REYNOLDS, KIMBERLEY. “¿Qué leen los jóvenes? Una comparación de los hábitos lectores en Australia, Dinamarca, Inglaterra e Irlanda = What are they reading? A comparison of the reading habits of young people in Australia, Denmark, England and Ireland” en Revista OCNOS nº 1, 2005, p. 87 - 107. PALABRAS CLAVE: hábitos lectores, selección de lecturas, pérdida de lectores KEYWORDS: reading habits, reading choices, book droppers ÁRv!mffo!mpt!kwfoft@!Vob!dpnqbsbdjo! ef!mpt!icjupt!mfdupsft!fo!Bvtusbmjb-! Ejobnbsdb-!Johmbufssb!f!Jsmboeb Xibu!bsf!uifz!sfbejoh@!B!dpnqbsjtpo! pg!uif!sfbejoh!ibcjut!pg!zpvoh!qfpqmf! jo!Bvtusbmjb-!Efonbsl-! Fohmboe!boe!!Jsfmboe Ljncfsmz!Sfzopmet Vojwfstjuz!pg!Ofxdbtumf!.!VL RESUMEN: En este artículo Kimberley Reynolds expone los resultados obtenidos en las encuestas sobre hábitos lectores que el NCRCL pasó en Inglaterra y los compara con los recopilados en cinco estudios elaborados en tres países: Australia, Dinamarca e Irlanda. ABSTRACT: In this paper Kimberley Reynolds exposes the results obtained in the surveys about reading habits that the NCRCL passed in England and compares them with those gathered in five studies elaborated in three countries: Australia, Denmark and Ireland. Qps!nj!gpsnbdjo!bdbenjdb!tpz!ijt. upsjbepsb!ef!mb!jogbodjb!z!ef!Mjufsbuvsb! Jogboujm! qfsp-! dpnp! ftuf! dbnqp! ef! jowftujhbdjo! op! ujfof! mnjuft! z! upmfsb! qpdbt! ftqfdjbmj{bdjpoft-! ubncjo! nf! if! efejdbep! bm! ftuvejp! ef! mpt! icjupt! mfdupsft/!Nj!joufst!fo!ftuf!sfb!ef!dp. opdjnjfoupt!tf!jodsfnfou!dvboep!nf! qfsdbu! ef! rvf! mpt! ebupt! pgsfdjept! qps! mpt!ftdpmbsft!fsbo!pctpmfupt!z-!ef!ifdip-! fsb! nt! gdjm! dpotfhvjs! efubmmft! tpcsf! mpt! icjupt! mfdupsft! ef! mpt! ojpt! efm! tjhmp!YJY!rvf!tpcsf!mpt!efm!YY/!Bm!njt. np! ujfnqp! rvf! nf! befousbcb! fo! ftuf! dbnqp! ef! ftuvejp! gvoebcb! fm! Dfousp! Obdjpobm!ef!Jowftujhbdjo!ef!Mjufsbuvsb! Jogboujm!)ODSDM*!fo!2::2-!bt!rvf!vop! efm! mpt! qsjnfspt! pckfujwpt! efm! Dfousp! gvf! mmfwbs! b! dbcp! vo! qspzfdup! rvf! dp. ssjhjftf! ftuf! qspcmfnb/! Ibtub! mb! gfdib! fm! ODSDM! ib! ejsjhjep! djodp! ftuvejpt! ejgfsfouft! tpcsf! icjupt! mfdupsft! ef! mb! qpcmbdjo!kvwfojm;!fo!2::5!vo!qspzfdup! J! bn! cz! usbjojoh! b! ijtupsjbo! pg! dijm. esfoÖt! mjufsbuvsf! boe! dijmeippe-! cvu! tjodf! uif! ßfme! pg! dijmesfoÖt! mjufsbuvsf! dvssfoumz! ibt! op! cpvoebsjft! boe! upmf. sbuft!gfx!tqfdjbmjtnt-!ju!jt!opu!vovtvbm! uibu! J! ibwf! gpvoe! nztfmg! cfdpnjoh! bo! fyqfsu! po! zpvoh! qfpqmfÖt! sfbejoh! ib. cjut/!Uijt!joufsftu!dbnf!bcpvu!cfdbvtf! xifo! J! cfhbo! sftfbsdijoh! jo! uif! ßfme-! J! ejtdpwfsfe! uibu! tdipmbst! xfsf! ef. qfoejoh! po! jogpsnbujpo! uibu! xbt! mpoh! pvu!pg!ebuf<!joeffe/!ju!xbt!fbtjfs!up!hfu! efubjmt! bcpvu! uif! sfbejoh! ibcjut!pg! oj. ofuffoui.dfouvsz! dijmesfo! uibo! uiptf! jo!uif!uxfoujfui!dfouvsz/!J!sfbmjtfe!uijt! bu!uif!tbnf!ujnf!uibu!J!ftubcmjtife!uif! VLÖt! Obujpobm! Dfousf! gps! Sftfbsdi! jo! DijmesfoÖt! Mjufsbuvsf! jo! 2::2-! tp! pof! pg! uif! DfousfÖt! ßstu! pckfdujwft! xbt! up! tfu!vq!b!qspkfdu!up!dpssfdu!uijt!qspcmfn/! Up! ebuf! uifsf! ibwf! cffo! ßwf! ejfsfou! tuvejft! pg! zpvoh! qfpqmfÖt! sfbejoh! ibcjut! dpoevdufe! cz! uif! ODSDM;! uif! 2::5!!!!!ÑqjmpuÑ<!2::7!Ñgvmm!tuvezÑ<!2:::! Ñgpdvtfe!tuvejft!po!qvqjmt!xjui!tqfdjbm! offet! boe! uiptf! gspn! fuiojd! njopsj. ujftÑ!boe!jo!3112!Ñb!qjmpu!up!uftu!fmfd. uspojd!tpguxbsf!boe!efmjwfsz!pg!uif!dpsf! rvftujpoobjsfÑ/! Fbdi! tuvez! qspwjeft! sfmjbcmf-! dvssfou! jogpsnbujpo! po! xibu! zpvoh!qfpqmf!tbz!bcpvu!uifjs!sfbejoh/ Xifo! uif! ODSDM! tvswfzt! pg! zpvoh! qfpqmfÖt! sfbejoh! ibcjut! cfhbo-! uifsf! ibe! cffo! op! mbshf.tdbmf-! sfmjbcmf! tuvez! pg!xibu!uif!zpvoh!sfbe!tjodf!uif!2:81t-! boe!uipvhi!nboz!ljoet!pg!uijoht!xijdi! bfdu! uif! qmbdf! pg! sfbejoh! jo! dvmuvsf! Ñfwfo! xibu! ju! nfbot! up! sfbeÑ! xfsf! cz! uifo! xjefmz! bwbjmbcmf! )tvdi! uijoht! bt! wjefpt-!ipnf!QDt-!eftl!upq!qvcmjtijoh! fwfo! tpnf! fbsmz! dpnqvufs! hbnft*-! xifofwfs! bdbefnjdt! ps! kpvsobmjtut! ps! joeffe! bozpof! offefe! up! qspevdf! tub. ujtujdt! bcpvu! xibu! ps! ipx! nvdi! zpvoh! qfpqmf!xfsf!sfbejoh-!uifz!xpvme!bmxbzt! hp!cbdl!up!uif!Xijufifbe!sfqpsu!pg!2:88/! B!tfotf!pg!ipx!nvdi!dibohf!ibt!ublfo! qmbdf!cfuxffo!uifo!boe!opx!jt!fwjefou! gspn! uif! gbdu! uibu! jo! 