D?JEI O :GK?B?7H?E BxC?J

5GI>7JAD DG><>C5A
Par+ Gjraopec+ ?hpk]j`ej+ /-.18 Tkh .3 L‚ /7 /2 * 0/
?d[X^ % 8XRXT\QaT Wcc_2''fff&d]P_&TSd&_T'^dX'aXP' >HHC K&>2 *+(.%0-0* K&82 *+)+%*1-/
REV. INVES TIG. ALTO AND IN
5CuA>H>H 89 9HI56>A>858 89 A5 EG9H5 =J57DID B98>5CI9 >CI9G577>xC
89 ADH BvID8DH 89 9A9B9CIDH ;>C>IDH N 9FJ>A>6G>D AwB>I9
Cn]oik A]njank A]njank.) Ekjv]hk A]njank Eqvi‘ j/
.
Co_qah] Nnkbaoekj]h `a Gjcajean™] Eakh› ce_] * ai]eh7 a_]njank20>u]dkk+ao , /Sjeranoe`]`a `a Q]k N]qhk * @n]oeh) ai]eh7c_]njankc>ci]eh+_ki
G9HJB9C
>C;DGB57>xC 89A 5GI>7JAD
?np+ Pa_e^e`k -3 `a Qapeai^na /-.1
?np+ ?_alp]`k 0- `a Lkreai^na /-.1
EdQ[XRPS^2 /6 Be_eai^na `ah /-.1
E5A56G5H 7A5K92
' Nnao]o `a peann]
' Cop]^ehe`]` `a p]hq`ao
' Chaiajpko bejepk
' Cmqehe^nek h™i epa+
5GI>7A9 >C;D
?npe_ha Pa_aera` Qalpai^an -3) /-.1
?npe_ha ?__alpa` Lkrai^an 0-) /-.1
EdQ[XbWTS2Ba_ai^an /6) /-.1
@9N LDG8H2
' C]npd `]io
' Qhkla op]^ehepu
' Dejepa ahai ajpo
' Jeiep amqehe^neqi iapdk`o+
Cj jqaopnk ajpknjk oa k^oanr] mqa iq_d]o k^n]o _erehao jk okj ikjepkna]`]o `qn]jpa u `aolq– o `a h]
afa_q_e› j `a h]o ieoi]o) aopa da_dk lqa`a lnk`q_en lnafqe_eko bej]j_eanko) ok_e]hao u lkh™pe_ko+ Nkn kpnk
h]`k h]o dann]ieajp]o `a _‘ h_qhk ailha]`]o l]n] ah `eoaš k iq_d]o ra_ao okj ej]`a_q]`]o k hko lnej_eleko
bqj`]iajp]hao `a ejcajean™] jk okj ]lhe_]`ko _kdanajpaiajpa ]h qo]n lnkcn]i]o `a _kilqp]_e› j+ Sj
afailhk `a aopko lnk^hai]o ao ah _]ok `a h] lnao] Fq]_kpk q^e_]`] aj ah `eopnepk `a Mnqnehhk) lnkrej_e]
`a Kahc]n `kj`a behpn]_ekjao `a ]cq] ankoekj]nkj ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk ] okhk pnao ]š ko `a oan lqaop] aj
bqj_ekj]ieajpk+ Ch lnaoajpa aopq`ek oa ^]o] aj h] atlaneaj_e] k^paje`] ar]hq]j`k aopa lnk^hai]
cakp– _je_k) h]o ejraopec]_ekjao oa eje_e]nkj aj fqjek `ah /-./ _kj ejola__ekjao aj ah hqc]n u _kj h]
k^paj_e› j `a iqaopn]o+ J] ar]hq]_e› j _kjop› `a pnao b]oao) lneiank ah ]j‘ heoeo `ah bhqfk ejpanjk ia`e]jpa
ahaiajpko bejepko) oacqj`k ah ]j‘ heoeo `a aop]^ehe`]` `ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk u bej]hiajpa ah `eoaš k `a
ia`e`]o _knna_per]o) aop]o `ko Ÿ hpei]o b]oao ailha]j`k i– pk`ko `a amqehe^nek h™iepa %@eodkl u H]j^q
Qeilhebe_]`k&+ J]o pnao b]oao oa na]hev]nkj qo]j`k ah okbps]na QJGBC 3+-+ Ch aopq`ek ikopn› mqa h]
ejaop]^ehe`]` `a h] lnao] an] bnqpk `a `eranoko b]_pknao _kik ^]f] _]he`]` `ah oqahk `a _]jpan]) ejoeleajpa
_kil]_p]_e› j) _]naj_e] `a ahaiajpko `a _kjpnkh `a bhqfk ejpanjk %jŸ _hak u behpnko& u _]naj_e] `a ikjepknak
lko _kjopnq_perk8 h] _ki^ej]_e› j `a aopko b]_pknao oa pn]`qfk aj ah napenk `a h] lnao] aj reop] `ah lahecnk
mqa nalnaoajp]^]+
HI56>A>IN 5C5ANH>H D; =J57DID 85B 6N >CI9G57I>DC D; ;>C>I9 9A9B9CIH 5C8 A>B>I
9FJ>A>6G>JB B9I=D8H
56HIG57I
Gj kqn ajrenkjiajp) epeo k^oanra` pd]pi]ju _ereh lnkfa_po ]na jkpikjepkna` `qnejc ]j` ]bpan pda _kjopnq_pekj)
pdeo oepq]pekj lnk`q_ao bej]j_e]h) ok_e]h ]j` lkhepe_]h lnafq`e_ao+ Dqnpdanikna) pda _]h_qh]pekj pkkho qoa`
bkn `aoecj ]na kbpaj ej]`amq]pa kn pda bqj`]iajp]h ajcejaanejc lnej_elhao ]na jkp ]llhea` _knna_phu sdaj
] okbps]na eo qoa`+ ?j at]ilha kb pdaoa lnk^haio eo pda _]oa kb Fq]_kpk `]i hk_]pa` ej pda `eopne_p kb
Mnqnehhk) lnkrej_a kbKahc]n sdana s]pan oaal]ca ank`a` pda `ksjopna]i ohkla fqop pdnaa ua]no kb^aejc
lqp ejpk klan]pekj+ Rda lnaoajp skng eo ^]oa` kj pda atlaneaj_a ar]hq]pejc pdeo cakpa_dje_]h lnk^hai)
pda naoa]n_dao ^acqj ej Hqja /-./ sepd kjoepa ejola_pekjo ]j` o]ilhejc+ Rda ar]hq]pekj d]o pdnaa
ld]oao) benoppda cnkqj`s]pan oaal]ca ]j]huoeo ^u bejepa ahaiajpo8 oa_kj` pda `ksjopna]i ohkla op]^ehepu
]j]huoeo ]j` bej]hhu pda `aoecj kb _knna_pera skngo) pda h]ppan psk ld]oao sana na]heva` sepd heiep amqehe^neqi
iapdk`o %@eodkl ]j` H]j^q Qeilhebea`&+ Rda pdnaa ld]oao sana _kj`q_pa` qoejc QJGBC 3+- okbps]na+
Rda opq`u odksa` pd]p pda `]izo ejop]^ehepu s]o pda naoqhp kb oaran]h b]_pkno oq_d ]o lkkn mq]nnu okeh
mq]hepu) ej_eleajp _kil]_pekj) h]_g kbcnkqj`s]pan _kjpnkh ahaiajpo %_kna ]j` behpano& ]j` h]_g kb_kjopnq_pera
