. Xu`zù` gd ikjf`dtds VYYW-64= Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm ak`tmr db ikjf`dtd gdb djd gd bdvms d` bm iubmtm. Yujdtmgkr gd rktkr Y===9 (68>68-8=594) ?.4 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm sujdtmr db pfýù` aktkr. Aubtáadtrk F@Y-889 (68>68-89=>6) Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm ikaprkemr db sfstdam dbæitrfik. Ikaprkemgkr gd tmpù` gd rmgfmgkr F@Y-887 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm prkemr bm ouìfk`mbfgmg gdb tmpù` gdb rmgfmgkr. Mgmptmgkr gd ikaprkemgkr gd tmpù` gd rmgfmgkr F@Y-884 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm prkemr db tmpù` gdb rmgfmgkr. =-=> NDUUMAFD@WMY DYXDIFMBDY @kaerd/`.º gd rdodrdìfm gd bm ndrrmafd`tm Am`ùadtrk gd ikaeustfebd F@Y-88? Fbustrmifù` Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm adgfr bm prdsfù` gd ikaeustfebd. Ikaprkemgkr gd dìd`gfgk F@Y-883 (68>68-8?347) Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm ikaprkemr bm dofifdìfm gdb dìd`gfgk d` bm eujám. Ikaprdsáadtrk F@Y-886 (68>68-898>=) Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm adgfr bm ikaprdsfù` gdb aktkr. Mikpbmgkr gd f`yditkr F@Y-8=3 Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm ik`ditmr db f`yditkr mb bfapfmgkr gd f`yditkrds. Ndrrmafd`tm gd gfmc`ùstfik V Vmamnm mamnm F@Y-8=> (68>68-8954?) V Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm gfmc`kstfimr ombbks dbæitrfiks gdb sfstdam mvm`zmgk gd f`ydiifù` gd ikaeustfebd. Ndrrmafd`tm gd gfmc`ùstfik V Vmamnm mamnm F@Y-8=6 (68>68-895?5) Dstm ndrrmafd`tm sd utfbfzm pmrm gfmc`kstfimr ombbks dbæitrfiks gdb sfstdam mvm`zmgk gd f`ydiifù` gd ikaeustfebd. Vmamnm ek`g @º =5=4 (_dr. (_dr. 9) 68>68->4484 (Wnrdd Ek`g @º =5=4-E) Dstd mgndsfvk sd utfbfzm pmrm sdbbmr gks supdrofifds gd ik`tmitk (p. dj. bms supdrofifds gd ik`tmitk gdb iírtdr). =-=6 DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY CD@DUMBDY ..............................................................5-= DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY GDB AKWKU ...............................................................5-5 DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY GDB INMYFY...............................................................5-? INMYFY ...............................................................5-? DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY GDB YFYWDAM DBÆIWUFIK.......................................5-> DBÆIWUFIK .......................................5-> XMUDY GD MXUFDWD ....................................................................................5-=8 DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY GD XMUDY GD MXUFDWD CD@DUMBDY.............5-=8 CD@DUMBDY .............5-=8 XMUDY GD MXUFDWD GDB AKWKU........................................................5-== AKWKU ........................................................5-== XMUDY GD MXUFDWD GDB INMYFY........................................................5-=7 INMYFY ........................................................5-=7 XT@WKY GD D@CUMYD V WFXKY GD BTEUFIM@WD..................................5-=> BTEUFIM@WD ..................................5-=> AKWKU ...................................................................................................5-=> INMYFY ...................................................................................................5-58 ITMGUK V GFMCUMAMY GDB YFYWDAM GD D@CUMYD D@CUMYD...........................5-55 ...........................5-55 GFMCUMAMY GDB YFYWDAM GD UDOUFCDUMIFÙ@...................................5-5> UDOUFCDUMIFÙ@...................................5-5> IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY ................................................................5- 95 5 DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY DYXDIFOFIMI FK@DY CD@DUMBDY YMY588=9 DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY CD@DUMBDY Akgdbk Akgdbk E=X= E5X= Gfad`sfk`ds Bk`cftug tktmb Mìnurm tktmb Mbturm tktmb Gfstmìfm d`trd djds Mbturm skerd db sudbk Umgfk gd cfrk aá`fak =668 aa (3>.9 f`) 354 aa (5>.4 f`) ==94 aa (77.3 f`) =954 aa (45.5 f`) =38 aa (?.?6 f`) 5.> a (6.=6 ot) Xdsk Xdsk d` krgd` gd amrinm =9> lc (987 be) Imrcm Imrcm aíxfam @úadrk gd pbmzms =?3 lc (9?> be) 5 pdrsk`mss 5-= DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY DYXDIFOFIM IFK@DY GDB AKWKU YMY588=7 DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY GDB AKWKU Aktkr Ifibk gd ikaeustfù` Yfstdam gd rdorfcdrmifù` Yfstdam gd miifk`mafd`tk gd bms víbvubms 7 tfdapks Udorfcdrmifù` pkr báqufgk YKNI I `gdrrmkggmd ifbf`grks @fúbfa Gfíadtrk Ó iimmrrdrm Udbmifù` gd ikaprdsfù` Xrdsfù` gd ikaprdsfù` =T4`4iifba f`¹grk 4>.8 Ó 4>.3 aa (5.5> Ó 5.9= f`) ==.? : = ?6?’>6? lXm/448 rpa (3.8’6.8 lco/iaµ/448 rpa, 66.8’=53.7 psf/448 rpa) Mrrm`qud dbæitrfik Yfstdam gd mrrm`qud Ikaeustfebd Ikaeustfebd rdikad`gmgk Impmifgmg gdb gdpùsftk gd ikaeustfebd Im`tfgmg gd rdsdrvm gd ikaeustfebd Ykbk cmskbf`m `kramb sf` pbkak == B (5.6 TY cmb, 5.7 Fap.cmb) =.6 B (8.48 TY cmb, 8.75 Fap.cmb) Midftd gdb aktkr Amrim rdikad`gmgm Crmgks gd vfsiksfgmg YMD Crmg mgkk gd mi middftd gd akt ktkkr rdik dikad`g `gmmgk VMAMBTED =8S-78 MXF sdrvfif fifk tfpk fpk YC k supd pdrrfkr kr,, `kr kra am JMYK AM Ikbditkr gd buerfim`td d` db iírtdr Yfstdam gd d`crmsd Im`tfgmg gd midftd gdb aktkr Imaefk gd midftd Ik` gdsak`tmjd gdb ofbtrk gd midftd Im`tfgmg (gdsmramgk) 8.>4 B (8.68 TY qt, 8.34 Fap.qt) 8.64 B (=.88 TY qt, 8.>7 Fap.qt) =.84 B (=.== TY qt, 8.65 Fap.qt) Ofbtrk gd midftd Wfpk gd ofbtrk gd midftd Xmpdb Ekaem gd midftd Nkbcurm d`trd db rktkr f`tdrfkr y db dxtrdak gdb Bára ktfktdr dxtdrfkr Nkbcurm d`trd db rktkr dxtdrfkr y bm imjm gd bm ekaem gd midftd Báaftd Nkbcurm d`trd bm imjm gd bm ekaem gd midftd y bks rktkrds f`tdrfkr y dxtdrfkr Báaftd Xrdsfù` gd miifk`mafd`tk gd bm víbvubm gd sdcurfgmg Yfstdam gd rdorfcdrmifù` Im`tfgmg gd rdorfcdrm`td Umgfmgkr (fìbufgks tkgks bks pmsks) Gdpùsftk gd rdorfcdrm`td (nmstm bm amrim gd `fvdb aíxfak) Xrdsfù` rmgfmgkgd r mpdrturm gd bm víbvubm gdb tmpù` gdb 5-5 8.58898a’8a.=(488.8a 86a= f`) 8.=9’8.=6 aa (8.884=’8.8834 f`) 8.5? aa (8.8=85 f`) 8.8?’8.== aa (8.8857’8.8879 f`) 8.=> aa (8.883= f`) 96.5 lXm (8.96 lco/iaµ, 4.3 psf) 8.76 B (8.45 TY qt, 8.79 Fap.qt) 8.=4 B (8.=? TY qt, 8.=9 Fap.qt) =8>.8’=93.7 lXm (=.8>’=.93 lco/iaµ, =4.3’=6.6 psf) DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY DYXDIFOFIM IFK@DY GDB AKWKU Wdrakstmtk Wdapdrmturm gd mpdrturm gd bm víbvubm Wdap Wd apdr drmt mtur urmm gd mpdr mpdrtu turm rm tktm tktmbb gd bm víbv víbvub ubmm Dbdvmifù` ggdd bm vvííbvubm (mpdrturm ttkktmb) 37.8’3>.8 ¸I (=?4.58’ 8’==35.78 ¸O) 68.8 68.8 ¸I (= (=67 67.8 .888 ¸O ¸O)) 3.8 aa (8.5> f`) Eujám(s) Amrim/akgdbk @CL/AU>D6 Gfstmìfm dd``trd dbditrkgks gd bbmm eujám Iubmtm Báaftd gd gdokramifù` 8.>’8.6 aa (8.89=’8.894 f`) 8.84 aa (8.8858 f`) Djd gd bdvms Báa Báaftd gd gds dsiid`tr `trma maffd` d`tk tk gd gdbb dj djdd gd bdv bdvms Gfad`sfk`ds gd bks bùeubks gdb djd gd bdvms Mbturm gdb bùeubk (mgafsfù`) Báaftd Mbtu Mbturm rm gdb gdb bùeu bùeubk bk (mga (mgafs fsfù fù`` mmbtbtmm vdbk vdbkif ifgm gmg) g) Báaftd (mgafsfù` mbtm vdbkifgmg) Mbturm gdb bùeubk (dsimpd) Báaftd 95.9?>’95.7?> aa (=.5379’=.53>9 f`) 95.5?> aa (=.5387 f`) 95.7 95.795 95’9 ’95. 5.49 4955 a aa a (= (=.5 .53? 3?>’ >’=. =.5> 5>8> 8> f`) f`) 95.995 aa (=.5356 f`) 56.?=?’56.3=? aa (=.=??8’=.=?66 f`) 56.4=? aa (=.=?58 f`) Embmìá`/djd gdb embmìá` Gfíadtrk f`tdrfkr gdb embmìá` Báaftd Gfíadtrk dxtdrfkr gdb djd gdb embmìá` Báaftd =9.6>4’=7.888 aa (8.448?’8.44=5 f`) =7.8=4 aa (8.44=> f`) =9.6??’=9.63? aa (8.476>’8.4485 f`) =9.694 aa (8.47>? f`) 8.89 8. 8988 aa (8.88= .88=55 f`) f`) _íbvubm, msfd`tk gd víbvubm, cuám gd víbvubm Nkbcurm gd bm víbvubm (d` orák) Mgafsfù` Dsimpd Gfad`sfk`ds gd bm víbvubm Mìnurm gd ik`tmitk gdb msfd`tk gd víbvubm (mgafsfù`) Báaftd 8.=8’8.=7 aa (8.8896’8.8844 f`) 8.5=’8.54 aa (8.88>9’8.886> f`) 8.?8’8.