CONCENTRACION DE CO EN BUENOS AIRES: FACTORES

Anuncio
&21&(175$&,21'(&2(1%8(126$,5(6
)$&725(69,1&8/$'26&21689$5,$&,21
1,&2/È6$0$==(2/$85$(9(1(*$6
&RQVHMR1DFLRQDOGH,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV&LHQWtILFDV\7pFQLFDV
'HSDUWDPHQWRGH&LHQFLDVGHOD$WPyVIHUD\ORV2FpDQRV)&(\18%$
&LXGDG8QLYHUVLWDULD3DE%XHQRV$LUHV$UJHQWLQD
7HOLQW)D[LQW
HPDLOPD]]HR#DWIFHQXEDDUYHQHJDV#DWIFHQXEDDU
&855,&8/809,7$($%5(9,$'2'(/26$8725(6
1LFROiV$0$==(2
'RFWRU HQ &LHQFLDV GH OD $WPyVIHUD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH %XHQRV $LUHV 3URIHVRU 5HJXODU 7LWXODU GH
0LFURPHWHRURORJtD \ &RQWDPLQDFLyQ $WPRVIpULFD HQ OD )DFXOWDG GH &LHQFLDV ([DFWDV \ 1DWXUDOHV 8%$
3URIHVRUGHODPDWHULD&RQWDPLQDFLyQGHO $LUH HQ 0DHVWUtDV 0HGLRDPELHQWDOHV \ &XUVRV GH 3RVWJUDGR HQ
GLYHUVDV 8QLYHUVLGDGHV GHO SDtV 0LHPEUR GH OD &DUUHUD GHO ,QYHVWLJDGRU &LHQWtILFR \ 7HFQROyJLFR GHO
&RQVHMR 1DFLRQDO GH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV &LHQWtILFDV \ 7pFQLFDV &21,&(7 $XWRU GH WUDEDMRV GH
LQYHVWLJDFLyQ SXEOLFDGRV HQ $FWDV GH &RQJUHVRV \ 5HYLVWDV 1DFLRQDOHV H ,QWHUQDFLRQDOHV 'HVHPSHxy
GLIHUHQWHVFDUJRVFLHQWtILFRV\GHFRQGXFFLyQHQHO6HUYLFLR0HWHRUROyJLFR1DFLRQDO&RPLVLyQ1DFLRQDOGH
(QHUJtD $WyPLFD 2EVHUYDWRULR 1DFLRQDO GH )tVLFD &yVPLFD \ )DFXOWDG GH &LHQFLDV ([DFWDV \ 1DWXUDOHV
8%$
/DXUD(9(1(*$6
'RFWRUD HQ &LHQFLDV GH OD $WPyVIHUD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH %XHQRV $LUHV 3URIHVRUD 5HJXODU $GMXQWD GH
0LFURPHWHRURORJtD HQ OD )DFXOWDG GH &LHQFLDV ([DFWDV \ 1DWXUDOHV GH OD 8QLYHUVLGDG GH %XHQRV $LUHV
,QYHVWLJDGRUD $GMXQWD GHO &RQVHMR 1DFLRQDO GH ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV &LHQWtILFDV \ 7pFQLFDV &21,&(7 +D
UHDOL]DGR FXUVRV GH SRVWJUDGR \ SHUIHFFLRQDPLHQWR HQ HO SDtV \ HQ HO H[WHULRU 86(3$ VREUH
FRQWDPLQDFLyQ GHO DLUH \ GLVSHUVLyQ DWPRVIpULFD $XWRUD GH WUDEDMRV VREUH HO WHPD GH GLVSHUVLyQ GH
FRQWDPLQDQWHV HQ OD DWPyVIHUD SXEOLFDGRV HQ $FWDV GH &RQJUHVRV \ 5HYLVWDV 1DFLRQDOHV H
,QWHUQDFLRQDOHV,QWHJUDQWH GH &RPLVLRQHV $VHVRUDV \ (YDOXDGRUDV GH OD 8%$ 6(&<7 \ GHO 0LQLVWHULR GH
(GXFDFLyQ0LHPEURGHDVRFLDFLRQHVSURIHVLRQDOHVQDFLRQDOHVHLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV
3$/$%5$6&/$9(
FDOLGDGGHODLUHPRQy[LGRGHFDUERQRFRQVXPRGHFRPEXVWLEOHGHVRFXSDFLyQ
YDULDEOHVDWPRVIpULFDV
5(680(1
6HHQFXHQWUDXQDDVRFLDFLyQHQWUHODVYDULDFLRQHVGHODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVPHGLDVSHUtRGRGHSURPHGLR
KRUDVGHPRQy[LGRGHFDUERQRHQDLUHDQLYHOGHOVXHORGHWHUPLQDGDVHQODFDOOH7DOFDKXDQRHQWUHOD$Y