lkop ikjepknejc8 pda _ki^ej]pekj kbpdaoa b]_pkno naoqhpa` ej pda naikr]h kb pda `]i ej reas kb pda `]jcan+
DN^% <V^N[\RP% 3T\WJVMRV% )'(+2 HWT (- @ZW )1
), $ *)
),
6]L^XZ 4L]YP]Z 4L]YP]Z % 8ZYdLWZ 4L]YP]Z 8`dXrY
>CIGD8J77>xC
J] Kqje_el]he`]` Beopnep]h `a Mnqnehhk `ajpnk `a oqo _kilapaj_e]o
okhe_ep› h] na]hev]_e› j `a qj aopq`ek l]n] h] _kjopnq__e› j `a qj]
lnao] `a i]pane]hao oqahpko aj ah hqc]n `ajkiej]`k Fq]_kpk %`eopnepk
`a Mnqnehhk) lnkrej_e] `a Kahc]n& aj i]uk `ah /--4+ Ch aopq`ek
cakh› ce_k bqa na]hev]`k lkn ah ejcajeank Pkj]h Jklav X]l]j] _kik
l]npa `ah Ctla`eajpa R– _je_k € Akjopnq__e› j `a h] Palnao] aj ah
Qa_pkn Fq]_kpk `ah Beopnepk `a MnqnehhkŠ + Ch aopq`ek lnkua_p] _kjopnqen
qj] lnao] _kj _]l]_e`]` `a ]hi]_aj]ieajpk `a ]cq] l]n] neack
`a /--)---i0 ]lnktei]`]iajpa) h] ieoi] mqa paj`n™] qj] _knpej]
`a 6/i aj h] _knkj] u _kj ]hpqn] `a /.i %Akjopnq_pkn] Q]jp] Pko]
CGPJ) /--4&+
Cj ah ]š k /-./ h] lnao] paj™] 0 ]š ko `a bqj_ekj]ieajpk u oa k^oanr›
jqiankoko lqjpko `a ]bhkn]ieajpk `a ]cq] ] pn]r– o `a oq _qanlk)
hk mqa are`aj_e› h] lnaoaj_e] `a € lelejcŠ k pq^ebe_]_e› j aj h] lnao]
ej_hquaj`k h] ]__e› j ankoer] `a h]o ]cq]o mqa `ao^kn`]nkj h] _naop]
u lnkrk_]nkj h] ankoe› j h]pan]h `ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk+ Ba^e`k ] hko
lnk^hai]o iaj_ekj]`ko h] Kqje_el]he`]` Beopnep]h `a Mnqnehhk le`a
oa na]he_a qj aopq`ek cakp– _je_k l]n] `apaniej]n oe h] lnao] lqa`a
_kjpejq]n bqj_ekj]j`k k oe `a^a oan napen]`] `ah hqc]n l]n] arep]n qj
bqpqnk nkileieajpk `a h] ieoi] mqa lqa`] ejqj`]n h]o lk^h]_ekjao
q^e_]`]o ]cq]o ]^]fk `a h] k^n]+
Ch k^faperk `a h] lnaoajpa ejraopec]_e› j ao ]j]hev]n h]o _]qo]o u hko
aba_pko `a h] ejaop]^ehe`]` `a h] lnao] Fq]_kpk _kj ah bej `a
`apaniej]n h] re]^ehe`]` `a h] k^n]+ N]n] ]h_]jv]n `e_dk k^faperk) ao
ja_ao]nek ar]hq]n lneiank h] ankoe› j `a h] cakiapn™] `a h] lnao]
`a^e`k ]h € lelejcŠ ) lkopanekniajpa oa namqeana ]j]hev]n ah bhqfk `ah
]cq] aj ah ejpanekn) ] oacqen) oa namqeana `apaniej]n h] aop]^ehe`]`
`ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk u bej]hiajpa oa `abeja ah pelk `a naia`e_e› j
namqane`k+ J] ar]hq]_e› j `a h] ankoe› j aj h] lnao] oa na]hev›
ia`e]jpa h] k^oanr]_e› j reoq]h `ah _qanlk) ah ]j‘ heoeo `a bhqfk bqa
na]hev]`k qo]j`k ah okbps]na QJGBC 3+- qpehev]j`k ah i– pk`k `a
ahaiajpko bejepko l]n] ah _‘ h_qhk `ah cn]`eajpa _n™pe_k u _]q`]hao aj
ah i]_evk pannkok+ Ch ]j‘ heoeo `a aop]^ehe`]` `ah p]hq` u ah ]j‘ heoeo
`a h]o k^n]o `a naia`e]_e› j bqa na]hev]`k qo]j`k ah ieoik okbps]na
u ailha]j`k hko i– pk`ko `a amqehe^nek h™iepa `a @eodkl u H]j^q
Qeilhebe_]`ko aba_pq]j`k hko ]j‘ heoeo aop‘ pe_k loaq`k*aop‘ pe_k l]n]
_]`] i– pk`k+
IdQXUXRPRX~] ST _aTbPb ST cXTaaP
Ch lnk_aok `a pq^ebe_]_e› j € lelejcŠ lqa`a ok_]r]n hko pann]lhajao
`a h]o lnao]o `a peann]) ]o™_kik oqo bqj`]_ekjao) p]jpk `ao`a ]cq]o
]^]fk d]_e] ]cq]o ]nne^]) _kik ] h] ejrano]+ K]oo]` %/-.-& u Anqv
%.663& iaj_ekj]j mqa qj bhqfk `a ]cq] oqnca lkn qj] `ebanaj_e] `a
ajanc™] ajpna `ko lqjpko `]`] lkn h] _]nc] k `ebanaj_e] aj ah jerah
`a ]cq] hk mqa oa _kjk_a _kik cn]`eajpa de`n‘ qhe_k+Copa baj› iajk
ao h] `ebanaj_e] `a _]nc] `a ]cq] ajpna `ko lqjpko) `ere`e`] lkn h]
`eop]j_e] %pn]ua_pkne]& ajpna hko ieoiko %e ; d , J&+ Cj qj jerah `]`k
`a qj] i]o] `ah oqahk ah bhqfk afan_a lnaoe› j de`nkop‘ pe_] u kpn]
lnaoe› j mqa oa `a^a at_hqoer]iajpa ] h] _]nc] de`n‘ qhe_]) _kjk_e`]
_kik lnaoe› j `a behpn]_e› j+
Ch oajpe`k `a h] bqanv] `a behpn]_e› j oecqa ah `a h]o h™ja]o `a bhqfk) u
aj oq knecaj) _q]j`k ah ]cq] lajapn] aj ah oqahk peaja ah ieoik
laok `a h]o l]np™_qh]o) lank h] ankoe› j oa ra eila`e`] lkn h] i]o]
`ah oqahk+ Ranv]cqe u Na_g %.640& na_kiaj`]nkj h] _kjopnq__e› j `a
)-
qj € behpnk ejranpe`k _]nc]`kŠ %i]pane]hao cnqaoko ]nne^]&) `a p]h bkni]
mqa oq laok) _khk_]`k aj h] vkj] `kj`a aiancaj h]o h™ja]o `a
bhqfk aj bkni] _kj_ajpn]`]) arepa ah oebkj]ieajpk) aopa i– pk`k
ej_naiajp] ah b]_pkn `a oacqne`]` `a h] k^n]+
5]z[XbXb ST U[dY^ T] _aTbPb R^] T[T\T]c^b UX]Xc^b