>4 aa (8.859?’8.8994 f`) =.9 aa (8.84 f`) Mìnurm (dsimpdgd ) ik`tmitk gdb msfd`tk gd víbvubm Báaftd Gfíadtr Gfía dtrkk gdb víst vístmck mck ggdd bm víb víbvubm vubm (mga (mgafsfù fsfù`) `) Báaftd Gfíad Gfí adtr trkk gd gdbb vvíst ístmck mck gd bm vvíbv íbvubm ubm (dsi (dsimpd mpd)) Báaftd Gfíadtrk f`tdrfkr gd bm cuám gd bm víbvubm (mgafsfù`) Gfíadtrk f`tdrfkr gd bm cuám gd bm víbvubm (dsimpd) Nkbc Nk bcur urmm d` d`tr trdd vístm ístmck ck y cu cuám ám (mga (mgafs fsfù fù`) `) Báaftd Nkbcurm dd``trd vvíístmck y cuám ((ddsimpd) Báaftd Gdssid Gd id`t `trrma mafd fd`t `tkk ggdb db víst vístmc mckk ggdd bbmm vvíb íbvvub ubmm 5-9 8.68’=.58 aa (8.8947’8.8735 f`) =.3 aa (8.83 f`) 7.63 7.634’7 4’7.668 .668 aa ((8.=6 8.=646’8 46’8.=6? .=6?44 f` f`)) 7.674 aa (8.=673 f`) 7.6 7.6?8 ?8’7. ’7.634 634 aa (8. (8.=64 =649’8 9’8.=6 .=646 46 f`) 7.698 aa (8.=67= f`) 4.888’4.8=5 aa (8.=6?6’8.=639 f`) 4.888’4.8=5 aa (8.=6?6’8.=639 f`) 8. 8.8= 8=88’8 ’8.8 .893 93 aa (8 (8.8 .888 887’ 7’8. 8.88 88=4 =4 f`) f`) 8.8>8 aa (8.8895 f`) 8.854’8.845 a aa a ((88.88=8’8.8858 f` f`) 8.=88 aa (8.8896 f`) 8. 8.8= 8=88 a aa a ((8. 8.88 8887 87 f`) f`) DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY DYXDIFOFIM IFK@DY GDB AKWKU Audbbd gd víbvubm Bk`cftug bferd (mgafsfù`) Báaftd Bk`cftug bferd (dsimpd) Báaftd 99.>= aa (=.99 f`) 95.== aa (=.5? f`) 99.>= aa (=.99 f`) 95.== aa (=.5? f`) Ifbf`grk Gfíadtrk Báaftd gd gdscmstd 4>.888’4>.8=8 aa (5.5>94’5.5>96 f`) 4>.8?8 aa (5.5>4> f`) Xfstù` Gfíadtrk Xu`tk gd adgfifù` (gdsgd bm pmrtd fòdrfkr gd bm supdrofifd bmtdrmb gdb pfstù`) Nkbcurm d`trd pfstù` y ifbf`grk Gfíadtrk f`tdrfkr gdb pmsmgkr gd pfstù` Báaftd Gfíadtrk dxtdrfkr gdb pmsmgkr gd pfstù` Báaftd Nkbcurm d`trd db pmsmgkr y db gfíadtrk f`tdrfkr f`td rfkr gdb pmsmgkr gd pfstù` Mrks pfstù` Mrk gdb supdrfkr Wfpk gd mrk Gfstmìfm d`trd dxtrdaks gd mrk gd pfstù` Báaftd gd bm gfstmìfm d`trd dxtrdaks gd mrk gd pfstù` Nkbcurm bmtdrmb gdb mrk Báaftd gd bm nkbcurm bmtdrmb 5.º mrk Wfpk gd mrk Gfstmìfm d`trd dxtrdaks gd mrk gd pfstù` Báaftd gd bm gfstmìfm d`trd dxtrdaks gd mrk gd pfstù` Nkbcurm bmtdrmb gdb mrk Báaftd gd bm nkbcurm bmtdrmb 43.6?5’43.6>4 aa (5.5>58’5.5>56 f`) ?.8 aa (8.57 f`) 8.8=4’8.87> aa (8.888?’8.88=6 f`) =7.885’=7.8=9 aa (8.44=9’8.44=3 f`) =7.879 aa (8.4456 f`) =9.664’=7.888 aa aa (8.44=8’8.44=5 f`) =9.634 aa (8.4485 f`) 8.885’8.8=> aa (8.888=’8.8883 f`) Memrrfbmgk 8.=8’8.54 aa (8.8896’8.886> f`) 8.48 aa (8.8=63 f`) 8.898’8.8?4 aa (8.88=5’8.885? f`) 8.==4 aa (8.8874 f`) Ik`fifgmg 8.94’8.48 aa (8.8=9>’8.8=63 f`) 8.>4 aa (8.8994 f`) 8.858’8.844 aa (8.888>’8.8855 f`) 8.==4 aa (8.8874 f`) Ifcòdýmb Mìnurm gdb ik`ju`tk gdb ifcòdýmb Báaftd gd gdsid`trmafd`tk 73.64’7>.88 aa (=.>>>’=.>68 f`) 8.848 aa (8.8858 f`) Daermcud Wfpk gd daermcud Nkbcurm gd bm am`dtm gd daermcud Mìnurm gdb ik`ju`tk Dspdskr gd bks gfsiks gd orfiifù` Im`tfgmg gd gfsiks Báaftd gd gdscmstd Dspdskr gd bks gfsiks gd orfiifù` Im`tfgmg gd gfsiks Báaftd gd gdscmstd Dspdskr gd bks gfsiks gd orfiifù` Gfsiks aúbtfpbds, d` emýk gd midftd =8.8’=4.8 aa (8.96’8.46 f`) =9.8’=7.8 aa (8.4=’8.44 f`) 5.65’9.8> aa (8.==4’8.=5= f`) = u`fgmg 5.>5 aa (8.=== f`) 5.65’9.8> aa (8.==4’8.=5= f`) = u`fgmg 5.>5 aa (8.=== f`) 5.65’9.8> aa (8.==4’8.=5= f`) I Báma`fttfdgmggd ggddsgcfsmisktds Dspdskr gd bks gfsiks gd daermcud =5.u>`5fgama g (8.===8 f`) 5.=>’5.75 aa (8.8>?’8.864 f`) 5-7 DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY DYXDIFOFIM IFK@DY GDB AKWKU Im`tfgmg gd gfsiks Báaftd gd gdokramifù` Dspdskr gd bks gfsiks gd daermcud Im`tfgmg gd gfsiks Báaftd gd gdokramifù` Bk`cftug bferd gdb audbbd gdb daermcud Báaftd = u`fgmg 8.=8 aa (8.887 f`) 5.58’5.78 aa (8.8>3’8.867 f`) = u`fgmg 8.=8 aa (8.887 f`) 7=.46 aa (=.?7 f`) 96.4= aa (=.4? f`) Báaftd gd obdxfù` gd bm vmrfbbm gd dapujd Wrm`safsfù` Udbmifù` gd rdguiifù` prfamrfm Wfpk gd imjm gd imaefks Udbmifù` gdb imaefk =.ª 5.ª 9.ª 7.ª 4.ª ?.ª Báa Báaftd gd ggds dsiid`tr `trma maffd` d`tk tk gd gdbb dj djdd prfì fìfpmb pmb Báa Báaftd gd ggds dsiid`tr `trma maffd` d`tk tk gd gdbb ddjjd ppks ksttdrfk drfkrr Mìnurm gdb ik`ju`tk gd djd prfìfpmb Udbmifù` gd rdguiifù` sdiu`gmrfm Wrm`safsfù` of`mb 8.98 aa (8.8=5 f`) 9.875 (39/57) ? vdbkifgmgds, d`crm`mjd ik`stm`td 5.>99 (97/=5) =.>34 (98/=?) =.9?7 (98/55) =.=79 (57/5=) 8.643 (55/59) 8.>78 (5=/54) 8.8> 8. 8> aa (8. 8.88 8895 95 f`) f`) 8.8> 8. 8> aa ((8. 8.88 8895 95 f`) f`) =8?.>4’=83.84 aa (7.5=’7.5= f`) 9.756 (7>/=7) Imgd`m Adim`fsak gd imaefk Bk`cftug ak`tmgm gd bm emrrm gd imaefk 579.4’577.4 aa (6.46’6.?9 f`) Ofbtrk gd mfrd Dbdad`tk gdb ofbtrk gd mfrd Dbdad`tk sdik Ekaem gd ikaeustfebd Wfpk gd ekaem Ik`suak aíxfak gd mapdrmjd Dbæitrfim 8.3 M F`yditkr gd ikaeustfebd =5.5 ℯ Udsfstdìfm Iudrpk gd bm amrfpksm Amrim gd fgd`tfofimifù` E=X= 88 Dstmgk gd rmbd`tá Umbd`tá gdb aktkr Ik`trkb gd rdmbfad`tmifù` gd K5 Wdapdrmturm gdb rdorfcdrm`td IK% Xrds Xrdsfù` fù` gd bbmm bábá`dm `dm gd iika kaeus eustfe tfebd bd (mb (mb rrmbd mbd`tá `tá)) Judck bferd gdb puýk gdb midbdrmgkr =988’=488 rpa Mitfvk >8’=88 ¸I (=3?’5=5 ¸O) 8.8’=.9 % 558 558’98 ’9888 lX lXmm ((5. 5.5’9 5’9.8 .8 lco lco/i /iaµ aµ,, 99=.6 =.6’79 ’79.4 .4 psf) psf) 9.8’4.8 aa (8.=5’8.58 f`) 5-4 DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY DYXDIFOFIMIF K@DY GDB INMYFY YMY588=4 DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY GDB INMYFY Inmsfs Wfpk gd emstfgkr Í`cubk gd mrrmstrd Gfstmìfm d`trd pdrpd`gfiubmrds Gfmam`td 54.4 ¸ >> aa (9.4 f`) Uudgm gdbm`tdrm Wfpk gd bbm`tm Adgfgm gd bm bbm`tm Báaf Báaftd td gd gd gdsi sid` d`tr trma mafd fd`t `tkk rmgf rmgfmb mb gd bm rudgm udgm Báaf Báaftd td gd gd gdsi sid` d`tr trma mafd fd`t `tkk bbmt mtdr drmb mb gd bm rudg rudgmm Báaftd gd mbmedk gdb djd gd bm rudgm Bbm`tm gd ou`gfifù` =3A/I Ó AW5.4 =. =.88 aa (8. 8.87 87 f`) f`) 8. 8.44 a aa a ((8. 8.85 85 f`) f`) 8.54 aa (8.8= f`) Uudgm trmsdrm Wfpk gd bbm`tm Adgfgm gd bm bbm`tm Báaf Báaftd td gd gd gdsi sid` d`tr trma mafd fd`t `tkk rmgf rmgfmb mb gd bm rudgm udgm Báaf Báaftd td gd gd gdsi sid` d`tr trma mafd fd`t `tkk bbmt mtdr drmb mb gd bm rudg rudgmm Báaftd gd mbmedk gdb djd gd bm rudgm Bbm`tm gd ou`gfifù` =3A/I Ó AW7.8 =. =.88 aa (8. 8.87 87 f`) f`) 8. 8.44 a aa a ((8. 8.85 85 f`) f`) 8.54 aa (8.8= f`) @duaítfik gdbm`tdrk Wfpk Adgfgm Amrim/akgdbk Yf` iíamrm =88/>8’=3A/I 45X AUO/@VBKCUFX ZMXXDU-O^= @duaítfik trmsdrk Wfpk Adgfgm Amrim/akgdbk Yf` iíamrm =78/38’=3A/I ??N AUO/@VBKCUFX ZMXXDU-Y Xrdsfù` gd bks `duaítfiks (adgfgm ik` bks `duaítfiks d` orák) = pdrsk`m Gdbm`tdrk 588 lXm (5.88 lco/iaµ, 56 psf) Wrmsdrk 554 lXm (5.54 lco/iaµ, 99 psf) 5 pdrsk`ms Gdbm`tdrk 588 lXm (5.88 lco/iaµ, 56 psf) Wrmsdrk 554 lXm (5.54 lco/iaµ, 99 psf) Ord`k gdbm`tdrk Wfpk Gfíadtrk dxtdrfkr gdb gfsik Ó ddsspdskr Báaftd gd dspdskr gdb gfsik gd ord`k Báaftd gd gdsid`trmafd`tk gdb gfsik gd ord`k (adgfgk d` bm rudgm) Báaftd Báaf td gd dspd dspdskr skr gdb okrr okrrkk gd bm pm pmstfb stfbbm bm gd ord ord`k `k Gfíadtrk f`tdrfkr gd bm ekaem gd ord`k Gfíadtrk f`tdrfkr gdb ifbf`grk gd bm pf`zm (gdrdinm) Báqufgk gd ord`ks dspdifofimgk Ord`k trmsdrk Wfpk Gfíadtrk dxtdrfkr gdb gfsik Ó ddsspdskr Ord`k nfgríubfik gd u` gfsik 5>5.8 Ó 7.8 aa (==.=8 Ó 8.=? f`) 9.4 aa (8.=7 f`) 8.=4 aa (8.8846 f`) 8.> a aa a (8 (8.89 .89 f` f`)) =5.88 aa (8.73 f`) 5>.88 aa, 5>.88 aa (=.=8 f`, =.=8 f`) GKW 9 k 7 Ord`k nfgríubfik gd u` gfsik 558.8 Ó 7.4 aa (>.?? Ó 8.=> f`) 5-? DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY DYXDIFOFIMIF K@DY GDB INMYFY Báaftd gd dspdskr gdb gfsik gd ord`k Báaftd gd gdsid`trmafd`tk gdb gfsik gd ord`k (adgfgk d` bm rudgm) Báaftd Báaf td gd dspd dspdskr skr gdb okrr okrrkk gd bm pm pmstfb stfbbm bm gd ord ord`k `k Gfíadtrk f`tdrfkr gd bm ekaem gd ord`k Gfíadtrk f`tdrfkr gdb ifbf`grk gd bm pf`zm Báqufgk gd ord`ks dspdifofimgk 7.8 aa (8.=? f`) 8.=4 aa (8.8846 f`) =.4 a aa a (8 (8.8? .8? f` f`)) =5.3 aa (8.48 f`) 98.58 aa (=.=6 f`) GKW 9 k 7 Yuspd`sfù` gdbm`tdrm Wfpk Audbbd Makrtfcumgkr Udikrrfgk gd bm rudgm Bk`cftug bferd gdb audbbd gd bm nkrqufbbm Báaftd Midftd rdikad`gmgk Im`tfgmg (fzqufdrgm) Im`tfgmg (gdrdinm) @fvdb (fzqufdrgm) @fvdb (gdrdinm) Gfíadtrk gdb tuek f`tdrfkr Nkrqufbbm tdbdsiùpfim Audbbd ndbfikfgmb Makrtfcumgkr nfgríubfik =98 aa (4.