2:88-! uif! Xijuf. ifbe! sfqpsu! tusfttfe! uif! Õpwfsxifm. njohmz! ojofuffoui.dfouvsz! àbwpvsÖ! pg! uif! dijmesfoÖt! sfbejoh! dipjdft;! uif! nptu! qpqvmbs! cppl! pwfsbmm! xbt! Mpvjtb! Nbz! BmdpuuÖt! Mjuumf! Xpnfo-! gpmmpxfe! cz! Cmbdl! Cfbvuz-! Usfbtvsf! Jtmboe! boe! Uif! Tfdsfu!Hbsefo<!xijmf!opof!pg!uiftf!cpplt! gfbuvsfe!bt!b!tjhojßdbou!ufyu!jo!boz!pg! uif! ODSDM! tuvejft/! Jo! gbdu-! uif! ebub! tipxfe! uibu! upebz-! gbwpvsjuf! ufyut! bmtp! ufoe!up!cf!dpoufnqpsbsz!ufyut/ Uifsf!xbt!tvdi!b!cjh!hbq!cfuxffo!uif! 2:81t! sftfbsdi! boe! uif! jojujbm! ODSDM! tvswfz!uibu!ju!xbt!wfsz!ejdvmu!up!nblf! dpnqbsjtpot!cfuxffo!uifn/!Upp!nvdi! ibe! dibohfe! bu! upp! nboz! mfwfmt! jo! tp. djfuz/!Xjui!uijt!jo!njoe-!xf!efdjefe!ju! xbt!jnqpsubou!opu!up!qspevdf!b!pof.p! tuvez-! xijdi! xpvme! sftvmu! jo! tjnjmbs! qspcmfnt! gps! mbufs! sftfbsdifst/! ! Jot. ufbe-!xf!qmboofe!up!jojujbuf!b!tfsjft!pg! tuvejft!xijdi!xpvme!ublf!qmbdf!bu!ßwf. zfbsmz! joufswbmt! tp! uibu! xf! xpvme! opu! pomz!ibwf!b!wfsz!dmfbs-!upubmmz!pckfdujwf! cbtfmjof-!cvu!xpvme!!bmtp!wfsz!fbtjmz!cf! bcmf!up!efnpotusbuf!dibohf/!! Uif! ßstu! gvmm! tuvez-! Zpvoh! QfpqmfÖt! Sfbejoh! bu! uif! Foe! pg! uif! Dfouvsz-! dbnf! pvu! jo! 2::7/! Uif! ßoejoht! xfsf! cbtfe! po!sftqpotft!gspn!ofbsmz!:-111!zpvoh! qfpqmf! jo! Fohmboe! )opu! uif! VL! bt! b! xipmf!cfdbvtf!uif!tbnf!tdippm!tztufn! epftoÖu! pqfsbuf! obujpobmmz! boe! mphjtuj. dbmmz! hbuifsjoh! dpnqbsbujwf! ebub! xbt! cpui! dpnqmjdbufe! boe! qspijcjujwfmz! fyqfotjwf*/! Jo! Fohmboe! uifsf! bsf! gpvs! lfz! bttfttnfou! tubhft! tqboojoh! uif! bhf! sbohf! gspn! 5Ñ27-! boe! uif! ODSDM! tbnqmf! dpwfsfe! bmm! gpvs! lfz! tubhft! bt! xfmm! bt! cfjoh! efnphsbqijdbmmz! sfqsf. tfoubujwf! pg! uif! tdippm! qpqvmbujpo! bt! b! xipmf/! Fwfsz! qsfdbvujpo! xbt! ublfo! up! fotvsf!uibu!uif!ßoejoht!xpvme!cf!cpui! sfmjbcmf!boe!bvuipsjubujwf!boe!up!fmjnj. obuf!cjbt!bt!gbs!bt!uibu!jt!fwfs!qpttjcmf/! Dfousbm!up!uijt!xbt!uif!gbdu!uibu!uif!ebub! qspwjefe! xbt! bopoznpvtmz;! tuvefout! xfsf!bttvsfe!boe!xfsf!bcmf!up!tff!uibu! uifz! dpvme! opu! cf! jefoujßfe! gspn! uif! rvftujpoobjsft!uifz!dpnqmfufe/! Uif! tuvez! jt! wfsz! xjef.sbohjoh-! boe! uif!efßojujpo!pg!sfbejoh!vtfe!jt!frvb. mmz! cspbe-! fodpnqbttjoh! gpsnt! pg! sfb. ejoh!sbohjoh!gspn!uibu!bttpdjbufe!xjui! ipnfxpsl!uispvhi!ofxtqbqfst-!nbhb. {joft-!dpnjdt-!boe!qpfusz-!up!fmfduspojd! cpplt-! dpnqvufs! tdsffot! boe! bvejpub. qft/!Ju!mpplt!bu!ipx!zpvoh!qfpqmf!dipptf! uif!ufyut!uifz!sfbe!boe!xifsf!uifz!ßoe! xibu! uifz! sfbe! )f/h/! tipqt-! gsjfoet-! mjcsbsjft*/!Ju!bmtp!btlt!rvftujpot!bcpvu! uifjs!gbwpvsjuf!xsjufst-!jmmvtusbupst-!dibsbd. ufst!boe!hfosft/!Xjui!pmefs!qvqjmt!)22.27*!ju! xbt!qpttjcmf!up!btl!rvftujpot!bcpvu!ipx! gbs! uifz! uijol! sfbejoh! bfdut! uif! xbz! uifz! voefstuboe! boe! uijol! bcpvu! uif! xpsme! bspvoe! uifn-! tp! uifz! botxfsfe! rvftujpot! bcpvu! xifuifs! ps! opu! uifz! sfbe! bcpvu! upqjdbm! jttvft! tvdi! bt! tfy-! tfyvbmjuz-! fyqfsjnfoujoh! xjui! esvht-! bmdpipm! boe! puifs! jmmfhbm! tvctubodft-! uifjs!buujuvef!up!uif!qpmjdf-!xpsl-!ejwps. df-!cvmmzjoh!Ñcbtjdbmmz!uif!gvmm!sbohf!pg! jttvft! dpwfsfe! jo! nbufsjbm! bwbjmbcmf! nº 1. 2005 99 nº 1. 2005 9: qjmpup-!fo!2::7!vo!ftuvejp!dpnqmfup-!fo! 2:::!vo!ftuvejp!tpcsf!ofdftjebeft!ft. qfdjbmft!z!pusp!tpcsf!njopsbt!uojdbt!z! fo!fm!bp!3112!vo!ovfwp!qspzfdup!qjmpup! )qbsb!fm!tpguxbsf!ovfwp*/!Dbeb!vop!ef!mpt! ftuvejpt!ib!qspqpsdjpobep!vob!wbmjptb! jogpsnbdjo-! ßbcmf! z! bduvbm-! tpcsf! mbt! pqjojpoft! qfstpobmft! ef! mpt! kwfoft! tpcsf!tvt!mfduvsbt/ Eftef!mpt!bpt!81!op!tf!ibcb!sfbmj{b. ep!ojoho!ftuvejp!ßbcmf!b!hsbo!ftdbmb! tpcsf! mpt! icjupt! mfdupsft! ef! mb! qpcmb. djo!kvwfojm!z-!bvorvf!ejwfstpt!gbdupsft! ibo!bmufsbep!fm!dpodfqup!ef!mfduvsb!)ipz! qpefnpt! ÓmffsÔ! wefpt-! psefobepsft! qfstpobmft-! eftl! upq! qvcmjtijoh-! kvfhpt! ef! psefobeps-! fudufsb*! z! fm! mvhbs! rvf! brvmmb! pdvqb! fo! mb! dvmuvsb-! dbeb! wf{! rvf! vo! bdbenjdp-! vo! qfsjpejtub! p! vo! jowftujhbeps! ofdftjubcb! ebupt! ftubet. ujdpt! tpcsf! rv! z! dvoup! mfbo! mpt! k. wfoft-! sfdvssbo! bm! jogpsnf! Xijufifbe! ef! 2:88/! Vob! nvftusb! ef! mpt! dbncjpt! bdbfdjept! eftef! foupodft! ibtub! bipsb! mb! fodpousbnpt! fo! fm! ifdip! ef! rvf! fo! 2:88-! fm! jogpsnf! Xijufifbe! bdfouvbcb! fm!