Cteopaj `ebanajpao i– pk`ko l]n] ah _‘ h_qhk `ah bhqfk ateopajpa aj ah
ejpanekn `a qj _qanlk `a i]pane]h cn]jqh]n p]hao _kik h]o na`ao `a
bhqfk) hko ik`ahko b™oe_ko) hko i– pk`ko ]j]h™pe_ko u hko i– pk`ko
jqi– ne_ko u _kilqp]_ekj]hao+ Bajpnk `a aopa Ÿ hpeik cnqlk ateopa
ah _‘ h_qhk `a bhqfk ia`e]jpa `ebanaj_e]o bejep]o u ia`e]jpa ahaiajpko
bejepko+
Ch i– pk`k `a ahaiajpko bejepko oa ^]o] aj ah ik`ahk `a i]hh] mqa
`ere`a h] nace› j `a bhqfk aj ahaiajpko `eo_napko u lnklkn_ekj] L
a_q]_ekjao _kj L ej_› cjep]o P]`d]gneodj]j %.645&+ N]n] _]`]
ahaiajpk oa aola_ebe_]j oqo lnklea`]`ao _kik h] lania]^ehe`]` u
oa aop]^ha_aj h]o _kj`e_ekjao `a bnkjpan] %_]nc]o u _]q`]hao&+ Qa
naoqahra ah oeopai] `a a_q]_ekjao l]n] `apaniej]n h]o _]nc]o aj
hko jk`ko u _]q`]hao aj hko ahaiajpko+ Copa i– pk`k peaja cn]j`ao
rajp]f]o _kj naola_pk ]h i– pk`k `a `ebanaj_e]o bejep]o l]n] hko
lnk^hai]o `a ejbehpn]_e› j i‘ o _kilhafko+ P]`d]gneodj]j %.645&
iaj_ekj] mqa ajpna h]o rajp]f]o `ah i– pk`k oa aj_qajpn] ah aopq`e]n
b‘ _ehiajpa cakiapn™]o _kilhaf]o _kj _]l]o `a oqahko ej_hej]`]o)
k^pajan qj ik`ah]fa lna_eok r]ne]j`k ah p]i]š k `a hko ahaiajpko
u h]o vkj]o `kj`a hko cn]`eajpao `a ejbehpn]_e› j k h]o rahk_e`]`ao
okj ]hpko) u bej]hiajpa ik`ah]n qj] lkn_e› j `ah oqahk `ajpnk qj]
_]l] Ÿ je_]+
B{c^S^b ST T`dX[XQaX^ [|\XcT
Jko i– pk`ko `a amqehe^nek h™iepa laniepa ah _‘ h_qhk `a h] aop]^ehe`]`
`a qj] i]o] atlqaop] ] bqanv]o mqa ejpan]_pŸ ]j aj ah oeopai] ]o™
_kik bqa `abeje`k lkn Dahhajeqo %.603&+ Jko i– pk`ko `a amqehe^na
h™iepa ]oqiaj pnao lnaieo]o7 ah oqahk oa _kilknp] _kik i]pane]h
n™ce`k lh‘ ope_k %nkila ^nqo_]iajpa&8 h]o a_q]_ekjao `a amqehe^nek
aop‘ pe_k okj r‘ he`]o d]op] h] nqlpqn]8 ah b]_pkn `a oacqne`]` ao
_kjop]jpa ] hko h]nck `a h] h™ja] `a nqlpqn] `kj`a oa ecjkn]j
lnk_aoko `a nqlpqn] lnkcnaoer] %oej aba_pk `a `abkni]_e› j&+
Cteopaj `ebanajpao bkni]o `a ]j]hev]n h]o a_q]_ekjao k^paje`]o `ah
oeopai] `a bqanv]o) h]o i‘ o qpehev]`]o aj h] ejcajean™] ln‘ _pe_] okj
ah i– pk`k `a @eodkl Qeilhebe_]`k u H]j^q Qeilhebe_]`k+ Ch i– pk`k
`a @eodkl Qeilhe_]`k %.622& oa ^]o] aj ah amqehe^nek h™iepa
lnaoajp]`k lkn Dahhajeqo %.603&pajeaj`k _kik Ÿ je_] r]ne]_e› j mqa
ah amqehe^nek `a bqanv]o ao na]hev]`k aj h] `ena__e› j ranpe_]h+ Qa
k^peaja lkn aopa i– pk`k mqa ah b]_pkn `a oacqne`]` `ah oeopai] oa
_]h_qh] _kjbknia ] h] a_q]_e› j %.&+
"'
$ 5' & " * !
'& " #0 " .)1
$ ' / " #0 '
"
" .)2&6
.)2& " -(+1
',-1 !
"
$)$ " -(+1*
%.&
@n]f] %/--.&) ej`e_] mqa ah i– pk`k oeilhebe_]`k `a @eodkl ao ah
i– pk`k i‘ o ]ilhe]iajpa qo]`k u lnk`q_a naoqhp]`ko o]peob]_pkneko
aj h] i]ukn™] `a hko _]oko+ Ch i– pk`k `a H]j^q %.621& peaja hko
DN^% <V^N[\RP% 3T\WJVMRV% )'(+2 HWT (- @ZW )1 ), $ *)
2?m=;D;D 56 6DE23;=;525 56 =2AC6D29F24@E@ >65;2?E6 ;?E6C244;p? 56 =@D >nE@5@D 56 6=6>6?E@D 7;?;E@D J 6BF;=;3C;@ =o>;E6
ieoiko lnej_eleko mqa @eodkl) okhk r]ne]j`k aj h] ejpan]__e› j `a h]
oqlanbe_ea `a nqlpqn]) ]oqieaj`k ah amqehe^nek lkn ikiajpko u jk
lkn bqanv]o) oeaj`k qo]`k atpajoer]iajpa aj nqlpqn]o `a i]pane]hao
dapankc– jako+
_bTdS^%TbczcXR^
Qeiqh] h]o _kj`e_ekjao `a hko p]hq`ao ^]fk h] ]`e_e› j `ah _kabe_eajpa
h]pan]h o™oie_k) ah _q]h `alaj`a `a h] oeoie_e`]` `ah l]™o u ao `a
j]pqn]hav] oaie*ail™ne_] %Qaa` u K]np™j) .633&+ Akiajv]j`k aj
hko ]š ko .6/-o) h] aop]^ehe`]` o™oie_] `a aopnq_pqn]o `a peann] d]
oe`k ]j]hev]`] qo]j`k qj] bkni] loaq`k*aop‘ pe_] aj h] _q]h hko
aba_pko `a qj pannaikpk okj nalnaoajp]`ko lkn ]_ahan]_ekjao
_kjop]jpao dknevkjp]hao u,k ranpe_]hao+ Cj oq bkni] i‘ o _kiŸ j) hko
]j‘ heoeo loaq`k*aop‘ pe_ko nalnaoajp]j hko aba_pko `a h]o re^n]_ekjao
`a qj pannaikpk ia`e]jpa ]_ahan]_ekjao loaq`k*aop‘ pe_]o mqa
lnk`q_aj bqanv]o ejan_e]hao Dd u Dr) u h]o _q]hao ]_pŸ ]j ] pn]r– o
`ah _ajpnke`a `a h] i]o] `a b]hh]+ Cj h] ln‘ _pe_] lanq]j] `a ]j‘ heoeo
`a aop]^ehe`]`) h] _kilkjajpa ranpe_]h `a h]o ]_ahan]_ekjao `a qj
pannaikpk d] oe`k `aolna_e]`]) _kjoe`an]j`k Ÿ je_]iajpa h]
_kilkjajpa dknevkjp]h+
ap]l]o+ Cj h] lneian]) dq^k `ao^kn`a _an_] `ah _ajpnk `a h] _naop])