= f`) 5?3.? aa (=8.47 f`) 5?5.5 aa (=8.95 f`) Midftd pmrm suspd`sfk`ds Vmamnm C=8 7?8.8 ia¹ (=4.44 TY kz, =?.55 Fap.kz) 7?8.8 ia¹ (=4.44 TY kz, =?.55 Fap.kz) >7 aa (9.9 f`) >7 aa (9.9 f`) 7= aa (=.?= f`) Yuspd`sfù` trmsdrm Wfpk Audbbd Makrtfcumgkr Udikrrfgk gd bm rudgm Emsiubm`td (suspd`sfù` mrtfiubmgm) Audbbd ndbfikfgmb Makrtfcumgkr nfgríubfik 63 aa (9.> f`) Imgd`m gd trm`safsfù` Wfpk gd imgd`m @úadrk gd dsbmek`ds Nkbcurm gd bm imgd`m gd trm`safsfù` Báaftd gd bk`cftug gd =4 dsbmek`ds Ydbbmgm =53 98.8’78.8 aa (=.=>’=.43 f`) =6=.7 aa (3.47 f`) 5-3 DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY DYXDIFOFIM IFK@DY GDB YFYWDAM DBÆIWUFIK YMY588=? DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY GDB YFYWDAM DBÆIWUFIK _kbtmjd _kbtmjd gdb sfstdam =5 _ Yfstdam gd dìd`gfgk Yfpsktdgadmkgpdtfa d`fzimdg`kgrfggkd sfìrk`fzmifù` W Yfìrk`fzmifù` gdb dìd`gfgk (MXAY) WI G fcFft(mdbìd`gfgk pkr ekef`m trm`sfstkrfzmgm) 5.8 ¸/=788 rpa T`fgmg gd ik`trkb gdb aktkr Akgdbk E=X8 (E=X=) EL?8 (E5X=) Ekef`m gd dìd`gfgk Udsfstdìfm gd bm ekef`m prfamrfm Udsfstdìfm gd bm ekef`m sdiu`gmrfm 5.=?’5.?7 ℯ >.?7’=5.6? lℯ Wmpm gd eujám Udsfstdìfm 9.34’?.54 lℯ _kbtmjd gd smbfgm gdb sd`skr gdb í`cubk gd fìbf`mifù` Í`cubk gd ouìfk`mafd`tk 48 ¸ _kbtmjd gd smbfgm nmstm db í`cubk gd ouìfk`mafd`tk 8.7’=.7 _ _kbtmjd gd smbfgm skerd db í`cubk gd ouìfk`mafd`tk 9.3’7.7 _ Yfstdam gd imrcm Yfstdam gd imrcm Xrkguiifù` dstí`gmr Udsfstdìfm gd bm ekef`m gdb dstítkr Amc`dtk I.M. =7.8 _, =8.3 M m 4888 rpa 8.9?8’8.478 ℯ Uditfofimgkr/rdcubmgkr Wfpk gd rdcubmgkr Ak`koísfik _kmbptmmjidfgrdmcgugbmdgb krd(iItfoIfi)mgkr (II) I ==?7..88’M=7.> _ Emtdrám Akgdbk _kbtmjd, impmifgmg VWZ?_ =5 _, 4.8 Mn (=8 NU) Xktdìfm gd bm ekaefbbm Omrk Buz gd ord`k/pfbktk trmsdrk Buz gdb f`tdraftd`td gdbm`tdrk Buz gdb f`tdraftd`td trmsdrk Buz gd pksfifù` gdbm`tdrm Buz gd bm amtráiubm Fbuaf`mifù` gd bks f`struad`tks BDG BDG =8.8 S =8.8 S BDG 4.8 S BDG 5-> DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY DYXDIFOFIM IFK@DY GDB YFYWDAM DBÆIWUFIK Buz f`gfimgkrm Buz f`gfimgkrm gd pu`tk audrtk F`gfimgkr gd buz gd imrrdtdrm Buz f`gfimgkrm gd f`tdraftd`tds Bu Buzz gd mbmr mbmram am gd tda tdapd pdrm rmtu turm rm gd gdbb rrdo dorf rfcd cdrm rm`t `tdd Buz gd mbmram gd mvdrám gdb aktkr BDG BDG BDG BD BDG G BDG Aktkr gd mrrm`qud Xktdìfm Udsfstdìfm gd bm ekef`m gdb f`guifgk Báaftd gd bm bk`cftug tktmb gd bm dsikefbbm Gfíadtrk báaftd gdb ikbditkr Udemjd gd afim (prkou`gfgmg) 8.98 lS 8.85>’8.897 ℯ 9.4 aa (8.=7 f`) =?.? aa (8.?4 f`) =.94 aa (8.84 f`) T`fgmg gdb adgfgkr gd ikaeustfebd Udsfstdìfm gdb adgfgkr (bbd`k) Udsfstdìfm gdb adgfgkr (vmiák) =8.8’=7.8 ℯ 5?3.8’539.8 ℯ Yd`skr gd f`ydiifù` gd ikaeustfebd Udsfs Uds fstd` tdìf ifmm gd gdbb sd sd`s `skr kr gd pks pksfif fifù` ù` gdb if ifcòd còdýmb ýmb Udsfstdìfm gdb sd`skr gd tdapdrmturm gdb mfrd gd mgafsfù` Udsfstdìfm gdb sd`skr gd tdapdrmturm gdb rdorfcdrm`td Udsfstdìfm gdb sd`skr gd tdapdrmturm gdb rdorfcdrm`td 5=8’55= ℯ m =88 ¸I (5=8’55= ℯ m 5=5 ¸O) Ousfebd(s) Ousfebd prfìfpmb Ousfebd gd miidskrfks =4.8 M 5.8 M 5-6 55> 55>’97 ’9755 ℯ 4388’?988 ℯ m 8 ¸I (4388’?988 ℯ m 95 ¸O) 54=9’5333 ℯ m 58 ¸I (54=9’5333 ℯ m ?> ¸O) XMUDY GD MXUFDWD YMY588=3 XMUDY GD MXUFDWD YMY98885 DYXDIFOFIMIFK@DY GD XMUDY GD MXUFDWD CD@DUMBDY D` dstd iumgrk sd dspdifofim` bks pmrds gd mprfdtd pmrm bks dbdad`tks gd ofjmifù` `krambds prkvfstks gd bks rksims FYK Bmsikapkdspdifofimifk`ds gd pmrds gddstí`gmr. mprfdtd pmrm `d`tds k ik`ju`tks dspdifmbds sd fìbuyd` d` bks impátubks ikrrdspk`gfd`tds gd dstd amùmb. Xmrm dvftmr gdokramifk`ds, mprfdtd bks ik`ju`tks prkvfstks gd vmrfks dbdad`tks gd ofjmifù` d` zfczmc y pkr dtmpms prkcrdsfvms nmstm db pmr gd mprfdtd dspdifofimgk. Ymbvk qud sd dspdifofqud ktrm iksm, pmrm mpbfimr bks pmrds gd mprfdtd dspdifofimgks ds `didsmrfk qud bms rksims dstæ` bfapfms y sdims. Bks ikapk`d`tds gded` dstmr m tdapdrmturm maefd`td. M. Gfstm` Gfstmìfm ifm d`trd d`trd iimrm mrmss E. Gfíadt Gfíadtrk rk dx dxtdrf tdrfkr kr gd bm rk rksim sim Xmrds gd mprfdtd cd`drmbds M (tu (tudr driim) E (pd (pdr` r`k) k) @³a lco³a be³ot aa a ==58 a =7 aa =3 aa =6 aa 55 aa aa a >? a = 8 aa = 5 aa = 7 aa = ? aa ? =4 98 44 >4 =98 8.? =.4 9.8 4.4 >.4 =9.8 7.7 == 55 7= ?9 6? 5-=8 XMUDY GD MXUFDWD YMY988=? XMUDY GD MXUFDWD GDB AKWKU Dbdad`tk Adgfgm gd bm Itg. rksim Xmr gd mprfdtd Xdr`k gd bm iubmtm (f`tdrfkr) A> 7 57 @³a (5.7 lco³a, => be³ot) Xdr`k gd bm iubmtm (bmgk gd bm imgd`m) A? 5 =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) Eujám Xdr`k gd bm tmpm gd iubmtm Wkr`fbbk gd ik`trkb gd midftd Xdr`k prfsfk`drk gdb tuek gd dsimpd Wkr`fbbk gd vmifmgk gdb rdorfcdrm`td Wudrim gdb d`crm`mjd miifk`mgk gdb ikapd`smgkr Ik`trmtudrim gdb tkr`fbbk gd mjustd gd bm víbvubm Xdr`k gdb pfýù` gdb djd gd bdvms A=8 A? A? A> A? = 7 = 5 = =9 @³a (=.9 lco³a, 6.? be³ot) =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) =4 @³a (=.4 lco³a, == be³ot) =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) A=8 = 94 @³a (9.4 lco³a, 5? be³ot) A4 7 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) A> = 98 @³a (9.8 lco³a, 55 be³ot) 9 = > @³a (8.> lco³a, 4.6 be³ot) =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) Xdr`k gd bm rdtd`fgm gdb djd gd bdvms A4, A? Xdr`k gd bm cuám gd bm imgd`m gd gfstrfA? euifù` (bmgk gd mgafsfù`) Xdr`k gdb td`skr gd bm imgd`m gd gfstrfeuifù` A? 5 =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) Xdr`k gd bm sujdifù` gdb imebd gd daermcud (bmgk gdb aktkr) Xdr`k gdb rmgfmgkr Xdr`k gdb vd`tfbmgkr gdb rmgfmgkr Xdr`k gdb gdpùsftk gd rdorfcdrm`td A? 5 =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) A? A? A? 5 5 5 =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) > @³a (8.> lco³a, 4.6 be³ot) 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) A? 9 =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) A? 7 =.> @³a (8.=> lco³a, =.9 be³ot) A? 7 =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) A? 5 6 @³a (8.6 lco³a, ?.? be³ot) A4 5 7 @³a (8.7 lco³a, 9.8 be³ot) A94 = 95 @³a (9.5 lco³a, 57 be³ot) A? 9 =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) A? A? 5 5 =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) A? A? = 5 =5 @³a (=.5 lco³a, >.6 be³ot) =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) Xdr`k gdb ik`ju`tk gd bm ekaem gd mcum Wkr`fbbk gd bm mermzmgdrm gdb tuek gdb rmgfmgkr Xdr`k gd bm tmpm gd bm imjm gd bm ekaem gd mcum Xdr`k gd bm tmpm gdb tdrakstmtk Wkr`fbbk gdb ik`ju`tk gd bm ekaem gd midftd Wmpù` gd vmifmgk gd midftd gdb aktkr Wkr`fbbk gd bm tmpm gdb dbdad`tk gdb ofbtrk gd midftd Wmpm, pdr`k gdb d`crm`mjd gd bm ekaem Xdr`k gdb ikbditkr gd mgafsfù` Xdr`k gdb f`yditkr gd ikaeustfebd Wkr`fbbk gd bm er erfgm fgm gd u`fù` gdb iudrp iudrpkk gd bm amrfpksm 5-== Kesdrvmifk`ds Mpbfimr Crmsm Akbytk`d Mpbfimr Crmsm Akbytk`d Mpbfimr Mgndsfvk Vmamnm `.º =5=4-E m bm rksim gdb tkr`fbbk XMUDY GD MXUFDWD Dbdad`tk Wkr`fbbk gd bm mermzmgdrm gd bm u`fù` gd bm imjm gdb ofbtrk gd mfrd Xdr`k gd bm imjm gdb ofbtrk gd mfrd Wudrim gdb tuek gd dsimpd Xdr`k gdb ik`ju`tk gdb dsimpd Xdr`k gdb prktditkr gdb sfbdìfmgkr Xdr`k gd bm tmpm gdb dxtrdak gdb sfbdìfmgkr Xdr`k gdb iír tdr Xdr`k gd bm tmpm gd bm amc`dtk I.M. Xdr`k gd bm tmpm gd daermcud Xdr`k gd bm tmpm gdb pfýù` aktkr Xdr`k gdb daermcud gdb mrrm`qud Wudrim gdb d`crm`mjd gd miifk`mafd`tk prfamrfk Xdr`k gdb audbbd gdb daermcud Ik`trmtudrim gd bm vmrfbbm gd dapujd ikrtm gdb daermcud Wudrim gdb rdsmbtd gdb daermcud Ik`trmtudrim gdb imebd gd daermcud Xdr`k gd bm rdtd`fgm gdb pfýù` aktkr Wkr`fbbk gd bm rdtd`fgm gdb ikjf`dtd gdb iírtdr Wkr`fbbk gdb sdcad`tk gdb tmaekr gd imaefk Xdr`k gd bm pmbmìm gd tkpd Xdr`k gd bm ekef`m gdb dstítkr Xdr`k gdb sd`skr gd pksfifù` gdb ifcòdýmb Wudrim gdb rktkr gd bm amc`dtk I.M. Ik`tmitk amrinms gd pksfifù` gdb imaefk gd Xdr`k gdb aktkr gd mrrm`qud Yd`skr gd tdapdrmturm gdb rdorfcdrm`td Yd`skr gd K5 Adgfgm gd bm Itg. rksim Xmr gd mprfdtd A7 = 5 @³a (8.5 lco³a, =.4 be³ot) A? A> A> A? 5 5 = 9 9.> @³a (8.9> lco³a, 5.> be³ot) =4 @³a (=.4 lco³a, == be³ot) 58 @³a (5.8 lco³a, =4 be³ot) > @³a (8.