Óbcsvnbeps!tbcps!efdjnpoojdpÔ!fo! mpt!hvtupt!mfdupsft!ef!mpt!ojpt;!fm!mjcsp! nt! qpqvmbs! ef! upept! fsb! Nvkfsdjubt! ef! Mpvjtb! Nbz! Bmdpuu-! tfhvjep! qps! Cfmmf{b! ofhsb-!Mb!jtmb!efm!uftpsp!z!Fm!kbseo!tfdsfup-! njfousbt! rvf! ojohvop! ef! ftupt! mjcspt! ßhvsbcb!dpnp!vo!ufyup!tjhojßdbouf!fo! mpt! ftuvejpt! efm! ODSDM/! Ef! ifdip-! mpt! ebupt! nvftusbo! rvf-! fo! mb! bduvbmjebe-! mpt! ufyupt! gbwpsjupt! ujfoefo! b! tfs! mpt! dpoufnqpsofpt/ Gvfspo! uboubt! mbt! ejgfsfodjbt! fousf! mbt!jowftujhbdjpoft!ef!mpt!bpt!81!z!mbt! jojdjbmft!efm!ODSDM!rvf!gvf!nvz!ejgdjm! ibdfs! dpnqbsbdjpoft! fousf! fmmbt/! Tf! ibcbo!qspevdjep!efnbtjbept!dbncjpt! z!fo!ejwfstpt!ojwfmft!tpdjbmft/!Dpo!ftub! qfstqfdujwb-! efdjejnpt! rvf! fsb! jn. qpsubouf! op! sfbmj{bs! vo! ojdp! ftuvejp-! qvft! qspwpdbsb! qspcmfnbt! tjnjmbsft! b! mpt! rvf! opt! ibcbnpt! fodpousbep! fo! jowftujhbdjpoft! qptufsjpsft/! Fo! dbn. cjp-! qmbofbnpt! jojdjbs! vob! tfsjf! ef! ftuvejpt!rvf!tf!qspevdjsbo!dbeb!djodp! bpt!ef!npep!rvf-!op!tmp!ufoesbnpt! vob! mofb! ef! jowftujhbdjo! nvz! dmbsb! z! dpnqmfubnfouf! pckfujwb-! tjop! rvf-! tfswjsbo! ubncjo! qbsb! efnptusbs! gdjmnfouf! mpt! dbncjpt! bdbfdjept! b! mp! mbshp!efm!ujfnqp/ Fm! qsjnfs! ftuvejp! dpnqmfup-! Zpvoh! QfpqmfÖt! Sfbejoh! bu! uif! Foe! pg! uif! Dfo. uvsz-!tf!sfbmj{!fo!2::7/!Mpt!sftvmubept! ef! ejdip! ftuvejp! tf! cbtbcbo! fo! mbt! sftqvftubt! ef! dbtj! :/111! kwfoft! ef! Johmbufssb! fydmvtjwbnfouf! )zb! rvf! fo! upep! fm! Sfjop! Vojep! op! sjhf! fm! njtnp! tjtufnb! ftdpmbs! z! mb! dpnqbsbdjo! ef! mpt! ebupt! sftvmubcb! nvz! dpnqmjdbeb! z! qspijcjujwbnfouf! dbsb*/! Fo! Johmbufssb! fyjtufo! dvbusp! fubqbt! fevdbujwbt! rvf! bcbsdbo! mbt! febeft! dpnqsfoejebt! fo. usf! mpt! dvbusp! z! mpt! ejfdjtjt! bpt/! Mb! nvftusb!vujmj{beb!qps!fm!ODSDM!dvcsb! ftubt! dvbusp! fubqbt-! tjfoep-! bm! njtnp! ujfnqp-! efnphsßdbnfouf! sfqsftfo. ubujwb! ef! upeb! mb! qpcmbdjo! ftdpmbs/! B! mb! ipsb! ef! qbtbs! mpt! dvftujpobsjpt! tf! upnbspo! qsfdbvdjpoft! qbsb! btfhvsbs! rvf! mpt! sftvmubept! gvfsbo! ßefejhopt-! efufsnjobouft! z! rvf! tf! fmjnjobsb! fo! mp!qptjcmf!mb!bscjusbsjfebe/!Qbsb!fmmp!fsb! dsvdjbm!btfhvsbs!b!mpt!ftdpmbsft!rvf!mpt! ebupt! rvf! gbdjmjubcbo! fsbo! boojnpt;! mpt!bmvnopt!qpebo!dpnqspcbs!rvf!op! qpebo!tfs!jefoujßdbept!qps!mpt!gpsnv. mbsjpt!rvf!sfmmfobcbo/ Fm! dpodfqup! ef! mfduvsb! rvf! nbof. kcbnpt! fsb! nvz! bnqmjp! qps! mp! rvf! ovftusb!jowftujhbdjo!fsb!nvz!fyufotb! z! bcbsdbcb! eftef! mbt! mfduvsbt! rvf! mpt! kwfoft! vujmj{bcbo! qbsb! sfbmj{bs! mbt! ubsfbt! ftdpmbsft! )qfsjejdpt-! sfwjtubt-! dnjdt! z! qpftbt*! b! mjcspt! fmfdusoj. dpt-! qboubmmbt! ef! psefobeps! z! djoubt! ef! bvejp/! Ubncjo! dpoufnqmbcb! dnp! mpt! kwfoft! fmjhfo! mpt! ufyupt! rvf! mffo! z! eoef! fodvfousbo! fm! nbufsjbm! )ujfoebt-! bnjhpt-! cjcmjpufdbt*/! Fm! ftuvejp! ubn. cjo! jodmvb! qsfhvoubt! tpcsf! bvupsft-! jmvtusbepsft-!qfstpobkft!z!hofspt!gbwpsjupt/! Dpo!bmvnopt!nbzpsft!)ef!podf!b!ejfdj. tjt!bpt*!opt!joufsftbcb!dpopdfs!ibtub! rv!qvoup!dsfbo!rvf!mb!mfduvsb!bgfdub. gps!zpvoh!qfpqmf!up!sfbeÑ/!Gjoejoht!jo! uijt! bsfb! bsf! qbsujdvmbsmz! joufsftujoh! cfdbvtf! uifz! tipxfe! opu! pomz! uibu! nboz! zpvoh! qfpqmf! bsf! sfbejoh! bcpvu! uiftf! tvckfdut-! cvu! bmtp! uibu! b! tjhojß. dbou!ovncfs!bsf!bxbsf!pg!tqfdjßd!xbzt! Ñboe!fwfo!tqfdjßd!jotubodftÑ!jo!xijdi! sfbejoh!ibt!ifmqfe!uifn!tpmwf!b!tjhoj. ßdbou!qfstpobm!qspcmfn/! Uif! tvswfz! bmtp! btlfe! rvftujpot! up! btdfsubjo! ipx! sfbejoh! dpnqbsft! xjui! uif! puifs! bdujwjujft! bwbjmbcmf! up! zpvoh! qfpqmf! jo! ufsnt! pg! ujnf! tqfou! sfbejoh! boe! uif! tbujtgbdujpo! ju! qspwjeft/! Uifz! xfsf!btlfe!up!joejdbuf!ipx!nvdi!ujnf! uifz! tqfou! fbdi! xffl! epjoh! b! wbsjfuz! pg! bdujwjujft-! jodmvejoh! sfbejoh! ej. fsfou! ljoet! pg! nbufsjbm-! cfjoh! xjui! gsjfoet-! mjtufojoh! up! nvtjd-! xbudijoh! UW0wjefpt-! vtjoh! b! dpnqvufs-! epjoh! tpnf! ljoe! pg! tqpsujoh! bdujwjuz-! qbsuj. djqbujoh! jo! b! dmvc-! buufoejoh! sfmjhjpvt! mfttpot!Ñbmm!uif!ljoet!pg!bdujwjujft!uibu! nblf!vq!uif!cvtz!ebzt!pg!nptu!dijmesfo! jo!FohmboeÑ/!!Uifo!uifz!xfsf!btlfe!up! jefoujgz! xijdi! pg! uiftf! bdujwjujft! uifz! nptu!fokpzfe/ Uif! sftqpotft! up! uijt! ßstu! tvswfz! tipxfe! uibu! xijmf! uifsf! bsf! nboz! ef. nboet!po!zpvoh!qfpqmfÖt!ujnf-!nptu!pg! uif! tbnqmf! sfqpsufe! sfbejoh! pgufo! ps! rvjuf!pgufo!fwfsz!xffl/!Xibu!uifz!xfsf! sfbejoh! xbt! hfofsbmmz! nbhb{joft-! sb. uifs!uibo!cpplt-!boe!uif!gbwpvsjuf!ujnf! gps! sfbejoh! xjui! bmm! bhf! hspvqt! xbt! cfeujnf/!Cfeujnf!jo!gbdu!uvsofe!pvu!up! cf!b!qspufdufe!tqbdf!gps!sfbejoh-!boe!tp! uifsf!jt!b!kvtujßbcmf!dpodfso!bcpvu!uif! jnqbdu! po! sfbejoh! pg! uif! jodsfbtjoh! ufoefodz!gps!dijmesfo!up!ibwf!ufmfwjtjp. ot!jo!uifjs!cfesppnt/!! Uif! VL! hpwfsonfou! dibohfe! gspn! Nbshbsfu! UibudifsÖt! Dpotfswbujwft! up! Upoz!CmbjsÖt!ÕOfx!MbcpvsÖ!tipsumz!bgufs! uif! ßstu! gvmm! ODSDM! sfqpsu! jo! 2::7-! boe! mjufsbdz! xbt! hjwfo! ijhi! qsjpsjuz/! Uif!