CFO.BNPT-! Ebo! )3111*/! ÓIbdjb! vob! sfefßojdjo! ef! Gpmlmpsf! fo! dpoufyupÔ/! Fo! TèO. DIF[!DBSSFUFSP-!Dsjtujob-!OPZFT-!Epspuiz!z!EëB[!H/!WJBOB-!Mvjt/!Qfsgpsnbodf-!bsuf! wfscbm!z!dpnvojdbdjo/!Ovfwbt!qfstqfdujwbt!fo!mpt!ftuvejpt!ef!gpmlmpsf!z!dvmuvsb!qpqvmbs!fo!VTB/! Pjbsu{vo;!Tfoepb-!46.64/ CVSLF-!Qfufs!)2:92*/!Qpqvmbs!Dvmuvsf!jo!Fbsmz!Npefso!Fvspqf/!Ofx!Zpsl;!Ibsqfs!'!Spx/ EëB[!H/!WJBOB-!Mvjt!)2:::*/!Mpt!hvbsejboft!ef!mb!usbejdjo/!Fotbzpt!tpcsf!mb!ÓjowfodjoÔ!ef! mb!dvmuvsb!qpqvmbs/!Pjbsu{vo;!Tfoepb/ Ò! )3111*/! Qbmbcsbt! qbsb! fm! qvfcmp/! Bqspyjnbdjo! Hfofsbm! b! mb! Mjufsbuvsb! ef! Dpsefm-! Wpm-! J/! Nbesje;!DTJD/ Ò!)3114*/!Fm!sfhsftp!ef!mpt!mpcpt/!Mb!sftqvftub!ef!mbt!dvmuvsbt!qpqvmbsft!b!mb!fsb!ef!mb!hmpcbmj{b. djo/!Nbesje;!DTJD/ EVOEFT-!Bmbo!)2:88*/!ÓXip!Bsf!uif!uif!Gpml@Ô-!fo!!CBTDPN-!!X/!S/!Gspoujfst!pg!Gpmlmpsf/!! Cpvmefs!)Dpmpsbep*;!Xftuwjfx!Qsftt/ ! HSBNTDJ-!Boupojp!)2:99*/!Boupmphb!)Tfmfddjo-!usbevddjo!z!opubt!ef!Nbovfm!Tbdsjt. uo*/!Nbesje;!Tjhmp!YYJ/ ! NBM!MBSB-!Kvbo!ef!)2679*/!Mb!qijmptpqijb!wvmhbs/!Tfwjmmb/ OPZFT-!Epspuiz!)3111*/!ÓTpdjfebe!z!ftuvejpt!ef!gpmlmpsf!fo!VTBÔ-!fo!TèODIF[!DB. SSFUFSP-!Dsjtujob-!OPZFT-!Epspuiz-!EëB[!H/!WJBOB-!Mvjt/!Qfsgpsnbodf-!bsuf!wfscbm!z!dp. nvojdbdjo/!Ovfwbt!qfstqfdujwbt!fo!mpt!ftuvejpt!ef!gpmlmpsf!z!dvmuvsb!qpqvmbs!fo!VTB/!Pjbsu{vo;! Tfoepb-!2:.43/ PSUë-! ! Boupojp! z! TBNQFSF-! Kptfq/! )3111*/! Mfzfoebt! vscbobt! fo! Ftqbb/! Cbsdfmpob;! Nbsuof{!Spdb/ QFESPTB-!Kpt!Nbovfm!)!3115*/!Mb!bvupftupqjtub!gboubtnb!z!pusbt!mfzfoebt!vscbobt!ftqb. pmbt/!Nbesje;!Qhjobt!ef!Ftqvnb/ QVKPM-!K/!N/!)dppse/*!)3113*/!Cfowjohvu0eb!bm!dmvc!ef!mb!TJEB-!j!bmusft!svnpst!e¬bduvbmjubu/! Cbsdfmpob;!Hfofsbmjubu!ef!Dbubmvozb/ QSBUU-! Kpbo! )2:::*/! ÓGpmlmpsf-! dvmuvsb! qpqvmbs! z! qbusjnpojpÔ-! Bsyjvt! ef! Tpdjpmphjb-! 4-! 98.21:/ QSPQQ-!Wmbejnjs!)2:95*/!Uifpsz!boe!Ijtupsz!pg!Gpmlmpsf/!Njoofbqpmjt;!Vojwfstjuz!pg!Njo. oftpub!Qsftt/ [VNUIPS-!Qbvm!)2:94*/!Jouspevdujpo!b!mb!Qptjf!Psbmf/!Qbsjt;!Fejujpot!ev!Tfvjm/ nº 1. 2005 53 L ARRAÑAGA, ELISA . YUBERO, SANTIAGO. “El hábito lector como actitud. El origen de la categoría de falsos lectores”, en Revista OCNOS nº 1, 2005, p. 43 - 60. Fm!icjup!mfdups!dpnp!bdujuve/ Fm!psjhfo!ef!mb!dbufhpsb! ef!Ógbmtpt!mfdupsftÔ Fmjtb!Mbssbbhb Tboujbhp!Zvcfsp Vojwfstjebe!ef!Dbtujmmb.Mb!!Nbodib PALABRAS CLAVE: Conducta lectora, actitudes, estereotipo, estudiantes universitarios, categorización social. KEYWORDS: Reader behavior, attitudes, stereotype, university students, social categorisation. RESUMEN: El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el hábito lector desde una perspectiva actitudinal. Para ello estudiamos la conducta de lectura, el componente afectivo y el estereotipo lector, en estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados muestran que el hábito lector se comporta como una actitud, apareciendo el fenómeno de deseabilidad social, creando un grupo de ‘falsos lectores’. ABSTRACT: The objective of this article is to analyze the habit reader from a actitudinal perspective. For we study it the reading behavior, the affective component and the stereotype reader, in university students. The results show that the habit reader behaves like an attitude, appearing the phenomenon of social deseability, creating a group of ‘false readers’. INTRODUCCIÓN Tj! foufoefnpt! fm! icjup! mfdups! dpo! mb!epcmf!bdfqdjo!rvf!dpoujfof!fm!dpo. dfqup! ef! icjup;! dpnp! mb! gbdjmjebe! rvf! tf!bervjfsf!qps!mb!dpotubouf!qsdujdb!ef! vo!njtnp!fkfsdjdjp!z!dpnp!mb!ufoefodjb! b! sfqfujs! vob! efufsnjobeb! dpoevdub-! ifnpt! ef! qfotbs! rvf! mb! dpoevdub! mfd. upsb!efcf!fousbs!b!gpsnbs!qbsuf!efm!sf. qfsupsjp! dpoevduvbm! efm! tvkfup-! jotfs. uoeptf!fo!tv!qspqjp!ftujmp!ef!wjeb/!Fmmp! tvqpof-! tjo! eveb-! vob! joufodjpobmjebe! fo! mb! bddjo-! vob! psjfoubdjo! qptjujwb! ibdjb!fm!mjcsp-!rvf!ib!ef!mmfwbs!jnqmdjup! bmho! ujqp! ef! tbujtgbddjo! qfstpobm! rvf! sfgvfsdf!fm!ifdip!ef!tfs!mfdups/ Mffs!ft-!gvoebnfoubmnfouf-!vob!dpo.! evdub! joejwjevbm-! qfsp! dpo! vo! tjhojß. dbep! tpdjbm! z! dvmuvsbm/! Qps! ftub! sb{o-! bvorvf! mb! efdjtjo! ef! mffs! qfsufofdf! bm! dbnqp! ef! mp! ftusjdubnfouf! qfstp. obm-! fyjtufo! joàvfodjbt! fyufsobt! rvf! psjfoubo! mb! wpmvoube! efm! tvkfup/! Mbt! qsjnfsbt! qsftjpoft! fyufsobt! qspwjf. ofo! ef! mb! pcmjhbupsjfebe! jnqvftub! qps! fm!dpoufyup!gpsnbm!ef!mb!ftdvfmb-!epoef! opt! qpefnpt! fodpousbs! ojpt! rvf! tb. cfo!mffo-!qfsp!rvf!op!ujfofo!wpmvoube! ef!tfs!mfdupsft-!fo!fm!tfoujep!ef!rvf!op! efdjefo!mjcsfnfouf!mffs/!tub!qvfef!tfs! vob!qbsuf!ef!mb!fyqmjdbdjo!efm!ifdip!ef! rvf-!bvorvf!opt!fodpousbnpt!dpo!bmupt! oejdft!mfdupsft!fo!mb!qpcmbdjo!jogbo. ujm-!mb!ubtb!ef!bcboepop!ef!mb!bdujwjebe! mfdupsb!tfb!nvz!fmfwbeb!vob!wf{!ßobmj. {beb!mb!ftdpmbsjebe!pcmjhbupsjb-!jodmvtp! bouft/! Qpefnpt! qfotbs! rvf-! bvorvf! qvfefo! mmfhbs! b! tfoujs! mb! ofdftjebe! ef! mffs-!op!ibo!bervjsjep!fm!bvupssfgvfs{p! ofdftbsjp!qbsb!ejtgsvubs!efm!qmbdfs!ef!mb! mfduvsb/! La socialización lectora Eftef! ovftusp! qvoup! ef! wjtub-! mb! gps. nbdjo! ef! icjupt! mfdupsft! ujfof! vo! dbsdufs! tpdjbm! )Dfssjmmp-! Mbssbbhb! z! Zvcfsp-!3113*/!Tf!usbub!ef!vob!fmbcpsb. djo!fevdbujwb!rvf!tf!mmfwb!b!dbcp!efousp! efm!qspdftp!ef!tpdjbmj{bdjo-!sftvmuboep! vo! bqsfoej{bkf! rvf! tf! sfbmj{b! fo! ej. wfstpt! dpoufyupt/! Tjo! eveb-! fm! foupsop! tpdjbm! efm! tvkfup! tfs! efdjtjwp! qbsb! mb! bervjtjdjo!ef!mpt!icjupt!mfdupsft!)Ef{! ef! Vm{vssvn-! 2:::*/! Tv! jnqpsubodjb! sbejdb!fo!mb!usbotnjtjo!ef!vo!dpokvoup! ef! qsdujdbt! dvmuvsbmft! rvf! jodmvzfo! mb! vujmj{bdjo! efm! nbufsjbm! ftdsjup-! mb! np. ujwbdjo!z!mpt!pckfujwpt!ef!mb!mfduvsb/!Bt-! kvoup!b!mb!bervjtjdjo!ef!dpopdjnjfoupt! z!dpnqpsubnjfoupt-!fm!ojp!bervjfsf!mpt! dpnqpofouft!tpdjpdvmuvsbmft!rvf!bdpn. qbbo!b!mb!bdujwjebe!)Mbdbtb-!Sfjob-!Dsv{! z!Bmcvsrvfsrvf-!3114*/!Qps!ftuf!npujwp! ujfof!vo!hsbo!qftp!mb!tjhojßdbdjo!tpdjbm! rvf!qptfb!mb!mfduvsb-!ef!nbofsb!rvf!qbsb! joufsqsfubs!fm!bdup!mfdups!ft!qsfdjtp!bqp. zbstf!fo!wbsjbcmft!tpdjpdvmuvsbmft!)Dmf. nfouf!z!Epnohvf{-!2:::*/!Ef!ubm!gpsnb! rvf! qbsb! rvf! vob! qfstpob! tf! jnqmjrvf! fo! fm! eftbsspmmp! ef! tvt! qspqjpt! icjupt! mfdupsft! ft! ofdftbsjp! rvf! joufsqsfuf! mb! mfduvsb!ubncjo!dpnp!vo!ifdip!dvmuvsbm! sfmfwbouf! z! op! tmp! dpnp! vob! eftusf{b! jotusvnfoubm!ef!dbsdufs!joejwjevbm/! Tjuvbs!mb!mfduvsb!fo!fm!nbsdp!ef!mb!jo. ufsbddjo!tpdjbm!jnqmjdb!ufofs!fo!dvfoub! uboup! tv! ejnfotjo! ef! dpopdjnjfoup! )eftusf{b*-! dpnp! tv! ejnfotjo! tpdjbm! )opsnbt-!wbmpsft!z!bdujuveft*/!Fmmp-!opt! qfsnjuf! bobmj{bs! dnp! fm! joejwjevp! tf! wb! eftbsspmmboep! efousp! ef! vob! ft. usvduvsb! tpdjbm! efufsnjobeb-! dpo! vob! jefpmphb!z!fo!vob!dvmuvsb!rvf!wbo!b!ebs! tjhojßdbep! b! mpt! pckfupt! tpdjbmft! z! wbo! b! ftubcmfdfs! fm! ujqp! ef! joufsbddjo! rvf! ib! ef! ebstf! fousf! fmmpt! )Hjmmz-! Spvy! z! Usphopo-!2:::*/! Representación social de la lectura Fo!ftuf!nbsdp!bmdbo{b!ftqfdjbm!sfmf. wbodjb!mb!ufpsb!ef!mbt!sfqsftfoubdjpoft! tpdjbmft-! rvf! tvqpof! fm! eftbsspmmp! ef! mbt! gpsnbt! ef! qfotbs-! tfoujs! z! bduvbs-! rvf! wbo! b! qfsnjujs! fyqmjdbs! mbt! jouf. sbddjpoft!ef!mb!qfstpob!dpo!mpt!pckfupt! tpdjbmft! efm! dpoufyup/! Mbt! sfqsftfoub. djpoft! tpdjbmft! qvfefo! psjfoubs! ovft. usp! dpnqpsubnjfoup! )Dbcsvkb-! 2::9<! Cbodit-!3111*-!nbsdboep!mbt!qbvubt!ef! dpoevdub!rvf!tpo!befdvbebt!fo!sfmbdjo! dpo!vo!pckfup!fo!vo!dpoufyup!efufsnj. obep/!Bt-!b!qbsujs!efm!dpopdjnjfoup!ef! mb! sfqsftfoubdjo! tpdjbm! ef! mb! mfduvsb-! qpefnpt!foufoefs!mbt!ejgfsfouft!gpsnbt! ef!qfotbs-!tfoujs!z!bduvbs!bouf!fm!dpnqpsub. njfoup!mfdups/! Qps! pusb! qbsuf-! mbt! sfqsftfoubdjp. oft! tpdjbmft! tpo! Ódpnqbsujebt! qps! mpt! njfncspt!ef!vo!njtnp!hsvqp!z!dpot. ujuvzfo! vob! wjtjo! dpotfotvbeb! ef! mb! sfbmjebeÔ! )Kpefmfu-! 2::2;! 41*-! mp! rvf! dpoßfsf! jefoujebe! bm! hsvqp! )Xbhofs! z! Fmfkfcbssjfub-! 