> lco³a, 4.6 be³ot) A? 9 > @³a (8.> lco³a, 4.6 be³ot) A? A? A? A? A? =9 3 =8 5 9 =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) =7 @³a (=.7 lco³a, =8 be³ot) A=5 = ?8 @³a (?.8 lco³a, 77 be³ot) A? 9 =5 @³a (=.5 lco³a, >.6 be³ot) A? A=7 A? A? = = = = > @³a (8.> lco³a, 4.6 be³ot) 38 @³a (3.8 lco³a, 45 be³ot) 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) A? 5 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) A? = =5 @³a (=.5 lco³a, >.6 be³ot) A? A? = 9 =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) A? 5 =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) A=5 = 38 @³a (3.8 lco³a, 45 be³ot) A4 5 9.4 @³a (8.94 lco³a, 5.? be³ot) A? A=8 A=5 5 = = =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) =4 @³a (=.4 lco³a, == be³ot) 54 @³a (5.4 lco³a, => be³ot) 5-=5 Kesdrvmifk`ds XMUDY GD MXUFDWD Ydiudìfm gd mprfdtd gd bm iubmtm: Ydiudìfm gd mprfdtd gd bm tmpm gd bm amc`dtk: 3 =, ? > 4 6 7 9,== 5,=8 Ydiudìfm gd mprfdtd gd bm tmpm gd daermcud: ? =,3 > 4 6 7 =8 9,=9 5,=5 == Ydiudìfm gd mprfdtd gdb iírtdr: M E =4 =,3 > =? 6 ? =8 4 5,=9 7 9,=7 == =5 M. Iírtd Iírtdrr fzquf fzqufdr drgk gk E. Iírtd Iírtdrr gdrdin gdrdinkk 5-=9 XMUDY GD MXUFDWD YMY988=3 XMUDY GD MXUFDWD GDB INMYFY Adgfgm gd bm Itg. rksim A> 5 A=8 5 5= @³a (5.= lco³a, =4 be³ot) 98 @³a (9.8 lco³a, 55 be³ot) Wudrim mùbmr fòdrfkr (mprfdtd f`fifmb) Wudrim mùbmr fòdrfkr (mprfdtd of`mb) Wkr`fbbk gdb vístmck gd bm gfrdiifù` Udamind dxtrmáebd gdb am`fbbmr Xdr`k gdb am`fbbmr Xdr`k gd bm sujdifù` gd bm ekaem gd ord`k gdbm`tdrk Ik`trmtudrim gdb imebd gdb midbdrmgkr Wkr`fbbk gd bm pbmim gdb imebd gdb midbdrmgkr Wudrim gd mjustd gdb imebd gdb midbdrmgkr Xdr`k gdb rdtrkvfskr Xdr`k gdb mpkyk gdb omrk Xdr`k gdb cumrgmemrrks gdbm`tdrk (dxtdrfkr) A54 A54 A=8 A> A? = = = 5 5 7> @³a (7.> lco³a, 94 be³ot) => @³a (=.> lco³a, =9 be³ot) => @³a (=.> lco³a, =9 be³ot) 5= @³a (5.= lco³a, =4 be³ot) =9 @³a (=9 lco³a, 6.? be³ot) A? 5 6 @³a (8.6 lco³a, ?.? be³ot) A? A4 ’ A? A> A? 5 = = 7 5 5 7 @³a (8.78 lco³a, 9.8 be³ot) 5.4 @³a (8.54 lco³a, =.> be³ot) 7 @³a (8.78 lco³a, 9.8 be³ot) 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) 94 @³a (9.4 lco³a, 5? be³ot) ? @³a (8.? lco³a, 7.7 be³ot) Xdr`k gdb cumrgmemrrks gdbm`tdrk (f`tdrfkr) Wudrim gdb djd gd bm rudgm gdbm`tdrm Xdr`k ggdd sujdifù` gdb tuek gd ord`k gdbm`tdrk Xdr`k gd bm sujdifù` gdb tuek gd ord`k gdbm`tdrk gdbm` tdrk (bmgk gdb skpkrtd fò fòdrfkr) drfkr) Xdr`k gd bm pf`zm gdb ord`k gdbm`tdrk Xdr`k gd u`fù` gdb tuek gd ord`k gdbm`tdrk (ekaem gd ord`k) Xdr`k gd u`fù` gdb tuek gd ord`k gdbm`tdrk (pf`zm) Xdr`k gdb dxtrdak gdb puýk Xdr`k gdb skpkr td gd bm am`dtm gd daermcud Xdr`k gdb f`tdrruptkr prfìfpmb Xdr`k gd bm ekef`m gd dìd`gfgk Wudrim gd ak`tmjd gdb aktkr Xdr`k gd ak`tmjd gdb aktkr Wudrim gdb djd pfvktd gdb emsiubm`td Wudrim fòdrfkr gdb ik`ju`tk makr makrtfcumgkr tfcumgkr trmsdrk Wudrim supdrfkr gdb ik`ju`tk makrtfcumgkr trmsdrk Wudrim gd bm emrrm gd u`fù` y db emstfgkr Wudrim gdb ermzk gd u`fù` y gd bm emrrm gd u`fù` A? A=7 A? 5 = = 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) 9> @³a (9.> lco³a, 5> be³ot) 3 @³ @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 bbee³ot) A? = 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) A=8 5 94 @³a (9.4 lco³a, 5? be³ot) A=8 = 57 @³a (5.7 lco³a, => be³ot) A=8 = 57 @³a (5.7 lco³a, => be³ot) A? A? A? A? A=8 A=8 A=5 5 = 5 5 5 5 = 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) 74 @³a (7.4 lco³a, 99 be³ot) 74 @³a (7.4 lco³a, 99 be³ot) 38 @³a (3.8 lco³a, 45 be³ot) BY A=8 = 77 @³a (7.7 lco³a, 95 be³ot) BY A=8 = 77 @³a (7.7 lco³a, 95 be³ot) A=8 = 77 @³a (7.7 lco³a, 95 be³ot) BY A=8 = 77 @³a (7.7 lco³a, 95 be³ot) BY Dbdad`tk Udamind dxtrmáebd gdb skpkr td supdrfkr Udamind dxtrmáebd gdb skpkr td fòdrfkr 5-=7 Xmr gd mprfdtd Kesdrvmifk`ds _dr @KWM _dr @KWM D XMUDY GD MXUFDWD Dbdad`tk Adgfgm gd bm Itg. rksim Xmr gd mprfdtd Kesdrvmifk`ds BY Wudrim gdb ermzk gd u`fù` y db emsiubm`td A=8 = 77 @³a (7.7 lco³a, 95 be³ot) Wudrim gdb djd gd bm rudgm trmsdrm Xdr`k gd bm imjm gd bm imgd`m gd trm`safsfù` Ik`trmtudrim gd mjustd gd bm imgd`m gd trm`safsfù` Xdr`k gdb gdpùsftk gd rdorfcdrm`td Wkr` r`ffbbk gd bm mermzmgdrm gdb tuek gdb rmgfmgkr Xdr`k gdb rmgfmgkr Xdr`k gd bm imjm gd bm emtdrám Xdr`k gdb cumrgmemrrks trmsdrk Xdr`k gdb rditfofimgkr/rdcubmgkr Xdr`k gdb skpkrtd gdb gdpùsftk gd ikaeustfebd (pmrtd gdbm`tdrm) Xdr`k gdb skpkrtd gdb gdpùsftk gd ikaeustfe ikaeu stfebd bd (pmrtd trmsdrm trmsdrm)) Xdr`k gd ak`tmjd gdb gdpùsftk gd ikaeustfebd (pmrtd gdbm`tdrm) Xdr`k gd ak`tmjd gdb gdpùsftk gd ikaeustfebd (pmrtd trmsdrm) Xdr`k gd bm rdtd`fgm gd bm ekaem gd ikaeustfebd Xdr`k gdb tmpù` gdb gdpùsftk gd ikaeustfebd Xdr`k gdb imrd`mgk bmtdrmb trmsdrk Xdr`k gd u`fù` gdb tuek gd ord`k trmsdrk Xdr`k gd u`fù` gdb tuek gd ord`k trmsdrk (bmgk gd bm pf`zm gd ord`k) Xdr`k gdb skpkr td gdb tuek gd ord`k trmsdrk Xdr`k gd bm ekaem gd ord`k trmsdrk Ik`trmtudrim gd bm vmrfbbm gd bm ekaem gd ord`k trmsdrk Xdr`k gdb gdpùsftk gd báqufgk gd ord`ks A=7 A? = 5 46 @³a (4.6 lco³a, 77 be³ot) 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) A> 5 =? @³a (=.? lco³a, =5 be³ot) A? A? A? A? A? A? 5 7 5 = 9 5 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) =.> @³a (8 (8.=> lco³a, =.9 bbee³ot) =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) ? @³a (8.? lco³a, 7.7 be³ot) 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) A? 5 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) A? 5 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) A> 5 54 @³a (5.4 lco³a, => be³ot) A? 5 =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) A4 7 7.8 @³a (8.78 lco³a, 9.8 be³ot) A4 A> A=8 9 > 5 ? @³a (8.? lco³a, 7.7 be³ot) => @³a (=.> lco³a, =9 be³ot) 98 @³a (9.8 lco³a, 55 be³ot) A=8 5 98 @³a (9.8 lco³a, 55 be³ot) A? A> = 5 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) 59 @³a (5.9 lco³a, =3 be³ot) A> = =3 @³a (=.3 lco³a, =9 be³ot) A? A> A=8 A? A=8 A4 A> A? A98 = 7 = = = 7 5 5 9.> @³a (8.9> lco³a, 5.> be³ot) 97 @³a (9.7 lco³a, 54 be³ot) 4? @³a (4.? lco³a, 7= be³ot) =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) 77 @³a (7.7 lco³a, 95 be³ot) 9.> @³a (8.9> lco³a, 5.> be³ot) 97 @³a (9.7 lco³a, 54 be³ot) =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) 59 @³a (5.9 lco³a, =3 be³ot) A=8 5 98 @³a (9.8 lco³a, 55 be³ot) A? A? A> ’ A> = = 4 = ? ? @³a (8.? lco³a, 7.7 be³ot) ? @³a (8.? lco³a, 7.7 be³ot) 59 @³a (5.9 lco³a, =3 be³ot) =7 @³a (=.7 lco³a, =8 be³ot) 79 @³a (7.9 lco³a, 95 be³ot) Xdr`k gdb skpkrtd gd bm dstrfedrm gdb ik`guitkr Xdr`k gd bm dstrfedrm gdb ik`guitkr Xdr`k gd bm emrrm gd imaefk Wudrim gdb imembbdtd bmtdrmb Wudrim gdb ik`tmitk gdb imembbdtd bmtdrmb (E=X=) Xdr`k trmsdrk gdb skpkr td gd bm dstrfedrm Xdr`k gdb skpkr td gd bm ekif`m Xdr`k gd bm tmpm gd bm nkrqufbbm gdbm`tdrm Xdr`k gd bm vmrfbbm gdb makrtfcumgkr (nkrqufbbm gdbm`tdrm) Xdr`k gd bm am`dtm gd ord`k Wudrim gd bm am`dtm gd ord`k Xdr`k gdb gfsik gd ord`k gdbm`tdrk Wkr`fbbk gd purcm gd bm pf`zm gd ord`k gdbm`tdrk Wudrim gdb pfýù` gd bm rudgm trmsdrm 5-=4 BY XMUDY GD MXUFDWD Dbdad`tk Xdr`k gdb gfsik gd ord`k trmsdrk Xdr`k (ikrtk) gdb pmsmgkr gd bm pf`zm gdb ord`k trmsdrk Xdr`k (bmrck) gdb pmsmgkr gd bm pf`zm gdb ord`k trmsdrk Xdr`k gd sujdifù` gd bm pmstfbbm gd ord`k trmsdrk Wkr`fbbk gd purcm gd bm pf`zm gd ord ord`k `k trmsdrk Wkr`fbbk gdb ik`ju`tk gdb omrk y gdb imrd`mgk gdb omrk Wkr`fbbk gdb ik`ju`tk gdb imrd`mgk supdrfkr gdbm`tdrk Wkr`fbbk gd ak`tmjd gdb omrk Wkr`fbbk gd bks f`struad`tks Xdr`k gdb skpkrtd y db mpkyk gd bks f`struad`tks Wkr`fbbk gdb pmrmerfsms Wkr`fbbk ggddb f` f`tdrruptkr ggddrdink gd gdb am am`fbbmr Wkr`fbbk ggddb f`tdrruptkr fz fzqufdrgk gdb am`fbbmr Xdr`k gdb prktditkr gd bm ju`tm gd bm imgd`m gd trm`safsfù` Xdr`k gdb ifdrrd gdb sfbbá` Wudrim gd bm pbmim gdb ifdrrd gdb sfbbá` Wudrim gdb rdobditkr Wudrim gdb skpkr td gdb rdobditkr Wudrim gdb sfbbá` gdb pmsmjdrk Wkr`fbbk gdb pm`db trmsdrk Wkr`fbbk gdb pm`db bmtdrmb (ik` mrm`gdbm) Xdr`k gdb pm`db bmtdrmb Wkr`fbbk mutkrrk mutkrrksim`td sim`td gdb pm`db bbmtdrmb mtdrmb Xdr`k gdb imrd`mgk bmtdrmb fòdrfkr Xdr`k A A44 ggddb ik`ju`tk ggdd bm iu iuefdr tm bmtdrmb Xdr`k A? gdb ik`ju`tk gd bm iuefdr tm bmtdrmb Wkr`fbbk gdb imrd`mgk fòdrfkr Wkr`fbbk gd bm tmpm gdb ik`ju`tk gdb ofbtrk gd mfrd Xdr`k gd ak`tmjd gdb gdpùsftk gd ikaeustfebd Xdr`k gdb ikapk`d`td y bm tmpm gdb gdpùsftk gd ikaeustfebd Xdr`k gd ak`tmjd gdb gdpùsftk gd ikaeustfebd y bm iuefdrtm bmtdrmb Xdr`k gd bm iuefdrtm gdb gdpùsftk gd ikaeustfebd y bm iuefdrtm bmtdrmb Adgfgm gd bm Itg. rksim A> 9 59 @³a (5.9 lco³a, =3 be³ot) ’ = =5 @³a (=.5 lco³a, >.6 be³ot) ’ ’ = 5 55 @³a (5.5 lco³a, =? be³ot) =3 @³a (=.3 lco³a, =9 be³ot) ’ = 4 @³a (8.4 lco³a, 9.3 be³ot) A4 4 = @³a (8.