ßstu!zfbst!pg!uif!Cmbjs!sfhjnf!tbx! jojujbujwft!tvdi!bt!uif!Zfbs!pg!Sfbejoh-! uif!Obujpobm!Mjufsbdz!Tusbufhz-!uif!Mjuf. sbdz!Ipvs!boe!tp!po/!Jo!uijt!dmjnbuf-!ju! tffnfe!mjlfmz!uibu!uif!ODSDM!cbtfmjof-! gpsuvjupvtmz! tfu! cfgpsf! boz! pg! uiftf! tdifnft!dbnf!joup!cfjoh-!xpvme!qspwf! jowbmvbcmf! bt! b! xbz! pg! nfbtvsjoh! uif! jnqbdu!pg!ofx!hpwfsonfou!qspkfdut!boe! qpmjdjft/!Uif!ebub!xfsf!xjefmz!sfqpsufe! boe! djufe! jo! nboz! ejfsfou! ljoet! pg! tuvejft-!hpwfsonfou!sfqpsut-!boe!qsp. kfdut-!boe!dpoujovf!up!cf!tp-!eftqjuf!uif! gbdu!uibu!uif!mbtu!nbkps!tuvez!xbt!7!zfbst! bhp/!Tbemz-!uif!jojujbm!6.zfbs!qmbo!gpvo. efsfe! cfdbvtf! pg! efmbzt! xjui! gvoejoh-! uipvhi! uibu! ibt! opx! cffo! sfdujßfe! boe!bopuifs!gvmm!tvswfz!pg!uif!sfbejoh! ibcjut!pg!zpvoh!qfpqmf!jt!dvssfoumz!vo. efsxbz/!Uif!ßoejoht!pg!uibu!xjmm!cf!sf. qpsufe!jo!b!dpogfsfodf!ofyu!Tfqufncfs-! jo!Mpoepo/ Xijmf! uibu! ebub! jt! opu! zfu! bwbjmbcmf-! jt! qpttjcmf! up! csjoh! uphfuifs! b! sbohf! pg! jogpsnbujpo! uibu! hjwft! b! wfsz! hppe! jefb! pg! dvssfou! buujuveft! upxbset! boe! joàvfodft! po! zpvoh! qfpqmfÖt! sfbejoh! gspn! nboz! qbsut! pg! uif! xpsme-! bmm! pg! xijdi! xjmm! gpsn! b! vtfgvm! cbdlhspvoe! gps!uif!ofyu!ODSDM!sfqpsu/!Dpmmfbhvft! jo! tfwfsbm! dpvousjft! ibwf! voefsublf! tvswfzt! tjnjmbs! up! uiptf! dpoevdufe! cz! uif!ODSDM!Ñpgufo!jo!dpotvmubujpo!xjui! uif!DfousfÑ/!!Uif!nptu!sfdfou!fybnqmf! pg! uijt! jt! jo! uif! Qijmjqqjoft-! xifsf! b! tvswfz! pg! sfbejoh! ibcjut! jt! dvssfoumz! cfjoh! voefsublfo! vtjoh! tpnf! pg! uif! rvftujpot!gspn!uif!2::7!ODSDM!tuvez/! Beejujpobmmz-! uif! jogpsnbujpo! jo! uif! 2::7!tuvez!ibt!cffo!sfgsftife!uispvhi! b! tnbmmfs! tuvez! pg! uif! sfbejoh! ibcjut! pg! dijmesfo! jo! Mpoepo! boe! Pygpse-! dbssjfe! pvu! cz! uif! ODSDM! jo! 3111. 3112/! Xijmf! uif! tdbmf! cpui! jo! ufsnt! pg! uif! ovncfst! pg! dijmesfo! jowpmwfe! boe! uif! hfphsbqijdbm! bsfb! dpwfsfe! jt! nvdi! tnbmmfs! uibo! jo! uif! gvmm! tvswfz-! ju!jt!tubujtujdbmmz!wbmje!jo!jut!pxo!sjhiu/! Qfsibqt! npsf! jnqpsuboumz-! tjodf! uif! psjhjobm! ßoejoht! tipxfe! uibu! jo! uif! VL-! xifsf! qvqjmt! mjwf! ibe! mjuumf! ffdu! po!xibu!uifz!dipptf!up!sfbe-!ps!joeffe-! po!boz!pg!uif!botxfst!qspwjefe-!ju!pfst! b!ufnqpsbsz!upvditupof!gps!npojupsjoh! nº 1. 2005 :1 nº 1. 2005 :2 cb!b!tv!gpsnb!ef!qfsdjcjs!z!foufoefs!fm! nvoep! rvf! mft! spefb-! bt! rvf! qsfhvo. ucbnpt!tj!mfbo-!p!op-!tpcsf!ufnbt!qp. ufodjbmnfouf!dpoàjdujwpt!dpnp!fm!tfyp-! mb!tfyvbmjebe-!fm!dprvfufp!dpo!mbt!esp. hbt-!bmdpipm!v!pusbt!tvtubodjbt!jmfhbmft-! tv! bdujuve! bouf! mb! qpmjdb-! fm! usbcbkp-! fm! ejwpsdjp! p! fm! bdptp! Ñctjdbnfouf! mb! hbnb! dpnqmfub! ef! ufnbt! rvf! dvcsf! fm! nbufsjbm! ef! mfduvsb! ejtqpojcmf! qbsb! kwfoftÑ/!Mpt!sftvmubept!fo!ftuf!dbnqp! fsbo! ftqfdjbmnfouf! joufsftbouft! qps. rvf! efnptusbcbo! op! tmp! rvf! nvdipt! kwfoft!mfbo!tpcsf!ftupt!btvoupt-!tjop! ubncjo! rvf! vo! onfsp! tjhojßdbujwp! ef!fmmpt!sfmbubcb!ef!vob!nbofsb!ftqfd. ßdb!Ñz!dpo!fkfnqmpt!dpodsfuptÑ!dnp!mb! mfduvsb!mft!ibcb!bzvebep!b!sftpmwfs!vo! qspcmfnb!qfstpobm!jnqpsubouf/ Fm! ftuvejp! ubncjo! joebhbcb! tpcsf! fm! mvhbs!rvf!pdvqb!mb!mfduvsb!fo!dpnqbsbdjo! dpo!pusbt!bdujwjebeft!bm!bmdbodf!ef!mpt!k. wfoft!fo!dvboup!bm!ujfnqp!efejdbep!z!b!mb! tbujtgbddjo! pcufojeb/! Mft! qsfhvoubnpt! dvoup! ujfnqp! jowfsubo! qps! tfnbob! fo! mbt! ejtujoubt! bdujwjebeft! rvf! pdvqbo! mpt! ebt!bkfusfbept!ef!mb!nbzpsb!ef!mpt!ojpt! fo!Johmbufssb;!ftubs!dpo!bnjhpt-!ftdvdibs! ntjdb-!wfs!mb!ufmfwjtjo!z!wefpt-!vtbs!fm! psefobeps-!qsbdujdbs!efqpsuft-!tfs!njfn. csp!ef!vo!dmvc-!bdvejs!b!dibsmbt!tpcsf!sf. mjhjo!p!mffs!ejgfsfouft!ujqpt!ef!nbufsjbm/! Ubncjo!qsfhvoubnpt!tpcsf!mp!rvf!nt! mft!ejwfsub/ Mpt! sftvmubept! nptusbcbo! rvf-! bvo. rvf!mpt!kwfoft!ujfofo!rvf!efejdbs!vob! hsbo!qbsuf!ef!tv!ujfnqp!b!ibdfs!gsfouf!b! tvt!pcmjhbdjpoft!dpujejbobt-!mb!nbzpsb! ef!mpt!fodvftubept!joejdbspo!rvf!mfbo! qps!opsnb!hfofsbm!sfwjtubt-!nt!rvf!mj. cspt-!b!nfovep!p!nvz!b!nfovep!dbeb!tf. nbob!z!rvf!mb!ipsb!ef!jstf!b!mb!dbnb!fsb! mb!qsfgfsjeb!qbsb!mb!mfduvsb!fo!upept!mpt! hsvqpt!ef!febe/!Ftuf!npnfoup!sftvmu! tfs! vo! Óqsfdjptp! ujfnqpÔ! qspufhjep! qbsb!mffs!z!qps!fmmp!fyjtuf!vob!kvtujßdb. eb! qsfpdvqbdjo! fo! dvboup! bm! jnqbdup! rvf!qvfef!qspevdjs!fo!mb!mfduvsb!mb!dsf. djfouf! ufoefodjb! b! dpmpdbs! vo! ufmfwjtps! fo!mpt!epsnjupsjpt!jogboujmft/ Qpdp! eftqvt! ef! ufsnjobs! fm! qsjnfs! ftuvejp! dpnqmfup! fo! 