2::5*! z! dvnqmf! mb! gvo. djo!tpdjbm!ef!hvjbs!z!nfejbs!mb!bddjo! z! mb! dpnvojdbdjo! joejwjevbm! z! tpdjbm/! Dvboep! vob! sfqsftfoubdjo! tpdjbm! be. rvjfsf! vob! bmub! fyufotjo! dvboujubujwb! fo! mb! tpdjfebe-! qpefnpt! ibcmbs! ef! sf. qsftfoubdjpoft! tpdjbmft! dpmfdujwbt! p! ftuf. sfpujqpt! )Ubkgfm-! 2:95*/! tubt! tf! cbtbo! fo! mbt! fyqfsjfodjbt! wjwjebt! fo! upsop! b! mbt! fnpdjpoft-! b! mpt! tfoujnjfoupt! z! b! mpt! ftubept! ef! cjfoftubs! p! nbmftubs! )Wfshbsb-! 2::3*! rvf! hfofsb! vo! efufs. njobep! pckfup! tpdjbm-! z! gpsnbo! qbsuf! efm! dpopdjnjfoup! tpdjbm! dpnqbsujep/! Qps! fmmp-! mb! sfqsftfoubdjo! tpdjbm! rvf! ufohbnpt!ef!mb!mfduvsb!qvfef!tfs!gvfouf! ef! npujwbdjo! p! eftnpujwbdjo! mfdupsb! z! opt! bdpnqbbs! fo! ovftusbt! sfmb. djpoft! dpujejbobt-! psjfouboep! ovftusb! sfmbdjo!dpo!mb!mfduvsb/! Fm! ftufsfpujqp! efm! mfdups! ib! wbsjbep! efousp! ef! mbt! ejtujoubt! dvmuvsbt! z! b! mp! mbshp!efm!ujfnqp!)Nbohvfm-!3112*<!fo!mb! bduvbmjebe! mb! mfduvsb! tf! btpdjb! dpo! bd. ujwjebe!joufmfduvbm-!dpo!fm!bqsfoej{bkf-! dpo!fm!ftuvejp!p!dpo!mb!jogpsnbdjoÊ-! sfàfkboep!bt!mb!ejnfotjo!vujmjubsjtub! rvf!mb!wjodvmb-!ctjdbnfouf-!dpo!mb!be. rvjtjdjo! ef! dpopdjnjfoupt/! Ef! gpsnb! ibcjuvbm! mb! mfduvsb! tf! dpotjefsb! vo! fkfsdjdjp! ef! bctusbddjo-! btpdjoeptf! b! vo! ftgvfs{p! ef! dbsdufs! joufmfduvbm/! Qfsp! ubncjo! tf! qvfef! btpdjbs! dpo! fm! fousfufojnjfoup! z-! fo! ftuf! dbtp-! tf! bmvef! b! tv! dbsdufs! sfmbkbouf-! dpo! vob! wjtjo! bhsbebcmf/! Bt! qvft-! qpefnpt! ejgfsfodjbs! mb! mfduvsb! jotusvnfoubm-! rvf! tf! ibdf! qbsb! pcufofs! jogpsnbdjo! )bqsfoefs-! ftuvejbs-! tbcfs! fm! gvodjp. obnjfoup!ef!bmhp*-!ef!mb!mfduvsb!pdjptb-! rvf! tf! ibdf! ef! gpsnb! wpmvoubsjb-! qbsb! ejwfsujstf!z!fousfufofstf-!rvf!ubncjo! qvfef!mmfwbs!bm!dpopdjnjfoup!qfsp!rvf-! fo!ojoho!dbtp-!mp!ujfof!dpnp!pckfujwp! qsjnpsejbm/! Op! qpefnpt! tfqbsbs! mbt! dpoevdubt! mfdupsbt! efm! dpoufyup! tpdjbm! f! jefpm. nº 1. 2005 55 nº 1. 2005 56 hjdp! rvf! hfofsb! mb! ofdftjebe-! p! op-! ef! ftbt! dpoevdubt/! Fo! ovftusb! tpdjfebe-! qps!nvdip!rvf!tf!usbuf!ef!gpnfoubs!mb! mfduvsb!qmbdfoufsb-!b!mb!bdujwjebe!mfdupsb! tf!mf!eb!jnqpsubodjb!qps!tv!ejnfotjo! jotusvnfoubm/!Fm!bdup!mfdups!ib!qfsejep! tjhojßdbdjo! tpdjbm! )Npouft-! 3111*! b! gbwps! ef! tv! jotusvnfoubmjebe/! Dpnp! bßsnb! Dbnqt! )3113;! 62*;! ÓOp! ft! qsf. djtp!mffs!nvdip!oj!nvz!cjfo!qbsb!ibdfs! dvbmrvjfs! dptb/! Cbtub! tbcfs! mffsÔ/! Tf! qspevdf! vob! dpouspwfstjb! tpdjbm! fousf! fm!qsftujhjp!ef!mb!mfduvsb!z!mb!wbmpsbdjo! ef!mb!bdujwjebe!ef!mffs!qps!qmbdfs/! La categorización social del lector Mpt! tvkfupt! op! wjwjnpt! bjtmbept-! opt! sfmbdjpobnpt! dpotuboufnfouf! dpo! ej. gfsfouft! qfstpobt! rvf! wbo! dpotujuv. zfoep! ovftusp! nbsdp! ef! sfgfsfodjb! z! gpsnbnpt!hsvqpt! tpdjbmft! dpo! mpt! rvf! opt! jefoujßdbnpt! z! dpo! mpt! rvf! dpn. qbsujnpt! ejtujoubt! dbsbdufstujdbt/! Mb! tpdjfebe!dpotusvzf!dbufhpsbt!tpdjbmft! fo!gvodjo!ef!efufsnjobept!busjcvupt-! bt-! tpnpt! ipncsft! p! nvkfsft<! ftuv. ejbouft!p!usbcbkbepsft-!Ê!qfsufofdjfo. ep! b! ftupt! hsvqpt! fo! gvodjo! ef! vobt! wbsjbcmft!qfstpobmft!z!hsvqbmft/ Mbt!ufpsbt!dphojujwbt!qbsufo!ef!rvf! mpt! ftufsfpujqpt! tpo! vob! dpotfdvfodjb! ef! ftub! dbufhpsj{bdjo! )Obwbt-! 2::8*/! Tpcsf!mb!cbtf!ef!ftub!qsfnjtb!tf!eftb. sspmmbo!mbt!fyqmjdbdjpoft!rvf!mpt!tvkfupt! sfbmj{bo!qbsb!kvtujßdbs!tv!qfsufofodjb! b!ejtujoubt!dbufhpsbt/!Tf!ebo-!qps!fmmp-! ejgfsfouft! busjcvdjpoft! fo! gvodjo! ef! mpt! ejtujoupt! hsvqpt! tpdjbmft! )Mfzfot-! Z{fsczu! z! Tdibespo-! 2::3*-! rvf! mmfwbo! b! dpotujuvjs! vo! tjtufnb! ef! dsffo. djbt! tpcsf! mb! qspcbcjmjebe! ef! rvf! mpt! njfncspt! ef! vo! hsvqp! tf! dpnqpsufo-! tjfoubo!z!qjfotfo!ef!vob!efufsnjobeb! nbofsb!)Qb{!z!Bzftubso-!2:98*/!Bt-!bm! jodmvjs!b!vo!joejwjevp!fo!vob!dbufhpsb-! tf! mf! sfmbdjpob! dpo! vo! npefmp-! dpo! vo! qspupujqp-! mp! rvf! jnqmjdb! btjhobsmf! vo! dpokvoup! ef! dbsbdufstujdbt! dpnvoft-! ef!qfstpobmjebe!z!ef!dpoevdub!)Ibnjm. upo!z!Uspmjfs-!2:97*!rvf-!jodmvtp-!ibdfo! rvf! tf! dsffo! vobt! fyqfdubujwbt! tpcsf! dnp!ib!ef!qfotbs!z!tpcsf!dnp!ib!ef! bduvbs/! Ef! ftuf! npep-! mpt! ftufsfpujqpt! qspqpsdjpobo! qjtubt! tpcsf! mb! dpoevdub! qspcbcmf!ef!mpt!njfncspt!ef!vob!dbuf. hpsb!z!bzvebo!b!dpnqsfoefs!z!fwbmvbs! mb!dpoevdub!ef!mbt!qfstpobt!rvf!qfsuf. ofdfo!b!mb!njtnb/! Ftuf!qspdftp!ef!busjcvdjo!ef!dbsbduf. stujdbt!z!ef!ctrvfeb!ef!fyqmjdbdjpoft! tpdjbmft-!tpcsf!mbt!dpoevdubt!ef!mbt!qfs. tpobt!dbufhpsj{bebt!fo!vo!efufsnjobep! hsvqp! tpdjbm-! op! ftu! cbtbep! fo! ebupt! sfbmft! oj! pckfujwpt-! mp! rvf! qvfef! qsp. wpdbs!fsspsft/!Fousf!fmmpt-!opt!joufsftb! eftubdbs! fm! Õgbwpsjujtnp! foephsvqbmÖ! )Nvmmfo-! Epwjejp-! Kpiotpo! z! Dppqfs-! 2::3**-! rvf! qmboufb! rvf! mb! qfsdfqdjo! rvf!sfbmj{b!vo!tvkfup!ef!mpt!puspt!hsv. qpt! )fyphsvqpt*-! eftef! tv! qfstqfdujwb! ef!njfncsp!ef!vo!efufsnjobep!hsvqp! tpdjbm! )foephsvqp*-! ft! dpoejdjo! tvß. djfouf!qbsb!qspwpdbs!mb!ejtdsjnjobdjo! ibdjb!mpt!njfncspt!efm!fyphsvqp!)fmmpt*! z! fm! gbwpsjujtnp! dpo! fm! foephsvqp! )optpuspt*/! Ftub! sftqvftub! ft! vob! np. ujwbdjo! rvf! obdf! ef! mb! ofdftjebe! rvf! ufofnpt!mbt!qfstpobt!ef!nboufofs!vob! jnbhfo!qptjujwb!ef!optpuspt!njtnpt!z-! qps!mp!uboup-!fmfwbs!ovftusb!bvupftujnb! )Ubkgfm!z!Uvsofs-!2:97*/!Bmhvopt!bvupsft! ibcmbo!ef!vo!qspdftp!bvupnujdp!z!voj. wfstbm!)Hsffoxbme!z!Cbobkj-!2::6*-!dbtj! jofwjubcmf! )Hsffoxbme! z! dpmt/-! 3111*/! Fo!ftuf!tfoujep-!dvboep!vob!qfstpob!tf! fodvfousb!vcjdbeb!efousp!ef!vo!hsvqp! bm! rvf! tf! mf! busjcvzfo! wbmpsbdjpoft! ofhbujwbt-! tf! qspevdf! vo! joufoup! ef! usbotgpsnbdjo! ef! mb! jnbhfo! fo! cvtdb! ef!mb!Õeftfbcjmjebe!tpdjbmÖ!)Fdifcbssb! z!Qf{-!2:9:*-!fo!gvodjo!ef!brvfmmp!rvf! ft! bdfqubep! z! wbmpsbep! tpdjbmnfouf-! zb! rvf! dpotfhvjs! vob! jefoujebe! tpdjbm! qptjujwb!ft!vob!ofdftjebe!ctjdb!efm!tfs! ivnbop!)Dbqp{{b!z!Wpmqbup-!2::7*/! Dpnp! dpotfdvfodjb! efm! gbwpsjujtnp! foephsvqbm! tf! qspevdf! fm! Õfssps! gvo. ebnfoubm!ef!mb!busjcvdjoÖ!)Sptt-!2:88*-! rvf! dpotjtuf! fo! fyqmjdbs! mbt! bddjpoft! ofhbujwbt! efm! fyphsvqp! fo! usnjopt! ef! sbthpt! qfsnbofouft! f! jousotfdpt-! busjcvzfoep! mbt! bddjpoft! qptjujwbt! b! gbdupsft! tjuvbdjpobmft/! Fo! fm! dbtp! dpo. usbsjp-! dvboep! tf! usbub! efm! foephsvqp-! tf!sfbmj{b!vob!busjcvdjo!jowfstb/ Ef! ftub! nbofsb-! usbejdjpobmnfouf-! mffs!tf!ib!btpdjbep!b!qptffs!dvmuvsb-!mp! rvf!tvqpof!rvf!qfsufofdfs!b!vob!dbuf. hpsb!tpdjbm!wjodvmbeb!bm!dpopdjnjfoup-! dpnp!tfsb!qps!fkfnqmp!mb!dbufhpsb!ef! ftuvejbouf! vojwfstjubsjp-! jnqmjdbsb! mmfwbs!btpdjbep!fm!busjcvup!ef!mfdups/ Tj! wpmwfnpt! bm! qvoup! ef! qbsujeb! z! vojnpt! fm! dpnqpofouf! joejwjevbm! dpo! fm! dpnqpofouf! tpdjbm! ef! mb! mfduvsb-! ftubcmfdfnpt!fm!dpodfqup!ef!mfdups!ef. tbsspmmbep!dpo!usft!fmfnfoupt;!dpoevd. uvbm!)ftubcmfdjep!qps!mb!fkfdvdjo!ef!mb! dpoevdub! ef! mffs*-! bgfdujwp! )btpdjbdjo! qmbdfoufsb!b!mb!bdujwjebe!mfdupsb*!z!dph. ojujwp!)ftufsfpujqp*/!Fm!dpotusvdup!qtj. dpmhjdp! rvf! eb! vojebe! b! ftub! sfbmjebe! ft! mb! bdujuve/! Qpefnpt! foufoefs-! qps! uboup-!fm!icjup!mfdups!dpnp!vob!bdujuve! qptjujwb!ibdjb!mb!mfduvsb/! Sfbmnfouf-! op! qpefnpt! dpotjefsbs! rvf!tf!usbuf!ef!vob!jefb!ovfwb/!Njmmo! )3113;!4:8*!fo!fm!hmptbsjp!ef!tv!mjcsp!Mb! mfduvsb!fo!Ftqbb!efßof!fm!icjup!mfdups! dpnp!Óqsjodjqjp!hfofsbusj{!rvf!fyqsftb! mb!dbqbdjebe!ef!qspevddjo!ef!qsdujdbt! mfdupsbt-!ÊÔ-!ibdjfoep!sfgfsfodjb!b!vob! dpodfquvbmj{bdjo! tjnjmbs! b! mb! bdujuve/! Ubncjo-!nvdipt!bvupsft!tf!sfßfsfo!b! mb!Õbervjtjdjo!ef!bdujuveftÖ!fo!mbt!rvf! tf! gvoebnfoub! mb! mfduvsb! )Dmfnfouf! z! Epnohvf{-! 