&RUULHQWHV \ /DYDOOH HQ OD &LXGDG GH %XHQRV $LUHV \ DOJXQRV tQGLFHV VRFLRHFRQyPLFRV WDVD GH
GHVRFXSDFLyQYROXPHQGHQDIWDYHQGLGD\YDULDEOHVPHWHRUROyJLFDVYHORFLGDG\GLUHFFLyQGHOYLHQWRHQHO
SHUtRGR±6HREWLHQHTXHODGLVPLQXFLyQGHODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGH&2HQDLUHREVHUYDGDVHQWUH
\SXHGHUHODFLRQDUVHFRQODVPRGLILFDFLRQHVGHODVHPLVLRQHV\GHODVFRQGLFLRQHVDWPRVIpULFDV
RFXUULGDVHQHVHLQWHUYDORGHWLHPSR
,1752'8&&,Ï1
(QVXHVIXHU]RSRUDOFDQ]DUXQGHVDUUROORVXVWHQWDEOHORVRUJDQLVPRVUHVSRQVDEOHVGHHVWDEOHFHUSROtWLFDV
DPELHQWDOHV VH HQIUHQWDQ DO FUHFLHQWH SUREOHPD JHQHUDGR SRU ODV HPLVLRQHV GH FRQWDPLQDQWHV GH ORV
YHKtFXORVDXWRPRWRUHV\DORVHIHFWRVGHORVPLVPRVVREUHODVDOXG
/D FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH FRQWDPLQDQWHV HQ DLUH SULQFLSDOPHQWH GHSHQGH GH GRV IDFWRUHV LPSRUWDQWHV OD
LQWHQVLGDG\FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODHPLVLyQGHFRQWDPLQDQWHV\ODVFRQGLFLRQHVDWPRVIpULFDVTXHGHWHUPLQDQ
HOWUDQVSRUWHGLIXVLyQDFXPXODFLyQ\UHPRFLyQGHORVPLVPRVHQHODLUH
(QJHQHUDOH[LVWHXQDDVRFLDFLyQHQWUHODFDQWLGDGGHFRQWDPLQDQWHVHPLWLGRVDODDWPyVIHUDTXHSURFHGHQ
GHVGHIXHQWHVDQWURSRJpQLFDV\HOQLYHOGHDFWLYLGDGHFRQyPLFD
/DVFRQGLFLRQHV PHWHRUROyJLFDV \ WRSRJUiILFDV DIHFWDQ HO WUDQVSRUWH \ OD GLVSHUVLyQ GH ORV FRQWDPLQDQWHV
LQIOX\HQGRVREUHODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVGHORVPLVPRVHQDLUH
3RUORJHQHUDOORVHIHFWRVVREUHODSREODFLyQVRQPiVLQWHQVRVHQORVJUDQGHVFHQWURVXUEDQRVFRQIXHQWHV
GHHPLVLyQVLJQLILFDWLYDVFRQGLFLRQHVDWPRVIpULFDVGHVIDYRUDEOHV\DOWDGHQVLGDGSREODFLRQDO
*OREDOPHQWH OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH ORV DXWRPRWRUHV VH KD LQFUHPHQWDGR QRWDEOHPHQWH (Q KDEtD
DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH PLOORQHV GH YHKtFXORV HQ WRGR HO PXQGR \ FXDWUR GpFDGDV GHVSXpV HO SDUTXH
DXWRPRWRUPXQGLDOVXSHUDEDORVPLOORQHVGHXQLGDGHV
/DVHPLVLRQHVGHFRQWDPLQDQWHVDODDWPyVIHUDGHVGHIXHQWHVDQWURSRJpQLFDVGHSHQGHQLQGLUHFWDPHQWHGH
ODV FLUFXQVWDQFLDV HFRQyPLFDV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV DO SDtV SURYLQFLD R FLXGDG HQ GRQGH VH HQFXHQWUHQ /D
$UJHQWLQD GHVGH KDFH XQRV DxRV HVWi DWUDYHVDQGR XQD FULVLV HFRQyPLFD DJXGD TXH FRQGLFLRQD ODV
DFWLYLGDGHVDXWRPRWULFHVHLQGXVWULDOHVTXHVHGHVDUUROODQHQHOSDtV)LQDOPHQWHHVWHFRQGLFLRQDPLHQWRVH
WUDQVPLWHDODVHPLVLRQHVGHFRQWDPLQDQWHVDODDWPyVIHUD
3RU RWUD SDUWH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV DWPRVIpULFDV WLHQHQ XQD YDULDELOLGDG DSHULyGLFD (VWRV FDPELRV HQ ORV