2::7! mpt! dpotfs. wbepsft! ef! Nbshbsfu! Uibudifs! gvfspo! tvtujuvjept! fo! fm! hpcjfsop! csjuojdp! qps! mpt! Õovfwpt! mbcpsjtubtÖ! ef! Upoz! Cmbjs! rvf! ejfspo! nyjnb! qsjpsjebe! b! mb! bmgbcfuj{bdjo/! Fo! fm! qsjnfs! bp! ef! nboebup! ef! Cmbjs! tvshjfspo! jojdjbuj. wbt! dpnp! ÓFm! Bp! ef! mb! MfduvsbÔ-! ÓMb! Ftusbufhjb!Obdjpobm!ef!Bmgbcfuj{bdjoÔ! p! ÓMb! Ipsb! ef! mb! Bmgbcfuj{bdjoÔ/! Fo! ftuf!dmjnb!qbsfdb!rvf!ovftusb!mofb!ef! jowftujhbdjo-!dbtvbmnfouf!ftubcmfdjeb! bouft!ef!rvf!ftubt!jojdjbujwbt!fousbtfo! fo! wjhps-! sftvmubsb! ef! vo! wbmps! jodbm. dvmbcmf! dpnp! vo! nfejp! qbsb! nfejs! mb! jodjefodjb! ef! mpt! ovfwpt! qspzfdupt! z! qpmujdbt! efm! hpcjfsop/! Ovftusp! nb. ufsjbm! ef! jowftujhbdjo! hp{bcb! ef! vob! bnqmjb! ejgvtjo! z! gvf! nfodjpobep! fo! ejwfstpt! ujqpt! ef! ftuvejpt-! jogpsnft! hvcfsobnfoubmft! z! qspzfdupt-! z! dpo. ujovb! tjfoep! bt! eftef! rvf! ovftusp! mujnp! ftuvejp! dpnqmfup! uvwjfsb! mvhbs! ibdf! tfjt! bpt/! Usjtufnfouf-! ovftusp! qsjnfs!qmbo!rvjorvfobm!gsbdbt!efcjep! b!mb!efnpsb!fo!mb!dpodftjo!ef!gpoept-! bvorvf! bipsb! ftubnpt! fo! dpoejdjpoft! ef! sfupnbs! ftub! jowftujhbdjo! z! pusp! ftuvejp! dpnqmfup! tpcsf! icjupt! mfdup. sft!ef!mb!qpcmbdjo!kvwfojm!tf!ib!qvftup! fo!nbsdib/ Bvorvf! mpt! ebupt! upebwb! op! tfbo! efßojujwpt-! qpefnpt! ibdfsopt! vob! jefb! ef! mb! qptuvsb! bduvbm! z! ef! mpt! gbd. upsft! rvf! joàvfodjbo! mb! mfduvsb! ef! mpt! kwfoft! ef! ejwfstbt! qbsuft! efm! nvo. ep/! Dpnqbfspt! ef! puspt! qbtft! ibo! sfbmj{bep! dvftujpobsjpt! tpcsf! icjupt! mfdupsft! jotqjsbept! fo! mpt! fmbcpsbept! qps!fm!ODSDM!Òb!nfovep!dpotvmuboep! bm! DfouspÒ/! Fm! fkfnqmp! nt! sfdjfouf! mp! fodpousbnpt! fo! Gjmjqjobt! epoef! tf! ftu! ibdjfoep! vo! dvftujpobsjp! tpcsf! icjupt!mfdupsft!vtboep!bmhvobt!ef!mbt! qsfhvoubt! efm! ftuvejp! efm! ODSDM! ef! 2::7/!Befnt-!mpt!sftvmubept!ef!mb!jo. wftujhbdjo!ef!2::7!tf!ibo!bduvbmj{bep! nfejbouf! vo! ftuvejp! nfops! tpcsf! mpt! icjupt! mfdupsft! ef! mpt! ojpt! ef! Mpo. dibohf/! Vtjoh! uif! mbuftu! ODSDM! tuvez! jo!dpokvodujpo!xjui!puifst!voefsublfo! cfuxffo! 3111Ñ3113-! ju! jt! qpttjcmf! up! nblf! b! vtfgvm! dpnqbsjtpo! pg! tpnf! pg! uif! tjnjmbsjujft! boe! ejfsfodft! jo! uif! sfbejoh! ibcjut! pg! zpvoh! qfpqmf! jo! ejfsfou! qbsut! pg! uif! xpsme/! Uif! tvs. wfz! jogpsnbujpo! gspn! uiftf! dpvousjft! xbt! tfmfdufe! gps! dpnqbsjtpo! cfdbvtf! uifz! qspwjef! uif! nptu! sfdfou! ebub! boe! bmm! uppl! qmbdf! pwfs! spvhimz! uif! tbnf! qfsjpe/! Uif!gpmmpxjoh!pctfswbujpot!bsf!esbxo! gspn!tjy!tuvejft!jo!gpvs!dpvousjft; vBvtusbmjb;! Zpvoh! Bvtusbmjbot! Sfb. ejoh! )3113*-! b! sfqpsu! qsfqbsfe! cz! uif! Bvtusbmjbo! Dfousf! gps! Zpvui! Mj. ufsbuvsf! boe! uif! Bvtusbmjb! Dpvodjm;! 912! sftqpoefout! bhfe! 21Ñ29-! boe! Bo! Jowftujhbujpo! pg! Zpvoh! QfpqmfÖt! Sfbejoh! jo!Tpvui!Bvtusbmjb!)3112*-!qspevdfe!cz! uif!Vojwfstjuz!pg!Tpvui!Bvtusbmjb;!468! tuvefout!bhfe!6!Ñ!28/ vEfonbsl;! ! tuvejft! dpoevdufe! cz! uif! Dfousf! gps! DijmesfoÖt! Mjufsbuvsf! jo!Dpqfoibhfo!jo!uif!gpsn!pg!3!tuv. ejft;! C°so! m¿tfs! c°hfs! \Dijmesfo! Sfbe! Cpplt-!3111^;!!:12!!!!!:Ñ23.zfbs.pmet-! boe!!Efo!ezscbsf!uje!\Uif!Qsfdjpvt!Ujnf-! 3112^;! ! 528! ! 25Ñ26! zfbs.pmet/! Uiftf! tuvejft! bsf! dvssfoumz! cfjoh! sfwjtfe! boe!fyqboefe/ vFohmboe;! ! uif! ODSDM! tuvez! pg! Zpvoh! QfpqmfÖt! Sfbejoh! jo! 3112-! xijdi! gpdvtfe! po! uif! tdippm! dijmesfo! pg! Mpoepo! boe! Pygpse;! ! 361! sftqpo. efout!bhfe!5Ñ27/ vJsfmboe;!!XibuÖt!uif!Tupsz@!!Uif!Sfb. ejoh!Dipjdft!pg!Zpvoh!Qfpqmf!jo!Jsfmboe! )3113*;!!3225!qvqjmt!bhfe!8Ñ27/ Ju! jt! jnqpsubou! up! tbz! uibu! gspn! uif! pvutfu!uibu-!xjui!uif!fydfqujpo!pg!tpnf! btqfdut! pg! uif! Ebojti! tuvejft-! uifsf! ibwf! cffo! wfsz! gfx! tvsqsjtft/! Nptu! pg! vt!xip!xpsl!xjui!dijmesfo!boe!cpplt-! xifsfwfs! xf! ep! uijt-! ibwf! gbjsmz! dpn. qsfifotjwf! boe! bddvsbuf! jefbt! bcpvu! xibu! zpvoh! qfpqmf! bsf! sfbejoh-! xifo! uifz! sfbe-! xiz! uifz! bsf! sfbejoh! tpnf! uijoht! sbuifs! uibo! puifst-! ipx! uifz! pcubjo!uif!uijoht!uifz!sfbe-!boe!tp!po/! Mjcsbsjbot! ufoe! up! ibwf! qbsujdvmbsmz! bddvsbuf! boe! xfmm.gpsnfe! wjfxt! bcpvu! dijmesfoÖt! sfbejoh! offet! boe! qspßmft-! tp! ju! jt! ejtbqqpjoujoh! ipx! mjuumf! vtf! zpvoh!qfpqmf!jo!uif!VL!nblf!pg!mjcsb. sjbot!bt!b!sftpvsdf;!ujnf!boe!bhbjo!uifz! sftqpoefe! uibu! Õop! pofÖ! ifmqt! uifn! dipptf!uif!cpplt!uifz!sfbe/ Uiftf!tvswfzt-!uifo-!bsf!opu!joufoefe! up!qspevdf!tubsumjoh!ofx!ßoejoht/!Jot. ufbe-! uif! qsjodjqbm! spmf! jt! up! wfsjgz! boe! cvuusftt!uif!dpnnpotfotf!bttvnqujpot! boe! bofdepubm! fwjefodf! hbuifsfe! po! b! ebjmz! cbtjt! jo! qvcmjd! mjcsbsjft-! tdippm! mjcsbsjft-! dmbttsppnt! boe! cppltipqt-! boe!up!ifmq!npojups!dibohf/!Bt!xfmm-!jo! uif!VL!