=8 lco³a, 8.39 be³ot) A4 7 =.> @³a (8.=> lco³a, =.9 be³ot) A4 A4 7 9 8.> @³a (8.8> lco³a, 8.4> be³ot) =.9 @³a (8.=9 lco³a, 8.64 be³ot) A? 5 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) A4 A4 A4 7 5 5 8.7 @³a (8.87 lco³a, 8.56 be³ot) 5.9 @³a (8 (8.59 lc lco³a, =. =.3 bbee³ot) 5.9 @³a ((88.59 lco³a, =.3 bbee³ot) A? 5 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) A? A? A4 A? A> ’ A? A? ’ A? A4 A? ’ = 5 5 = = 7 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7.4 @³a (8.74 lco³a, 9.9 be³ot) 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) =.4 @³a (8.=4 lco³a, =.= be³ot) 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) =9 @³a (=.9 lco³a, 6.? be³ot) =. =.>> @³ @³a (8 (8.=> lco³a, ³a, =. =.9 bbee³ot) 7 @³a (8.7 lco³a, 9.8 be³ot) =.> @³a (8.=> lco³a, =.9 be³ot) =. =.>> @³ @³a (8 (8.=> lco³a, ³a, =. =.9 bbee³ot) 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) =.> @³a (8.=> lco³a, =.9 be³ot) 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) =. =.>> @³ @³a (8 (8.=> lco³a, ³a, =. =.9 bbee³ot) A4 7 =.5 @³a (8.=5 lco³a, 8.>> be³ot) A? 5 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) A? 5 =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) A4 5 7.4 @³a (8.74 lco³a, 9.9 be³ot) A4 5 =.> @³a (8.=> lco³a, =.9 be³ot) 5-=? Xmr gd mprfdtd Kesdrvmifk`ds XMUDY GD MXUFDWD Dbdad`tk Adgfgm gd bm Itg. rksim Xmr gd mprfdtd Wkr`fbbk gdb skpkrtd y bm iuefdrtm gdb gdpùsftk gd ikaeustfebd Wkr`fbbk gd bm tmpm gdb gdpùsftk gd bm ekaem gd ord`k gdbm`tdrk A4 5 7.4 @³a (8.74 lco³a, 9.9 be³ot) ’ 5 =. =.55 @³a @³a (8 (8.= .=55 lco lco³a ³a,, 88.> .>>> bbe³ e³ot ot)) Xdr`k gdb mpkyk gdb f`tdrruptkr gd bm buz gd ord`k trmsdrk Xdr`k gdb sd`skr gd vdbkifgmg Xdr`k (ikrtk) gdb pmsmgkr gdsbfzm`td gd bm pf`zm gdb ord`k gdbm`tdrk Xdr`k (bmrck) gdb pmsmgkr gdsbfzm`td gd bm pf`zm gdb ord`k gdbm`tdrk Wkr`fbbk gdb f`tdrr f`tdrruptkr uptkr gd bm buz gdb ord`k gdbm`tdrk Xdr`k gd bm ik`skbm gdb pm`db supdrfkr Xdr`k gdb pdgmb gd ord`k A? = 3 @³a (8.3 lco³a, 4.5 be³ot) A? = =8 @³a (=.8 lco³a, 3.7 be³ot) ’ = =7 @³a (=.7 lco³a, =8 be³ot) ’ = 59 @³a (5.9 lco³a, =3 be³ot) ’ = =. =.55 @³a @³a (8 (8.= .=55 lco lco³a ³a,, 88.> .>>> bbe³ e³ot ot)) A4 ’ 5 = =.> @³a (8.=> lco³a, =.9 be³ot) 98 @³a (9.8 lco³a, 55 be³ot) Kesdrvmifk`ds @KWM • Mprfdtd bm tudrim mùbmr fò fòdrfkr drfkr gd bm gfrdiifù` m 7> @³a (7.> lco³a, 94 be³ot) ik` u`m bbmvd gf`makaætrfim.db djd gd bm gfrdiifù` m bm fzqufd • Cfrd fzqufdrgm rgm k m bm gdrdinm vmrfms vdids vdids y vdrfofqud qud cfr cfrdd ik` sumvfgmg. • Mobkjd bm tudr tudrim im mùbmr fòdr fòdrfkr fkr gd bm gfrdiifù gfrdiifù`` =/7 gd vudbtm. • _udbvm m mprdtmr bm tudri tudrimm mùbmr fòdrfkr gd bm gfrdii gfrdiifù` fù` m => @³a (=.> lco³a, =9 be³ot) ik` u`m bbmvd gf`makaætrfim. 5-=3 XT@WKY GD D@CUMYD V WFXKY GD BTEUFIM@WD YMY58566 XT@WKY GD D@CUMYD V WFXKY GD BTEUFIM@WD YMY=AI=8>4 AKWKU Xu`tk gd d`crmsd Bmefks gd bm ju`tm gd midftd Buerfim`td BY Ikjf`dtds Ju`tms tùrfims D BY Msfd`tks gd bks pdr`ks gd bm iubmtm, rksims gd bks pdr`ks gd bm iubmtm y mrm`gdbms Ju`tm gd bm ekaem gd mcum y djd gdb rktkr D BY Imedzm gd efdbm D Yupdrofifd f`tdrfkr gdb ikjf`dtd gdb ifcòdýmb A Xmsmgkr gd pfstù` D Yupdrofifd f`tdrfkr gdb ifbf`grk, pfstù`, rmùrms y mrks D Yupdrofifd f`tdrfkr gdb d`crm`mjd miifk`mgk gdb ikapd`smgkr D Bùeubks gdb djd gd bdvms y ju`tm tùrfim gdb djd gd bdvms Ukgfbbks/audbbd gdb embmìá` Bdvm gd gdsikaprdsfù` A A A Ju`tms gd bks vístmcks gd víbvubm D _ístmck gd víbvubm y dxtrdaks gdb vístmck gd víbvubm A Djds gdb embmìá`/Xmsmgkr gdb tkpd gdb embmìá` gd mgafsfù` A Yupdrofifd f`tdr`m gdb embmìá` A Xu`tk gd pfvktd gd bm emrrm gd gdsikaprdsfù` A Djd gdb d`crm`mjd miifk`mgk gd bm ekaem gd midftd D Uktkr f`tdrfkr y dxtdrfkr gd bm ekaem gd midftd D Ju`tm tùrfim gdb f`yditkr f `yditkr gd ikaeustfebd D Yupdrofifds gd dapujd gdb d`crm`mjd gdb daermcud gd mrrm`qud y mrm`gdbm D Ukgfbbks gdb daermcud gdb mrrm`qud y rdsmbtd gdb d`crm`mjd gdb daermcud gdb mrrm`qud D Djd gdb d`crm`mjd f`tdradgfk gdb daermcud gdb mrrm`qud y supdrofifd f`tdrfkr gdb d`crm`mjd f`tdradgfk gdb daermcud gdb mrrm`qud D Yupdrofifds gd dapujd gdb d`crm`mjd f`tdradgfk gdb daermcud gdb mrrm`qud y mrm`gdbm D Xmbmìm dapujmgkrm gdb daermcud D Gfsiks gd daermcud y gfsiks gd orfiifù` or fiifù` D Yupdrofifd f`tdrfkr gdb d`crm`mjd miifk`mgk prfamrfk D _mrfbbm gd dapujd gdb daermcud bmrcm D 5-=> XT@WKY GD D@CUMYD V WFXKY GD BTEUFIM@WD Xu`tk gd d`crmsd Buerfim`td _mrfbbm gd dapujd ikrtm gdb daermcud D Ekbm gd bm vmrfbbm gd dapujd gdb daermcud D Msfd`tk gd bm tudrim gdb rdsmbtd gd daermcud y rksim gd bm tudrim gdb rdsmbtd gd daermcud Djd prfìfpmb y pfýk`ds Djd pkstdrfkr y d`crm`mjds gd bms rudgms D A A Ik`ju`tk gd tmaekr gd imaefk D Nkrqufbbms gd imaefk y emrrm gd cuám gd bms nkrqufbbms gd imaefk D Djd gdb imaefk D Mfsbmgkr gdb imebd gdb sd`skr gd pksfifù` gdb ifcòdýmb/ik`ju`tk gdb dstítkr Yupdrofifds gd ik`tmitk gdb iírtdr Uksim gdb pdr`k gdb td`skr gd bm imgd`m gd gfstrfeuifù` 5-=6 Vmamnm ek`g `.º =5=4 68>68->4484 (Wnrdd Ek`g @º =5=4-E) Vmamnm ek`g `.º =5=4 68>68->4484 (Wnrdd Ek`g @º =5=4-E) Vmamnm ek`g `.º =5=4 68>68->4484 (Wnrdd Ek`g @º =5=4-E) XT@WKY GD D@CUMYD V WFXKY GD BTEUFIM@WD YMY=AI=8>4 INMYFY Xu`tk gd d`crmsd Buerfim`td Uksim gd bm tudrim gdb djd gd bm rudgm gdbm`tdrm BY Msfd`tk gd bm tudrim gdb djd gd bm rudgm gdbm`tdrm BY Bmefk gd bm ju`tm gd midftd gd bm rudgm gdbm`tdrm Djd gd bm rudgm trmsdrm y rksim gd bm tudrim BY BY Msfd`tk gd bm tudrim gdb djd gd bm rudgm trmsdrm BY Bmefk gd bm ju`tm gd midftd gdb iuek aktkr gd bm rudgm trmsdrm BY Yupdrofifd gd ik`tmitk gdb iuek aktkr gd bm rudgm trmsdrm BY Bmefk gd bm ju`tm gd midftd gd bm rudgm trmsdrm BY Yupdrofifd dxtdrfkr gdb pdr`k pfvktd gd bm am`dtm gd ord`k Y Xu`tk gd ik`tmitk gd bm am`dtm gd ord`k y bm ekaem gd ord`k Y Yupdrofifd f`tdrfkr gd bms ou`gms gdb skpkrtd gd bm pf`zm gd ord`k gdbm`tdrk Y Ju`tm gd midftd gdb pfstù` gd bm pf`zm gd ord`k gdbm`tdrk EO Ju`tm m`tfpkbvk gd bm pf`zm gd ord`k gdbm`tdrk Y Yupdrofifd f`tdrfkr gd bms ou`gms gdb skpkrtd gd bm pf`zm gd ord`k trmsdrk Y Ju`tm gd midftd gdb pfstù` gd bm pf`zm gd ord`k trmsdrk EO Ju`tm m`tfpkbvk gd bm pf`zm gd ord`k trmsdrk Y Ou`gm gd bm ekaem gd ord`k trmsdrk Y Yupdrofifd gdb pfstù` gd bm ekaem gd ord`k trmsdrk EO Xu`tk gd ik`tmitk gd bm vmrfbbm gd bm ekaem gd ord`k trmsdrk y db pfstù` Y Yupdrofifd f`tdrfkr gd bm cuám gdb tuek (puýk gdb midbdrmgkr) y imebd gdb midbdrmgkr BY Dxtrdak gdb imebd gd daermcud d` bm am`dtm gd daermcud BY Xu`tk pfvktm`td y pfdzms aùvfbds gd adtmb d` ik`tmitk ik` adtmb gd bm am`dtm gd daermcud BY Xu`tk gd pfvktd y ekbm gd bm dstrfedrm gdb pmsmjdrk BY Xu`tk pfvktm`td y pfdzms aùvfbds gd adtmb d` ik`tmitk ik` adtmb gdb imembbdtd bmtdrmb BY Xu`tk gd ik`tmitk gdb f`tdrruptkr gdb imembbdtd bmtdrmb y mrtfiubmifù` (E=X=) BY Xu`tk gd ik`tmitk audbbd-cmìnk gdb imembbdtd bmtdrmb BY Xu`tk gd pfvktd gdb pdgmb gd imaefk y pfdzms aùvfbds ik` ik`tmitk adtmb-adtmb BY Xu`tk gd pfvktd gdb pdgmb gd ord`k trmsdrk y pfdzms aùvfbds ik` ik`tmitk adtmb-adtmb BY Udekrgd gd bm tmpm gd bks ikjf`dtds supdrfkrds gd bm gfrdiifù` BY 5-58 XT@WKY GD D@CUMYD V WFXKY GD BTEUFIM@WD Xu`tk gd d`crmsd Buerfim`td Udekrgd gd bm ju`tm m`tfpkbvk gd bm ikbua`m gd bm gfrdiifù` BY Yupdrofifd dxtdrfkr gdb pdr`k (emrrm gd u`fù`) BY Msfd`tks gd tudrim (emrrm gd u`fù` y emsiubm`td) BY Uksim gdb pdr`k y bm tudrim (emrrm gd u`fù` y emstfgkr) BY Uksim gdb pdr`k y bm tudrim (emrrm gd u`fù` y ermzk gd u`fù`) BY Uksim gdb pdr`k y bm tudrim (emrrm gd u`fù` y makrtfcumgkr trmsdrk) BY Uksim gdb pdr`k y bm tudrim (emsiubm`td y ermzk gd u`fù`) BY Udekrgds gd bm ju`tm gd midftd (emrrm gd u`fù` y emsiubm`td) BY Ikbbmrds (emrrm gd u`fù` y emsiubm`td) BY Yupdrofifd dxtdrfkr gdb djd pfvktd BY Uksim gdb djd pfvktd y bm tudrim BY Yupdrofifd dxtdrfkr gdb am`cuftk gdb emsiubm`td BY Udekrgds gd bm tmpm cumrgmpkbvk gdb emsiubm`td BY Xfdzms aùvfbds gdb ifdrrd gdb sfbbá` BY Uksim gd bm tudrim gd ak`tmjd gdb aktkr BY 5-5= ITMGUK V GFMCUMAMY GDB YFYWDAM GD D@CUMYD YMY5885= ITMGUK V GFMCUMAMY GDB YFYWDAM GD D@CUMYD ITMGUK GD D@CUMYD GDB AKWKU 6 > 3 ? 