SURFHVRVDWPRVIpULFRVLQIOX\HQVREUHHOWUDQVSRUWH\ODGLVSHUVLyQGHFRQWDPLQDQWHV
/D&LXGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHVWLHQHXQDH[WHQVLyQGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHNP \XQDSREODFLyQGHFDVLWUHV
PLOORQHV GH KDELWDQWHV 3RU VXV FDOOHV \ DYHQLGDV FLUFXODQ GLIHUHQWHV WLSRV GH YHKtFXORV DXWRPRWRUHV
DXWRPyYLOHV FROHFWLYRV FDPLRQHV FDPLRQHWDV PRWRFLFOHWDV TXH HPLWHQ D OD DWPyVIHUD GLIHUHQWHV
VXVWDQFLDV
(QWUH HOODV VH HQFXHQWUD HO PRQy[LGR GH FDUERQR XQ JDV TXH VH RULJLQD HQ ORV SURFHVRV GH FRPEXVWLyQ
LQFRPSOHWDGHDOJXQRVFRPEXVWLEOHV(QiUHDVXUEDQDVORVDXWRPyYLOHV³QDIWHURV´FRQVWLWX\HQVXSULQFLSDO
IXHQWHGHHPLVLyQ
(Q ORV~OWLPRVDxRVVHKDQ UHDOL]DGR WUDEDMRV VREUH DOJXQRV DVSHFWRV GH OD FRQWDPLQDFLyQ GHO DLUH HQ OD
&LXGDG GH %XHQRV $LUHV %RJR \ RWURV 9HQHJDV \ 0D]]HR %RJR \ RWURV 9HQHJDV \
0D]]HR0D]]HR\9HQHJDV
'HVGHOD)XQGDFLyQ6LJOR;;,HVWiUHDOL]DQGRPHGLFLRQHVGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHPRQy[LGRGHFDUERQR
HQ DLUH HQ OD FDOOH 7DOFDKXDQR HQWUH OD $YHQLGD &RUULHQWHV \ /DYDOOH /D LQIRUPDFLyQ HV WUDQVPLWLGD SRU
PHGLRV GH GLIXVLyQ SHULRGtVWLFRV HQ IRUPD GH FRQFHQWUDFLyQ PHGLD HQWUH ODV \ KRUDV
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDGtDVKiELOHV
(QHVWHWUDEDMRVHDQDOL]DQODVYDULDFLRQHVGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPHGLDSHUtRGRGHSURPHGLR KRUDV GH
PRQy[LGRGHFDUERQRHQDLUH\VXUHODFLyQFRQtQGLFHVVRFLRHFRQyPLFRVWDVDGHGHVRFXSDFLyQYHQWDGH
FRPEXVWLEOHV\FRQODYHORFLGDG\ODGLUHFFLyQGHOYLHQWRHQOD&LXGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHV
&21&(175$&,Ï1'(021Ï;,'2'(&$5%212(1$,5(
3$5È0(752662&,2(&21Ï0,&26<0(7(252/Ï*,&26
(QOD)LJXUD VHSUHVHQWDODYDULDFLyQGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPHGLDPHQVXDOGHORVYDORUHVPHGLRVSHUtRGR
GH SURPHGLR KRUDV GH PRQy[LGR GH FDUERQR HQ DLUH FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D ORV GtDV KiELOHV HQWUH \
HQ 7DOFDKXDQR HQWUH OD $Y &RUULHQWHV \ /DYDOOH 6H REVHUYD XQD WHQGHQFLD OHYHPHQWH DVFHQGHQWH
HQWUH \ $ SDUWLU GH VH SUHVHQWD HQ JHQHUDO XQD FODUD GLVPLQXFLyQ GH ORV YDORUHV GH OD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ
(VWDVWHQGHQFLDVVHREVHUYDQWDPELpQYHU)LJXUDHQODIUHFXHQFLDPHQVXDOGHYDORUHVGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ
PHGLD SHUtRGR GH SURPHGLR KRUDV PD\RUHV TXH SSP OtPLWH Pi[LPR DGPLVLEOH UHFRPHQGDGR SRU OD
2UJDQL]DFLyQ 0XQGLDO GH OD 6DOXG0XUOH\ /D PD\RU IUHFXHQFLD PHGLD DQXDO VH SUHVHQWy HQ FRQHO\ODVPHQRUHVRFXUULHURQHQORVDxRV\FRQ