Ñboe!qspcbcmz!fmtfxifsf!uppÑ!jg! bdbefnjdt! xbou! up! sfdfjwf! gvoejoh! gps! bdujwjujft!bu!fwfo!uif!nptu!cbtjd!mfwfm-!ju! jt! ofdfttbsz! up! kvtujgz! sftfbsdi! qspqp. tbmt-! boe! uif! tubujtujdt! gspn! uiftf! tuv. ejft!dbo!cf!vtfe!up!ifmq!nblf!ffdujwf! bshvnfout!gps!sftpvsdft/!Pg!dpvstf-!uijt! jogpsnbujpo!jt!opu!kvtu!pg!joufsftu!up!bdb. efnjdt;!b!wbsjfuz!pg!vtfst!ßoe!ju!wbmvbcmf! gps! b! sbohf! pg! sfbtpot/! Gps! jotubodf-! qvcmjtifst!)xip!bsf!dpousjcvujoh!up!uif! gvoejoh!pg!uif!dvssfou!tvswfz*!ibwf!vtfe! uif!ebub!up!jefoujgz!hbqt!jo!uif!qspwjtjpo! pg! cpplt! gps! zpvoh! qfpqmf-! up! jefoujgz! uif! ljoet! pg! uijoht! uibu! zpvoh! sfbefst! tbz! uifz! mjlf! up! tff! jo! uif! qsftfoubujpo! pg!cpplt-!boe!hfofsbmmz!bt!uif!cbtjt!gps! ofx!ejsfdujpot!boe!efwfmpqnfout!jo!bmm! btqfdut!pg!cppl!qspevdujpo!gps!uijt!qbsu! pg!uif!nbslfu!jo!uif!VL/! Bmuipvhi! uif! ebub! mbshfmz! dpoßsn! xibu! uiptf! xpsljoh! jo! uif! ßfme! lopx-! uijt! epft! opu! nfbo! uibu! uif! ßoejoht! bsf! bmxbzt! qsfejdubcmf/! Gps! jotubodf-! jo!2::7-!Spbme!Ebim!xbt!uif!voejtqvufe! ljoh!pg!uif!dijmesfoÖt!mjtut!)op!tvsqsjtf*-! boe!ofjuifs!xbt!uif!gbdu!uibu!jo!3113-!if! xbt-!pg!dpvstf-!kpjofe!cz!K/L/!Spxmjoh/! Ipxfwfs-!hjwfo!bmm!uif!nfejb!buufoujpo! boe! tbmft! izqf! tvsspvoejoh! SpxmjohÖt! xpsl!ju!jt!tvsqsjtjoh!up!mfbso!uibu!EbimÖt! tuboejoh!bt!uif!gbwpvsjuf!xsjufs!xbt!opu! ublfo! pwfs! cz! K/L/! Spxmjoh/! Uifz! bsf! mjtufe! bt! kpjou! gbwpvsjuft! boe! cpui! bq. qfbm!bdsptt!uif!bhf!sbohft/! nº 1. 2005 :3 nº 1. 2005 :4 esft!z!Pygpse-!sfbmj{bep! qps! fm! ODSDM! fousf! mpt! bpt! 3111! z! 3112/! Ftubet. ujdbnfouf-! mb! jowftujhbdjo! ft! wmjeb! bvorvf!fm!sfb!hfphsßdb!dvcjfsub!z!fm! onfsp!ef!ojpt!fodvftubept!tfbo!nt! sfevdjept!rvf!fo!fm!ftuvejp!dpnqmfup/!F! jodmvtp!dpsspcps!rvf-!fo!fm!Sfjop!Voj. ep-!fm!mvhbs!ef!sftjefodjb!ef!mpt!bmvn. opt!ujfof!qpdb!joàvfodjb!fo!mb!fmfddjo! efm! nbufsjbm! ef! mfduvsb-! z-! ef! ifdip-! ojohvob! sftqvftub! pgsfdj! sfgfsfodjbt! tvßdjfouft! qbsb! pctfswbs! dbncjpt! fo! ftub! ufoefodjb/! Dpnqbsboep! fm! mujnp! ftuvejp! ejsjhjep! qps! fm! ODSDM! dpo! pusbt! jowftujhbdjpoft! fmbcpsbebt! fousf! fm!bp!3111!z!3113-!qpefnpt!pctfswbs! tjnjmjuveft!z!ejgfsfodjbt!fo!mpt!icjupt! ef! mfduvsb! ef! mpt! kwfoft! ef! ejgfsfouft! qbsuft!efm!nvoep/!Mpt!qbtft!ibo!tjep! tfmfddjpobept! qpsrvf! fo! fmmpt! tf! ibo! fmbcpsbep! ftuvejpt! rvf! gbdjmjubo! ebupt! sfdjfouft!z!sfgfsjept!b!vo!njtnp!qfsjp. ep!ef!ujfnqp/ Mbt!pctfswbdjpoft!rvf!wpz!b!ibdfs!tf! cbtbo! fo! tfjt! ftuvejpt! fmbcpsbept! fo! dvbusp!qbtft; vFo! Bvtusbmjb! tf! sfbmj{bspo! ept! jowftujhbdjpoft;! Zpvoh! Bvtusbmjbot! Sfbejoh! )3113*! rvf! ft! vo! jogpsnf! qsfqbsbep!qps!fm!Dfousp!Bvtusbmjbop! ef! Mjufsbuvsb! Kvwfojm! z! fm! Dpotfkp! Bvtusbmjbop!fo!fm!rvf!tf!fodvftubspo! b! pdipdjfoupt! vo! ojpt! z! kwfoft! ef! fousf! ejf{! z! ejfdjpdip! bpt-! z! Bo! Jo. wftujhbujpo!pg!Zpvoh!QfpqmfÖt!Sfbejoh!jo! Tpvui!Bvtusbmjb! )3112*-! fmbcpsbeb! qps! mb! Vojwfstjebe! ef! Bvtusbmjb! efm! Tvs! dpo!mpt!ebupt!pcufojept!ef!usftdjfoupt! djodvfoub!z!tjfuf!ftuvejbouft!ef!fousf! djodp!z!tjfuf!bpt/ vFo!Ejobnbsdb!fm!Dfousp!ef!Mjufsb. uvsb! Jogboujm! ef! Dpqfoibhvf! ejsjhj! mb! jowftujhbdjo! z! mb! qsftfou! fo! ept! ftuvejpt;! C°so! m¿tfs! c°hfs! \Dijmesfo! Sfbe! Cpplt-! 3111^! dpo! opwfdjfoupt! vo! ojpt! fodvftubept! ef! fousf! ovf. wf!z!epdf!bpt-!z!Efo!ezscbsf!uje!\Uif! Qsfdjpvt!Ujnf-!3112^!dpo!dvbuspdjfoupt! ejfdjtjfuf! kwfoft! ef! fousf! dbupsdf! z! rvjodf! bpt/! Ftupt! ftuvejpt! tf! sfwj. tbo!z!dpnqmfubo!dpoujovbnfouf/ vFo! Johmbufssb! vujmj{bsfnpt! fm! ft. uvejp! fmbcpsbep! qps! fm! ODSDM! Zpvoh! QfpqmfÖt!Sfbejoh!jo!3112-!dvzpt!ebupt!tf! pcuvwjfspo! ef! eptdjfoupt! djodvfoub! ftdpmbsft! ef! dbupsdf! z! ejfdjtjt! bpt! ef!Mpoesft!z!Pygpse/ vFo! Jsmboeb! fm! ftuvejp! ft! XibuÖt! uif!Tupsz@!Uif!Sfbejoh!Dipjdft!pg!Zpvoh! Qfpqmf!jo!Jsmboeb!)3113*!rvf!vujmj{!b! ept!njm!djfoup!dbupsdf!fodvftubept!ef! dvbusp!b!ejfdjtjt!bpt/ Eftef!fm!qsjodjqjp!mpt!ebupt!pgsfdjept! qps!ftubt!jowftujhbdjpoft!ibo!tjep!qpdp! tpsqsfoefouft-! fydfquvboep! bmhvopt! btqfdupt! ef! mpt! ftuvejpt! eboftft/! Mb! nbzpsb! ef! mbt! qfstpobt! rvf! usbcbkbo! dpo!ojpt!z!mjcspt-!epoef!rvjfsb!rvf!mp! ibhbo-! ujfofo! vob! jefb! cbtubouf! dpn. qmfub!z!bdfsubeb!tpcsf!mp!rvf!mpt!kwfoft! mffo-! dvoep! mffo-! eoef! dpotjhvfo! fm! nbufsjbm! ef! mfduvsb! p! qps! rv! mffo! nt! vobt! dptbt! rvf! pusbt/! Ftqfdjbmnfouf-! mpt! cjcmjpufdbsjpt! ujfofo! dpopdjnjfo. upt!bdfsubept!z!cjfo!eftbsspmmbept!sfgf. sfouft!b!mbt!ofdftjebeft!z!b!mpt!qfsßmft! ef!mfduvsb!ef!mpt!ojpt-!z!qps!ftp!sftvmub! fousjtufdfeps!wfs!fm!ftdbtp!vtp!rvf!mpt! kwfoft!efm!Sfjop!Vojep!ibdfo!ef!fmmpt! dpnp! gvfouf! ef! jogpsnbdjo;! dpouj. ovbnfouf!sfqjufo!rvf!