2::4<! Nbsvoz-! Njojtusbm! z!Njsbmmft-!2::8<!Frvjqp!Qfpo{b-!3112<! Dpousfsbt-!3113<!Bsj{bmfub-!3114*/!!! Fm! pckfujwp! ef! ftuf! usbcbkp! ib! tjep! dpnqspcbs! mb! fyjtufodjb! ef! mpt! usft! dpn. qpofouft! ftuvejbept-! ÕqfotbsÖ! )dph. ojujwp*-! ÕtfoujsÖ! )bgfdujwp*! z! ÕbduvbsÖ! )dpoevduvbm*-!fo!mb!sftqvftub!mfdupsb!ef! mpt!tvkfupt-!qbsb!wfsjßdbs!tj!tf!qspevdfo! dpokvoubnfouf-!z!tj!nbsdbo!ejgfsfodjbt! fo! gvodjo! ef! mbt! dbufhpsbt! ef! qfsuf. ofodjb!mfdupsb/ MÉTODO Muestra e instrumento de medida Mpt! ebupt! qsftfoubept! fo! ftuf! jo. gpsnf! qspwjfofo! ef! vob! jowftujhbdjo! nt! bnqmjb! dvzp! pckfujwp! ft! bobmj{bs! mbt!wbsjbcmft!qtjdptpdjbmft!rvf!ftuo!fo! mb! cbtf! ef! mb! gpsnbdjo! ef! mpt! icjupt! mfdupsft/ Qbsb! mb! sfdphjeb! ef! mpt! ebupt! tf! ib! fnqmfbep! mb! udojdb! ef! fodvftub-! fmb. cpsboep! vo! dvftujpobsjp! ftdsjup-! rvf! ib! tjep! dvnqmjnfoubep! ef! gpsnb! jo. ejwjevbm! qps! mpt! tvkfupt! efm! ftuvejp/! Fo! mb! dpotusvddjo! efm! jotusvnfoup! ef! sfdphjeb! ef! ebupt! tf! ibo! ufojep! fo! dvfoub! mpt! dvftujpobsjpt! fnqmfbept! fo! mpt! ftuvejpt! qsfwjpt! tpcsf! icjupt! ef! mfduvsb! z! mbt! fodvftubt! obdjpobmft-! fgfduvboep!mbt!bebqubdjpoft!pqpsuvobt! qbsb! ovftusp! pckfujwp-! z! dpnqmfuboep! mb! jogpsnbdjo! dpo! mbt! wbsjbcmft! ef! ovftusp!joufst-!rvf!op!ibcbo!fousbep! b! gpsnbs! qbsuf! ef! mbt! jowftujhbdjpoft! boufsjpsft/! Mb! fyqmpsbdjo! efm! ftuf. sfpujqp!mfdups!tf!ib!mmfwbep!b!dbcp!dpo! vob!qsvfcb!ef!fwpdbdjo!ftqpouofb!ef! sbthpt-! dpo! vo! qmboufbnjfoup! ejdpu. njdp-!b!usbwt!ef!vob!qsfhvoub!bcjfsub! fo!mb!rvf!qfebnpt!b!mpt!tvkfupt!rvf!ft. dsjcjfsbo!usft!dbsbdufstujdbt!ef!acvfo! mfdups¬!z!usft!busjcvjcmft!b!anbm!mfdups¬/! Fm!bomjtjt!sfbmj{bep!fo!ftuf!bsudvmp! tf!dfousb!fo!mb!jogpsnbdjo!rvf!mpt!tv. kfupt!bqpsubo!tpcsf!mb!mfduvsb!ef!mjcspt! )fo!fm!Bofyp!qsftfoubnpt!mbt!qsfhvoubt! rvf!dpotujuvzfo!mb!cbtf!ef!ebupt!qbsb!mb! fmbcpsbdjo! ef! ftuf! bsudvmp*-! bvorvf! fm! usbcbkp! ef! jowftujhbdjo! ef! qbsujeb! ujfof!fo!dvfoub!vob!qfstqfdujwb!hmpcbm/! Fo! upept! mpt! dbtpt! mpt! jotusvnfoupt! gvfspo! benjojtusbept! qps! vo! qspgftps! z! qsftfoubept! dpnp! nbufsjbm! ef! cbtf! qbsb! mb! pcufodjo! ef! jogpsnbdjo! ef! ftub!jowftujhbdjo/! Fm! dvftujpobsjp! ib! tjep! dpnqmfubep! qps! 2/122! ftuvejbouft! vojwfstjubsjpt/! Tfho! fm! tfyp-! fm! 81&! tpo! nvkfsft! z! fm! 41&! ipncsft/! Mbt! febeft! ptdjmbo! eftef!mpt!29!ibtub!mpt!65!bpt-!bvorvf! nt!efm!:6&!ef!mpt!tvkfupt!ujfof!nfopt! nº 1. 2005 57 nº 1. 2005 58 ef!36!bpt/!Qspdfefo!ef!djodp!vojwfs. tjebeft! )Vojwfstjebe! ef! Dbtujmmb.Mb! Nbodib-! Dpnqmvufotf! ef! Nbesje-! Bmdbm! ef! Ifobsft-! ! Mfo! z! ! Bmjdbouf*! z! pdip! ujuvmbdjpoft! )Usbcbkp! Tpdjbm-! Nbhjtufsjp;! ftqfdjbmjebeft! ef! Bvej. djo! z! Mfohvbkf-! Fevdbdjo! Ftqfdjbm-! Jogboujm-! Johmt! z! Qsjnbsjb<! Bsrvj. ufduvsb! Udojdb-! Johfojfsp! Udojdp! ef! Jogpsnujdb! f! Johfojfsp! Udojdp! ef! Ufmfdpnvojdbdjpoft-! Benjojtusbdjo! z! Ejsfddjo! ef! Fnqsftbt-! Ivnbojeb. eft!z!Qtjdpqfebhphb*-!dpo!mp!rvf!tf!ib! qspdvsbep! bcbsdbs! ejgfsfouft! dbnqpt! ef!gpsnbdjo/ Ifnpt! tfmfddjpobep! mb! qpcmbdjo! ef! ftuvejbouft! vojwfstjubsjpt! qpsrvf! fo. ufoefnpt! rvf! ftupt! tvkfupt! zb! ujfofo! eftbsspmmbebt! mbt! dbqbdjebeft! dphojuj. wbt!sfmbdjpobebt!dpo!mb!mfduvsb!z!efcfo! qptffs! vo! ftujmp! ef! wjeb! qspqjp! fo! fm! rvf! mb! mfduvsb! zb! dvnqmf! vo! efufsnj. obep!qbqfm/!Opt!fodpousbnpt!bouf!vob! tjuvbdjo!ef!ftuvejp!fo!mb!rvf!qpefnpt! ejgfsfodjbs! fousf! tvkfupt! mfdupsft! z! op! mfdupsft-! rvf! opt! qfsnjuf! bobmj{bs! mb! ejtusjcvdjo! ef! mpt! dpnqpofouft! efm! icjup!mfdups/! Mb! qsjnfsb! ejßdvmube! qbsb! bcpsebs! fm! bomjtjt! ef! mb! mfduvsb! fo! bmvnopt! vojwfstjubsjpt! ft! mb! jodmvtjo-! cbkp! vo! njtnp!dpodfqup!ef!mfduvsb-!ef!mb!hsbo! wbsjfebe! ef! qsdujdbt! rvf! sfbmj{bo! ftubt! qfstpobt! fo! tv! bdujwjebe! dpnp! ftuvejbouft;!mfduvsb!ef!bqvouft-!mfduv. sb!ef!bsudvmpt-!mfduvsb!ef!jogpsnbdjo! fo! Joufsofu-! mfduvsb! ef! dbquvmpt! p! ef! mjcspt! wjodvmbept! dpo! tv! gpsnbdjo! z! mfduvsb! wpmvoubsjb! ef! dbsdufs! pdjptp/! Bvorvf! fo! fm! dvftujpobsjp! tf! ftqfdj. ßdbcb! dmbsbnfouf! rvf! tvt! sftqvftubt! efcbo! sfgfsjstf-! fydmvtjwbnfouf-! b! mb! jogpsnbdjo! ef! mb! mfduvsb! wpmvoubsjb! rvf! mmfwbcbo! b! dbcp-! mpt! sftvmubept! pcufojept! tpcsf! mpt! mjcspt! mfept! opt! mmfwbo!b!bßsnbs!rvf!op!tjfnqsf!tf!ibo! bkvtubep-!ftusjdubnfouf-!b!mb!joejdbdjo! sfbmj{beb/! Qbsb! dpnqmfubs! ovftusp! pckfujwp! tf! ibo! bobmj{bep! fm! qbuso! dpoevduvbm! z! npujwbdjpobm! efm! dpnqpsubnjfoup! ef! mfduvsb! wpmvoubsjb-! bt! dpnp! fm! ft. ufsfpujqp! mfdups/! Qsfwjbnfouf! tf! ibo! bhsvqbep!b!mpt!tvkfupt!fo!gvodjo!ef!tv! dpnqpsubnjfoup! mfdups-! qbsb! qpefs! bt! bobmj{bs! mbt! dbsbdufstujdbt! fo! gvodjo! ef!ftub!wbsjbcmf/! Categorías de lectura Fo!fm!npnfoup!ef!sfbmj{bs!mb!tfhnfo. ubdjo! ef! mb! nvftusb-! fo! gvodjo! ef! mb! dpoevdub! mfdupsb-! mb! qsjnfsb! efdjtjo! gvf! rv! nfejeb! vujmj{bs! dpnp! dsjufsjp! ef!wbmpsbdjo-!zb!rvf!njfousbt!rvf!vopt! ftuvejpt! vujmj{bo! fm! ujfnqp! efejdbep! b! mb! mfduvsb! wpmvoubsjb! )Fvspepyb-! 2::5<! Qsfdjtb-!3111-!3112-!3113-!3114*-!puspt! vujmj{bo! fm! onfsp! ef! mjcspt! mfept! evsbouf! fm! mujnp! bp! )Ucvmb! W-! 2::9! Ñejsjhjeb! qps! Ef! Njhvfm! z! Qbst*! dpnp! nfejeb! ef! mfduvsb/! Optpuspt! ejtqpob. npt! ef! bncbt! jogpsnbdjpoft-! qfsp! mb! dpssfmbdjo! rvf! bmdbo{bo! mbt! qvouvb. djpoft!ef!bncbt!wbsjbcmft!)1-56:*-!ft!vo! wbmps! jotvßdjfouf! qbsb! dpotjefsbs! rvf! vob! qvfef! sfqsftfoubs! b! mb! pusb-! p! rvf! dvbmrvjfsb! ef! fmmbt! sfqsftfoub! fybdub. nfouf!mb!njtnb!nfejeb!ef!mfduvsb/! Bouf! ftuf! ifdip-! dpotjefsbnpt! rvf! fm! nfkps! dsjufsjp! fsb! dsv{bs! bncbt! wb. sjbcmft! z! usbcbkbsmbt! dpokvoubnfouf-! fnqmfboep! dpnp! nfejeb! dpssfdupsb! mb! vob! tpcsf! mb! pusb/! Fm! npujwp! fsb! qpefs! fmjnjobs! brvfmmpt! dbtpt! fo! mpt! rvf! op! tf!dpssftqpoebo!mpt!ebupt!qspdfefouft! ef!mbt!ept!gvfouft-!zb!rvf!fodpousbnpt! tvkfupt! fo! mpt! rvf! mb! jogpsnbdjo! rvf! ebcbo! fo! mb! sftqvftub! b! vob! qsfhvoub! op! fsb! qptjcmf-! ufojfoep! fo! dvfoub! mb! sftqvftub! ef! mb! pusb! )qps! fkfnqmp-! ft! jnqptjcmf! nboufofs! fm! dsvdf! Õop! mfp! obebÖ! z! ibcfs! mfep! Õef! 26! b! 31! mjcsptÖ! fo! fm! mujnp! bp*/! Hnf{! Tpup! )2:::;! 292*-!fo!mb!njtnb!ejsfddjo-!eftubdb!Ó///! mb!ofdftjebe!ef!joufhsbs!z!dpousbtubs!fo! dbeb! fodvftub! wbsjbt! qfstqfdujwbt! ef! bomjtjt-! zb! rvf! ojoho! joejdbeps! ft! qfsgfdupÔ/ Vob!wf{!ftubcmfdjebt!mbt!wbsjbcmft!ef! wbmpsbdjo-! ufobnpt! rvf! efdjejs! mpt! wbmpsft! dpodsfupt! qbsb! ftubcmfdfs! mb! tfhnfoubdjo-! qvft! ubncjo! tpo! nvz! ejgfsfouft! mpt! dsjufsjpt! vujmj{bept! qbsb! efßojs! b! vo! tvkfup! dpnp! mfdups/! Fo! mb! wbsjbcmf! efm! wpmvnfo! ef! mfduvsb-! uf. ojfoep!fo!dvfoub!rvf!ovftusb!nvftusb! ef! ftuvejp! tpo! bmvnopt! vojwfstjubsjpt! )qbsb! mpt! rvf! mb! mfduvsb! ft! vo! jotusv. nfoup! ef! usbcbkp-! Qsf{! Sjpkb-! 2:99*-! dpotjefsbnpt! dpnp! Õop! mfdupsftÖ! mpt! tvkfupt!rvf!tf!betdsjcbo!b!mbt!ept!qsj. nfsbt! dbufhpsbt! ef! sftqvftub! )op! mffs! ojoho!mjcsp!z!2!p!3!mjcspt!fo!fm!mujnp! bp*-!qps!foufoefs!rvf!fo!mb!qpcmbdjo! ef!ftuvejbouft!vojwfstjubsjpt!ftf!ft!vo! ojwfm!nojnp!ef!fyjhfodjb!ef!ftuvejp!z-! qps!uboup-!dvboujßdbcmf!gvfsb!ef!mb!dpo. tjefsbdjo!ef!mfduvsb!wpmvoubsjb/!Ifnpt! dpotjefsbep! dbufhpsbt! ef! sftqvftub! ef!Õmfdups!ibcjuvbmÖ!bm!rvf!jogpsnb!rvf! ib!mfep!dpnp!nojnp!21!mjcspt!bm!bp/! Mffs! ef! 3! b! 21! mjcspt! bm! bp! mp! ifnpt! dpotjefsbep!dpnp!Õmfduvsb!pdbtjpobmÖ/ Bt! qvft-! fo! gvodjo! ef! ftupt! dsjuf. sjpt-!ifnpt!sfdpejßdbep!bncbt!wbsjb. cmft-!ujfnqp!ef!mfduvsb!wpmvoubsjb!z!o. nfsp!ef!mjcspt!mfept!bm!bp-!btjhoboep! usft!wbmpsft!qbsb!dbeb!vob!ef!fmmbt;!aop! mfdups¬-! amfdups! pdbtjpobm¬! z! amfdups! ib. cjuvbm¬/! Usbt! ftub! ovfwb! dpejßdbdjo-! ifnpt! dsv{bep! bncbt! wbsjbcmft! qbsb! dpotfhvjs! mb! btjhobdjo! mfdupsb! ef! dbeb! tvkfup!fo!dvboup!bm!icjup!mfdups/! Mb! dpjodjefodjb! fo! mb! wbmpsbdjo! ef! bncbt! wbsjbcmft-! mmfwb! b! mb! btjhobdjo! dpssftqpoejfouf/!Mb!ejtdpsebodjb!fousf! mbt! wbmpsbdjpoft-! tvqpof! vob! ejtups. tjo! ef! mb! jogpsnbdjo-! fo! vob! v! pusb! qsfhvoub-! qbsb! pgsfdfs! vob! jnbhfo! ef! tvkfup! mfdups-! p! rvfsfs! bqbsfoubs! rvf! tf! mff! nt! ef! mp! rvf! sfbmnfouf! tf! mff<! ft!hfofsbm-!fo!mpt!ftuvejpt!ef!mfduvsb-!mb! efdmbsbdjo! ef! vob! bdujwjebe! tvqfsjps! b! mb! sfbmj{beb! )Dpousfsbt-! 