u hqack k_qnne› ah baj› iajk `a oebkj]ieajpk %€ lelejcŠ &+ Dqa
na]hev]`] qj] ejola__e› j `a h] lnao] _kik l]npa `ah la`e`k `a h]
Kqje_el]he`]` Beopnep]h `a Mnqnehhk) ah _q]h bqa na]hev]`k aj ah iao
`a fqjek `ah /-./) `kj`a oa k^oanr› ah jerah `ah ]cq] `ah naoanrknek
] /i lkn `a^]fk `a h] _naop]+ J] _]jpe`]` `a ]cq] mqa ]bhkn]^] aj
`ebanajpao lqjpko `ah p]hq` `a h] lnao] lnk`q_™] qj _]q`]h `a /+1 h,
o) amqer]hajpa ] /-4+1 i0,`™]+ Cj h] _kjopnq__e› j `a h] lnao] bqa
_kjoe`an]`] h] _khk_]_e› j qj] cakiai^n]j] aj ah p]hq` ]cq]o
]nne^] _kik ia`e`] `a lnkpa__e› j `a h]o behpn]_ekjao+ Qej ai^]nck)
`aolq– o `a r]_e]n ah naoanrknek `a ]cq]) bqa _kjop]p]`k mqa h]
cakiai^n]j] jk bqa okh`]`] _knna_p]iajpa u lnaoajp]^] cn]j`ao
dkuko aj pk`] oq atpajoe› j mqa laniepeankj h] ajpn]`] `a ]cq] ]h
ejpanekn `a h] lnao]+ Copa ao_aj]nek iqaopn] h] ejabe_]_e] `a aopa
oeopai] _q]j`k jk oa lkoaa lanokj]h _]hebe_]`k aj h] okh`]`qn]
`ah ahaiajpk+
B^]Xc^aT^ ST _aTbPb ST cXTaaP
J] _kjopnq__e› j `a k^n]o `a ejcajean™] eilhe_] na]hev]n _kjpnkh u
ikjepknak ok^na h]o ieoi]o `qn]jpa u `aolq– o `a _qhiej]`] h]
afa_q_e› j+ Akj cn]j bna_qaj_e]) hko aba_pko `a h]o nqlpqn]o _]qo]j
eil]_pko _kj `eopejpko cn]`ko `a oarane`]` _kj naola_pk ] hko
]ola_pko a_kj› ie_ko) ]i^eajp]hao) `a oacqne`]` `ah lanokj]h u `a
rekh]_e› j `a h] haceoh]_e› j ]i^eajp]h %Xqmqappa ap ]h) /--1&+ QacŸ j
Pk^anpokj %/--.&) u Pk^anpokj u Qd]s %/--0& qj] dann]ieajp] l]n]
e`ajpebe_]n u ar]hq]n hko neaocko lkn kn`aj `a eilknp]j_e] ao ah DKC?
%D]ehqna Kk`ao ]j` Cbba_po ?j]huoeo&) ah _q]h ao ah ]j‘ heoeo `a hko
pelko u aba_pko `a h]o nqlpqn]o+ Cop] dann]ieajp] lkoe^ehep] ar]hq]n
hko neaocko u _q]jpebe_]n hko eil]_pko `a h]o nqlpqn]o `a h]o lnao]o
`a peann]+
QacŸ j Teoaq u ?hiae`] %/---&) h] lnej_el]h ]lhe_]_e› j `a h]
ar]hq]_e› j `a neaock okj hko Nh]jao `a ?__e› j l]n] Ciancaj_e]o
%N?C&) mqa okj atece`ko aj renpq` `ah jerah `a neaock mqa h] ]_pere`]`
lqa`a _]qo]n+ Qkj r]ne]o h]o _]qo]o `a h]o oepq]_ekjao `a
aiancaj_e]) _kik arajpko o™oie_ko) ejqj`]_ekjao) ankoe› j)
dqj`eieajpko) o]pqn]_e› j) cneap]o) bqc]o `a ]cq]) behpn]_e› j) bhqfko u
oqie`anko) ]`ai‘ o `a ha_pqn] ann]`] `a hko ejopnqiajpko %Kajao_]h
u Ken]j`]) .664&+
;XVdaP )& En]`k `a `aopnq__e› j aj ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk cajan]`k
lkn ah € lelejcŠ u h] ankoe› j oqlanbe_e]h+
>]eTbcXVPRX~] VT^[~VXRP h VT^c{R]XRP
B5I9G>5A9H N BvID8DH
J] lnao] `a Mnqnehhk bqa ar]hq]`] ia`e]jpa h] k^oanr]_e› j `a h]
pklkcn]b™] naoqhp]jpa `a hko lnk_aoko ankoerko `ao]nnkhh]`ko aj ah
p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk ia`e]jpa reoep] p– _je_] ]h hqc]n+ J] Decqn] .
iqaopn] ah jerah `a lanpqn^]_e› j `ah p]hq`+ J] ]__e› j ankoer] `a h]o
]cq]o mqa `ao^kn`]nkj h] _naop] `a h] lnao] lnkrk_]nkj h] ankoe› j
oqlanbe_e]h `ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk) u h] ]__e› j `ah bhqfk oq^pann‘ jak
cajan› ah oebkj]ieajpk lnkcnaoerk u lanoeopajpa+ J] nqlpqn] `a h]
lnao] lnk`q_pk `a oebkj]ieajpk _kiajv› ] k_qnnen `qn]jpa hko
lneianko iaoao `ah ]š k /-./ hk mqa _]qo› ah `ao^kn`]ieajpk lkn
h] _naop] u ah ikreieajpk `a i]pane]h ankoekj]`k `ah p]hq` ]cq]o
]^]fk aj qj rkhqiaj aopei]`k `a 2--i0+ QacŸ j ah nah]pk `a
lanokj]o mqa lnaoaj_e]nkj ah ]__e`ajpa) h] nqlpqn] k_qnne› aj `ko
DN^% <V^N[\RP% 3T\WJVMRV% )'(+2 HWT (- @ZW )1
), $ *)
Ch aopq`ek cakh› ce_k ikopn› mqa h] lnao] aop‘ q^e_]`] aj qj] vkj]
`a ]najeo_]o _q]n_™pe_]o _kj ejpan_]h]_ekjao bej]o `a hqpep]o `a _khkn
cneo _h]nk `a h] Dkni]_e› j Ad]cn]le) mqa oa hk_]hev]j aj h] i]ncaj
`ana_d] a evmqean`] `ah r]hha+ J]o ]najeo_]o _q]n_™pe_]o jk lnaoajp]j
bn]_pqn]ieajpk _kjoe`an]^ha) hk _q]h ej`e_] mqa h] bqj`]_e› j `a h]
lnao] jk lnaoajp] lnk^hai]o `a behpn]_e› j oq^pann‘ ja]+ Cj ah aopq`ek
cakp– _je_k oa na_kha_p]nkj iqaopn]o ]hpan]`]o `a pnao _kp]o `ah
p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk %.-) .4+. u .4+5 i naola_per]iajpa&+ Akj h]o
iqaopn]o oa na]hev]nkj ajo]uko `a _]n]_panev]_e› j `ah i]pane]h) ah
Aq]`nk . lnaoajp] h] ejbkni]_e› j k^paje`]+
).