4 9 7 5 = 5-55 ITMGUK V GFMCUMAMY GDB YFYWDAM GD D@CUMYD =. Iírtd Iírtdrr gd midf midftd td 5. Gdpu Gdpurm rmgk gkrr gd midft midftdd 9. Ek Ekae aemm gd mid midftftdd 7. Dbdad` Dbdad`tk tk gdb gdb ofbtr ofbtrkk gd midf midftd td 4. Dj Djdd prf prfì ìfp fpmb mb ?. Dj Djdd pks pkstd tdrf rfkr kr 3. Ifcòd fcòdýýmb >. Dj Djdd gd bd bdvvms 6. Wmpm mpm gd gd iubm iubmtm tm 5-59 ITMGUK V GFMCUMAMY GDB YFYWDAM GD D@CUMYD YMY959?9 GFMCUMAMY GD D@CUMYD = 5 9 3 7 4 ? 6 > 3 5-57 ITMGUK V GFMCUMAMY GDB YFYWDAM GD D@CUMYD =. Wmpm mpm gd gd iubm iubmtm tm 5. Dj Djdd gd bd bdvvms 9. Ifcòd fcòdýýmb 7. Ik`ju` Ik`ju`tk tk gd ofbtrk ofbtrk gd midft midftdd 4. Ik`ju` Ik`ju`tk tk gd bm ekaem ekaem gd gd midftd midftd ?. Gdpu Gdpurm rmgk gkrr gd midft midftdd 3. Dj Djdd prf prfì ìfp fpmb mb >. Dj Djdd pks pkstd tdrf rfkr kr 6. Xmbmìm Xmbmìm dapujmgkrm dapujmgkrm gdb daermcud daermcud 5-54 ITMGUK V GFMCUMAMY GDB YFYWDAM GD D@CUMYD > 4 ? 3 7 9 5 = 5-5? ITMGUK V GFMCUMAMY GDB YFYWDAM GD D@CUMYD =. Gdpu Gdpurm rmgk gkrr gd midft midftdd 5. Ek Ekae aemm gd mid midftftdd 9. Ofbt Ofbtrk rk gd midf midftd td 7. Ifcòd fcòdýýmb 4. Dj Djdd pks pkstd tdrf rfkr kr ?. Dj Djdd prf prfì ìfp fpmb mb 3. Dj Djdd gd bd bdvvms >. Wmpm mpm gd gd iubm iubmtm tm 5-53 GFMCUMAMY GDB YFYWDAM GD UDOUFCDUMIFÙ@ YMY58566 GFMCUMAMY GDB YFYWDAM GD UDOUFCDUMIFÙ@ Î F`trkguzim bm tuedrám d` db pfd gdb ekrgd. Æ Bm pf`turm ebmìm gdb tuek (tdrakstmtk m ekaem gd = Wuek (tdrakstmtk m ekaem gd mcum) 5 Ik`ju`tk gd tdrakstmtk mcum) gded qudgmr krfd`tmgm nmifm bm gdrdinm gdb vdnáiubk. Ê Yd rdikafd`gm f`stmbmrbk m`tds gdb ik`ju`tk gdb iudrpk gd bm amrfpksm. 5-5> GFMCUMAMY GDB YFYWDAM GD UDOUFCDUMIFÙ@ = Xdr`k gd purcm gd mfrd 5 Ik`ju`tk gd bm ekaem gd mcum Î Yd pdraftd mpbfimr crmsm pmrm prdvd`fr bm imágm gurm`td db ak`tmjd. 5-56 GFMCUMAMY GDB YFYWDAM GD UDOUFCDUMIFÙ@ = Ju`tm tùrfim 5 Ibfp Î F`trkguzim bm tuedrám d` db pfd gdb ekrgd. Æ @k gded dstmr d` db imrrdtd. Ê Gfrdiifù` gdb ibfp nmifm bm pmrtd supdrfkr gdb vdnáiubk. Ì Gfrdiifù` gdb ibfp nmifm db bmgk gdrdink gdb vdnáiubk. 5-98 GFMCUMAMY GDB YFYWDAM GD UDOUFCDUMIFÙ@ = Mermzmgdrm gd tuek 5 Ik`ju`tk gd tdrakstmtk 9 Ik`ju`tk gd bm ekaem gd mcum Î Gfrdiifù` m bm pmrtd supdrfkr gdb vdnáiubk. Æ Gfrdiifù` mb bmgk gdrdink gdb vdnáiubk. Ê _drfofqud qud bm nkbcurm sdm supdrfkr m =8 aa. Ì Dapujd nmifm gd`trk bm erfgm gdspuæs gd mprdtmrbm. Â @k gded dstmr d` db imrrdtd. Á Gfrdiifù` mb bmgk fzqufdrgk gdb vdnáiubk. À Bm mermzmgdrm gd tuek gded qudgmr d` dstm gfrdiifù`. 5 M C E = I 9 C D G M O 4 a a kr b dss = 5-9= IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY YMY5885= IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY Am`fbbmr 5 9 M E 7 4 I ? 3 = =8 == > 5 G 6 6 => =6 =9 =4 =7 ? =5 =9 9 5 7 4 58 =? 5= =? =3 =? D 5 95 IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY =. F`tdrruptkr F`tdrruptkr gdb am`fbbmr am`fbbmr (fzqufdrgm) (fzqufdrgm) 5. Imebd Imebd gdb f`tdrru f`tdrruptkr ptkr gdb gdb am`fbbmr am`fbbmr (fzqufd (fzqufdrgm) rgm) 9. Imeb Imebdd gdb gdb daer daermc mcud ud 7. Imebd Imebd gdb midbdrmgkr midbdrmgkr (midbdrmifù (midbdrmifù`) `) 4. Imebd Imebd gdb gdb midbdr midbdrmgkr mgkr (gdsmidbdr (gdsmidbdrmifù`) mifù`) ?. Wuek uek gd gd oord rd`k `k 3. Imebd Imebd gdb f`tdrru f`tdrruptkr ptkr gd gd bm buz gd ord`k ord`k gdbm`tdrk gdbm`tdrk >. Imebd Imebd gdb f`tdrruptkr f`tdrruptkr gdb am`fbbm am`fbbmrr (gdrdinm) (gdrdinm) 6. Imebd Imebd gdb ik`t ik`tmit mitkk gdb daer daermcu mcudd =8. Ik`ditkr gdb ik`tmitk gdb daermcud daermcud ==. Yujdifù` Yujdifù` gd bm pmbmìm =5. Am`fbbmr Am`fbbmr (gdrdinm) =9. Imebd gdb f`tdrruptkr prfìfpmb =7. Ikrk`m Ikrk`m gdb am`fbbmr =4. Am`fbbmr Am`fbbmr (fzqufdrgm) (fzqufdrgm) =?. Wmpm gdb rmgfmgkr =3. Ykpkrtd fòdrfkr fòdrfkr =>. Nkrqufbbm Nkrqufbbm gdbm`tdrm gdbm`tdrm =6. If`tm If`tm 58. Ikapk`d`td gdb emstfgkr emstfgkr 5=. Umgfmgkr Umgfmgkr M. Imebd Imebd gdb daermcud, daermcud, imebds imebds gdb midbdrmgkr midbdrmgkr,, imebd gdb f`tdrruptkr fzqufdrgk gdb am`fbbmr pkr bm cuám. E. Bks gdsmidbdrmifù`) gks imebd imebdss gdb gded` midbdrmg midbdrmgkr pmsmrsd kr (midbdrmi (mid pkrbdrmifù` bm pmrtd fù` y gdbm`tdrm gdb vdnáiubk y budck db imebd gd daermcud. I. Bks gks imebds imebds gdb midbdrm midbdrmgkr gkr (midbdrmi (midbdrmifù` fù` y gdsmidbdrmifù`) gded` pmsmrsd pkr dìfam gdb tuek gd ord`k gdbm`tdrk. G. Db imebd imebd gdb ik`tmitk ik`tmitk gdb daermcu daermcudd gded pmsmrsd pmsmrsd pkr dìfam gdb imebd gdb f`tdrruptkr fzqufdrgk gdb am`fbbmr. D. Bks gks imebds imebds gdb midbdrmg midbdrmgkr kr (midbdrmi (midbdrmifù` fù` y gdsmidbdrmifù`) gded` pmsmrsd pkr db krfofifk gd bm tmpm gdb rmgfmgkr. 5 99 IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY Aktkr (vfstm gdrdinm) 5 97 IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY =. Ik` Ik`ju` ju`tk tk gd rdbæ rdbæ gd mr mrrm` rm`qud qud 5. Ykpkrtd gd f`stmbmif f`stmbmifù` ù` gdb gdpùsftk gdpùsftk gd ikaeu ikaeustfeb stfebdd 9. T`fù T`fù`` ggdb db ik` ik`di ditk tkrr 7. Imebd Imebd gdb AM]Y AM]Y (sd`skr (sd`skr gd im`tfgm im`tfgmgg gd mfrd mfrd akgubmgk) 4. Im Imeebd gd gdbb O OFG FG ?. Ik`ju` Ik`ju`tk tk gdb iudrp iudrpkk gd bm amrfpk amrfpksm sm 3. Imebd Imebd gdb gdb midbdr midbdrmgkr mgkr (gdsmidbdr (gdsmidbdrmifù`) mifù`) >. Imebd Imebd gdb midbdrmgkr midbdrmgkr (midbdrmifù (midbdrmifù`) `) 6. Imeb Imebdd gd eujá eujámm =8. Wmpm gdb rmgfmgkr ==. Imebd Imebd gdb sd`skr gd K5 =5. Erfgm Erfgm =9. Imebd gdb sd`skr gd tdapdr tdapdrmturm mturm gdb mcum =7. Aktkr gd mrrm`qud mrrm`qud =4. Imebd gdb sd`skr gd vdbkifgmg =?. Ikapk`d`td gdb emstfgkr emstfgkr =3. Imebd pksftfv pksftfvkk gd bm emtdrám =>. Wuek (tdrakstmtk m ekaem gd mcum) =6. Wmpm 58. Imebd gdb f`tdrruptkr gd bm buz gd ord ord`k `k trmsdrk 5=. Imebd gdb pkrtmousfebds 55. Imebd gdb f` f`tdrruptkr tdrruptkr gdb am`fbbmr (gdrdinm) 59. Imebd Imebd gdb gdb f`tdrruptkr f` f`tdrruptkr tdrruptkr prfìfpmb gdb am`fbbmr (fzqufdrgm) 57. Î Bm mermzmgdrm gded tkimr bm skbgmgurm gdb skpkrtd gd f`stmbmifù` gdb gdpùsftk. Æ Mb ik`ju`tk gdb f`tdraftd`td gdbm`tdrk. Ê @k ikrtd bm erfgm< krfd`td krf d`td db dxtrdak gd bm erfgm nmifm bm pmrtd trmsdrm gd bm aktkifibdtm. Ì Yujdtd db imebd gdb sd`skr gd tdapdrmturm gdb mcum mb ikapk`d`td gdb emstfgkr, d` bm if`tm if `tm ebmìm. Â Xmsd db imebd gdb aktkr gd mrrm`qud d`trd db imebd gdb OFG y db imebd gdb AM]Y. Á Xmsd db imebd gdb sd`skr gd tdapdrmturm gdb mcum pkr db f`tdrfkr gd bm tuedrám. À @k ikrtd bm erfgm< krfd`td krf d`td db dxtrdak gd bm erfgm nmifm bm pmrtd fòdrfkr gd bm aktkifibdtm. Ë Db imebd gdb f`tdrruptkr prfìfpmb, db imebd gdb f`tdrruptkr gdb am`fbbmr (gdrdinm) y db imebd gdb f`tdrruptkr gdb am`fbbmr (fzqufdrgm) gded` d`vkbvdrsd d`vkbv drsd d` db f`tdrfkr gd bm tmpm. Ø Yujdtd ik` u`m erfgm db imebd gdb f`tdrruptkr prfìfpmb, db f`tdrruptkr gdb am`fbbmr y bm tmpm< bm erfgm gded mprdtmrsd pmrm qud `k cfrd. @k ikrtd bm erfgm< krfd`td db dxtrdak gd bm erfgm nmifm bm pmrtd fòdrfkr gd bm aktkifibdtm. 5 94 IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY Cumrgmemrrks trmsdrk (vfstm gdrdinm) = 4 5 ? 7 M 9 5 9? IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY =. Imjm Imjm gd ous ousfe febd bdss 5. Imebd Imebd pksft pksftfvk fvk gd gd bm emtdr emtdrám ám 9. F`tdrruptkr F`tdrruptkr gd bm bm buz gd ord`k ord`k trmsdrk trmsdrk 7. Imebd Imebd gd bm imjm imjm gd ousfe ousfebds bds 4. DIT ?. Imebd Imebd gdb ik`ju`t ik`ju`tkk gd bm u`fgmg u`fgmg gd pfbktk pfbktk trmsdrk trmsdrk M. Imebd Imebd gdb f`tdrruptk f`tdrruptkrr gd bm buz gd ord`k ord`k trmsdrk trmsdrk pkr bm cuám gd imebds. 