Tipos de variables

!"#$"%&'(&'&%#$)*&'(
!"#$"%#&"'()*&+%,&-"#.%/#0$,.1)#(2(0("*1)#/#,1",(3*1)#4$(#
13(5%"#("#()*5(,.%#&"*(55(2%,&-"6#72+$"1)#4$(#,1"'&("(#
8(9"&5##/#35(,&)%5#)1"#21)#)&+$&("*():#
•!!)+,-)*&.)(/&(*)(0&/$#$1%2(+$3"'(/&(4)-$)5*&'(
•!6&*)#$"%&'(&%+-&(4)-$)5*&'2(4)-$)5*&'($%/&3&%/$&%+&'(7(
4)-$)5*&'(/&3&%/$&%+&'(
•!8,&'+-)(7(3"5*)#$1%(
9$3"'(/&(4)-$)5*&'(
!"#*18%#&"'()*&+%,&-"#)(#1;)(5'%"#<("-0("1)#1#3513&(8%8()#
3%5%#*%2#1#,$%2#3513-)&*16#!"#2%)#&"'()*&+%,&1"()#,$%"*&*%*&'%)=#
()*%#1;)(5'%,&-"#+("(5%20("*(#)(#*5%8$,(#("#0(8&,&1"()=#()#
8(,&5=#2%#5(,12(,,&-"#8(#8%*1)#%,(5,%#8(#$"#1;>(*1#1#<("-0("1#
3%5*&,$2%56#
?1)#8%*1)#0(8&81)#$#1;)(5'%81)#("#$"%#&"'()*&+%,&-"#
,$%"*&*%*&'%#5(,&;("#+("(5%20("*(#(2#"10;5(#8(#'%5&%;2()6##
74$@#,10&("A%"#21)#351;2(0%)#*(50&"12-+&,1)=#3$()#2%)#
,2%)&9,%,&1"()#8(#21)#*&31)#8(#'%5&%;2()##)1"#0$,.%)#'(,()#0$/#
8&)*&"*%)6#
9$3"'(/&(4)-$)5*&'(
B&#;&("#()#31)&;2(#(",1"*5%5#1*5%)#,2%)&9,%,&1"()=#*5%;%>%5(01)#
8&)*&"+$&("81#'%5&%;2()#8&),5(*%)#1#,1"*&"$%):#
C"%#'%5&%;2(#8&),5(*%#)121#3$(8(#%84$&5&5#$"#,1">$"*1#
+("(5%20("*(#;%>1#8(#'%215()#D8(#E#%#F#31)&;2()#'%215()=#315#
(>(0321G6#H$,.%)#'(,()=#()*%)#'%5&%;2()#,155()31"8("#%#5%)+1)#
;&"%5&1)#D,101#(2#)(I1G=#("#,$/1#,%)1#)(#2%)#8("10&"%#'%5&%;2()#
8&,1*-0&,%)6#
?%)#'%5&%;2()#,1"*&"$%)=#("#,%0;&1#3$(8("#%813*%5#$"%#%032&%#
+%0%#8(#'%215()=#&",2$/("81#21)#&"*(5'%21)#4$(#.%/#("*5(#
"J0(51)#("*(51)6#K15#(>(0321=#("#$"#,$5)1#3$(8(#.%;(5#
3510(8&1)#4$(#1),&2("#("*5(#(2#L#/#(2#M=#,1"#$"%#+5%"#,%"*&8%8#8(#
&"*(5'%21)#31)&;2()#("*5(#21)#'%215()#("*(51)#D21)#&"*(5'%21)#
%$0("*%"##)&#,1")&8(5%01)#81)#8(,&0%2()G6#
?%)#'%5&%;2()#8&),5(*%)#D22%0%8%)#%#'(,()#,%*(+15&%2()G=#3$(8("#)(5#
158&"%2()#1#"10&"%2()6#C"%#'%5&%;2(#158&"%2#5(N(>%#$"%#>(5%54$@%#("*5(#
21)#(2(0("*1)=#0&("*5%)#4$(#$"%#"10&"%2#"1#5(N(>%#"&"+$"%#>(5%54$@%6#
O%5&%;2(#"10&"%2:#)(I1#DP#1#HG=#"10;5()=#35()(",&%#1#%$)(",&%#8(#
5%)+1)#DQRLG6#!)*%)#'%5&%;2()#)1"#,1")&8(5%8%)#,101#%*5&;$*1)6#