6]L^XZ 4L]YP]Z 4L]YP]Z % 8ZYdLWZ 4L]YP]Z 8`dXrY
7dPSa^ )& A]n]_panev]_e› j `ah i]pane]h `a h] lnao]+
Const.
Físicas
Cota de
muestreo
(m)
SUCS
wn
(%)
Dens.
Seca
(g/cm3)
LL
IP
GC
(%)
10
20.9
4.8
GCGM
7.2
1.432
68
17.1
22
5.3
GCGM
8.4
1.546
83
17.8
24.4
6.2
GCGM
7.9
1.617
77
QacŸ j ah Aq]`nk . ah oqahk peaja qj] _h]oebe_]_e› j QSAQ `k^ha
%lkoaa cn]jqhkiapn™] bej] u cnqao] ] h] rav&+ Qa aopei› mqa l]n]
aop] cn]jqhkiapn™] h] lania]^ehe`]` `ah oqahk peaja qj r]hkn `a .-*
2
i,o+ Dqa na]hev]`k qj ajo]uk `a _kil]_p]_e› j Nnk_pkn Kk`ebe_]`k
`kj`a ah i]pane]h peaja qj] `ajoe`]` oa_] i‘ tei] `a /+../ c,_i0
u qj] dqia`]` › lpei] `a 5#) lkn _kjoecqeajpa ah oqahk aj_kjpn]`k
aj h] lnao] peaja qj cn]`k `a _kil]_p]_e› j ajpna 50 u 35#+ Copko
r]hknao oa aj_qajpn]j iqu lkn `a^]fk `ah i™jeik lanieoe^ha) ah
_q]h ao 62#+
Qa k^pqreankj iqaopn]o ej]hpan]`]o `a h] _kp] .4+5 `a^e`k ] h] _eanp]
dkikcajae`]` `ah p]hq`+ Dqankj afa_qp]`ko pnao ajo]uko pne]te]hao
u pnao ajo]uko `a _knpa `ena_pk _kj h]o iqaopn]o ej]hpan]`]o+ Jko
naoqhp]`ko lkn hko `ko i– pk`ko `apaniej]nkj mqa ah oqahk
lnaoajp]^] qj] _kdaoe› j aba_per] u qj ‘ jcqhk `a bne__e› j lnkia`ek
`a /+0 c,_i0 u .4‰ naola_per]iajpa+
G9HJAI58DH
cakiapn™] `a h] lnao] u hko l]n‘ iapnko de`n‘ qhe_ko fqjp]iajpa _kj
h]o _kj`e_ekjao `a bnkjpan]+ J] _kj`e_e› j `a bnkjpan] ]oqie`] bqa
€ bhqfk aop]_ekj]nekŠ ah _q]h ao _kiŸ jiajpa ailha]`k aj h]
ar]hq]_e› j `a lnao]o aj h] ejcajean™] ln‘ _pe_] %Anqv) .663&+
Gje_e]hiajpa oa ]oqie› mqa h] lnao] lkoa™] qj jŸ _hak `a i]pane]h
bejk %]n_ehh]& aj ah _ajpnk `a oq _qanlk) u] mqa oq qok ao
ej`eolajo]^ha l]n] _kjpnkh]n ah cn]`eajpa i‘ teik u ah _]q`]h aj h]
lnao]) ]oqieaj`k `e_d] del› paoeo bqa eilkoe^ha k^pajan qj jerah
bna‘ pe_k p]j ahar]`k _kik ah k^oanr]`k aj _]ilk %.1i `ao`a h]
^]oa `a h] lnao]&+ Nkn kpnk h]`k) nareo]j`k hko nalknpao `a h]
_kjopnq__e› j jk oa aj_kjpn› ej`e_eko `a d]^an oe`k `eoaš ]`k ah
jŸ _hak+ Nkn _kjoecqeajpa) h] lnao] bqa ik`ah]`] dkikc– ja] %oej
jŸ _hak& u _kjoe`an]j`k h] lania]^ehe`]` `ah oqahk `a .- *2 i,o aj ah
afa ranpe_]h u dknevkjp]h+ Akik naoqhp]`k ah jerah bna‘ pe_k oq^e› ] hko
.-i `a h] lnao]) hk mqa jk _knnaolkj`™] ] hk k^oanr]`k aj _]ilk
jqar]iajpa+ Ch da_dk `a mqa ah jerah bna‘ pe_k oa aj_kjpn]^] ] _]oe
.1i `a h] ^]oa `a h] lnao] ej`e_] mqa h] lania]^ehe`]` dknevkjp]h
an] i]ukn mqa h] ranpe_]h+ Ka`e]jpa qj ]j‘ heoeo lkn pajp]per]o oa
k^pqrk mqa h] lania]^ehe`]` dknevkjp]h an] 2 ra_ao i]ukn mqa h]
ranpe_]h hk mqa ej`e_] qj] ^]f] _]he`]` `a _kil]_p]_e› j `ah i]pane]h
`a _]jpan] qpehev]`k aj h] _kjbkni]_e› j `a h] lnao]+ ?h _kjoe`an]n
aop] _knna__e› j) ah jerah bna‘ pe_k `ah ik`ahk ecq]h› h] _kp] `ah jerah
bna‘ pe_k na]h+ J] Decqn] / lnaoajp] ah ik`ah]fa aj QJGBC 3+ikopn]j`k h]o h™ja]o amqelkpaj_e]hao %aj _khknao cn]`q]hao&) h]o
h™ja]o `a bhqfk %h™ja]o ]vqhao& u ah jerah bna‘ pe_k %h™ja] lŸ nlqn]&+ J]
_]nc] `a ]cq] ao .6i _kik bqa k^oanr]`] aj h] reoep] p– _je_] u h]
`eopne^q_e› j `a h] _]nc] de`n‘ qhe_] ao _kjpejq] ] hk h]nck `a h] lnao]
u] mqa jk lkoaa ahaiajpko `a _kjpnkh u iejeiev]_e› j `ah aba_pk `ah
cn]`eajpa+
5]z[XbXb ST U[dY^ T] T[ X]cTaX^a ST [P _aTbP
Ch ]j‘ heoeo `a bhqfk oa na]hev› ailha]j`k ah i– pk`k `a ahaiajpko
bejepko `ah okbps]na QJGBC 3+- aj ah _q]h bqa ja_ao]nek ejpnk`q_en h]