3113*/! Ftuf! qspcmfnb!opt!ib!mmfwbep!b!bepqubs!ejt. ujoubt! bmufsobujwbt;! dvboep! fo! bmhvob! ef!mbt!wbsjbcmft!mb!wbmpsbdjo!fsb!ef!aop! mfdups¬-! vojep! b! vob! wbmpsbdjo! mfdupsb! fo! mb! pusb-! ifnpt! dpotjefsbep! rvf! fm! tvkfup!fsb!sfbmnfouf!aop!mfdupsÖ-!bqbsf. djfoep! dpnp! Õ gbmtp! mfdupsÖ! )GM*! z-! dpnp! ubm-!mp!ifnpt!dbufhpsj{bep/!Fm!dsvdf!ef! amfdups!pdbtjpobm¬!dpo!amfdups!ibcjuvbm¬! mp!ifnpt!btjhobep!dpnp!amfdups!pdbtjp. obm¬! )MP*-! efkboep! tmp! dpnp! amfdupsft! ibcjuvbmft¬! )MI*! z! Õop! mfdupsftÖ! )OM*! b! brvmmpt!rvf!dvnqmfo!ftb!dpoejdjo!fo! mbt!ept!fousbebt/ Mpt! qpsdfoubkft! ef! ejtusjcvdjo! fo! dbeb! dsvdf! )ubcmb! J*! tvqpofo! rvf! tmp! vo!56/8&!sfbmj{b!vob!sftqvftub!dpodps. ebouf!fousf!mbt!ept!wbsjbcmft/!P!mp!rvf! ft!mp!njtnp-!rvf!nt!ef!mb!njube!ef!mpt! tvkfupt!qvfefo!ftubs!ejtupstjpoboep!tv! jnbhfo!dpnp!tvkfupt!mfdupsft/!Vo!2:/2&! ef! mpt! tvkfupt! bqbsfdfo! dpnp! mfdupsft! fo! vob! wbsjbcmf! z! dpnp! op! mfdupsft! fo! mb! pusb-! tpo! mpt! rvf! ifnpt! eftjhobep! dpnp! Õgbmtpt! mfdupsftÖ/! Z! fm! 46/2&! fo. usbo! fo! vob! wbsjbcmf! dpnp! amfdupsft! pdbtjpobmft¬!z!fo!mb!pusb!dpnp!amfdupsft! ibcjuvbmft¬-! mpt! ifnpt! dpotjefsbep! dpnp!amfdupsft!pdbtjpobmft¬<!tf!usbub!ef! tvkfupt! mfdupsft! rvf! ubncjo! ftubsbo! ejtupstjpoboep!tv!jnbhfo!mfdupsb-!qp. ufodjboep!vob!wbmpsbdjo!qptjujwb/!)Wfs! Ubcmb!J*/! Ftup! tvqpof! vo! tfthp! fo! mb! nfejeb! bepqubeb! usbejdjpobmnfouf! qbsb! mb! dpoevdub! mfdupsb/! Ept! qspcmfnbt! tf! ibo! ftuvejbep! z! tf! ib! dpnqspcbep! rvf! ujfofo! hsbo! tjhojßdbdjo! fo! mbt! nfejebt! ef! bvupjogpsnf! dpo! sftqfdup! b! mbt! sftqvftubt! efm! tvkfup-! tf! usbub! ef! mb! eftfbcjmjebe! tpdjbm! z! efm! bvupfohbp/! Ftupt!fgfdupt!ibo!tjep!ftuvejbept!qbsb! fm!wbmps!ef!mbt!nfejebt!fyqmdjubt!tpcsf! mb! jogpsnbdjo! pcufojeb! ef! mbt! qfstp. obt-!fo!dvboup!b!mbt!bdujuveft!bouf!ef. ufsnjobept! gfonfopt! tpdjbmft/! Fo! mb! tjuvbdjo!ef!eftfbcjmjebe!tpdjbm!fm!tvkfup! joufoub!nptusbs!vob!bdujuve!z!dpnqps. ubnjfoup! gbwpsbcmft! bouf! mb! bvejfodjb! )fo! ftuf! dbtp! bouf! fm! fousfwjtubeps*! dpo! sftqfdup! b! tv! ojwfm! mfdups-! tf! usbub! ef! nptusbs! vob! jnqsftjo! gbwpsbcmf! gbmtfboep! Òfo! qptjujwpÒ! mbt! sftqvft. ubt-! ibtub! bdfsdbsmbt! b! mp! eftfbcmf/! Fo! dvboup! bm! bvupfohbp-! ft! qptjcmf! rvf! mpt! tvkfupt! tf! ojfhvfo! b! bdfqubs! rvf! nº 1. 2005 59 nº 1. 2005 5: Ubcmb!J/!Qpsdfoubkft!fo!mpt!dsvdft!ef!mbt!wbsjbcmft! ef!dpejßdbdjo!z!btjhobdjo!mfdupsb/ Onfsp!ef mjcspt!mfept Ujfnqp!mfduvsb! wpmvoubsjb Op!mfdups Mfdups!Pdbtjpobm Mfdups!Ibcjuvbm Op!mfdups :-4!)OM* 23-3!)GM* 4-5!)GM* Mfdups! Pdbtjpobm 3-9!)GM* 29-4!)MP* 39-:!)MP* Mfdups!Ibcjuvbm 1-8!)GM* 7-3!)MP* 29-2!)MI* ujfofo! vo! eßdju! fo! mfduvsb-! zb! rvf! tf! mb!dpotjefsb!jnqpsubouf!tpdjbmnfouf!z! nvdip!nt!dpo!sftqfdup!bm!spm!ef!ftuv. ejbouf!vojwfstjubsjp/!Tjo!fncbshp-!ftuf! bvupfohbp!qvfef!hvbsebs!sfmbdjo!dpo! fm!dpodfqup!ef!bvupftujnb-!efousp!ef!mb! dbufhpsb! hsvqbm! b! mb! rvf! qfsufofdfo! )mb!ofdftjebe!qbsb!vo!vojwfstjubsjp!ef! mb!mfduvsb*/!Ofhbs!fm!icjup!mfdups!qvf. ef-! fo! qbsuf-! Õeftdbufhpsj{bsmptÖ! dpnp! vojwfstjubsjpt! z-! fo! ftuf! dbtp-! qbsb! nboufofs! mb! bvupftujnb! qvfefo! upnbs! mb!pqdjo!ef!sfcbkbs!fm!ojwfm!mfdups/!Ubm! wf{! op! tf! usbub! ef! fohbbs! bm! jowftuj. hbeps-! tfodjmmbnfouf! tf! njfoufo! b! t! njtnpt/! Mp! rvf! tf! qpesb! qmboufbs! ft! tj!fm!bvupfohbp!ft!dpotdjfouf!p!tf!usbub! ef!vo!qspdftp!nt!p!nfopt!bvupnujdp/! Mb!dmbwf!ftu!fo!fm!dpouspm!rvf!tpcsf!mbt! sftqvftubt!ujfof!fm!tvkfup!)dpouspm!bmup*-! zb!rvf!mb!fodvftub!mft!pgsfdf!mb!qptjcjmj. ebe!ef!sb{pobs!z!ejsjhjs!mb!sftqvftub-!fo! vo!tfoujep!v!pusp/ Mb!ejtusjcvdjo!ef!mb!btjhobdjo!mfd. upsb!rvfeb!ftubcmfdjeb!dpo!vo!2:/2&!ef! Õgbmtpt!mfdupsftÖ-!vo!:/4&!ef!Õop!mfdup. sftÖ!)ftupt!qpsdfoubkft!tvqpofo!dbtj!vo! 41&!ef!tvkfupt!rvf!op!mffo-!bo!fodpo. usoeptf!fo!fm!dpoufyup!vojwfstjubsjp!z! fo!vob!tjuvbdjo!ef!ftuvejbouft*<!29/2&! ef!Õmfdupsft!ibcjuvbmftÖ!z!fm!64/6&!sft. ubouf!cbkp!mb!dbufhpsb!ef!Õmfdupsft!pdb. tjpobmftÖ/!Dpjodjefo-!fo!mofbt!hfofsb. mft-!dpo!mpt!oejdft!mfdupsft!qvcmjdbept! qps! mbt! fodvftubt! obdjpobmft/! Bvorvf! dbtj! mb! njube! ef! mpt! ftqbpmft! op! ib! mfep! kbnt! vo! mjcsp! )Nbub-! 3113*-! mpt! wbmpsft! tpo! tvqfsjpsft! fo! tvkfupt! voj. wfstjubsjpt!z!fo!ftuvejbouft/! RESULTADOS Bobmj{bsfnpt! qps! tfqbsbep! mpt! usft! dpnqpofouft!efm!icjup!mfdups-!rvf!ibo! tjep! dpotjefsbept;! fo! qsjnfs! mvhbs-! fm! dpnqpofouf!dpoevduvbm-!eftqvt!fm!bgfd. ujwp!z-!qps!mujnp-!fm!dphojujwp/ Componente conductual Tf! mft! qsfhvoubcb! b! mpt! ftuvejbouft! tj!ftubcbo!mfzfoep!bmho!mjcsp!fo!ftf!np. nfoup! z! fm! uuvmp! efm! njtnp/! Tmp! dpo. tjefsbnpt! sftqvftub! qptjujwb! dvboep! jogpsnbcbo!ubncjo!tpcsf!fm!mjcsp!rvf! ftubcbo! mfzfoep/! Mpt! qpsdfoubkft! ef! sftqvftub! nbsdbo! ejgfsfodjbt! tjhoj. ßdbujwbt! fousf! mpt! hsvqpt! mfdupsft! )q>! 1/11*;! vo! 24&! ef! Õop! mfdupsftÖ-! fm! 61&! ef! mpt! Õmfdupsft! pdbtjpobmftÖ! z! vo! 91&! ef! Õmfdupsft! ibcjuvbmftÖ-! ef! mpt! Õgbmtpt! mfdupsftÖ! tpo! vo! 41&! mpt! rvf! joejdbo! mb! jogpsnbdjo! rvf! tf! mft! qfeb/! Bm! ftuvejbs!fm!uuvmp!efm!mjcsp!rvf!ftubcbo! mfzfoep-!tmp!vo!2&!ef!mpt!Õop!mfdupsftÖ! qbsfdf! sfàfkbs! mfduvsb! wpmvoubsjb-! mpt! efnt! jogpsnbo! ef! uuvmpt! ef! mjcspt! rvf-! fo! fm! ftuvejp! tfhnfoubep! tfho! dbssfsbt-! ibo! bqbsfdjep! dpnp! mfduvsb! pcmjhbupsjb!ef!tv!dvssdvmvn!bdbenj. dp/!Fo!fm!hsvqp!ef!Õgbmtpt!mfdupsftÖ!ftub! tjuvbdjo!tf!sfqspevdf!fo!fm!73&!ef!mpt! tvkfupt-! rvfeboep! tmp! vo! 49&! rvf-! bqbsfoufnfouf-! sfbmj{bo! bdujwjebe! ef! mfduvsb!wpmvoubsjb/ Sftqfdup!b!mpt!usft!mujnpt!mjcspt!mfept-! mbt! ejgfsfodjbt! tf! fodvfousbo-! gvo. ebnfoubmnfouf-! fousf! aop! mfdupsft¬! z! amfdupsft¬/!Jogpsnbo!ef!mpt!usft!mujnpt! mjcspt! fm! 46&! ef! Õop! mfdupsftÖ-! 95&! ef! Õmfdupsft!pdbtjpobmftÖ-!:4&!ef!Õmfdupsft! ibcjuvbmftÖ!z!65/6&!ef!Õgbmtpt!mfdupsftÖ/! Fo! fm! bomjtjt! ef! mpt! uuvmpt! wvfmwf! b! qspevdjstf!vo!qsfepnjojp!ef!mb!mfduvsb! pcmjhbupsjb!fo!Õop!mfdupsftÖ!z!Õgbmtpt!mfd. upsftÖ/! Tpo! mpt! Õmfdupsft! ibcjuvbmftÖ! mpt! rvf! qspqpsdjpobo! nt! jogpsnbdjo-! qvejfoep! jnqmjdbs! ftup! op! tmp! nt! bdujwjebe! mfdupsb-! tjop! ubncjo! nbzps! joufst!qps!mb!njtnb-!qspqpsdjpooep. tf!nt!ebupt!tpcsf!mpt!bvupsft!ef!mpt!mj. cspt!mfept/!Ef!ifdip-!fo!fm!hsvqp!ef!Õop! mfdupsftÖ!z!Õgbmtpt!mfdupsftÖ!tf!qspevdfo! fsspsft! fo! mb! btjhobdjo! ef! mb! bvupsb! efm!mjcsp!rvf!ibo!mfep!z-!fo!puspt!dbtpt-! eftdpopdjnjfoup-! op! dpnqmfuboep! mb! jogpsnbdjo!sfrvfsjeb/! Mp!rvf!qbsfdf!ejgfsfodjbs!bm!mfdups!efm! op!mfdups!op!ft!tpmbnfouf!mb!gsfdvfodjb! dpo! mb! rvf! mmfwbo! b! dbcp! mb! bdujwjebe! mfdupsb-! ubncjo! tf! fodvfousbo! ejgf. sfodjbt! fo! mb! ujqpmphb! ef! mfduvsb/! Ftuf! ifdip!tf!qmboufbcb!dpnp!vob!qsfhvo. ub! ef! bmufsobujwb! nmujqmf-! fo! mb! rvf! fm! ftuvejbouf! efcb! nbsdbs! fm! ujqp! ef! mfduvsb! rvf! sfbmj{bcb/! Njfousbt! rvf! mpt!tvkfupt!Õop!mfdupsftÖ!tf!vcjdbo!fo!vo! 81&!fo!vob!tpmb!sftqvftub!tpcsf!fm!ujqp! ef!mfduvsbt!rvf!sfbmj{bo-!bmhvopt!Õmfd. upsft!ibcjuvbmftÖ!mmfhbo!b!bcbsdbs!upebt! mbt!bmufsobujwbt!ef!sftqvftub-!bvorvf!fm! 91&!tf!tjub!fo!upsop!b!mbt!usft/!Qbsfdf! rvf!fm!Õmfdups!ibcjuvbmÖ!op!tmp!mff!nt! dboujebe-! tjop! ubncjo! nt! wbsjfebe/! Opt!qbsfdf!jnqpsubouf!sftbmubs!rvf!fo! fm!hsvqp!ef!Õop!mfdupsftÖ!ibz!tvkfupt!fo! mpt!rvf!mb!mfduvsb!ef!dnjdt!ftu!nbsdb. eb!dpnp!mb!ojdb!pqdjo!ef!mfduvsb/! Mpt!qpsdfoubkft!ef!fmfddjo!ef!dbeb!vob! ef!mbt!bmufsobujwbt!)Ubcmb!JJ*!sfàfkbo!rvf! mb!mfduvsb!qsfgfsjeb!qps!upept!mpt!hsvqpt! ef!ftuvejp!ft!mb!opwfmb!z-!fo!tfhvoep!mv. hbs-!fm!ufnb!ijtusjdp!qbsb!mpt!amfdupsft¬!z! fm!dnjd!qbsb!fm!hsvqp!ef!Õop!mfdupsftÖ/!Mb! mfduvsb!ef!opwfmb!ft!jogpsnbeb!qps!nt! efm!:1&!ef!ÕmfdupsftÖ!z!fm!61&!ef!Õop!mfd. upsftÖ-!njfousbt!rvf!mpt!