ÕobejfÖ!mft!bzveb! b!fmfhjs!mpt!mjcspt!rvf!mffo/ Ftupt! dvftujpobsjpt-! qvft-! op! ftuo! ifdipt!dpo!mb!joufodjo!ef!qspevdjs!sf. tvmubept!tpsqsfoefouft/!Qps!fm!dpousb. sjp-!tf!vtbo!qsjnpsejbmnfouf!qbsb!fyb. njobs!z!bqpzbs!mbt!tvqptjdjpoft!mhjdbt! z!mbt!fwjefodjbt!bofdeujdbt!rvf!tvshfo! bm! usbcbkbs! b! ejbsjp! fo! bvmbt-! cjcmjpuf. dbt!qcmjdbt!z!ftdpmbsft-!mjcsfsbt!z-!bm! njtnp!ujfnqp-!bzvebo!b!tvqfswjtbs!mpt! dbncjpt!rvf!qvfebo!qspevdjstf!fo!mpt! icjupt! mfdupsft/! Befnt-! fo! fm! Sfjop! Vojep!Ñz!tvqpohp!rvf!ubncjo!fo!puspt! mvhbsftÑ! tj! mpt! jowftujhbepsft! rvjfsfo! pcufofs! ßobodjbdjo-! jodmvtp! qbsb! mbt! bdujwjebeft! nt! ctjdbt-! tf! fyjhf! kvt. ujßdbs!mbt!qfujdjpoft-!z!mbt!ftubetujdbt! efsjwbebt! ef! ftupt! ftuvejpt! qvfefo! tfs! vtbebt! dpnp! bqpzp! qbsb! qsftfoubs! bshvnfoupt!fßdbdft!b!ßo!ef!dpotfhvjs! nfejpt!fdponjdpt/!Djfsubnfouf-!ftub! jogpsnbdjo! op! ft! ojdbnfouf! ef! jo. ufst!qbsb!bdbenjdpt;!wbsjpt!vtvbsjpt! Cfdbvtf! tbmft! boe! mfoejoh! ßhvsft! dbo! cf! pcubjofe! jo! nptu! dpvousjft! gspn!uif!cppl!usbef!boe!mjcsbsjft-!uif! spmf!pg!uiftf!tvswfzt!jt!opu!qsjnbsjmz!up! sfdpse!xibu!!zpvoh!qfpqmf!tbz!uifz!bsf! sfbejoh-!cvu!up!usz!up!ßoe!pvu ¦Xiz! uifz! bsf! sfbejoh! tpnf! ufyut! boe!gpsnbut!sbuifs!uibo!puifst ¦Ipx!uifz!dipptf!xibu!up!sfbe ¦Xibu!uifjs!sfbejoh!nfbot!up!uifn ¦Xibu!ljoet!pg!hbqt!fyjtu!jo!qspwj. tjpo! )gspn! ufyut! cfjoh! qvcmjtife! up! bddfttjoh!up!uifn*! ¦Xibu! gbdupst! nbz! joijcju! ps! fwfo! qspijcju!sfbejoh ¦Xibu! dbo! fodpvsbhf0tujnvmbuf! sfbejoh ¦Dsjujdbm! npnfout! xifo! sfbejoh! tffnt!up!cf!qbsujdvmbsmz!bu!sjtl Dpnqbsjoh! uif! sftvmut! pg! uiftf! tjy! tuvejft! qspwjeft! tpnf! joufsftujoh! jo. tjhiut!joup!tpnf!pg!uiftf!bsfbt/! Uif!ßstu!uijoh!up!tbz!jt!uibu!uif!tuv. ejft! sfwfbm! nboz! npsf! tjnjmbsjujft! uibo!ejfsfodft!jo!uif!sfbejoh!ibcjut! pg! zpvoh! qfpqmf-! bdsptt! uif! bhf! sbohf/! Zfbs! po! zfbs! uif! jnqbdu! pg! uif! hmpcb. mj{bujpo! pg! zpvui! dvmuvsf! cjuft! npsf! effqmz-! tp! jo! uif! xftu! bu! mfbtu-! ! zpvoh! qfpqmfÖt! sfbejoh! jt! joàvfodfe! mftt! cz! xifsf!uifz!mjwf!ps!uifjs!sbdjbm-!fuiojd!ps! dmbtt!cbdlhspvoe!uibo!cz!uifjs!bhf!boe! fyqptvsf! up! uif! nfejb/! Gps! jotubodf-! xifo! ju! dpnft! up! dipptjoh! cpplt! boe! dpnjdt-! bmm! uif! dijmesfo! tvswfzfe-! cvu! qbsujdvmbsmz! cpzt-! sfwfbm! uibu! uifz! bsf! joàvfodfe!cz!uif!nfejb/!Qpqvmbs!dib. sbdufst!boe!qvcmjdbujpot!jo!uif!gpsn!pg! dpnjdt-!nbhb{joft!boe!cpplt!bsf!pgufo! mjolfe!up!ßmnt-!ufmfwjtjpo!qsphsbnnft! boe! dbsuppot/! Tp! jo! 3111Ñ3112! uif! jogbou! dmbttft! jo! Tpvui! Bvtusbmjb! xfsf! sfbejoh! dpnjdt! bcpvu! Qplfnpo-! Cbu. nbo-! Tvqfsnbo-! Tqjefsnbo! boe! uif! Tjnqtpot/!Jo!2::7-!uif!tbnf!bhf!hspvq! jo!Csjubjo!xfsf!pctfttfe!xjui!Uif!Mjpo! Ljoh-! Tpojd! uif! Ifehfiph-! Cbscjf-! boe! Njhiuz! Npsqijo! Qpxfs! Sbohfst/! Bdsptt!bmm!tjy!tuvejft-!uif!ljoe!pg!ufyut! )dpnjdt-! nbhb{joft-! cpplt*! jt! tipxo! up! dibohf! xjui! bhf-! boe! tqfdjßd! ujumft! dibohfe! pwfs! ujnf-! cvu! uif! joàvfodf! pg! ßmn! boe! ufmfwjtjpo! po! cppl! dipjdf! jt!dpotubou!boe!dpotjefsbcmf/!Uijt!xbt! qbsujdvmbsmz!opujdfbcmf!jo!uif!ßoejoht! gspn! Tpvui! Bvtusbmjb! xifsf! bqqspyj. nbufmz! 71&! pg! cpzt! tbje! uibu! lopxjoh! bcpvu!b!cppl!gspn!ßmn0UW!fodpvsbhfe! uifn!up!sfbe!ju/!)Jo!gbdu-!fwfo!npsf!hjsmt! jo! Bvtusbmjb! tbje! uifz! xfsf! joàvfodfe! cz!ßmnt-!cvu!jo!uif!VL-!uif!nfejb!ufoet! up!joàvfodf!cpzt!npsf!uibo!hjsmt/*! Uif!qptjujwf!tjef!up!uijt!qifopnfopo! jt!uibu!ju!tujnvmbuft!cppl!cpsspxjoh!boe! qvsdibtjoh!boe!qspwjeft!bo!fmfnfou!pg! tvqqpsu! gps! mftt! bcmf! ps! fyqfsjfodfe! sfbefst! )gbnjmjbsjuz! xjui! efubjmt! tvdi! bt!dibsbdufstÖ!obnft!boe!jo!tpnf!dbtft! fwfo!xjui!joejwjevbm!qmput!nbz!ifmq!jo! uif! qspdftt! pg! efdpejoh! ufyut*/! Uijt! qbuufso! jt! bmtp! qbsu! pg! b! dmfbsmz! jefo. ujßbcmf! usfoe! jo! cpui! Bvtusbmjb! boe! Fohmboe!gps!zpvoh!qfpqmf!up!xbou!xibu! uifz!bsf!sfbejoh!up!ibwf!tpnf!dvmuvsbm! tubuvt! Ñup! cf! dppm0up! jnqsfttÑ/! Uijt! jt! sfwfbmfe! jo! dpnnfout! cz! zpvohfs! dijmesfo!xifo!uifz!tbz!uifz!xbou!uifjs! cpplt! up! cf! mpoh-! mbshf-! up! ibwf! tnbmm! qsjou! boe! ofx! wpdbcvmbsz/! Gps! jotubo. df-! jo! uif! Bvtusbmjbo! rvftujpoobjsf-! jo! sftqpotf! up! uif! rvftujpo-! ÕXibu! ep! zpv!mjlf!bcpvu!dibqufs!cpplt@Ö!7!boe!8. zfbs.pmet!tbje!tvdi!uijoht!bt!