5-93 IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY Ikbua`m gd bm gfrdiifù` (vfstm fzqufdrgm) E5X= 5-9> IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY =. Imeb Imebdd ggdd daer daermc mcud ud 5. Imebd Imebd gdb gdb adgfgkr adgfgkr gd ikaeu ikaeustfe stfebd bd 9. Wuek gd ikae ikaeust ustfeb febdd 7. Imebd Imebd gd bm ekaem ekaem gd gd ikaeus ikaeustfe tfebd bd 4. Imebd Imebd gdb ik`tmit ik`tmitkk gd pksfifù` pksfifù` gdb imaefk imaefk gd amrinms ?. Imeb Imebdd gdb gdb sd`s sd`skr kr gd gd K5 3. Wmpm mpm gdb rmg rmgfm fmgk gkrr >. Imeb Imebdd ggdd bm ekif` ekif`mm 6. Imebd Imebd gdb midbd midbdrmg rmgkr kr (rdtkr` (rdtkr`k) k) =8. Imebd gd gdbb midbdrmgkr (trmiifù`) (trmiifù`) ==. Imebd gdb f` f`tdrruptkr tdrruptkr gdb am`fbbmr (fzqufdrgm) =5. Cuám gd imebd imebd =9. Imebd Imebd `dcmtfvk =7. Imebd Imebd gdb MIA =4. Ykpkrtd gd ak`tmjd ak`tmjd gdb aktkr =?. Wuek trm`svdrsmb (ikapk`d`td gdb emstfgkr) Î Nmifm db omrk, db ik`ju`tk gd f`struad`tks y bm buz gdb f`tdraftd`td gdbm`tdrk. Æ Yujdtmr ik` u`m erfgm d`trd bms gks mrfstms gdb gdpurmgkr gd mfrd. Ê Db imebd gd daermcud gded pmsmr pkr bm cuám. Ì Yftúd db imebd gdb tdraf`mb gd bm ekif`m oudrm gd bm aktkifibdtm. Â Db imebd `dcmtfvk, db imebd gdb MIA y db imebd gdb ik`tmitk gd pksfifù` gdb imaefk gd amrinms gded` sujdtmrsd ik` db tuek trm`svdrsmb oudrm gdb skpkrtd gd ak`tmjd gdb aktkr y db imebd d` bm pmrtd gdb prktditkr. 5-96 IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY Aktkr (vfstm fzqufdrgm) E=X= 5-78 IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY = Imebd gd daermcud 5 Ik`ju`tk gd rditfofimgkr/rdcubmgkr 9 Imebd gdb f`tdrruptkr gdb imembbdtd bmtdrmb 7 Mpkyk 4 Wuedrám (tmpù` gdb rmgfmgkr m gdpùsftk gd rdorfcdrm`td) ? Ykpkrtd 3 F`tdrruptkr gdb imembbdtd bmtdrmb > Erfgm Î Db imebd gdb f`tdrruptkr gdb imembbdtd bmtdrmb gded sujdtmrsd d` bm pmrtd id`trmb gdb mpkyk gd bm cuám. Æ @k gded nmedr `f`cu`m nkbcurm gdb imebd d` bm zk`m sdýmbmgm pkr bms obdinms mb sujdtmrbk. Ê @k ikrtd bm erfgm< krfd`td krf d`td db dxtrdak gd bm erfgm nmifm bm pmrtd fòdrfkr gd bm aktkifibdtm. Ì Yujdtd ik` u`m erfgm db imebd gdb f`tdrruptkr gdb imembbdtd bmtdrmb d` bm pmrtd gkebmgm gd bm tmpm fòdrfkr gdb skpkrtd. Â @k ikrtd bm erfgm< krfd`td krf d`td db dxtrdak gd bm erfgm nmifm bm pmrtd gdbm`tdrm gd bm aktkifibdtm. 5-7= IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY (_fstm supdrfkr) E=X= =. Imebd Imebd gdb ik`tmitk ik`tmitk gdb gdb imembbdtd imembbdtd bmtdrmb bmtdrmb 5. Wuedrám uedrám (tmpù` (tmpù` gdb rmgfmgk rmgfmgkrr m gdpùsftk gdpùsftk gd rdorfcdrm`td) 9. Imeb Imebdd gd daer daermc mcud ud 7. Imebd Imebd gdb ik`ju`tk ik`ju`tk gd rditfofimgk rditfofimgkr/rdcu r/rdcubmgkr bmgkr 4. Ik`ju` Ik`ju`tk tk gd amzk amzk gd imeb imebds ds Î Xmsd db imebd gdb ik`tmitk gdb imembbdtd bmtdrmb gdb amzk gd imebds pkr gdemjk gdb ik`ju`tk gdb amzk gd imebds y pkr dìfam gdb imebd gdb ik`ju`tk gd rditfofimgkr/rdcubmgkr 5-75 IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY Cumrgmemrrks trmsdrk (vfstm fzqufdrgm) 5-79 IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY = Ik`ju`tk gdb ofbtrk gd mfrd 5 Yd`skr gdb í`cubk gd fìbf`mifù` 9 Imebd gdb ik`ju`tk gdb pfbktk trmsdrk 7 Imebd `dcmtfvk 4 Mpkyk trmsdrk ? Imebd gdb sd`skr gd vdbkifgmg 3 Imebd gdb MIA > Ykpkrtd gd ak`tmjd gdb aktkr 6 Imebd gdb sd`skr gdb í`cubk gd fìbf`mifù` 8 Ikapk`d`td gdb emstfgkr M Ik`ju`tk gd amzk gd imebds E Imjm I Cumrgmemrrks G Xu`tk gd cfrk M D Ykpkrtd O Ndrrmafd`tm gd am`td`fafd`tk Î Bm buz gdb f`tdraftd`td trmsdrk (fzqufdrgm y gdrdinm) y db imebd gd bm buz gd bm amtráiubm gded` f`trkguifrsd d`trd bms mrfstms gdb cumrgmemrrks d` krgd` mbdmtkrfk. Æ Yujdtd db imebd gdb MIA, db imebd gdb ik`tmitk gd pksfifù` gdb imaefk gd amrinms y db imebd `dcmtfvk mb ikapk`d`td gdb emstfgkr< `k ikrtdmbbm erfgm, db dxtrdak gd bm erfgm gded fr pmrmbdbk mpkyk trmsdrk. Ê Db imebd `dcmtfvk gded tkimr db skpkrtd gd ak`tmjd gdb aktkr. Ì Db imebd gdb ik`tmitk gd pksfifù` gdb imaefk gd amrinms y db imebd gdb MIA `k gded` td`dr `f`cu`m nkbcurm. Â Bm erfgm `k sd gded ikrtmr< krfd`td db dxtrdak gd bm erfgm nmifm bm pmrtd supdrfkr gd bm aktkifibdtm. Á Yujdtd db imebd gd bm u`fgmg gdb pfbktk trmsdrk, db imebd gd bks gks f`tdraftd`tds trmsdrks (fzqufdrgm y gdrdinm), db imebd gd bm buz gd bm amtráiubm y db imebd gd bm ndrrmafd`tm gd am`td`fafd`tk ik` db ikapk`d`td gdb emstfgkr. @k ikrtd bm erfgm< sftúd db dxtrdak gd bm erfgm gdemjk gdb ik`ju`tk gd amzk gd imebds. À d` F`trkguzim bm erfgm gdb gdb emstfgkr ik`ju`tk(pksfifù` gd amzk gd imebds im ebds db ikapk`d`td rdodrdìfm). Ë Db MIA y db ik`ditkr gd pu`tk audrtk gded` d`vkbvdrsd d`vkbv drsd d` db f`tdrfkr gd bm tmpm gdb ik`ditkr. Ø Db ‒pu`tk gd cfrk M‑ gdb amzk gd imebds gded dstmr dìfam gdb ik`ditkr. Ý Bm nd`gfgurm gdb ik`ditkr gd bm b m ndrrmafd`tm gd am`td`fafd`tk gded f`trkguifrsd d` db skpkrtd gdb cmìnk. Õ Db imebd gdb ik`ju`tk gdb pfbktk trmsdrk, bks imebds gd bks gks f`tdraftd`tds trmsdrks (fzqufdrgm y gdrdinm) y db imebd gd bm buz gd bm amtráiubm gded` d`vkbvdrsd d`vkbv drsd gdemjk gdb ik`ditkr gd bm tmpm. 5-77 IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY Aktkr (vfstm supdrfkr) 53 D 9? 7 5> 56 G 9 4 5 ? M E = 3 > 6 =8 E == 5? 54 =5 I =9 57 59 O 56 =7 =4 =? 55 5= 58 =6 => C 98 =3 O 56 97 95 99 9= 5-74 IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY = Imebd gdb f`tdraftd`td gdbm`tdrk fzqufdrgk. 5 Ik`ju`tk gd amzk gd imebds (omrk) 9 Imebd gd daermcud 7 Imebd gdb f`tdrruptkr fzqufdrgk gdb am`fbbmr 4 Imebd gdb midbdrmgkr (trmiifù`) ? Imebd gdb midbdrmgkr (rdtkr`k) 3 Imebd gd bm buz gdb f`tdraftd`td gdbm`tdrk gdrdink. > Imebd gdb sd`skr gd K5 6 Imebd gdb __M 8 Ekef`m gd dìd`gfgk M Imebd gd bm ekef`m gd dìd`gfgk E Imebd gdb ik`ju`tk gd f`yditkr I Ik`ju`tk gd f`yditkr G Wuedrám rdspfrmgdrk gdb gdpùsftk gd ikaeustfebd D Imebd gdb OFG O Wuek gd ikaeustfebd C Imebd gdb ik`ditkr gd u`fù` N Imebd gdb A.M.].Y. F Imebd gdb aktkr gd mrrm`qud J Imebd gdb sd`skr gd vdbkifgmg L Wuek gd vmifmgk gd ikaeustfebd B Imebd gd bm ekaem gd ikaeustfebd i kaeustfebd A Imebd gdb adgfgkr gd ikaeustfebd @ Uditfofimgkr/rdcubmgkr K Imebd gdb rditfofimgkr/rdcubmgkr X Imebd gd bm ekif`m ] Wmpm gdb rmgfmgkr U Imebd gdb aktkr gdb vd`tfbmgkr Y Ik`ju`tk gd amzk gd imebds W Wmpm gdrdinm T Imebd gdb f`tdraftd`td gdbm`tdrk gdrdink _ Mpkyk gdb aktkr S Ikapk`d`td gdb emstfgkr ^ Wmpm fzqufdrgm V Imebd gdb f`tdraftd`td gdbm`tdrk fzqufdrgk Z Imebd gdb ik`ju`tk gd f`struad`tks Î Dstd ik`ditkr ds pmrm miidskrfks. Æ Yujdtmr d` bm if`tm ebmìm. Ê Yujdtd db ik`ju`tk gd amzk gd imebds mb ikapk`d`td gdb emstfgkr idrim gdb id`trk gd bm aktkifibdtm. Ì Xmsd db imebd gdb aktkr gdb vd`tfbmgkr gdb rmgfmgkr pkr db krfofifk gd bm tmpm gdb rmgfmgkr. rmgfmgkr. Â Db imebd gdb aktkr gdb vd`tfbmgkr gded dstmr d` dstm zk`m. Á F`trkguzim bm erfgm d` bm tmpm gdrdinm< `k ikrtd ikr td bm erfgm, krfd`td db dxtrdak nmifm bm pmrtd supdrfkr gdb vdnáiubk. À Yujdtd db ik`ju`tk gd amzk gd imebds mb ikapk`d`td gdb emstfgkr pkr oudrm gdb mpkyk gdb aktkr< `k ikrtd bm erfgm, krfd`td db dxtrdak nmifm bm pmrtd fòdrfkr gd bm aktkifibdtm. Ë F`trkguzim bm erfgm d` bm tmpm fzqufdrgm< `k ikrtd bm erfgm, krfd`td db dxtrdak nmifm bm pmrtd supdrfkr gdb vdnáiubk. 5-7? IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY Ik`ju`tk gd f`struad`tks 7 3 E 4 5 ? = 7 5 5 M = 9 I =5 == =8 6 > 5-73 IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY = Imebd gdb ik`ju`tk gd f`struad`tks 5 Mpkyk 9 Imebd gdb ik`ju`tk gdb omrk 7 Ik`ju`tk gdb omrk 4 Amzk gd imebds (imebd gdb omrk) ? Ykpkrtd gd bks f`struad`tks 3 Ik`ju`tk gd f`struad`tks > Imebd gdb ik`tmitk gd pksfifù` gdb imaefk gd amrinms 6 Imebd `dcmtfvk 8 Imebd gdb MIA M Ykpkrtd gd ak`tmjd gdb aktkr E Wuek trm`svdrsmb (ikapk`d`td gdb emstfgkr) Î Xmsd db imebd gdb ik`ju`tk gd f`struad`tks pkr gdbm`td gdb vdnáiubk y budck db mpkyk mpkyk.. Æ Db ik`ditkr gdb imebd gdb omrk d` db amzk gd imebds prfìfpmb gded u`frsd mb ik`ditkr gdb ik`ju`tk gdb omrk. Ê Db imebd `dcmtfvk, db imebd gdb MIA y db imebd gdb ik`tmitk gd pksfifù` gdb imaefk gd amrinms gded` sujdtmrsd ik` db tuek trm`svdrsmb oudrm gdb skpkrtd gd ak`tmjd gdb aktkr y db imebd d` bm pmrtd pmr td gdb prktditkr. 