Õgbmtpt!mfdupsftÖ!mp! ibdfo!fo!vo!91&/!Eftubdbo!ubncjo!mpt! ejgfsfouft!qpsdfoubkft!ef!mfduvsb!ef!qpf. tb-!fotbzp-!ijtupsjb!z!ufbusp-!jodsfnfo. uoeptf!tv!mfduvsb!dpogpsnf!bvnfoub!mb! dpoevdub!mfdupsb!ef!mpt!tvkfupt/! UBCMB!JJ/!Fmfddjo!ef!mfduvsb!tfho!ujqpmphb!)fo!qpsdfoubkft* Ujqpmphb! ef!mfduvsb Op!mfdups Mfdups! Pdbtjpobm Mfdups! Ibcjuvbm Gsfdvfodjb! Mfdupsb Q Opwfmbt 61/1 :2/9 :7/8 91/7 1/11 Qpftb 4/3 29/2 38/3 :/: 1/11 Fotbzp 2/2 8/: 27/8 2/7 1/11 Ijtupsjb 23/: 35/: 44/4 29/9 1/11 Nfnpsjbt 3/3 7/8 9/4 5/8 1/28 Dnjd 25/1 24/6 28/3 26/8 1/73 Ufbusp 6/5 28/9 28/9 22/6 1/11 nº 1. 2005 61 nº 1. 2005 62 Componente afectivo Ifnpt! qbsujep! ef! dpotjefsbs! rvf! mp! rvf!efßof!bm!mfdups!ft!ejsjhjstf!wpmvo. ubsjbnfouf! b! mb! mfduvsb! z! mb! pcufodjo! ef! vob! tbujtgbddjo! qfstpobm! qps! mb! bddjo/!Qps!fmmp-!jodmvjnpt!vob!tfsjf!ef! qsfhvoubt!ejsjhjebt!b!dpopdfs!mb!npuj. wbdjo!rvf!mft!ejsjhf!b!mffs/ Fo! mb! qsfhvoub! efm! qps! rv! mffo-! bqb. sfdfo!ejgfsfodjbt!fo!mb!npujwbdjo!rvf! ejsjhf!b!mpt!tvkfupt!ibdjb!mb!mfduvsb-!fo! gvodjo! ef! mb! btjhobdjo! mfdupsb/! Mb! qsjnfsb!ejgfsfodjb!ft!fm!onfsp!ef!db. ufhpsbt!ef!sftqvftub!fmfhjebt!qps!vopt! z!puspt!tvkfupt;!njfousbt!rvf!mpt!tvkfupt! efm!hsvqp!Õop!mfdupsÖ!op!dpouftubo!fo!vo! 39&-! op! ibz! ojoho! Õmfdups! ibcjuvbmÖ! rvf! op! e! sftqvftub! b! ftub! qsfhvoub/! Befnt-!fm!48&!ef!mpt!Õop!mfdupsftÖ!ebo! dpnp!!sftqvftub!vo!tpmp!npujwp-!fm!86&! ef!mpt!ÕmfdupsftÖ!ebo!usft!bmufsobujwbt!ef! sftqvftub!p!nt/! Mbt! bmufsobujwbt! ef! fmfddjo! qbsfdfo! nbsdbs! vob! npujwbdjo! ejgfsfodjbm! )Ubcmb!JJJ*/!Mpt!Õop!mfdupsftÖ!z!mpt!Õgbmtpt! mfdupsftÖ! tf! ejsjhfo! b! mb! mfduvsb-! ctj. dbnfouf-! qbsb! jogpsnbstf<! mpt! Õmfdup. sftÖ! qpsrvf! mft! hvtub-! dpnp! qsjnfsb! npujwbdjo-!z-!vojep!b!fmmp-!qpsrvf!mft! ejwjfsuf! z! bqsfoefo/! Mp! rvf! ejtubodjb! fo!nbzps!nfejeb!b!Õop!mfdupsftÖ!ef!Õmfd. upsftÖ!ft!fm!mffs!qpsrvf!mft!hvtub/! Qfotbnpt! rvf! ftub! ejgfsfodjb! qvfef! tfs!gvoebnfoubm!qbsb!fyqmjdbs!mb!tjuvb. djo!mfdupsb!ef!dbeb!hsvqp/!Tj!fm!npujwp! ef!mffs!ft!jogpsnbstf-!dvboep!op!fyjtuf! ftb! ofdftjebe! op! ibcs! bdfsdbnjfoup! b! mb! mfduvsb-! qvftup! rvf! tf! sfbmj{b! vo! vtp! ftusjdubnfouf! jotusvnfoubm! efm! bdup! mfdups/! Tjo! fncbshp-! dvboep! uf! ejsjhft!b!mb!mfduvsb!qpsrvf!uf!hvtub!z!uf! ejwjfsuf-!mb!npujwbdjo!ft!jousotfdb!bm! qspqjp!bdup!mfdups/!Mb!tbujtgbddjo!ef!mb! bdujwjebe!ftu!fo!t!njtnb-!fm!sfgvfs{p! ft!mb!bdujwjebe-!dpo!mp!dvbm!fm!dpnqpsub. njfoup!efm!tvkfup!js!ejsjhjep!b!sfqfujs! mb!dpoevdub!ef!mffs/ Jodmvbnpt! ubncjo! vob! qsfhvoub! fo!mb!rvf!efcbo!wbmpsbs!tv!hvtup!qps!mb! mfduvsb!fo!fm!npnfoup!bduvbm-!dpo!mb!rvf! tf!rvfsb!dpnqspcbs!mb!wjodvmbdjo!efm! hvtup! qps! mb! mfduvsb! dpo! mb! qvftub! fo! bddjo! ef! mb! dpoevdub/! Mb! ejtusjcvdjo! qpsdfouvbm! pcufojeb! fo! mb! tfhnfoub. djo! ef! mb! nvftusb! qps! btjhobdjo! mfd. upsb!qbsfdf!dpoßsnbs!mpt!sftvmubept!ef! mb! npujwbdjo! mfdupsb/! Fo! mb! wbmpsbdjo! ÓobebÔ! tmp! tf! fodvfousbo! tvkfupt! Õop! mfdupsftÖ-!bvorvf!fm!qpsdfoubkf!nt!bmup! fo!ftuf!hsvqp!tf!tjub!fo!ÓqpdpÔ!)dbtj!fm! 53&*/! Fo! dpousbqptjdjo-! mpt! Õmfdupsft! pdbtjpobmftÖ! tf! tjubo-! nbzpsjubsjb. nfouf-!fo!ÓcbtuboufÔ!z!mpt!Õmfdupsft!ib. cjuvbmftÖ!fo!ÓnvdipÔ-!njfousbt!rvf!mpt! UBCMB!JJJ/!Npujwpt!ef!mfduvsb!)fo!qpsdfoubkft* Op!mfdups Mfdups! Pdbtjpobm Mfdups!Ibcjuvbm Gsfdvfodjb! Mfdupsb Nf!ejwjfsuf 5/4 43/6 55/5 29/4 Bqsfoep 9/7 44/2 54/: 37/3 Nf!jogpsnp 47/7 41/6 39/4 48/8 Nf!fwbep 22/9 2:/5 27/8 26/3 Nf!hvtub :/8 68/2 84/6 47/2 Ftupz!bm!eb :/8 8/8 9/4 22/6 q 1/11 1/11 1/48 1/29 1/11 1/8: Õgbmtpt!mfdupsftÖ!mp!ibdfo!fo!ÓsfhvmbsÔ/! Tj! dpotjefsbnpt! mb! ftdbmb! ef! sft. qvftub! dpnp! vob! ftdbmb! dpoujovb! )ef! 1;! Obeb! b! 5;! Nvdip*-! qpefnpt! bobmj. {bs! mpt! wbmpsft! nfejpt! qps! btjhobdjo! mfdupsb!z!dbmdvmbs!mb!tjhojßdbdjo!ef!tv! ejgfsfodjb!dpo!vo!dpousbtuf!ef!Bopwbt/! Dpo!ftub!usbotgpsnbdjo!pcufofnpt!mpt! tjhvjfouft!wbmpsft;!Õop!mfdupsÖ;!N>!2/55<! Õmfdups!pdbtjpobmÖ;!N>!3/:6<!Õmfdups!ibcj. uvbmÖ;! N>! 4/5:<! Õgbmtp! mfdupsÖ;! N>! 3/47<!! )q>! 1/11*/! Joejdbo! nt! dmbsbnfouf! mb! ejtubodjb! bgfdujwb! b! mb! rvf! tf! tjubo! mpt! Õop! mfdupsftÖ! z! mb! wjodvmbdjo! rvf! tjfoufo! mpt! Õmfdupsft! ibcjuvbmftÖ! dpo! mb! dpoevdub! mfdupsb/! Mpt! Õgbmtpt! mfdupsftÖ! ftuo!fo!vob!qptjdjo!fo!rvf-!tjo!mmfhbs! b! ejthvtubsmft! mb! mfduvsb-! ubnqpdp! mmf. hbo!b!dvbkbs!mb!sfmbdjo/!! Ifnpt!ftuvejbep!ubncjo!mb!npujwb. djo!ef!dpnqsb!ef!mjcspt/!Fo!fm!bomjtjt! ef!mpt!npujwpt!qps!mpt!rvf!dpnqsbo!mpt!mj. cspt!)Ubcmb!JW*-!mpt!Õop!mfdupsftÖ!z!Õgbmtpt! mfdupsftÖ!eftubdbo-!qps!fodjnb!ef!upebt! mbt!sb{poft-!fm!dpnqsbs!fm!mjcsp!qpsrvf! mp!ofdftjubo!)tjhojßdbsb!mb!ejnfotjo! jotusvnfoubm!ef!mb!mfduvsb*/!! Mb! nbzps! ejgfsfodjb! tf! qspevdf! fo! mb! npujwbdjo! wpmvoubsjb! ef! mb! dpnqsb-! Ónf! bqfufdfÔ<! ubncjo! tf! fodvfousbo! ejgfsfodjbt!fo!fm!eftfp!ef!Óufofsmpt!fo! dbtbÔ/!Qpesbnpt!tvqpofs!rvf-!dvboep! fm! tvkfup! Õop! mfdupsÖ! z! fm! Õgbmtp! mfdupsÖ! op! ofdftjufo! mpt! mjcspt! )qptjcmfnfouf! dvboep! bcboepofo! tv! dpoejdjo! ef! ftuvejbouf*-! sfevdjso! mb! dpoevdub! ef! dpnqsb/! Componente cognitivo Fo! mofbt! hfofsbmft-! mpt! ftuvejbouft! vojwfstjubsjpt! dpjodjefo! fo! vob! jnb. hfo! qptjujwb! efm! Ócvfo! mfdupsÔ! z! vob! jnbhfo! ofhbujwb! efm! Ónbm! mfdupsÔ/! Fo! mpt!ftufsfpujqpt!ef!bncpt!dpodfqupt!tf! jodmvzfo! dbsbdufstujdbt! dpoevduvbmft-! dphojujwbt!z!ef!qfstpobmjebe!efm!tvkfup-! ubncjo!bqbsfdfo!busjcvupt!sfgfsjept!bm! dpoufyup!efm!tvkfup!)Mbssbbhb-!Zvcfsp! z!Dfssjmmp-!3115*/! Estereotipo de `buen lector´ Fo! fm! ftufsfpujqp! ef! Õcvfo! mfd. upsÖ! eftubdbo! fo! upept! mpt! hsvqpt! mpt! busjcvupt! ef! efejdbdjo! mfdupsb! )Ómff! nvdipÔ-! Ómff! upept! mpt! ebtÔ-! Ótjfnqsf! ftu! mfzfoepÔ*-! ubncjo! mb! dbqbdjebe! z! eftusf{b!mfdupsb!)Ófoujfoef!mp!rvf!mffÔ-! Óbhjmjebe! mfdupsbÔ-! Ómff! cjfoÔ*-! bvorvf! fo!nbzps!nfejeb!qbsb!mpt!ÕmfdupsftÖ/!Fo! tfhvoep! mvhbs-! mpt! ÕmfdupsftÖ! bdvefo! bm! joufst! qps! fm! dpopdjnjfoup! )Óbgo! ef! dpopdfsÔ-!Óhbobt!ef!bqsfoefsÔ*!z!fm!jo. ufst!qps!mb!mfduvsb!)Óofdftjebe!ef!mffsÔ-! Óbßdjpobep!b!mb!mfduvsbÔ*<!njfousbt!rvf! mp! ibdfo! fo! psefo! jowfstp! mpt! tvkfupt! Õop!mfdupsftÖ!z!mpt!Õgbmtpt!mfdupsftÖ/!Ftup! qvfef! jnqmjdbs! rvf! mpt! Õop! mfdupsftÖ! z! Õgbmtpt! mfdupsftÖ! rvjufo! sfmfwbodjb! tp. djbm! bm! tvkfup! mfdups-! dpotjefsboep! rvf! b!mpt!cvfopt!mfdupsft!mft!sfqsftfoubsb! fo!nfops!nfejeb!fm!joufst!ibdjb!sfbt! wbmpsbebt! tpdjbmnfouf! )fm! tbcfs! p! mb! mfduvsb*/! Fo! mbt! dbsbdufstujdbt! ef! qfstpobmj. ebe!bqbsfdf!vob!ejgfsfodjb!tvtubodjbm-! fo!fm!tfoujep!ef!rvf!fo!fm!hsvqp!ef!Õop! mfdupsftÖ! bqbsfdfo! bmhvopt! busjcvupt! dpo! dbsdufs! ofhbujwp! qbsb! dbufhpsj{bs! bm! mfdups;! ÓbcvssjepÔ-! ÓtfsjpÔ-! ÓsbspÔ-! Ósbuo!ef!cjcmjpufdbÔ!Ê!Qps!mujnp-!mpt! Õmfdupsft!pdbtjpobmftÖ!sfdvssfo!fo!nb. zps!nfejeb!b!dbsbdufstujdbt!wjodvmbebt! dpo! mb! ejtqpojcjmjebe! ef! ujfnqp! mjcsf;! Ótjo! pdvqbdjoÔ-! Óujfof! ujfnqp! qbsb! mb! mfduvsbÔ///!Qpesbnpt!dpotjefsbs!rvf!mb! sfqsftfoubdjo!tpdjbm!efm!acvfo!mfdups¬! fo!mpt!Õop!mfdupsftÖ!bdub!dpnp!kvtujßdb. djo!ef!tv!qspqjb!dpoevdub-!sfevdjfoep! mb! jnqmjdbdjo! efm! joufst! qps! dpopdfs! z!mb!jnqpsubodjb!ef!mbt!dbqbdjebeft!ef! dpnqsfotjo! z! fyqsftjo! mjoh tujdb! efm! tvkfup! mfdups-! op! dpotjefsboep! rvf! fm! acvfo! mfdups¬! mp! tfb! qps! ufofs! nt! hbobt!ef!bqsfoefs!p!nbzps!dvsjptjebe-! qvft!ftp!jnqmjdbsb!sfdpopdfs!rvf!fmmpt! njtnpt! dbsfdfo! ef! joufst/! Ubncjo! fwpdbo! dbsbdufstujdbt! fo! mbt! rvf! fm! tvkfup! mfdups! mp! ft! qpsrvf! ujfof! nbzps! ejtqpojcjmjebe!ef!ujfnqp<!bvorvf!ftup! qpesb!usbubstf!ubncjo!ef!vob!kvtujß. nº 1. 2005 63 UBCMB!JW/!Npujwpt!ef!dpnqsb!ef!mjcspt!)fo!qpsdfoubkft* nº 1. 2005 64 Op!mfdups Mfdups! Pdbtjpobm Mfdups! Ibcjuvbm Gsfdvfodjb! Mfdupsb q Mpt!ofdftjup 72/4 62/3 52/2 62/9 1/11 Nf!bqfufdf 21/9 61/7 77/: 45/7 1/11 Ftu!ef!npeb 2/2 1/5 1 1/6 1/49 Nf!hvtub!sfhbmbsmpt :/8 21/: 22/7 22/1 1/99 Nf!hvtub!ufofsmpt 2/2 29/1 2:/: 8/: 1/11 dbdjo-!qvft!fm!ujfnqp!efm!rvf!ejtqpofo! efcfsb!tfs!tfnfkbouf/ Estereotipo de `mal lector´ Fo! fm! ftufsfpujqp! efm! anbm! mfdups¬-! mpt! Õop! mfdupsftÖ! fnqmfbo! dpo! nfops! gsfdvfodjb! mpt! busjcvupt! mjoh tujdpt! sfgfsjept!b!qspcmfnbt!ef!dpnqsfotjo! z!dbqbdjebe!mfdupsb-!jodsfnfouboep!mbt! dbsbdufstujdbt! efm! eftjoufst! mfdups/! Sfbmj{bo!mb!busjcvdjo!ef!rvf!mpt!nbmpt! mfdupsft!mp!tpo!qpsrvf!