;XVdaP *& ?j‘ heoeo `a bhqfk ia`e]jpa ah i– pk`k `a ahaiajpko bejepko aj h] lnao] Fq]_kpk+
)/
DN^% <V^N[\RP% 3T\WJVMRV% )'(+2 HWT (- @ZW )1 ), $ *)
2?m=;D;D 56 6DE23;=;525 56 =2AC6D29F24@E@ >65;2?E6 ;?E6C244;p? 56 =@D >nE@5@D 56 6=6>6?E@D 7;?;E@D J 6BF;=;3C;@ =o>;E6
5]z[XbXb ST TbcPQX[XSPS ST[ cP[dS PVdPb PQPY^ ST [P _aTbP
Ch ]j‘ heoeo `a aop]^ehe`]` _kjoe`an› ah ]j‘ heoeo `a bhqfk l]n] k^pajan
h]o lnaoekjao `a ]cq] aj ah oqahk+ Ch ]j‘ heoeo ao na]hev]`k aj ah
p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk u] mqa ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]nne^] aop‘ okiape`k ] h]
_]nc] `a ]cq] `ah naoanrknek mqa ]_pŸ ] _kik qj] napaj_e› j `ah
ikreieajpk _ej– pe_k+ Dqankj _kjoe`an]`ko hko l]n‘ iapnko `a
naoeopaj_e] `ah oqahk k^paje`k aj hko ajo]uko pne]te]hao u `a _knpa
`ena_pk+ Qa na]hev› ah ]j‘ heoeo `a aop]^ehe`]` ailha]j`k ah i– pk`k
`a @eodkl Qeilhebe_]`k u H]j^q Qeilhebe_]`k+
J] Decqn] 0 lnaoajp] ah ]j‘ heoeo `a aop]^ehe`]` lkn @eodkl Kk`ebe_]`k
l]n] h] lnao]+ Ch D]_pkn `a Qacqne`]` %DQ& ao -+6/6 u h] oqlanbe_ea
`a nqlpqn] eje_e] `ao`a ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]nne^]) ok^nal]o] h] _naop] u
nkila aj ah lea `ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk+ Ch DQ k^paje`k lkn H]j^q
bqa -+53.) aj bqj_e› j ] mqa h] lnao] ao dkikc– ja] u h] nqlpqn] ao
_en_qh]n) K]oo]` %/-.-& _kjoe`an] i‘ o lna_eok ah DQ k^paje`k lkn
@eodkl+ J]o h™ja]o nkf]o) ]i]nehh]o u ran`ao okj oqlanbe_eao `a
nqlpqn] _kj DQ iajkn ] .+2) r]hkn mqa ao ah i™jeik lanieoe^ha l]n]
_kjoe`an]n oacqn] h] k^n] oacŸ j h]o jkni]o lanq]j]o+ Jko _™n_qhko
`eolanoko aj ah h]`k `ana_dk oqlanekn `a h] becqn] nalnaoajp]j hko
_ajpnko `a nkp]_e› j `a h]o oqlanbe_eao `a nqlpqn] lnaoajp]`]o+ J]
ejaop]^ehe`]` `a h] k^n] ao ejiejajpa+
;XVdaP +& ?j‘ heoeo aop‘ pe_k `a aop]^ehe`]` `a p]hq`ao lkn ah i– pk`k `a @eodkl Qeilhebe_]`k aj h] lnao] Fq]_kpk+
8>H7JH>xC
7^]bXSTaPRX~] ST [Pb _aTbX^]Tb ST PVdP
Ch aba_pk `ah ej_naiajpk `a h]o lnaoekjao `a ]cq] lqa`a oan
]j]hev]`k k^oanr]j`k h]o bqanv]o ]_pq]jpao aj qj] `krah]
lanpaja_eajpa ] h] oqlanbe_ea `a nqlpqn] _n™pe_]+ J] oqlanbe_ea `a
nqlpqn] _n™pe_] `a h] lnao] bqa `ere`e`] aj /2 `krah]o) _]`] _q]h
lkoaa qj oeopai] `a bqanv]o+ J] `krah] .0 peaja h] lnaoe› j `a ]cq]
i]ukn `a pk`] h] oqlanbe_ea `a nqlpqn] mqa ao ecq]h ] 40+4 gN]) lkn
kpnk h]`k h] pajoe› j aba_per] ao 62+5 gN]+ J] lnaoe› j aba_per] ao h]
naolkjo]^ha `a oklknp]n h]o _]nc]o ]lhe_]`]o _kik ao ah laok `a
h] `krah] `a 0-1+6 gL+ Qe qj jŸ _hak u qj oeopai] `a behpnko dq^ean]j
oe`k lnkua_p]`ko aj h] lnao] jk ateopen™] lnaoe› j `a ]cq] aj aopa
`krah]) lkn hk p]jpk h] lnaoe› j aba_per] oane] `a .36+2 gN] mqa
nalnaoajp] _]oe ah `k^ha `ah r]hkn na]h+
9bcPQX[XSPS ST [P _aTbP R^]bXSTaP]S^ \TSXSPb R^aaTRcXePb
h] lnaoe› j `a ]cq]) lank `a^e`k ] mqa aopk eilhe_]n™] rkhran ]
_kjopnqen h] lnao] h] okhq_e› j ao ejre]^ha+ Nkn hk p]jpk h] ia`e`]
_knna_per] oa _ajpn] aj qo]n qj ajnk_]`k aj ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk ah
_q]h bqj_ekj] _kik qj behpnk ejranpe`k mqa _kjpnkh] ah cn]`eajpa
de`n‘ qhe_k na`q_e– j`khk) l]n] mqa jk ankoekja h] l]na` `ah p]hq`
%Ukhha) .655&+ J] Decqn] 1 iqaopn] ah _‘ h_qhk `a aop]^ehe`]` _kj ah
ajnk_]`k ia`e]jpa @eodkl oeilhebe_]`k ia`e]jpa ah]j‘ heoeo loaq`k*
aop‘ pe_k afa_qp]`k _kjoe`an]j`k qj _kabe_eajpa o™oie_k `a -+.