)UHFUHOGH&!SSP
&RQFHQWUDFLyQ
)UHFUHODWLYD
&RQFHQWUDFLyQSSP
)LJXUD
9DULDFLyQGH ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPHGLDPHQVXDOGHYDORUHV PHGLRV K GH &2 \ IUHFXHQFLD
UHODWLYDPHQVXDOGHYDORUHVGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQPHGLDKGH&2PD\RUHVTXHSSP
&RQHOREMHWRGHYLQFXODUODVYDULDFLRQHVGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHPRQy[LGRGHFDUERQRHQDLUHFRQXQtQGLFH
VRFLDOVHXWLOL]yODWDVDGHGHVRFXSDFLyQHQOD&LXGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHV'HELGRDTXHHVWDLQIRUPDFLyQVH
SUHVHQWDSDUDGRVSHUtRGRVHQ0D\R\HQ2FWXEUHGHFDGDDxRVHFDOFXODURQODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVPHGLDV
GHPRQy[LGRGHFDUERQRHQDLUHFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDSHUtRGRVVLPLODUHV
(QOD)LJXUDVHSUHVHQWDQODVYDULDFLRQHVGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPHGLDGHPRQy[LGRGHFDUERQRHQDLUH\OD
WDVDGHGHVRFXSDFLyQHQOD&LXGDG%XHQRV$LUHVHQWUH\(QWUH\QRVHREVHUYDXQD
UHODFLyQGHILQLGDHQWUH ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQ \ ODWDVDGHGHVRFXSDFLyQ SHUR DSDUWLUGH DPHGLGD TXH OD
WDVDGHGHVRFXSDFLyQDXPHQWDODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGH&2HQDLUHGLVPLQX\H(VWRSRGUtDHVWDUYLQFXODGRFRQ
OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ DO VHFWRU GH ORV GHVRFXSDGRV GH LQWHJUDQWHV GH OD SREODFLyQ TXH XWLOL]DQ HO DXWRPyYLO
DEDQGRQDQGR HQ FRQVHFXHQFLD VX XVR 7DPELpQ SRGUtD VHU FRQVHFXHQFLD GH OD GLVPLQXFLyQ GHO XVR GHO
DXWRPyYLOSRUSDUWHGHDOJ~QVHFWRUGHODSREODFLyQGHELGRDODVGLILFXOWDGHVHFRQyPLFDVSUHVHQWHV
(Q OD )LJXUD VH SUHVHQWDQ ODV YDULDFLRQHV GH ORV YRO~PHQHV PHQVXDOHV GH *DV 1DWXUDO &RPSULPLGR
*1& \ GH JDVRLO YHQGLGRV HQ %XHQRV $LUHV (O YROXPHQ PHQVXDO GH *1& YHQGLGR QR YDUtD
VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH HQ ORV GLIHUHQWHV DxRV FRQVLGHUDGRV (O YROXPHQ GH JDVRLO YHQGLGR SUHVHQWD XQ
LQFUHPHQWRLPSRUWDQWH HQ XQDGLVPLQXFLyQVLPLODU HQ \ XQD WHQGHQFLD OHYHPHQWH GHVFHQGHQWH
GHVGH(QVtQWHVLVHOYROXPHQYHQGLGRGHHVWRVGRVFRPEXVWLEOHVQRLQGLFDYDULDFLRQHVLPSRUWDQWHV
GHVGHKDVWDHOILQGHOSHUtRGRFRQVLGHUDGR$GLFLRQDOPHQWHGHEHWHQHUVHHQFXHQWDTXHHODSRUWHGHO
XVRGHHVWRVFRPEXVWLEOHVDODVHPLVLRQHVGHPRQy[LGRGHFDUERQRJHQHUDOPHQWHHVPX\EDMR
7DVDGHGHVRFXSDFLyQ
&RQFHQWUDFLyQSSP
7DVDGHGHVRFXS
PD\ RFW
)LJXUD
&RQFHQWUDFLyQ
PD\ RFW
PD\ RFW
PD\ RFW
PD\ RFW
PD\ RFW
PD\ RFW
9DULDFLyQGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPHGLDSSPGH&2HQDLUH\ODWDVDGHGHVRFXSDFLyQHQ