Óop!ujfofo!jouf. st!qps!mb!mfduvsbÔ-!Ómft!bcvssf!mffsÔ-!Ê<!! qfsp! op! ft! rvf! tf! bmfkfo! ef! mb! mfduvsb! qpsrvf! fyjtubo! qspcmfnbt! ef! epnjojp! efm! mfohvbkf! ftdsjup<! njfousbt! rvf! mpt! Õmfdupsft! ibcjuvbmftÖ! pqjobo! rvf! ft! tvqfsjps! fm! eftjoufst! qps! dpopdfs! efm! Õnbm!mfdupsÖ!)ÓeftqsfpdvqbepÔ-! Óeftjo. ufsftbepÔ-! ÓjoejgfsfoufÔ*-! rvf! fm! eft. joufst! qps! mb! mfduvsb-! jodmvzfoep! sf. gfsfodjbt!b!mb!mfduvsb!jotusvnfoubm!efm! Õnbm!mfdupsÖ!)Ómfduvsb!gps{bebÔ-!Ótmp!mff! mp!rvf!mf!nboeboÔ*/!Qpefnpt!joufsqsf. ubs! ftupt! sftvmubept! fo! mb! ejsfddjo! ef! rvf!tf!usbub!ef!kvtujßdbs!mb!op!mfduvsb-!p! mb!mfduvsb!nfopt!gsfdvfouf-!bqfmboep!b! rvf!op!mffo!qpsrvf!op!rvjfsfo!mffs-!op! qpsrvf! op! ufohbo! joufst! fo! pcufofs! dpopdjnjfoup/! Mpt! ÕmfdupsftÖ! bdvefo! b! mb! ejßdvmube! ef! dpnqsfotjo! ef! mpt! nbmpt! mfdupsft! z! b! tv! ftdbtb! dbqbdjebe! mfdupsb! )Óop! foujfoefo!mp!rvf!mffoÔ-!Ómfduvsb!mfoubÔ-! Ófoujfoef!b!nfejbtÔ*<!qps!fm!dpousbsjp-! mpt!Õop!mfdupsftÖ!bdvefo-!fo!nbzps!nf. ejeb-!b!mb!bvtfodjb!ef!mb!efejdbdjo!mfd. upsb!)Ómff!qpdpÔ-!Ómfduvsb!ejtdpoujovbÔ-! Óbqfobt! mffÔ-! Ónbmb! fyqfsjfodjb! mfdup. sbÔ*-! efkboep! ef! mbep! mpt! qspcmfnbt! fo! mb!bervjtjdjo!z!eftusf{b!mfdupsb/! Fo!qfstpobmjebe-!ef!ovfwp-!mbt!ejgf. sfodjbt! dvbmjubujwbnfouf! tpo! jnqps. ubouft/! Fm! hsvqp! ef! Õop! mfdupsftÖ! bdvef! b!mb!fwpdbdjo!ef!bmhvopt!bekfujwpt!tp. djbmnfouf!qptjujwpt!qbsb!dbufhpsj{bs!bm! nbm! mfdups;! ÓbdujwpÔ-! ÓbmfhsfÔ-! Ódvssbo. ufÔ-! ÓefqpsujtubÔ-! ÓkpwfoÔ-! ÓhsbdjptpÔ///<! njfousbt! rvf! mpt! hsvqpt! ef! ÕmfdupsftÖ! fwpdbo! dbsbdufstujdbt! dpo! dbsdufs! ofhbujwp;! ÓbqujdpÔ-! ÓtjnqmfÔ-! Óqpdp! dpnqspnfujepÔ-!ÓjonbevspÔ/! Eftubdbo! fo! mpt! hsvqpt! ef! ÕmfdupsftÖ! mbt!sfgfsfodjbt!ibdjb!mb!qsfgfsfodjb!qps! puspt! pdjpt! ejtujoupt! ef! mb! mfduvsb-! mp! rvf!jnqmjdb!vo!ftujmp!ef!wjeb!ejgfsfouf-! dpo!vob!ejtusjcvdjo!ejtujoub!efm!ujfn. qp!ef!pdjp!)ÓßftufspÔ-!Óqsfßfsf!mb!UWÔ-! Ótmp!efqpsufÔ*/! Ftupt! sftvmubept! qvfefo! fyqmjdbstf! tj!dpotjefsbnpt!rvf!mb!mfduvsb!bmdbo{b! vob!wbmpsbdjo!tpdjbm!bmub!fo!mb!vojwfs. tjebe! z-! dpnp! dpotfdvfodjb! ef! fmmp-! fm! tvkfup! Õop! mfdupsÖ! kvtujßdb! tv! dpoevdub! )ef! op! mfduvsb*! bdvejfoep-! gvoebnfo. ubmnfouf-! b! fyqmjdbdjpoft! fyufsobt! b! t! njtnp;! op! mff! qpsrvf! ujfof! pusbt! dptbt!rvf!ibdfs!z-!efm!njtnp!npep-!fm! Õmfdups! pdbtjpobmÖ! op! mp! ibdf! dpo! nt! gsfdvfodjb!qpsrvf!mf!gbmub!ujfnqp/!Fmmp! mft! qfsnjuf! tfhvjs! nboufojfoep! vo! bvupdpodfqup!qptjujwp!z!tfoujstf!njfn. cspt!ef!mb!dbufhpsb!tpdjbm!ef!ftuvejbouf! vojwfstjubsjp-!rvf!tpdjbmnfouf!jodmvzf! fm! hvtup! qps! mb! mfduvsb/! Mpt! Õmfdupsft! ibcjuvbmftÖ!joufsqsfubo!mb!dpoevdub!efm! aop!mfdups¬!ejdjfoep!rvf!op!mffo!qpsrvf! op!mft!hvtub!z!mft!bcvssf-!sfbmj{boep!vob! busjcvdjo! jousotfdb! ef! mb! dpoevdub/! Ftub!qfsdfqdjo!ef!mpt!mfdupsft!mmfwbsb! jnqmdjub! vob! wbmpsbdjo! tpdjbmnfouf! ofhbujwb!efm!joejwjevp!op!mfdups-!b!rvjfo! tv! eftjoufst! z! gbmub! ef! npujwbdjo! mf! mmfwbsb!b!op!mffs/! Estereotipos en los `falsos lectores´ Sftqfdup!b!mpt!Õgbmtpt!mfdupsftÖ-!qbsb!fm! acvfo! mfdups¬! dpjodjefo! dpo! mpt! tvkfupt! Õop!mfdupsftÖ!fo!rvf!sfevdfo!fm!dpnqp. ofouf! ef! wpmvoubsjfebe! rvf! ejsjhf! bm! tvkfup! ibdjb! mb! mfduvsb/! Tjo! fncbshp-! bdvefo! fo! nbzps! nfejeb! bm! joufst! qps! dpopdfs-! tjuvoeptf! qbsbmfmpt! dpo! mpt! Õmfdupsft! pdbtjpobmftÖ-! rvj{! qps. rvf! tf! dpotjefsbo! mfdupsft! z! eftubdbo! mbt! Óhbobt! ef! dpopdfsÔ-! fm! Ójoufst! qps! bqsfoefsÔÊ! Ubncjo! sftvmub! joej. dbujwb! mb! nbzps! gsfdvfodjb! ef! fnqmfp! ef! busjcvupt! efm! dpoufyup! rvf! fo! mpt! puspt! hsvqpt! z! mb! sfgfsfodjb! b! vo! ftuj. mp! ef! wjeb! qbsujdvmbs! )Ógbmub! ujfnqpÔ-! Ónvdip! usbcbkpÔ-! ÓpdvqbepÔ-! Ónvdibt! pcmjhbdjpoftÔ-! ÓdbtfspÖ-! ÕtpmjubsjpÖÊ*/! Qptjcmfnfouf-!dpnp!kvtujßdbdjo!ef!tv! cbkb! bdujwjebe! mfdupsb;! op! mffo! qpsrvf! op!ujfofo!ujfnqp-!op!qpsrvf!op!ufohbo! joufst/! Mb! dbufhpsb! ef! qfstpobmjebe! sfàfkb! vob! bdujuve! qptjujwb! ibdjb! fm! mfdups;! ÓeftqjfsupÔ-! ÓejonjdpÔ-! Ófev. dbepÔ-!ÓqbdjfoufÔÊ Qbsb! anbm! mfdups¬! tv! ftufsfpujqp! dp. jodjef! dpo! fm! ef! mpt! tvkfupt! ÕmfdupsftÖ/! Qsfepnjob! fm! eftjoufst! qps! dpopdfs-! busjcvzfoep!rvf!fm!anbm!mfdups¬!op!ujf. of! joufst! qps! fm! dpopdjnjfoup/! Ftup! qpesb! sfàfkbs! rvf-! sfbmnfouf-! fmmpt! op!tf!dpotjefsbo!op!mfdupsft-!qps!mp!rvf! op!qpesbnpt!foufoefs!ftup!dpnp!vob! nfoujsb! tpdjbm-! tjop! dpnp! vo! fohbp! qfstpobm!fo!fm!rvf!ibo!sfevdjep!mpt!oj. wfmft! ef! qfsdfqdjo! z! wbmpsbdjo-! qbsb! fousbs!fo!mb!dpotjefsbdjo!ef!mfdupsft/! Ef! ifdip-! bqbsfdf! dpnp! busjcvup! ef! cvfo!mfdups!Ómff!6!p!7!mjcspt!bm!bpÔ-!fo. ufoejfoep!rvf!tf!usbub!ef!vob!dpoevdub! fmfwbeb!ef!mfduvsb/! Bqbsfdfo! sfgfsfodjbt! b! vob! mfduvsb! wjodvmbeb! bm! usbcbkp! ef! ftuvejp;! Óop! tvcsbzbÔ-!Óop!cvtdb!fo!fm!ejddjpobsjpÔ<! qvejfoep! joejdbs! rvf! tf! ejsjhfo! nt! ibdjb!mb!mfduvsb!jotusvnfoubm-!rvf!ib. djb! mb! mfduvsb! qmbdfoufsb/! Ef! ovfwp-! tf! sfßfsfo!bm!dpoufyup!dpo!nt!gsfdvfodjb! rvf! fo! mpt! efnt! hsvqpt-! tf! usbubsb! ef!vob!kvtujßdbdjo!ef!tv!dpoevdub-!mp! rvf! qpesb! joejdbs! rvf-! sfbmnfouf-! mb! dpoevdub! mfdupsb! op! ftu! jotfsubeb! fo! tv!ftujmp!ef!wjeb/! Mpt! sftvmubept! dpnqbsbept! pcufoj. ept! qpesbo! fyqmjdbstf! qtjdpmhjdb. nfouf! eftef! fm! tfthp! efm! agbwpsjujtnp! foephsvqbm¬/! Mpt! tvkfupt! Õop! mfdupsftÖ! nvftusbo! vob! ufoefodjb! nt! qptjujwb! ibdjb!mpt!aop!mfdupsft¬!rvf!fm!sftup!ef!mpt! hsvqpt-! qptjcmfnfouf! qbsb! nboufofs! tv! bvupftujnb! tpdjbm! bvorvf! op! mfbo-! z! ft! rvf-! dpnp! bßsnb! Bmwjsb! z! dpmt/! )3112;!32*;!ÓMb!mfduvsb!ft!vob!bdujwjebe! cjfo!wbmpsbeb!bvorvf!op!tf!qsbdujrvfÔ/ Qmboufbnpt! ubncjo! vob! dvftujo! wjodvmbeb! dpo! fm! dbnqp! qfsdfqujwp-! mb! wbmpsbdjo!qfstpobm!ef!tv!ojwfm!mfdups/! Mpt! qpsdfoubkft! ef! sftqvftub! nvft. usbo! ubncjo! ejgfsfodjbt! fo! gvodjo! efm! hsvqp! ef! ftuvejp/! Mpt! tvkfupt! Õop! mfdupsftÖ! qfsdjcfo! fo! vo! 76&! tv! ojwfm! mfdups! dpnp! ÓnbmpÔ! z! ÓsfhvmbsÔ-! njfo. usbt!rvf!mb!nbzps!qbsuf!ef!mpt!Õmfdupsft! pdbtjpobmftÖ! tf! fodvfousbo! fo! mb! wbmp. sbdjo! ef! ÓopsnbmÔ! )62/2&*-! z! mpt! Õmfd. upsft! ibcjuvbmftÖ! tf! ejtusjcvzfo! fousf! ÓopsnbmÔ! )55/9&*! z! Ócbtubouf! cvfopÔ! )51/:&*/! Mpt! agbmtpt! mfdupsft¬-! nbzpsj. ubsjbnfouf-!dpnp!ÓsfhvmbsÔ/! nº 1. 2005 65 nº 1. 2005 66 CONCLUSIONES Mpt! sftvmubept! pcufojept! opt! mmfwbo! b! mmfobs!ef!dpoufojep!mpt!usft!dpnqpofouft! efm!icjup!mfdups!dpnp!bdujuve!)dphojujwp-! bgfdujwp-! dpoevduvbm*-! qspevdjoeptf-! befnt-! dpodpsebodjb! fousf! mpt! usft! dpnqpofouft!fo!dbeb!vop!ef!mpt!hsvqpt! ef!btjhobdjo!mfdupsb!bobmj{bept/!!! Fo! tv! dpokvoup-! ftupt! sftvmubept! nbsdbsbo!vo!qbuso!bdujuvejobm!ejgf. sfodjbm!qbsb!mfdupsft!z!qbsb!op!mfdupsft-! rvf! rvfebsb! dbsbdufsj{bep! fo! mpt! tj. hvjfouft!usnjopt; Fm! ftuvejbouf! vojwfstjubsjp! op! mfdups! sfbmj{b! mb! dpoevdub! mfdupsb! dpo! qpdb! gsfdvfodjb-! ftuboep! psjfoubeb! ibdjb! mb! amfduvsb! pcmjhbupsjb¬/! Tf! dfousb! tmp! fo! vo! ujqp! ef! ufyup! ef! mfduvsb-! ctjdb. nfouf!opwfmbt!p!dnjdt/!Mb!npujwbdjo! mfdupsb! ft! jotusvnfoubm-! qbsb! pcufofs! jogpsnbdjo-!kvtujßdboep!tv!op!mfduvsb! qps! fm! ifdip! ef! ufofs! rvf! ibdfs! pusbt! dptbt/!Tv!bddftp!b!mpt!mjcspt!ft!qps!of. dftjebe/!Dpo!ftubt!dpoejdjpoft!ft!qsf. wjtjcmf!rvf!dvboep!