5-7> IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY Cumrgmemrrks trmsdrk (vfstm supdrfkr) 5? = 7 5 9 =6 => 58 E =8 7 54 4 M ? =3 3 5= 55 =4 > =? =7 KL 59 =7 @C =4 =7 6 55 =8 I => => =9 =5 =9 57 5-76 IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY =. Imebd Imebd gdb f`tdraftd`td f`tdraftd`td trmsdrk, trmsdrk, gdrdinm gdrdinm 5. Imebd Imebd gd bm buz buz gd bm bm amtrái amtráiubm ubm 9. Imebd Imebd gdb f`tdraftd`td f`tdraftd`td trmsdrk, trmsdrk, fzqufdrgm fzqufdrgm 7. Imebd Imebd gdb gdb ik`ju`tk ik`ju`tk gdb pfbktk pfbktk trmsdrk trmsdrk 4. Ik`j Ik`ju` u`tk tk gd rd rdbæ bæ ?. T`fgmg T`fgmg gd ik`trk ik`trkbb gdb gdb aktkr aktkr 3. Wmpm mpm gdb ik` ik`di ditk tkrr >. Ndr fd`tm tmfvk gd am`td` am` fafd`tk 6. Ndrrma Imebd Imermafd` bd `dcmt `d cmtfv k gd bmtd`fafd emtd emtdrám rám`tk =8. Ik`ju`tk gd amz amzkk gd imebds ==. Imebd gdb sd`skr gdb í`cubk gd fìbf`mifù` =5. Imebd gdb a aktkr ktkr gd mrrm`qud =9. Imebd gdb f`tdrruptkr gd bm buz gdb ord`k trmsdrk =7. Imebd Imebd pksftfvk pksftfvk gd bm emtdrám emtdrám =4. Imjm gd ousfeb ousfebds ds =?. Ykpkrtd Ykpkrtd =3. Udbæ gd bks f`tdraftd`t f`tdraftd`tds ds =>. =>. Imjm Imjm =6. Cumrgmemrrk Cumrgmemrrkss 58. Cumrgmemrrks Cumrgmemrrks 5 5=. Ikrrdm Ikrrdm gd bm emtdrám emtdrám 55. Ik`ju`tk Ik`ju`tk gd bm emtdrám emtdrám 59. Imebd Imebd gd bm imjm gd ousfebds ousfebds 57. Imebd Imebd gdb pkrtmousfebds pkrtmousfebds 54. Ik`ju`tk Ik`ju`tk gdb pfbktk trmsdrk trmsdrk 5?. Cumrgmemrr Cumrgmemrrks ks trmsdrk Î Xu`tk gd cfrk M. Æ Yujdtd db ik`ju`tk gd amzk gd imebds m bm imjm d` bm akrgmzm. Ê Yujdtd db imebd m bm imjm d` d ` bm akrgmzm fzqufdrgm y gdrdinm. 5-48 IKBKIMIFÙ@ GD BKY IMEBDY 5-4= IKAXUKEMIFK@DY V MJTYWDY XDUFÙGFIKY AM@WD@FAFD@WK XDUFÙGFIK (E=X=) ......................................................... 9-= F@WUKGTIIFÙ@.......................................................................................9-= F@WUKGTIIFÙ@ .......................................................................................9-= ITMGUK GD AM@WD@FAFD@WK XDUFÙGFIK GDB YFYWDAM GD IK@WUKB GD DAFYFK@DY .....................................................................9-= ITMGUK CD@DUMB GD AM@WD@FAFD@WK V D@CUMYD......................9-= D@CUMYD ......................9-= AM@WD@FAFD@WK XDUFÙGFIK (E5X=) ......................................................... 9-7 F@WUKGTIIFÙ@.......................................................................................9-7 F@WUKGTIIFÙ@ .......................................................................................9-7 ITMGUK GD AM@WD@FAFD@WK XDUFÙGFIK GDB YFYWDAM GD IK@WUKB GD DAFYFK@DY .....................................................................9-7 ITMGUK CD@DUMB GD AM@WD@FAFD@WK V D@CUMYD......................9-7 D@CUMYD ......................9-7 AKWKU ............................................................................................................ 9-3 AKWKU............................................................................................................ MJTYWD GD BM NKBCTUM GD BMY _ÍB_TBMY .....................................9-3 MJTYWD GDB UMBD@WÁ GDB AKWKU ......................................................9-> MJTYWD GDB JTDCK BFEUD GDB XTÝK GDB MIDBDUMGKU ...............9-6 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GD BM ETJÁM ..............................................................9-6 ADGFIFÙ@ GD BM XUDYFÙ@ ..................................9-=8 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GDB @F_DBGD GDIKAXUDYFÙ@ MIDFWD GDB AKWKU .....................9-== IMAEFK GDB MIDFWD GDB AKWKU ......................................................9-=5 MJTYWD GD BM NKBCTUM GD BM AM@DWM GD DAEUMCTD..............9-=9 DAEUMCTD ..............9-=9 BFAXFDZM GDB DBDAD@WK GDB OFBWUK GD MFUD ..............................9-=7 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GD BM T@FÙ@ GDB ITDUXK GD BM AMUFXKYM V BM T@FÙ@ GD BM IMJM GDB OFBWUK OFB WUK GD MFUD MFUD.............9-=4 .............9-=4 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GD BM BÁ@DM GD IKAETYWFEBD ...........................9-=4 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GDB WTEK UDYXFUMGDUK GD BM ITBMWM..........9-=4 ITBMWM ..........9-=4 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GDB YFYWDAM GD DYIMXD ....................................9-=? IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GDB @F_DB GD UDOUFCDUM@WD ............................9-=? IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GDB YFYWDAM GD UDOUFCDUMIFÙ@ .....................9-=? IMAEFK GDB UDOUFCDUM@WD .............................................................9-=3 9 INMYFY ......................................................................................................... 9-=6 MJTYWD GDB JTDCK GD BM AM@DWM GD OUD@K ..............................9-=6 MJTYWD GDB OUD@K GD GFYIK WUMYDUK ........................................9-=6 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GDB @F_DB GD BÁ]TFGK GD OUD@KY ...................9-=6 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GD BMY XMYWFBBMY GD OUD@K GDBM@WDUK ......9-58 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GD BMY XMYWFBBMY GD OUD@K WUMYDUK WUMYDUK...........9-58 ...........9-58 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GDB WTEK GD OUD@K GDBM@WDUK .....................9-58 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GDB WTEK GD OUD@K WUMYDUK..........................9-5= WUMYDUK ..........................9-5= MJTYWD GDB F@WDUUTXWKU GD BM BTZ GD OUD@K WUMYDUK.......9-5= WUMYDUK .......9-5= XTUCM GDB YFYWDAM GD OUD@K NFGUÍTBFIK ................................9-5= MJTYWD GD BM NKBCTUM GD BM IMGD@M GD WUM@YAFYFÙ@ .........9-55 D@CUMYD GD BM IMGD@M GD WUM@YAFYFÙ@....................................9-59 WUM@YAFYFÙ@ ....................................9-59 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ V MJTYWD GD BM IKBTA@M GD BM GFUDIIFÙ@ ...........................................................................................9-59 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GD BM NKU]TFBBM GDBM@WDUM...........................9-54 GDBM@WDUM ...........................9-54 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GD BKY @DTAÍWFIKY ...........................................9-54 IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GD BMY UTDGMY.....................................................9-5? UTDGMY .....................................................9-5? IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ V D@CUMYD GD BKY D^WUDAKY GD BKY IMEBDY .................................................................................................9-53 D@CUMYD GD BM AM@DWM GD DAEUMCTD ........................................9-53 D@CUMYD GD BM AM@DWM GD OUD@K ................................................9-53 D@CUMYD GD BKY XDGMBDYBMWDUMB ...............................................................9-53 D@CUMYD GDB IMEMBBDWD ................................................9-53 D@CUMYD GD BM YTYXD@YFÙ@ WUMYDUM .........................................9-53 YFYWDAM DBÆIWUFIK ................................................................................. 9-5> IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ V IMUCM GD BM EMWDUÁM......................................9-5> EMWDUÁM ......................................9-5> IKAXUKEMIFÙ@ GD BKY OTYFEBDY ..................................................9-5> MJTYWD GDB NMZ GD BKY OMUKY .......................................................9-5>

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Manual de Taller r15 v3

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