9/23/24, 2:49 AM OpenAI o1-mini | OpenAI September 12, 2024 OpenAI o1-mini Advancing cost-efficient reasoning. Contributions We're releasing OpenAI o1-mini, a cost-efficient reasoning model. o1-mini excels at STEM, especially math and coding—nearly matching the performance of OpenAI o1 on evaluation benchmarks such as AIME and Codeforces. We expect o1-mini will be a faster, cost-effective model for applications that require reasoning without broad world knowledge. Today, we are launching o1-mini to tier 5 API users at a cost that is 80% cheaper than OpenAI o1-preview. ChatGPT Plus, Team, Enterprise, and Edu users can use o1-mini as an alternative to o1-preview, with higher rate limits and lower latency (see Model Speed). Optimized for STEM Reasoning Large language models such as o1 are pre-trained on vast text datasets. While these high-capacity models have broad world knowledge, they can be expensive and slow for real-world applications. In contrast, o1-mini is a smaller model optimized for STEM reasoning during pretraining. After training with the same high-compute reinforcement learning (RL) pipeline as o1, o1-mini achieves comparable performance on many useful reasoning tasks, while being significantly more cost efficient. https://openai.com/index/openai-o1-mini-advancing-cost-efficient-reasoning/ 1/9 9/23/24, 2:49 AM OpenAI o1-mini | OpenAI When evaluated on benchmarks requiring intelligence and reasoning, o1-mini performs well compared to o1-preview and o1. However, o1-mini performs worse on tasks requiring non-STEM factual knowledge (see Limitations). Read aloud Math Performance vs Inference Cost GPT-4o GPT-4o mini o1-preview o1-mini o1 80% AIME 60% 40% 20% 0% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Inference Cost (%) Mathematics: In the high school AIME math competition, o1-mini (70.0%) is competitive with o1 (74.4%)–while being significantly cheaper–and outperforms o1preview (44.6%). o1-mini’s score (about 11/15 questions) places it in approximately the top 500 US high-school students. Coding: On the Codeforces competition website, o1-mini achieves 1650 Elo, which is again competitive with o1 (1673) and higher than o1-preview (1258). This Elo score puts the model at approximately the 86th percentile of programmers who compete on the Codeforces platform. o1-mini also performs well on the HumanEval coding benchmark and high-school level cybersecurity capture the flag challenges (CTFs). Codeforces https://openai.com/index/openai-o1-mini-advancing-cost-efficient-reasoning/ 2/9 9/23/24, 2:49 AM OpenAI o1-mini | OpenAI 1650 o1-mini 1258 o1-preview 900 GPT-4o 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1 Elo HumanEval o1-mini 92.4% o1-preview 92.4% 90.2% GPT-4o 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Accuracy Cybersecurity CTFs 28.7% o1-mini 43 o1-preview 20.0% GPT-4o 0 GPT-4o 20.0% 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Accuracy (Pass@12) STEM: On some academic benchmarks requiring reasoning, such as GPQA (science) and MATH-500, o1-mini outperforms GPT-4o. o1-mini does not perform as well as GPT-4o on tasks such as MMLU and lags behind o1-preview on GPQA due to its lack of broad world knowledge. MMLU 0-shot CoT https://openai.com/index/openai-o1-mini-advancing-cost-efficient-reasoning/ 3/9 9/23/24, 2:49 AM OpenAI o1-mini | OpenAI 88.7% GPT-4o 85.2% o1-mini 90.8% o1-preview 92.3% o1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 GPQA Diamond, 0-shot CoT 53.6% GPT-4o 60.0% o1-mini 73.3% o1-preview o1 77.3% o1-preview 73.3% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 MATH-500 0-shot CoT 60.3% GPT-4o 90.0% o1-mini 85.5% o1-preview o1 94. o1-preview 85.5% 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Human preference evaluation: We had human raters compare o1-mini to GPT-4o on challenging, open-ended prompts in various domains, using the same methodology as our o1-preview vs GPT-4o comparison. Similar to o1-preview, o1-mini is preferred to GPT-4o in reasoning-heavy domains, but is not preferred to GPT-4o in languagefocused domains. Human preference evaluation vs chatgpt-4o-latest o1-preview o1-mini https://openai.com/index/openai-o1-mini-advancing-cost-efficient-reasoning/ 4/9 9/23/24, 2:49 AM OpenAI o1-mini | OpenAI 100 Win Rate vs GPT-4o (%) 80 60 40 20 0 Personal Writing Editing Text Computer Programming Data Analysis Mathematical Calcula Domain Model Speed As a concrete example, we compared responses from GPT-4o, o1-mini, and o1preview on a word reasoning question. While GPT-4o did not answer correctly, both o1-mini and o1-preview did, and o1-mini reached the answer around 3-5x faster. https://openai.com/index/openai-o1-mini-advancing-cost-efficient-reasoning/ 5/9 9/23/24, 2:49 AM OpenAI o1-mini | OpenAI Chat speed comparison Safety o1-mini is trained using the same alignment and safety techniques as o1-preview. The model has 59% higher jailbreak robustness on an internal version of the StrongREJECT dataset compared to GPT-4o. Before deployment, we carefully assessed the safety risks of o1-mini using the same approach to preparedness, external red-teaming, and safety evaluations as o1-preview. We are publishing the detailed results from these evaluations in the accompanying system card. Metric GPT-4o o1-mini % Safe completions refusal on harmful 0.99 0.99 % Safe completions on harmful prompts (Challenging: jailbreaks & edge cases) 0.714 0.932 % Compliance on benign edge cases (“not overrefusal”) 0.91 0.923 Goodness@0.1 0.22 0.83 0.77 0.95 prompts (standard) StrongREJECT jailbreak eval (Souly et al. 2024) Human sourced jailbreak eval https://openai.com/index/openai-o1-mini-advancing-cost-efficient-reasoning/ 6/9 9/23/24, 2:49 AM OpenAI o1-mini | OpenAI Limitations and What’s Next Due to its specialization on STEM reasoning capabilities, o1-mini’s factual knowledge on non-STEM topics such as dates, biographies, and trivia is comparable to small LLMs such as GPT-4o mini. We will improve these limitations in future versions, as well as experiment with extending the model to other modalities and specialities outside of STEM. Authors OpenAI Our research Overview Index Latest advancements OpenAI o1 GPT-4 https://openai.com/index/openai-o1-mini-advancing-cost-efficient-reasoning/ 7/9 9/23/24, 2:49 AM OpenAI o1-mini | OpenAI GPT-4o mini DALL·E 3 Sora ChatGPT For Everyone For Teams For Enterprises ChatGPT login Download API Platform overview Pricing Documentation API login Explore more OpenAI for business Stories Safety overview Safety overview Company About us News Our Charter Security https://openai.com/index/openai-o1-mini-advancing-cost-efficient-reasoning/ 8/9 9/23/24, 2:49 AM OpenAI o1-mini | OpenAI Residency Careers Terms & policies Terms of use Privacy policy Brand guidelines Other policies OpenAI © 2015–2024 https://openai.com/index/openai-o1-mini-advancing-cost-efficient-reasoning/ 9/9