ßobmjdf!tv!qfspep! ef!gpsnbdjo!vojwfstjubsjb!bcboepof!mb! bdujwjebe!mfdupsb/! Fm!ftuvejbouf!vojwfstjubsjp!mfdups!sfbmj. {b!mb!dpoevdub!mfdupsb!ef!gpsnb!sfhvmbs-! joufsftoeptf! qps! mb! mfduvsb! z! mpt! mj. cspt/! Mff! ef! upep-! bvorvf! qsfepnjob! mb! mfduvsb! ef! opwfmbt-! tjo! sfovodjbs! b! puspt!hofspt!mjufsbsjpt/!Tv!npujwbdjo! mfdupsb! ft! qmvsjgbdupsjbm-! dfousbeb! c. tjdbnfouf!fo!rvf!mf!hvtub!z!tf!ejwjfsuf! mfzfoep-! wbmpsboep! qptjujwbnfouf! tv! sfmbdjo! dpo! mb! mfduvsb/! Dpotjefsb! rvf! fm! aop! mfdups¬! op! sfbmj{b! mb! bdujwjebe! mfdupsb! ef! gpsnb! wpmvoubsjb-! qpsrvf! mf! bcvssf! mffs/! B! ftupt! ftuvejbouft! mft! hvtub!mffs!z!dpnqsbo!mpt!mjcspt!qps!vob! npujwbdjo!jousotfdb!b!mb!mfduvsb-!ops. nbmnfouf!mft!bqfufdf!dpnqsbsmpt!z!mft! hvtub!ufofsmpt!fo!dbtb/! Fm! mfdups! ibcjuvbm-! befnt-! ujfof! jo. tfsubeb! mb! bdujwjebe! mfdupsb! fo! tv! ft. ujmp! ef! wjeb! dpujejbop-! ef! nbofsb! rvf! nvftusb! vob! npujwbdjo! joufsob! ibdjb! mb! mfduvsb! tvqfsjps-! tpcsf! upep! qpsrvf! tf! ejwjfsuf! z! mf! hvtub/! Ubncjo! qptff! vob!nbzps!npujwbdjo!ibdjb!mb!bervjtj. djo!ef!mjcspt!z!vob!qfsdfqdjo!ef!ojwfm! mfdups!nt!fmfwbep/!! Los ‘falsos lectores’ como estrategia de deseabilidad social Fm!qbuso!rvf!efßojsb!bm!tvkfup!agbm. tp!mfdups¬!tf!fodvfousb!b!nfejp!dbnjop! fousf! mpt! Õop! mfdupsftÖ! z! mpt! Õmfdupsft! pdbtjpobmftÖ/!Tpo!tvkfupt!rvf!mffo!bmhv. ob!wf{-!dpo!vob!jnbhfo!tpdjbm!nvz!qp. tjujwb!efm!mfdups-!qfsp!rvf!ibo!sfcbkbep! fm!ojwfm!ef!dpotjefsbdjo!rvf!efßojsb! bm!tvkfup!mfdups-!qbsb!fodbkbs!fmmpt!njt. npt! efousp! ef! ftub! dbufhpsb/! Bvorvf! op! mft! ejthvtub! mb! mfduvsb-! op! ujfofo! icjup! mfdups! z! sfàfkbo! mb! ejnfotjo! jotusvnfoubm! ef! mb! mfduvsb! bshvnfo. uboep!rvf!tj!op!mffo!nt!ft!qpsrvf!op! ujfofo!ujfnqp/ Tf! usbub! ef! vo! hsvqp! ef! tvkfupt! rvf! ujfofo! vob! bncjwbmfodjb! fo! fm! dpn. qpofouf! dphojujwp/! Qps! vob! qbsuf-! qsftfoubo! vob! jnbhfo! qptjujwb! fo! up. ept! mpt! eftdsjqupsft! efm! tvkfup! mfdups-! njfousbt!rvf-!qps!pusb-!qsftfoubo!vob! jnbhfo! ef! kvtujßdbdjo! efm! tvkfup! op! mfdups/! Qspcbcmfnfouf-! brv! tf! sfàfkb! vo!gbwpsjujtnp!foephsvqbm-!zb!rvf!fmmpt! njtnpt!op!tpo!sfbmnfouf!mfdupsft-!z!bt! dpotjhvfo!nboufofs!tv!jnbhfo!z!tv!bv. upftujnb-!bqfmboep!b!mb!gbmub!ef!ujfnqp! dpnp! vo! gbdups! fyufsop! ef! busjcvdjo-! rvf!op!mft!sftqpotbcjmj{b!ejsfdubnfo. uf! ef! tv! dpoevdub/! Fm! qmboufbnjfoup! tfsb-! rvf! tj! tpdjbmnfouf! qbsfdf! ftubs! btfoubep!rvf!mpt!tvkfupt!vojwfstjubsjpt! tpo! mfdupsft-! fmmpt! op! qvfefo! nptusbs! bcjfsubnfouf! rvf! op! mp! tfbo-! qvft! tv! dpnqpsubnjfoup! ef! op! mfdups! qpesb! tfs! qfobmj{bep<! bouf! fmmp-! tf! sfdvssf! b! ftusbufhjbt!efm!nbofkp!ef!jnqsftjpoft-! qbsb!npejßdbs!tv!jnbhfo!tpdjbm/ Bt-!opt!fodpousbnpt!dpo!sftqvftubt! mfdupsbt!fo!mbt!qsfhvoubt!nt!fyqmdjubt! )ujfnqp!rvf!efejdb!b!mb!mfduvsb-!onfsp! ef!mjcspt!mfept-!ftubs!mfzfoep!vo!mjcsp*! z!sftqvftubt!nt!dfsdbobt!bm!Õop!mfdupsÖ! fo! mbt! qsfhvoubt! dpo! nfopt! dpouspm! )uuvmp!ef!mpt!mjcspt!Ñnvdipt!ef!fmmpt!ef! mfduvsb!pcmjhbupsjb.*!z!fo!mbt!qsfhvoubt! jnqmdjubt!)npujwbdjo*/!!! Mb!dmbwf!tf!fodpousbsb!fo!mb!sfmbdjo! cjejsfddjpobm! rvf! tf! qspevdf! fousf! bdujuve! z! dpnqpsubnjfoup-! ef! nbofsb! rvf! mbt! bdujuveft! efufsnjobo! ovftusp! dpnqpsubnjfoup! z! ovftusp! dpnqpsub. njfoup! efufsnjob! ovftusbt! bdujuveft/! Mb! bncjwbmfodjb! fousf! fm! ftufsfpujqp! mfdups! z! tv! dpnqpsubnjfoup! ef! mfduvsb! mft!mmfwb!b!sfcbkbs!fm!ojwfm!ef!fyjhfodjb-! qbsb! tfs! dpotjefsbept! dpnp! mfdupsft! z! vcjdbstf!efousp!ef!ftb!dbufhpsb!tpdjbm/! Bt-!tf!qfsdjcfo!dpnp!ÕmfdupsftÖ!bvorvf! mbt!mfduvsbt!rvf!sfbmj{bo!dpotujuvzfo!vo! vtp! jotusvnfoubm! qbsb! tv! gpsnbdjo/! Mpt! Õgbmtpt! mfdupsftÖ! dpnqsbo! mjcspt-! qfsp! ctjdbnfouf! qps! ofdftjebe/! Dpo. tjefsbo! rvf! mft! hvtub! mb! mfduvsb-! qfsp! op!mmfhbo!bm!ojwfm!mfdups-!z!tf!kvtujßdbo! b!t!njtnpt!bqfmboep!b!rvf!op!qvfefo! mffs!nt!qpsrvf!tvt!pcmjhbdjpoft!op!mft! efkbo!ujfnqp!mjcsf/! Ubncjo! ifnpt! ef! ufofs! fo! dvfoub! rvf! mpt! ebupt! gvfspo! sfdphjept! fo! fm! dpoufyup!vojwfstjubsjp!f!jogpsnoepmft! tpcsf! fm! dpoufojep! efm! dvftujpobsjp! z! efm! fnqmfp! rvf! tf! jcb! b! sfbmj{bs! ef! tv! jogpsnbdjo/! Uvsofs! )2:86*! zb! tfbmb. cb! rvf! mb! joàvfodjb! ef! efufsnjobebt! dpoejdjpoft! dpoufyuvbmft! ibdf! nt! tbmjfouf! mb! qfsufofodjb! b! vo! efufsnj. obep! hsvqp! tpdjbm-! nbsdboep! fo! ftbt! tjuvbdjpoft!mb!qsjnbdb!ef!mpt!usnjopt! dbufhpsjbmft! tpcsf! mpt! qfstpobmft/! Tjo! ojohvob! eveb-! mbt! dpoejdjpoft! fo! mbt! rvf! tf! sfdphj! mb! jogpsnbdjo! nbsdbo! mb! qfsufofodjb! hsvqbm! ef! Õftuvejbouf! vojwfstjubsjpÖ-!rvf!wjodvmbo!b!mb!dpssft. qpoejfouf! btjhobdjo! Õtvkfup! mfdupsÖ-! qps! tv! epcmf! dpoejdjo! hsvqbm/! Ftuf! ifdip! qvep! joàvjs! b! mb! ipsb! ef! cvtdbs! fo!nbzps!nfejeb!mb!eftfbcjmjebe!tpdjbm! z!op!tfs!eftdbmjßdbep!ef!tv!hsvqp/!Bo! bt-!op!tfsb!fyusbp!rvf!qvfeb!qspev. djstf!fm!njtnp!gfonfop!gvfsb!ef!ftuf! dpoufyup!gpsnbm/! Dsffnpt! rvf! qbsb! pcufofs! vob! nf. ejeb!nt!ßbcmf!efm!icjup!mfdups!ft!jn. qsftdjoejcmf! sfdvssjs! b! jotusvnfoupt! nt!dpnqmfupt!ef!nfejeb-!rvf!ufohbo! fo!dvfoub!upept!mpt!dpnqpofouft!z!op-! fydmvtjwbnfouf-! mb! dpoevdub! mfdupsb! rvf! jogpsnbo! mpt! tvkfupt! b! usbwt! ef! bvupjogpsnf/! Tj! fm! pckfujwp! ft! tmp! ebs! vobt!djgsbt!z!dvnqmjs!fm!usnjuf-!rvj{! tf!dvnqmbo!ftubt!fyqfdubujwbt!dpo!vob! nfejeb! fyqmdjub! bvorvf-! tfhvsbnfo. uf-! dpo! ebupt! gbmtfbept/! Qfsp! tj! fm! pc. kfujwp!ft!ef!joufswfodjo-!qbsb!efufdubs! rv!ftu!gbmmboep!z!dpotfhvjs!dsfbs!nt! mfdupsft-!tfsb!jnqsftdjoejcmf!bobmj{bs! fm!icjup!mfdups!fo!upeb!tv!ejnfotjo/! DISCUSIÓN Nt! ef! mb! njube! ef! mpt! tvkfupt! ejt. upstjpob! tv! jnbhfo! dpo! mbt! nfejebt! dmtjdbt! ef! mfduvsb-! qbsb! qspevdjs! vob! jnqsftjo!ef!tvkfup!mfdups!dfsdbob!b!mb! eftfbcjmjebe!tpdjbm/!Fm!qspcmfnb!sbejdb! fo!mb!udojdb!ef!nfejdjo!fnqmfbeb/!Tj! fm!icjup!mfdups!ft!vob!bdujuve-!upnbs!fo! dpotjefsbdjo! tpmbnfouf! fm! dpnqpsub. njfoup!efm!rvf!jogpsnb!fm!tvkfup-!mmfwb! b!dpnfufs!fsspsft!fo!mb!efufsnjobdjo! efm!icjup!mfdups/!Qps!uboup-!ibcsb!rvf! sfdvssjs!b!nfejdjpoft!ef!bdujuve!ibdjb! mb!mfduvsb-!b!qbsujs!ef!qsfhvoubt!rvf!op! qfsnjubo!fm!dpouspm!upubm!ef!mb!sftqvft. ub!qps!qbsuf!efm!tvkfup-!zb!rvf!mbt!fwb. mvbdjpoft! b! usbwt! ef! bvupjogpsnf! tpo! gdjmnfouf!nbojqvmbcmft-!qfsnjujfoep! nptusbs!mb!jnbhfo!eftfbeb/! Eftef!rvf!Uivstupof!)2:39*!jojdjbsb! mb! nfejdjo! ef! bdujuveft-! tf! ibo! jep! qspevdjfoep!nmujqmft!npejßdbdjpoft-! eftef! nfejebt! fyqmdjubt! b! jnqmdjubt-! ef! nfejebt! ejsfdubt! b! nfejebt! joej. sfdubt-! ef! sftqvftubt! dpo! bmup! dpouspm! efm! tvkfup! b! nfejebt! nfopt! dpouspmb. cmft-!qbsb!bt!qpefs!fwjubs!mb!nbojqvmb. djo!ef!mpt!tvkfupt!fo!tvt!sftqvftubt/! Mb!nbzps!dpoubnjobdjo!rvf!qvfefo! ufofs! mbt! nfejebt! ef! mbt! bdujuveft! ft! mb! eftfbcjmjebe! tpdjbm-! fm! usbubs! ef! ebs! cvfob!jnqsftjo-!bvupqsftfoubstf!dpo! vob!jnbhfo!tpdjbmnfouf!eftfbcmf/!Qbsb! rvf!tf!qspev{db-!fm!tvkfup!ujfof!rvf!tb. cfs!rvf!qbsujdjqb!fo!vob!jowftujhbdjo-! dpopdfs!fm!pckfujwp!ef!mb!njtnb-!tbcfs! nº 1. 2005 67 nº 1. 2005 68 mbt! dmbwft! ef! nfejeb-! ufofs! dpouspm! tpcsf! tv! sftqvftub! z! ftubs! npujwbep! qbsb! ebs! vob! cvfob! jnbhfo/! Ftup! tv. qpof!rvf!tj!fm!tvkfup!dpopdf!tv!bdujuve! z! tub! wb! fo! vob! ejsfddjo! dpousbsjb! b! mb! tpdjbmnfouf! eftfbcmf-! qvfef! rvfsfs! pdvmubsmb! dpotdjfoufnfouf-! jouspev. djfoep!vo!dpnqpofouf!ef!fohbp-!rvf! pgsfdfsb! vob! jogpsnbdjo! tfthbeb/! Qpefnpt! qmboufbsopt! tj! tf! usbub! ef! vo! bvupfohbp-! z! fm! joejwjevp! dpotjefsb! rvf! ft! tv! sftqvftub! sfbm-! p! tj! tf! usbub! ef!vo!fohbp!joufodjpobep-!qfsnjujep! qps! fm! jotusvnfoup! ef! nfejeb-! fo! fm! rvf!tf!qvfefo!npejßdbs!mbt!sftqvftubt! fo! mb! ejsfddjo! eftfbeb/! Fo! efßojuj. wb-! tf! usbub! ef! ejtdfsojs! tj! tf! njfoufo! b! t! njtnpt-! p! tj! joufoubo! fohbbs! dpotdjfoufnfouf! bm! jowftujhbeps/! Qbsb! sftpmwfs! ftub! dvftujo! tfsb! qsfdjtp! jouspevdjs! udojdbt! ef! nfejdjo! rvf! qfsnjujfsbo! vo! nbzps! bdfsdbnjfoup! b! mbt! bdujuveft! jnqmdjubt-! dpo! vo! cbkp! dpouspm! ef! sftqvftub! qbsb! fm! tvkfup<! bm! ujfnqp!rvf!sftvmub!ofdftbsjp-!ef!jhvbm! npep-! fnqmfbs! ejtujoupt! dpousbtuft! b! mb!ipsb!ef!bobmj{bs!mbt!sftqvftubt!ef!mpt! mfdupsft-!ef!nbofsb!rvf!tf!qvfeb!dpo. tjefsbs!rvf!mpt!sftvmubept!tpo!ßbcmft/ SFGFSFODJBT!CJCMJPHSèGJDBT BMWJSB-!G/-!HBSDëB!MïQF[-!K/!z!CMBODP-!G/!)3112*/!Mb!mfduvsb!fo!Ftqbb/!Jogpsnf!qp. mjdpqjbep/ BSJ[BMFUB-!M/!)3114*/!Mb!mfduvsb-!Ábßdjo!p!icjup@!Nbesje;!Bobzb/ CBODIT-!N/!B/!)3111*/!