`a^e`k ] h] vkj] `a aopq`ek) _kik naoqhp]`k) ah DQ ao .+-2/+ N]n]
ah ieoik _]ok ah DQ ao .+0/6 _q]j`k ah ]j‘ heoeo ao aop‘ pe_k+
Akjoe`an]n qj _kabe_eajpa o™oie_k ej_naiajp] h]o oqlanbe_eao `a
nqlpqn] u aop]o oa atpeaj`aj d]op] h] iep]` `ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]nne^]+
Akj h]o ia`e`]o _knna_per]o ]i^ko ]j‘ heoeo %aop‘ pe_k u laoaq`k*
aop‘ pe_k& k^pqreankj qj DQ oqlanekn ] . lank jk oqlanekn ] .+2 ah
_q]h ao ja_ao]nek l]n] re]^ehev]n h] k^n]+ Copko naoqhp]`ko okj
lnk`q_pko `a qpehev]n qj ajnk_]`k `a ./i `a ]j_dk aj h] ^]oa `a h]
lnao]) hk mqa nalnaoajp] qj] okhq_e› j iqu _kopko] u jk ]h_]jv] ah
DQ i™jeik namqane`k+
Cj bqj_e› j `a hk atlnao]`k ]jpanekniajpa h] okhq_e› j i‘ o _knna_p]
oane] ej_hqen ah oeopai] `a jŸ _hak u behpnko aj h] lnao] l]n] aheiej]n
DN^% <V^N[\RP% 3T\WJVMRV% )'(+2 HWT (- @ZW )1
), $ *)
)0
6]L^XZ 4L]YP]Z 4L]YP]Z % 8ZYdLWZ 4L]YP]Z 8`dXrY
;XVdaP ,&?j‘ heoeo loaq`k*aop‘ pe_k `ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk `a h] lnao] Fq]_kpk _kj ia`e`]o _knna_per]o _kj ah i– pk`k `a @eodkl Qeilhebe_]`k+
Ea^Q[T\Pb VT]TaPS^b _^a X]TUXRXT]RXP T] T[ \^]Xc^aT^
J] k^n] _knna_per] ja_ao]ne] l]n] aop]^ehev]n h] k^n] jk lnaoajp]
re]^ehe`]` lkn hk _q]h h] na_kiaj`]_e› j na]hev]`] ] h] Kqje_el]he`]`
Beopnep]h `a Mnqnehhk bqa `a `naj]n ah naoanrknek u lkopanekniajpa napen]n
ah i]pane]h `a h] lnao]+ Ba^e`k ] h] na_kiaj`]_e› j na]hev]`] _]^a
]j]hev]n h]o _]qo]o mqa hhar]nkj ] h] ejabe_eaj_e] aop] k^n]+
Akik bqa iaj_ekj]`k aj ah ™pai .+2) ah ikjepknak ao _nq_e]h l]n]
ah – tepk `a qj] k^n] cakp– _je_]+ Dqa _kjop]p]`k `a mqa hko
naolkjo]^hao `ah lnkua_pk jk na]hev]nkj _kjpnkh ]hcqjk `qn]jpa u
`aolq– o `a h] _kjopnq__e› j `a h] lnao]) hk _q]h ej_naiajp› ah neaock
`a _kh]lok+ Lk oa _kjopnquankj ah jŸ _hak je hko behpnko) h] naoeopaj_e]
`ah oqahk bqa ^]f] u h] _kil]_p]_e› j _na› qj] lania]^ehe`]`
lnabanaj_e]h dknevkjp]h mqa b]_ehep› h] oq^e`] `ah jerah bna‘ pe_k+ J]
b]hp] `a ikjepknak `aolq– o `a h] _kjopnq__e› j eile`e› na_kjk_an h]
ankoe› j mqa oa lnk`q_™]) aopa baj› iajk ao cn]`q]h u `] peailk `a
]lhe_]n ia`e`]o lnarajper]o _q]j`k ah baj› iajk jk aop‘ iqu
]r]jv]`k) oej ai^]nck hko aba_pko `ah lelejc bqankj k^oanr]`ko
p]n`™]iajpa u oq naia`e]_e› j bqa ejokopaje^ha+
*'
Nkn kpnk h]`k) h] k^n] lkoa™] qj N?C %Nh]j `a ?__e› j l]n]
Ciancaj_e]o& lank jk lq`k oan ]lhe_]`k ]`a_q]`]iajpa lqao – opa
bqj_ekj] `a ]_qan`k ] h] k^oanr]_e› j `a hko neaocko lnaoajpao aj
h]o k^n]o cn]_e]o ]hikjepknak+ Jko aba_pko _ki^ej]`ko nalnaoajp]j
ah ]^]j`kjk `a h] k^n] mqa pqrk qj _kopk oqlanekn ] hko 4 iehhkjao
`a jqarko okhao) h] _q]h bqa lnkua_p]`] l]n] 0- ]š ko lank mqa
lnaoajp› oaran]o b]hh]o ] hko 0 ]š ko `a _kjopnqe`]+
E^]STaPRX~] ST [Pb RPaT]RXPb _aTbT]cPSPb T] [P ^QaP
J] Decqn] 2 iqaopn] ah ]j‘ heoeo `a aop]^ehe`]` `a qj ao_aj]nek
delkp– pe_k `kj`a h] _kjopnq__e› j `ah jŸ _hak dq^ean] oe`k _kjoe`an]`]
lank h] ^]f] _]he`]` `ah i]pane]h `a _]jpan] ao i]jpaje`]+ Jko ^]fko
l]n‘ iapnko `a naoeopaj_e] u h] cn]jqhkiapn™] ej]`a_q]`] okj
lnk^hai]o nah]_ekj]`ko ]h ^]fk _kjpnkh `a _]he`]` aj h] _kjopnq__e› j+
Ch DQk^paje`k aj ah ]j‘ heoeo ao .+0/2) oa k^oanr] mqa ah jerah bna‘ pe_k
%h™ja] lŸ nlqn]& ao _kj`q_e`k lkn `a^]fk `ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk
cn]_e]o ]h jŸ _hak+ J] pajoe› j aba_per] ao _]oe ah `k^ha `a h] `ah _]ok
na]h _kik bqa atlhe_]`k aj ah ™pai 1+. lank ]Ÿ j _kj aopa ej_naiajpk
h] ^]f] naoeopaj_e] `ah oqahk %_kdaoe› j u ‘ jcqhk `a bne__e› j& jk
laniepa mqa h] k^n] oa] re]^ha lqao ah DQ jk oqlan] .+2+
DN^% <V^N[\RP% 3T\WJVMRV% )'(+2 HWT (- @ZW )1 ), $ *)
2?m=;D;D 56 6DE23;=;525 56 =2AC6D29F24@E@ >65;2?E6 ;?E6C244;p? 56 =@D >nE@5@D 56 6=6>6?E@D 7;?;E@D J 6BF;=;3C;@ =o>;E6
;XVdaP -& ?j‘ heoeo `a aop]^ehe`]` lkn ah i– pk`k `a @eodkl Qeilhebe_]`k _kjoe`an]j`k jŸ _hak delkp– pe_k+
7DC7AJH>DC9H
J] lnao] `a Mnqnehhk jk lkoa™] qj jŸ _hak _ajpn]h je `naj]fao) k^n]o
bqj`]iajp]hao l]n] _kjpnkh]n ah bhqfk aj ah ejpanekn `ah _qanlk lkn hk
_q]h bqa okiape`] ] qj lnk_aok _kjop]jpa `a lelejc mqa lnk`qfk oq
`apaneknk ] okhk 0 ]š ko `a bqj_ekj]ieajpk+
J] k^paj_e› j `a iqaopn]o `ah oqahk are`aj_e› mqa oq _kil]_p]_e› j
bqa `abe_eajpa h] _q]h okhk hhac› ] 43#aj lnkia`ek oeaj`k hk i™jeik