OD&LXGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHV
H
*1&
H
&RPEXVWLEOHPñ
PD\ RFW
*DVRLO
H
H
H
H
H
H
)LJXUD
9DULDFLyQGHOYROXPHQPHQVXDOGH*DV1DWXUDO&RPSULPLGR*1&\*DVRLOYHQGLGRHQOD
&LXGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHV
(QOD)LJXUDVHSUHVHQWDODYDULDFLyQGHOYROXPHQPHQVXDOGHQDIWDWRWDOYHQGLGRHQOD&LXGDGGH%XHQRV
$LUHV FRQMXQWDPHQWH FRQ OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ PHGLD PHQVXDO GH PRQy[LGR GH FDUERQR 6H REVHUYD OD
H[LVWHQFLD GH XQD FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD HQWUH OD GLVPLQXFLyQ VXVWDQFLDO GHO YROXPHQ PHQVXDO GH QDIWD WRWDO
YHQGLGD\GHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHPRQy[LGRGHFDUERQRHQDLUHGHVGHKDVWD
H
&RQFHQWUDFLyQ
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
)LJXUD
&RQFHQWUDFLyQSSP
&RPEXVWLEOHPñ
1DIWDWRWDO
9DULDFLyQGHOYROXPHQPHQVXDOGHQDIWDWRWDOYHQGLGDHQOD&LXGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHV\GHOD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQPHGLDGH&2HQDLUH
)LJXUD
&RQFHQWUDFLyQSSP
9HORFLGDGGHOYLHQWRPV
(QOD)LJXUD VHPXHVWUDODYDULDFLyQGHODYHORFLGDGPHGLDDQXDOGHOYLHQWRHQODHVWDFLyQPHWHRUROyJLFD
$HURSDUTXH$HURXELFDGDHQHO$HURSDUTXHGHOD&LXGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHVFRQMXQWDPHQWHFRQHOSURPHGLR
DQXDOGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPHGLDSHUtRGRGHSURPHGLRKRUDVGHPRQy[LGRGHFDUERQR$SDUWLUGH
VHREVHUYDXQLQFUHPHQWRHQODYHORFLGDGPHGLDDQXDOGHOYLHQWR(VWHDXPHQWRFRLQFLGHFRQODGLVPLQXFLyQ
GHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHPRQy[LGRGHFDUERQRHQDLUH(OSURPHGLRDQXDOGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPHGLDIXH
SSPHQ\SSPHQHOPLHQWUDVTXHODYHORFLGDGPHGLDDQXDOGHOYLHQWRIXHPVHQ\
PVHQHO
YHORFLGDGGHOYLHQWR
FRQFHQWUDFLyQ
9DULDFLyQ GH OD YHORFLGDG PV PHGLD DQXDO GHO YLHQWR HQ OD (VWDFLyQ 0HWHRUROyJLFD
$HURSDUTXH$HUR\GHOSURPHGLRDQXDOGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQPHGLDSSPGH&2HQDLUH
3RU RWUD SDUWH ORV FDxRQHV XUEDQRV FRQWULEX\HQ D OD IRUPDFLyQ GH YyUWLFHV LQWHUQRV FRQ GLUHFFLyQ GH OD
FLUFXODFLyQGHODLUHDQLYHOGHODFDOOHRSXHVWDDODGHODDWPyVIHUDTXHIOX\HSRUHQFLPDGHORVHGLILFLRV(VWD
FLUFXODFLyQ LQIOX\H VREUH ORV YDORUHV GH OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ GH FRQWDPLQDQWHV *HQHUDOPHQWH GHQWUR GH XQ
FDxyQXUEDQRODFRQFHQWUDFLyQHVPD\RUHQOD]RQDXELFDGDDVRWDYHQWRTXHHQODXELFDGDDEDUORYHQWR
(Q HO FDVR GHO FDxyQ XUEDQR GH OD FDOOH 7DOFDKXDQR RULHQWDGR 16 FXDQGR HO YLHQWR SURYLHQH GH ODV