ÓBqspyjnbdjpoft!qspdftvbmft!z!ftusvduvsbmft!bm!ftuvejp!ef!mbt! sfqsftfoubdjpoft!tpdjbmftÔ/!Qbqfst!po!Tpdjbm!Sfqsftfoubujpot-!:-!4/22.4/26/ DBCSVKB-!U/!)2::9*/!ÓQtjdpmphb!tpdjbm!dsujdb!z!qptunpefsojebe;!Jnqmjdbdjpoft!qbsb!mbt! jefoujebeft!dpotusvjebt!cbkp!mb!sbdjpobmjebe!npefsobÔ/!Bouispqpt-!288-!5:.69/! DBNQT-!W/!)3113*/!ÓMb!nbob!ef!mffsÔ/!Fo!NJMMèO-!K/!B/!)dppse/*/!Mb!mfduvsb!fo!Ftqbb/! Nbesje;!Gvoebdjo!Hfofsbm!ef!Fejupsft!Ftqbpmft-!56.64/ DBQP[[B-!E/!z!WPMQBUP-!D/!)2::7*/!ÓSfmbdjpoft!joufshsvqbmft;!qfstqfdujwbt!dmtjdbt! z! dpoufnqpsofbtÔ/! Fo! CVPSIJT-! S/Z/! z! MFZFOT-! K/! Q/! )dppse/-! fejdjo! ftqbpmb-! NP. SBMFT-!K/!G/!z!QèF[-!E/*/!Ftufsfpujqpt-!ejtdsjnjobdjo!z!sfmbdjpoft!fousf!hsvqpt/!Nbesje;!Nd! Hsbx.Ijmm-!3:.59/ DFSSJMMP-!Q/!D/-!MBSSB BHB-!F/!z!ZVCFSP-!T/!)3113*/! Mjcspt-!mfdupsft!z!nfejbepsft/! Dvfodb;!Tfswjdjp!ef!Qvcmjdbdjpoft!Vojwfstjebe!ef!Dbtujmmb.Mb!Nbodib/ DMFNFOUF-!N/!z!EPNëOHVF[-!B/!C/!)2::4*/!ÓDpodfqupt!rvf!mpt!ojpt!ef!fevdbdjo! jogboujm!ujfofo!tpcsf!mp!ftdsjupÔ/!Mfohvbkf!z!dpnvojdbdjo-!9-!34.43/ DMFNFOUF-!N/!z!EPNëOHVF[-!B/!C/!)2:::*/!Mb!fotfbo{b!ef!mb!mfduvsb/!Nbesje;!Qjs. njef/ DPOUSFSBT-!K/!)3113*/!ÓMb!mfduvsb!z!tvt!djsdvotubodjbtÔ/!Fo!NJMMèO-!K/!B/!)dppse/*-!Mb! mfduvsb!fo!Ftqbb/!Nbesje;!Gfefsbdjo!ef!Hsfnjpt!ef!Fejupsft-!276.31:/ EF!NJHVFM-!B/!z!QBSëT-!J/!)ejs/!ud/*!)2::9*/!Mpt!ftqbpmft!z!mpt!mjcspt;!icjupt!z!bdujuveft! ibdjb!fm!mjcsp!z!mb!mfduvsb/!Nbesje;!Dfhbm/ EëF[!EF!VM[VSSVN-!B/!)2:::*/!Fm!bqsfoej{bkf!ef!mb!mfdupftdsjuvsb!eftef!vob!qfstqfdujwb! dpotusvdujwjtub/!Cbsdfmpob;!Hsb/ FDIFCBSSëB-!B/!z!QèF[-!E/!)2:9:*/!Fnpdjpoft/!Qfstqfdujwbt!qtjdptpdjbmft/!Nbesje;!Gvo. ebnfoupt/ nº 1. 2005 FRVJQP!QFPO[B!)3112*/!Fm!svnps!ef!mb!mfduvsb/!Nbesje;!Bobzb/ FVSPEPYB!)2::5*/!Ftuvejp!tpcsf!mb!tpdjfebe!mfdupsb/!Nbesje;!Njojtufsjp!ef!Dvmuvsb/ HJMMZ-!N/-!SPVY-!K/!Q/!z!USPHOPO-!B/!)2:::*/!Bqqsfoesf!ebot!mÖjoufsbdujpo/!Obodz;!Qsfftf! Vojwfstjubjuft!ef!Obodz/ HïNF[!TPUP-!J/!)2:::*/!Njup!z!sfbmjebe!ef!mb!mfduvsb/!Nbesje;!Foejnjo/ HSFFOXBME-!B/!H/!z!CBOBKJ-!N/!S/!)2::6*/!ÓJnqmjdju!tpdjbm!dphojujpo;!Buujuveft-!tfmg. ftuffn!boe!tufsfpuzqftÔ/!Qtzdipmphjdbm!Sfwjfx-!213)2*-!5.38/ HSFFOXBME-!B/!H/!z!dpmt/!)3111*/!ÓQspmphvf!up!b!vojßfe!uifpsz!pg!buujuveft-!tufsfpuz. qft!boe!tfmg.dpodfquÔ/!Fo!GPSHBT-!K/!Q/!)fe/*/!Gffmjoh!boe!uijoljoh;!Uif!spmf!pg!bfdu!bjo!tpdjbm! dphojujpo!boe!cfibwjpvs/!Ovfwb!Zpsl;!Dbncsjehf!Vojwfstjuz!Qsftt-!419.441/ IBNJMUPO-!E/!M/!z!USPJMFS-!U/!L/!)2:97*/!ÓTufsfpuzqf!boe!tufsfpuzqjoh;!Bo!pwfswjfx! pg!uif!dphojujwf!bqqspbdiÔ/!Fo!EPWJEJP-!K/!G/!z!HBFSUOFS-!T/!M/!)fe/*/!Qsfkvejdf-!ejtdsjnj. obujpo!boe!sbdjtn/!Psmboep;!Bdbefnjd/ KPEFMFU-!E/!)2::2*/!ÓSfqsftfoubdjpoft!tpdjbmft;!Vo!sfb!ef!fyqbotjoÔ/!Fo!QèF[-!E/-! TBO!KVBO-!D/-!SPNP-!J/!z!WFSHBSB-!B/!Tjeb;!Jnbhfo!z!qsfwfodjo/!Nbesje;!Gvoebnfoupt-! 36.41/! MBDBTB-! Q/-! SFJOB-! B/-! DSV[-! D/! z! BMCVSRVFSRVF-! N/! )3114*/! ÓÁRv! tf! bqsfoef! fo!mb!ftdvfmb!z!fo!mb!wjeb!dpujejbob@!Bdfsdboep!mb!ufmfwjtjo!b!mbt!bvmbtÔ/!Fo!ZVCFSP-!T/-! MBSSB BHB-!F/!z!NPSBMFT-!K/!G/!)dppse/*/!Mb!tpdjfebe!fevdbepsb/!Dvfodb;!Tfswjdjp!ef! Qvcmjdbdjpoft!VDMN-!224.251/ MBSSB BHB-! F/-! ZVCFSP-! T/! z! DFSSJMMP-! Q/! D/! )3115*/! ÓFm! wbmps! ef! mb! mfduvsb/! Vo! bomjtjt!ef!mb!jnbhfo!tpdjbm!efm!mfdupsÔ/!Fo!ZVCFSP-!T/-!MBSSB BHB-!F/!z!DFSSJMMP-!Q/! D/!)dppse/*/!Wbmpsft!z!mfduvsb/!Ftuvejpt!nvmujejtdjqmjobsft/!Dvfodb;!Tfswjdjp!ef!Qvcmjdbdjpoft! VDMN-!26.49/ MFZFOT-!!K/!Z[FSCZU-!W/!Z/!z!TBIBESPO-!H/!)2::3*/!ÓUif!tpdjbm!kvehfbcjmjuz!bqqspbdi! up!tufsfpuzqftÔ/!Fo!TUSPFCF-!X/!z!IFXTUPOF-!N/!)fe/*/!Fvspqfbo!Sfwjfx!pg!Tpdjbm!Qtzdipm. phz!)wpm/!4*/!Dijdiftufs;!Xjmfz/ NBOHVFM-!B/!)3112*/!Vob!ijtupsjb!ef!mb!mfduvsb/!Nbesje;!Bmjbo{b/ NBSVOZ-! M/-! NJOJTUSBM-! N/! z! NJSBMMFT-! N/! )2::8*/! Ftdsjcjs! z! mffs/! Nbesje;! NFD0 Fefmwjwft/ NBUB-!J/!)3113*/!ÓÁBqpdbmjqtjt!p!sfobdjnjfoup@!Mb!mfduvsb!fo!mb!efßojdjo!ef!mb!ovfwb! dvmuvsbÔ/!Fo!IPZPT-!D/-!HïNF[-!S/-!NPMJOB-!N/-!VSCBOP-!C/!z!WJMMPSJB-!K/!)Fe/*/!Fm! sfup!ef!mb!mfduvsb!fo!fm!tjhmp!YYJ/!Hsbobeb;!Fejupsjbm!Vojwfstjubsjb-!252.268/ NJMMèO-!K/!B/!)3113*!)dppse/*/!Mb!mfduvsb!fo!Ftqbb/!Nbesje;!Gvoebdjo!Hfofsbm!ef!Fej. upsft!Ftqbpmft/ NPOUFT-!H/!)3111*/!ÓFmphjp!b!mb!qfsqmfkjebeÔ/!Fo!WWBB-!Mffs!fo!qmvsbm/!Tbmbnbodb;!Gvo. ebdjo!Hfsno!Todif{!Svjqsf{-!78.92/! 69 nº 1. 2005 6: NVMMFO-!C/-!EPWJEJP-!K/!G/-!KPIOTPO-!D/!z!DPPQFS-!D/!)2::3*/!ÓJoufshspvq.pvuhspvq! ejfsfodft!jo!tpdjbm!qspkfdujpoÔ/!Kpvsobm!pg!Fyqfsjnfoubm!Tpdjbm!Qtzdipmphz-!39-!533.551/ OBWBT-!N/!T/!)2::8*/!ÓFm!qsfkvjdjp!qsftfoub!vo!ovfwp!sptusp;!qvoupt!ef!wjtub!ufsjdpt!z! mofbt!ef!jowftujhbdjo!sfdjfouft!tpcsf!vo!qspcmfnb!gbnjmjbsÔ/!Sfwjtub!ef!Qtjdpmphb!Tpdjbm-! 23)3*-!312.348/ QèF[-!E/!z!BZFTUBSèO-!T/!)2:98*/!ÓSfqsftfoubdjpoft!tpdjbmft!z!ftufsfpujqpt!hsvqbmftÔ/! Fo!QèF[-!E/!z!dpmt/!Qfotbnjfoup-!joejwjevp!z!tpdjfebe;!Dphojdjo!z!sfqsftfoubdjo!tpdjbm/!Nb. esje;!Gvoebnfoupt-!332.373/! QSF[!SJPKB-!K/!B/!)2:99*/!Mb!ofdftjebe!z!fm!qmbdfs!ef!mffs/!Nbesje;!Qpqvmbs/ QSFDJTB!)3111*/!Icjupt!ef!mfduvsb!z!dpnqsb!ef!mjcspt/!Nbesje;!Njojtufsjp!ef!Fevdbdjo-! Dvmuvsb!z!Efqpsuf/ QSFDJTB!)3112-!3113-!3114*/!Icjupt!ef!dpnqsb!z!mfduvsb!ef!mjcspt/!Nbesje;!Njojtufsjp!ef! Fevdbdjo-!Dvmuvsb!z!Efqpsuf/ SPTT-! M/! )2:88*/! ÓUif! jouvjujwf! qtzdipmphjtu! boe! ijt! tipsupnjoht;! Ejtupsujpot! jo! uif! buusjcvujpo!qspdfttÔ/!Fo!Cfslpxju{-!M/!)fe/*/!Bewbodft!jo!fyqfsjnfoubm!tpdjbm!qtzdipmphz!)wpm/! 21*/!Ovfwb!Zpsl;!Bdbefnjd!Qsftt/ TBMJOBT-!Q/!)2:78*/!Fm!efgfotps/!Nbesje;!Bmjbo{b/ UBKGFM-!I/!)2:95*/!Hsvqpt!ivnbopt!z!dbufhpsbt!tpdjbmft/!Cbsdfmpob;!Ifsefs/! UBKGFM-!I/!z!UVSOFS-!K/!D/!)2:97*/!ÓUif!tpdjbm!jefoujuz!uifpsz!pg!joufshspvq!cfibwjpsÔ/! Fo!XPSDIFM-!T/!z!BVTUJO-!X/!H/!)Fet/*/!Qtzdipmphz!pg!joufshspvq!sfmbujpot/!Dijdbhp;!Ofmtpo! Ibmm-!8.35/!!! UIVSTUPOF-!M/M/!)2:39*/!ÓBuujuveft!dbo!cf!nfbtvsfe@Ô/!Bnfsjdbo!Kpvsobm!pg!Tpdjpmphz-! 44-!63:.655/ UVSOFS-!K/!D/!)2:86*/!ÓTpdjbm!dpnqbsjtpo!boe!tpdjbm!jefoujuz;!Tpnf!qsptqfdut!gps!joufs. hspvq!cfibwjpsÔ/!Fvspqfbo!Kpvsobm!pg!Tpdjbm!Qtzdipmphz-!6-!6.45/ WFSHBSB-!B/!)2::3*/!Dpopdjnjfoup!tpdjbm!ef!mbt!fnpdjpoft/!Uftjt!epdupsbm/!Tbo!Tfcbtujo;! Vojwfstjebe!efm!Qbt!Wbtdp/ XBHOFS-!X/!z!FMFKFCBSSJFUB-!G/!)2::5*/!ÓSfqsftfoubdjpoft!tpdjbmftÔ/!Fo!NPSBMFT-! G/!)Fe/*-!Qtjdpmphb!Tpdjbm/!Nbesje;!Nd!Hsbx!Ijmm-!926.953/ nº 1. 2005 ANEXO v Aparte de tus lecturas para estudiar, ¿cuánto tiempo dedicas a la lectura voluntaria? !!Nt!ef!vob!ipsb!upept!mpt!ebt! ! ! Vo!sbup!ef!wf{!fo!dvboep !!Vo!sbup!upept!mpt!ebt! ! ! ! Op!mfp!qsdujdbnfouf!obeb !!Vo!sbup!nvdipt!ebt! ! ! ! Op!mfp!obeb v Si lees, ¿por qué lees? Nf!ejwjfsuf! ! Nf!fwbep! Bqsfoep! Nf!hvtub! ! Nf!jogpsnp! Ftupz!bm!eb Puspt`````````````````````````````````````````````````` v ¿Cuántos libros has leído en el último año? !Ojohvop! ! ef!3!b!6! ! ef!21!b!26! !2!!3!!! ef!6!b!21!ef!26!b!31 v ¿Qué tipos de libros sueles leer? Opwfmbt! ! Ijtupsjbt0cjphsbgbt! Nfnpsjbt! ! Fotbzp! ! ! nt!ef!31 Ufbusp! ! Dnjd! Qpftb v Señala los títulos y autores de los tres últimos libros que hayas leído: 2/.!```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` 3/.!```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` 4/.!```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` v ¿Estás leyendo algún libro en este momento? !!T! ! !Op ÁDbm@```````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` v ¿Te gusta leer ahora? Obeb! ! Qpdp! ! !Sfhvmbs! !Cbtubouf! Nvdip v ¿Cuál crees que es tu nivel lector? !Nbmp!Sfhvmbs! !Opsnbm! Cbtubouf!cvfop! !!!!!!!!!Nvz!cvfop v ¿Por qué compras !Mpt!ofdftjup! ! !Nf!bqfufdf! ! !Ftu!ef!npeb!! los libros? ! ! !Nf!hvtub!sfhbmbsmpt ! ! !Nf!hvtub!ufofsmpt!fo!dbtb ! !!!Puspt````````````````````````````` v Indica los tres atributos que consideras que describen a un: Cvfo!mfdups! ! ! ! Nbm!mfdups 2/.!``````````````````````````! ! 2/.!`````````````````````````` 3/.!``````````````````````````! ! 3/.!`````````````````````````` 4/.!``````````````````````````! ! 4/.!`````````````````````````` 71