O%5&%;2(#158&"%2:#21)#%*5&;$*1)#4$(#)(#5(+&)*5%"#3$(8("#0%"*("(5#("*5(#
)@#$"%#5(2%,&-"#8(#>(5%54$@%=#3(51#()*%)#5(2%,&1"()#"1#3(50&*("#0S)#
4$(#$"%#,%"*&8%8#8(*(50&"%8%#8(#%"S2&)&)=#,101#315#(>(0321#3$(8(#
)(5#(2#%T1#8(#(),12%5&8%8=#2%#3(5*("(",&%#%#$"#+5$31#)1,&1(,1"-0&,1#1#
$"#+5$31#(*%5&16#U$%"81#(2%;15%01)#&")*5$0("*1)#4$(#,1"*(032("#
51*$2%,&1"()#8(#%*5&;$*1)#1#()*&0%,&1"()#,$%2&*%*&'%)=#()*%01)#("#
35()(",&%#8(#$"%#'%5&%;2()#4$(#31)(("#$"%#V>(5%54$@%W#158&"%2:#
1
muy en desacuerdo
2
en desacuerdo
3
me es indiferente (no estoy ni ahí)
4
de acuerdo
5
muy de acuerdo
1
Primero medio
1
Texto expositivo
2
Segundo medio
2 Texto argumentativo
3
Tercero medio
3
4
Cuarto medio
4 Texto académico
Texto especializado
9$3"'(/&(4)-$)5*&'(
•!Implican una jerarquía
•!No implican una jerarquía
?%)#'%5&%;2()#,1"*&"$%)#)1"#2%)#0S)#$*&2&A%8%)#("#21)#8&)(T1)#
(I3(5&0("*%2()#,$%"*&*%*&'1)6#B(#*5%*%#8(#'%5&%;2()#4$(#5(N(>%"#
0%+"&*$8()#5(%2()#8(#,%5S,*(5#>(5S54$&,16#7#'(,()#)(#8&)*&"+$(#
("*5(#'%5&%;2()#&"*(5'%2%5()#1#8(#5%A-"=#3(51#()*%#8&)*&",&-"#"1#
()#0$/#&0315*%"*(6#
!"#&"'()*&+%,&1"()#2&"+X@)*&,%)#()#31)&;2(#1;*("(5#'%5&%;2()#
,1"*&"$%)#%#3%5*&5#8(#5%)+1)#,101#,%"*&8%8#8(#3%2%;5%)=#@"8&,()#
8(#1,$55(",&%=#3510(8&1#8(#%3%5&,&-"=#'%215()#("#PAY#!"#
+("(5%2=#,%8%#'(A#4$(#*("+%01)#$"%#(),%2%#%032&%#8(#3$"*%>()#
4$(#3$(8("#'%5&%5#("*5(#$"#)$>(*1#D1#*(I*1G#/#1*51=#()*%01)#("#
35()(",&%#8(#$"%#'%5&%;2(#,1"*&"$%6##
9$3"'(/&(4)-$)5*&'(
El valor cero es arbitrario, no
significa ausencia
de la cualidad medida
El valor cero no es arbitrario,
representa la ausencia
de la cualidad medida
:)(-&)*(/$;&-&%#$)(
?%#'(58%8(5%#8&<(5(",&%#("*5(#2%)#'%5&%;2()#8&),5(*%)#/#,1"*&"$%)#D1#%2#
0("1)#2%#0S)#<S,&2#8(#,1",(;&5G#()#2%#&"*(535(*%;&2&8%8#8(2#3510(8&16#
!"#(2#,%)1#8(#2%)#'%5&%;2()#8&),5(*%)=#(2#3510(8&1#"1#()#&"*(535(*%;2(#
,1.(5("*(0("*(=#0&("*5%)#4$(#("#(2#,%)1#8(#2%)#'%5&%;2()#,1"*&"$%)#(2#
3510(8&1#)@#()#&"*(535(*%;2(#,1.(5("*(0("*(6
##
G CM !