GLUHFFLRQHV:1:::6:ODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHWHFWDGDSRUHOPXHVWUHDGRUGHEHUtDVHUPD\RUD OD TXHVH
SUHVHQWDFRQGLUHFFLRQHV(1(((6(
(QOD)LJXUDVHSUHVHQWDQODVURVDVGHYLHQWRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDORVSHUtRGRV \ (QWUHODGLIHUHQFLDHQWUHODVIUHFXHQFLDVGHGLUHFFLRQHVGHOYLHQWR GHOVHFWRU(1(((6( \ ODV
GHO :1:::6: IXH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH HO PD\RU TXH OD REWHQLGD HQWUH (VWD YDULDFLyQ
LQIOX\y VREUH OD FLUFXODFLyQ GHO DLUH GHQWUR GHO FDxyQ SXGLHQGR KDEHU FRQWULEXLGR D OD GLVPLQXFLyQ GH OD
FRQFHQWUDFLyQGHPRQy[LGRGHFDUERQRREVHUYDGDHQWUH\
11: 1:
:1:
:
1
11(
1(
(1(
(
:6:
(6(
6:
)LJXUD
66:
6(
6
66(
5RVDVGHYLHQWRSDUDORVSHUtRGRV\HQ$HURSDUTXH$HUR&LXGDGGH
%XHQRV$LUHV
&21&/86,21(6
6HHQFRQWUDURQHYLGHQFLDVGHXQDSRVLEOHLQIOXHQFLDGHODVYDULDFLRQHVGHDOJXQRVtQGLFHVVRFLRHFRQyPLFRV
WDVDGHGHVRFXSDFLyQYROXPHQGHQDIWDWRWDOYHQGLGD\GHYDULDEOHVPHWHRUROyJLFDVYHORFLGDG\GLUHFFLyQ
GHOYLHQWRVREUHHOFDPELRGHORVYDORUHVGHODFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHPRQy[LGRGHFDUERQRHQDLUHHQODFLXGDG
GH%XHQRV$LUHVHQHOSHUtRGR(QJHQHUDOHVRVIDFWRUHVLQGLFDQODH[LVWHQFLDGHPRGLILFDFLRQHV
HQ ODV HPLVLRQHV GH PRQy[LGR GH FDUERQR \ HQ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV DWPRVIpULFDV ORFDOHV TXH SXHGHQ HVWDU
UHODFLRQDGDVFRQODGLVPLQXFLyQGHODVFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVREVHUYDGDVHQWUH\
(OSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRIXHSDUFLDOPHQWHILQDQFLDGRSRUORV6XEVLGLRV8%$;\&21,&(73,3
5()(5(1&,$6
%RJR+1HJUL50DQG6DQ5RPiQ(&RQWLQXRXVPHDVXUHPHQWRIJDVHRXVSROOXWDQWVLQ%XHQRV
$LUHVFLW\$WPRVSKHULF(QYLURQPHQW
%RJR+*yPH]'55HLFK6/1HJUL50DQG6DQ5RPiQ(7UDIILFSROOXWLRQLQDGRZQWRZQVLWH
RI%XHQRV$LUHV&LW\$WPRVSKHULF(QYLURQPHQW
0D]]HR1$DQG9HQHJDV/((VWLPDWLRQRIFXPXODWLYHIUHTXHQF\GLVWULEXWLRQIRUFDUERQPRQR[LGH
FRQFHQWUDWLRQIURPZLQGVSHHGGDWDLQ%XHQRV$LUHV$UJHQWLQD,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI:DWHU$LUDQG6RLO
3ROOXWLRQHQSUHQVD
0XUOH\/HG&OHDQ$LU$URXQGWKH:RUOG7KLUG(GLWLRQ,8$33$
9HQHJDV/(DQG0D]]HR1$&DUERQPRQR[LGHFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQDVWUHHWFDQ\RQRI%XHQRV$LUHV
&LW\$UJHQWLQD(QYLURQPHQWDO0RQLWRULQJDQG$VVHVVPHQW
9HQHJDV / ( \ 0D]]HR 1 $ $SOLFDFLyQ GHO PRGHOR '$802' D ODV HPLVLRQHV GH FRQWDPLQDQWHV
SURYHQLHQWHVGHOWUDQVSRUWHDXWRPRWRUGHSDVDMHURVHQOD&LXGDGGH%XHQRV$LUHV$FWDVGHO,;&RQJUHVR
/DWLQRDPHULFDQRH,EpULFRGH0HWHRURORJtD9,,,&RQJUHVR$UJHQWLQRGH0HWHRURORJtD
Descargar