namqane`k 62#+ J] cn]jqhkiapn™] cnqao] `ah oqahk laniepe› ah l]ok
`ah bhqfk `a ]cq] hk mqa cajan› ok_]r]_e› j aj ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk+
Ch ]j‘ heoeo `a bhqfk ailha]j`k ahaiajpko bejepko _kj ah okbps]na
BGNQ 3+- `apaniej› mqa h] lania]^ehe`]` dknevkjp]h an] 2 ra_ao
i]ukn ] h] ranpe_]h) hk mqa lnk`qfk mqa ah jerah bna‘ pe_k oa q^e_]n] ]
.1i `a h] ^]oa `a h] lnao]+
Ch ailhak _ki^ej]`k `a hko i– pk`ko `a ahaiajpko bejepko u
amqehe^nek h™iepa oa d] ikopn]`k abe_eajpa l]n] aopq`e]n _]oko
ln‘ _pe_ko) laniepeaj`k ]j]hev]n pk`]o h]o r]ne]^hao ejrkhq_n]`]o aj
h] ejaop]^ehe`]` u ^nej`]n h]o okhq_ekjao i‘ o ]`a_q]`]o ]h lnk^hai]+
6>6A>D<G5;w5
@GQFMN) ?+U+ %.622&+ Rda Soa kb ohel _en_hao ej pda op]^ehepu ]j]huoeo
kb ohklao+ Gj7 Eakpa_djemqa) r+2) j+.) l+ 4.4+
AMLQRPSARSP? Q?LR? PMQ? CGPJ %/--4&+ Ctla`eajpa p– _je_k
eje_e]h `a h] lnao] Fq]_kpk+ 20/l+
APSX) N+ R+ %.663&+ .-- @]nn]cajo @n]oehaen]o A]oko Feop› ne_ko
K]pane]eo `a Akjopnq” ’ k Nnkfapk+ Mbe_ej] `a Ratpko) Q’ k
N]qhk) 315l+
Ch ]j‘ heoeo `a aop]^ehe`]` `ah p]hq` ]cq]o ]^]fk qo]j`k ah okbps]na
QJGBC 3+- `aikopn› mqa ah DQ an] -+6/6 %@eodkl Qeilhebe_]`k& mqa
ej`e_] ah ejiejajpa _kh]lok `a h] k^n]+ J] k^paj_e› j `ah DQ ia`e]jpa
@eodkl Qeilhebe_]`k oa ikopn› i‘ o ]`a_q]`k l]n] ah _]ok aopq`e]`k
mqa ah DQ k^paje`k lkn H]j^q Qeilhebe_]`k+
B?Q) @+K+ %/--.&+ Dqj`]iajpko `a Gjcajean™] `a Eakpa_je]+ C`+
Qlnejcan+ 1/3l+
J] ]lhe_]_e› j `ah ajnk_]`k _kik ia`e`] _knna_per] jk oa ikopn›
oqbe_eajpa l]n] iafkn]n h] aop]^ehe`]` `a h] lnao]+ Ch DQ aj ah ]j‘ heoeo
aop‘ pe_k u loaq`k*aop‘ pe_k bqa `a .+0/6 u .+-2/ naola_per]iajpa+
Ba^e`k ] aopk) h] Ÿ je_] okhq_e› j lnklqaop] l]n] arep]n qj `ao]opna
bqa `naj]n ah naoanrknek u lkopanekniajpa napen]n ah i]pane]h
_kjbkni]jpa `a h] lnao]+
H?L@S) L+ %.621&+ ?llhe_]pekj kb Akilkoepa Qhel Qqnb]_ao bkn
Qp]^ehepu ?j]huoeo+ C`+ P]cj]n Jkpd+) ./1l+
?j]hev]j`k ah _]ok delkp– pe_k `a mqa h] lnao] pajc] qj jŸ _hak oa
k^oanr› mqa h] ^]f] _]he`]` `ah oqahk qo]`k aj h] _kjbkni]_e› j `a
h] k^n] jk laniepa k^pajan qj DQ `a lkn hk iajko .+2) nabknv]j`k h]
ja_aoe`]` `a napen]n h] k^n]+
DN^% <V^N[\RP% 3T\WJVMRV% )'(+2 HWT (- @ZW )1
), $ *)
DCJJCLGSQ) U+ %.603&+ Qsa`aj A]h_qh]pekj kb pda Qp]^ehepu kbC]npd
B]io+ Gj7 Qa_kj` Akjcnaoo kj J]nca B]io+
K?QQ?B) D+ %/-.-&+ M^n]o `a pann]+ Mbe_ej] `a Ratpko Q’ k N]qhk)
@n]oeh) /52l+
KCLCQA?J8 KGP?LB? %.664&+ Nh]jk `a ]” œ ao aiancaj_e]eo l]n]
^]nn]cajo+ VGG Qaiej‘ nek L]_ekj]h `a Pa_qnoko F™`ne_ko+
Tep› ne]) Colenepk Q]jpk) /.4/0-+
P?BF?IPGQFL?L) L %.645&+ Dhks japo ]j` _kilqpan okhqpekjo pk
oaal]ca lnk^haio+ Qaiej]n kj Akjopnq_pekj Bas]panejc
*(
6]L^XZ 4L]YP]Z 4L]YP]Z % 8ZYdLWZ 4L]YP]Z 8`dXrY
]j` Nnaooqna Paheab) S+ Q+ ?niu Cjcejaan U]pans]uo
Ctlaneiajp Qp]pekj) KQ 06.5--30.+
TGQCS) R+8 ?JKCGB?) ?+@+ %/---&+ Nh]jk `a aianc— j_e] ejpanjk `a
^]nn]cajo+ 2‚ Akjcnaook `] ‘ cq]+ Jeo^k]) Nknpqc]h+
PM@CPRQML ?+ K+ %/--.&+ ?q`epkn™] a nareo’ k l]n] aop]^ehe`]`a
`a hkjck ln]vk `a ^]nn]cajo `a nafaepko+
UMJJC) A+ K+ %.655&+?j‘ heoa `a ao_knnac]iajpko pn]joh]_ekj]eo
jqi] nace’ k `] Qann] `k K]n jk _kjpatpk `a qi]
_h]ooebe_]”’ k `a ia_]jeoiko `a ejop]^ehev]” ’ k `a aj_kop]o+
Q’ k N]qhk) Raoeo `a `k_pkn]`k { CNSQN) 20-l+
PM@CPRQML) ?+K+8 QF?U) Q+ %/--0&+ Peog i]j]caiajp bkn i]fkn
cakpa_dje_]h opnq_pqnao kj iejao+ Gj7 Nnk_aa`ejco kb
_kilqpan ]llhe_]pekjo ej pda iejan]h ej`qopneao %A?KG&8
A]hc]nu)?h^anp]) A]j]`]+
PMAQAGCLAC GLA+ %/--0&+ Qhe`a /B heiep amqehe^neqi ohkla op]^ehepu
bkn okeh ]j` nk_g ohklao qoanzo cqe`a+ /-4l+
RCPX?ESG) I+8 NCAI) P+ %.640&+ Qkeh ia_d]je_o ej ajcejaanejc
ln]_pe_a) C`+ Uehau Qkjo+ 4/6l+
XSOSCRRC) J+T+8 NCHML) M+8 Q?LRMQ AMJJ?PCQ H+O+ %/--1&+
J]j` `acn]`]pekj ]ooaooaiajp ^]oa` kj ajrenkjiajp]h
cakej`e_]pkno ej pda Dknp]hav] iapnklkhep]j nacekj) op]pa kb
Aa]n‘ ) @n]veh+ Cjrenkiajp]h Eakhkcu+ 127 1-51/2+
CDI52 AP QXQ[X^VaPU|P UdT aTP[XiPSP dbP]S^ T[ \{c^S^ 5E5$ [P
RdP[ Tb [P \zb dbPSP T] T[ zaTP ST X]VT]XTa|P&
QCCB F+@+8 K?PRGL E+P+ %.633&+ Rda Qaeoie_ Akabbe_eajp ej C]npd
B]i Baoecj+ Hkqnj]h kbpda Qkeh Ka_d]je_o ]j` Dkqj`]pekj
Bereoekj) ?QAC) Tkh+ 6/ QK0) /225+
*)
DN^% <V^N[\RP% 3T\WJVMRV% )'(+2 HWT (- @ZW )1 ), $ *)