5,4!
Nivel!
EM!
1!
HI AO !
6,7!
4!
HI JA !
4,3!
3!
LH AU !
3,2!
2!
LH CB !
5,3!
2!
LH CL !
4,8!
4!
LH CM !
6,1!
1!
LH CN !
3,2!
2!
LH DR !
5,4!
3!
LH FR !
4,0!
1!
4,84!
2,3!
Sujetos!
1
Primero medio
2
Segundo medio
3
Tercero medio
4
Cuarto medio
prom:!
Nota!
6&*)#$1%(&%+-&(4)-$)5*&'(
?1)#*&31)#8(#'%5&%;2()#5(N(>%"#,%5%,*(5@)*&,%)#8(#2%)#'%5&%;2()6#
!"#,&(5*1#)("*&81=#)(#*5%*%#8(#$"%#,2%)&9,%,&-"#1"*12-+&,%=#()#
8(,&5=#$"%#,2%)&9,%,&-"#4$(#8&)*&"+$(#2%)#'%5&%;2()#("#;%)(#%#
)$#"%*$5%2(A%#&"*5@")(,%6#
?%)#5(2%,&1"()#("*5(#'%5&%;2()#("#,%0;&1=#+("(5%"#21#4$(#)(#
,1"1,(#,101#'%5&%;2()#&"8(3("8&("*()#/#'%5&%;2()##
8(3("8&("*()6#
!2#,1",(3*1#4$(#0(>15#&2$)*5%#()*1#()#(2#8(#<$",&-":##
FI#Z#[A#\#/#
!"#()*(#(>(0321=#(2#'%215#8(#/#!"#"$!"%8(#21)#'%215()#4$(#
%813*("#DI=AG6#
H$()*5%#/#31;2%,&-"#
!"#(2#8&)(T1#8(#&"'()*&+%,&1"()#,$%"*&*%*&'%)=#)(#)$(2(#8&)*&"+$&5#
("*5(#0$()*5%#/#31;2%,&-"6##
K15#0$()*5%#)(#("*&("8(#(2#)$;,1">$"*1#8(#2%#31;2%,&-"#4$(#)(#
8(,&8(#()*$8&%56#72#.%;2%5#8(#0$()*5%=#+("(5%20("*(#)(#.%;2%#8(#
$"#$%1#*%0%T1#0$()*5%2=#/#)(#$)%#(2#*]50&"1#3%5%#5(<(5&5)(#
()*5&,*%0("*(#%#21)#)$>(*1)=#*(I*1)#1#<1"(0%)#(<(,*&'%0("*(#
0(8&81)#$#1;)(5'%81)#("#2%#&"'()*&+%,&-"6#
H$()*5%#/#31;2%,&-"#
?%#31;2%,&-"=#("#,%0;&1=#()#(2#,1">$"*1#%2#,$%2#3(5*("(,(#(2#
)$;,1">$"*1#()*$8&%816#!"#$"#8&)(T1#(I3(5&0("*%2#,2S)&,1=#21)#
5()$2*%81)#1;*("&81)#%#3%5*&5#8(#2%#1;)(5'%,&-"#8(2#
,10315*%0&("*1)#8(#2%)#'%5&%;2()#("#2%#0$()*5%#)1"#
(I*5%312%;2()#%#2%#31;2%,&-"=#()#8(,&5=#(2#,1">$"*1#8(#)$>(*1)=#
*(I*1)#1#S5;12()#8()8(#(2#,$%2#)(#1;*$'1#2%#0$()*5%#D/#4$(#315#
)$3$()*1#,103%5*(#,%5%,*(5@)*&,%)#,10$"()#%#21)#&"*(+5%"*()#8(#
2%#0$()*5%#()*$8&%8%G6#
H$()*5%#/#31;2%,&-"#
Población
(Grupo completo de sujetos,
textos o fonemas)
Muestra
(grupo efectivamente
medido u observado)