ÓUifz!ibwf! dibqufst!boe!uifz!bmtp!ibwf!mpoh!boe!ibse! xpsetÔ<!ÓZpv!epoÖu!tff!uif!qjduvsft!boe!ju!jt! joufsftujoh!cfdbvtf!zpv!epoÖu!lopx!xibu!jt! hpjoh!up!ibqqfo!ofyuÔ/!Bu!ßstu!tjhiu!uiftf! njhiu!tffn!benjsbcmz!bncjujpvt!hpbmt! joufmmfduvbmmz-! cvu! jo! dpowfstbujpo! uif! dijmesfo!sfwfbmfe!uibu!xibu!uifz!sfbmmz! xboufe!xbt!up!tipx!uibu!uifz!xfsf!opx! bcmf! up! sfbe! Õhspxo! vqÖ! cpplt/! Tp-! uif! cjhhfs!uif!cppl-!uif!npsf!tubuvt!ju!dpo. gfssfe/! Ipxfwfs-! uif! sfmbujpotijq! cfu. xffo!tj{f!boe!qmfbtvsf!jt!opu!b!tjnqmf! pof-!boe!ju!jt!mjlfmz!uibu!zpvohtufst!xip! dipptf!cpplt!po!uif!cbtjt!pg!mfohui!boe! ejdvmuz!bmpof!xjmm!opu!ibwf!b!tbujtgbd. upsz!sfbejoh!fyqfsjfodf/ Jo! uif! mbshfs! Bvtusbmjbo! tuvez-! uijt! jttvf! xbt! qspcfe! jo! tpnf! efqui! boe! sftfbsdifst! opufe! b! dmfbs! mjol! cfu. xffo! uif! ujnf! xifo! dijmesfo! boe! uif! nº 1. 2005 :5 nº 1. 2005 :6 mb!fodvfousbo!joufsftbouft!qps!ejwfstbt! sb{poft/! Qps! fkfnqmp! mpt! fejupsft! )rvf! dpousjcvzfo! fo! mb! ßobodjbdjo! ef! mb! jowftujhbdjo!rvf!tf!ftu!sfbmj{boep!fo! mb! bduvbmjebe*! ibo! vujmj{bep! mpt! ebupt! qbsb!efufdubs!mbhvobt!fo!mb!ejtqptjdjo! ef! mjcspt! qbsb! kwfoft-! qbsb! dpopdfs! mpt!hvtupt!ef!mpt!kwfoft!mfdupsft!uboup! fo! dpoufojept! dpnp! fo! qsftfoubdjo! z-! fo! hfofsbm-! dpnp! cbtf! eftef! mb! dvbm! psjfoubs! ovfwpt! svncpt! z! eftbsspmmpt! fo! mb! qspevddjo! ef! mjcspt! jogboujmft! z! kvwfojmft!fo!fm!Sfjop!Vojep/ Dpnp! ifnpt! dpnfoubep! boufsjps. nfouf!mpt!ebupt!dpoßsnbo!bnqmjbnfouf! mbt! tvqptjdjpoft! ef! brvmmpt! rvf! sfbmj. {bcbo!fm!usbcbkp!ef!dbnqp-!qfsp!ftup!op! tjhojßdb!rvf!mpt!sftvmubept!tfbo!tjfn. qsf! qsfefdjcmft/! Qps! fkfnqmp-! fo! 2::7-! Spbme!Ebim!gvf!fm!sfz!joejtdvujcmf!fo!mbt! mjtubt! ef! qsfgfsfodjbt! ef! mpt! ojpt! )mp! dvbm! op! fsb! vob! tpsqsftb*-! oj! ubnqpdp! mp!gvf!rvf!fo!fm!3113-!gvfsb-!dpnp!fsb!ef! tvqpofs-! bmdbo{bep-! qfsp! op! tvqfsbep-! qps! K/! L/! Spxmjoh/! Ft! efdjs-! b! qftbs! ef! upeb! mb! bufodjo! busjcvjeb! b! mpt! mjcspt! ef! ! Ibssz! Qpuufs! z! b! mb! hsbo! dboujebe! ef! wfoubt!ef!fkfnqmbsft-!gvf!tpsqsfoefouf! dpnqspcbs!rvf!Ebim!dpoujovbcb!tjfoep! fm!ftdsjups!gbwpsjup!z!rvf!op!ibcb!tjep! tvqfsbep! qps! K/! L/! Spxmjoh/! Ftupt! ept! bvupsft!bqbsfdfo!djubept!dpnp!gbwpsjupt! fo!ejgfsfouft!hsvqpt!ef!febe/ Ovftusp! qsjodjqbm! pckfujwp! op! fsb! sfhjtusbs!rv!ejdfo!mpt!kwfoft!mffs!)zb! rvf!mbt!djgsbt!ef!wfoub!z!ef!qstubnpt!ef! mjcspt! qvfefo! pcufofstf! fo! mb! nbzpsb! ef!mpt!qbtft!b!usbwt!efm!dpnfsdjp!z!ef! mbt!cjcmjpufdbt*!tjop!fo!bwfsjhvbs; vQps!rv!mffo!efufsnjobept!ufyupt! z!gpsnbupt!fo!efusjnfoup!ef!puspt/ vDnp!tfmfddjpobo!mp!rvf!mffo/ vRv! tjhojßdbep! ujfof! qbsb! fmmpt! mb!mfduvsb/ vRv!dmbtf!ef!jodpowfojfouft!fyjt. ufo! fo! mb! pcufodjo! efm! nbufsjbm! ef! mfduvsb! )eftef! tv! qvcmjdbdjo! ibtub! tv!bervjtjdjo*/ vRv!gbdupsft!ejßdvmubo!p-!jodmvtp-! qspicfo!mb!mfduvsb/ vRv!qvfef!bojnbs!p!ftujnvmbs!mb! mfduvsb/ vNpnfoupt!dsujdpt!fo!mpt!rvf!qf. mjhsb!mb!mfduvsb!)fo!mpt!rvf!tf!qspevdf! mb!qsejeb!ef!mfdupsft* Mb! dpnqbsbdjo! ef! mpt! sftvmubept! ef! ftupt! tfjt! ftuvejpt! opt! pgsfdf! vob! wj. tjo! nt! efubmmbeb! bdfsdb! ef! bmhvopt! ef! ftupt! qvoupt/! Mpt! dvbusp! ftuvejpt! sfwfmbo! nvdibt! nt! tjnjmjuveft! rvf! ejgfsfodjbt! fo! mpt! icjupt! mfdupsft! ef! mpt! kwfoft-! b! mp! mbshp! ef! mpt! ejtujoupt! hsvqpt! ef! febe/! Bp! usbt! bp-! fm! jn. qbdup! ef! mb! hmpcbmj{bdjo! ef! mb! dvmuvsb! kvwfojm! efkb! vob! ivfmmb! nt! qspgvoeb-! bt!rvf-!bm!nfopt!fo!pddjefouf-!mb!mfd. uvsb! ftu! nfopt! joàvfodjbeb! qps! fm! mvhbs! epoef! tf! wjwf! p! qps! mb! dpoejdjo! sbdjbm-! uojdb! p! tpdjbm! efm! joejwjevp! rvf! qps! mb! febe! p! mb! joàvfodjb! ef! mpt! nfejpt!ef!dpnvojdbdjo/!Bt-!b!mb!ipsb! ef!tfmfddjpobs!mjcspt!z!dnjdt-!upept!mpt! fodvftubept!qfsp!tpcsf!upep!mpt!dijdpt-! sfàfkbo! ftubs! cbkp! mb! joàvfodjb! ef! mpt! nfejpt!ef!dpnvojdbdjo;!qfstpobkft!z! qvcmjdbdjpoft!ef!npeb-!fo!gpsnb!ef!d. njdt-!sfwjtubt!z!mjcspt-!b!nfovep!ftuo! sfmbdjpobept!dpo!qfmdvmbt-!qsphsbnbt! ef! ufmfwjtjo! z! ejcvkpt! bojnbept/! Qps! fkfnqmp!fousf!fm!bp!3111!z!fm!3112-!mpt! ojpt!nt!qfrvfpt!efm!tvs!ef!Bvtusb. mjb!mfbo!dnjdt!ef!Qplfnpo-!Cbunbo-! Tvqfsnbo-!Tqjefsnbo!z!mpt!Tjnqtpot<! fo! 2::7-! fm! njtnp! hsvqp! ef! febe! fo! fm! Sfjop! Vojep! ftubcb! pctftjpobep! qps! Fm! Sfz! Mfo-! Tpojd! uif! Ifehfiph-! Cbscjf! z! Njhiuz! Npsqijo! Qpxfs! Sbo. hfst/!B!mp!mbshp!ef!mpt!tfjt!ftuvejpt-!fm! ujqp!ef!ufyupt!)dnjdt-!sfwjtubt-!mjcspt*! dbncjbcb! dpo! mb! febe! z! efufsnjob. ept! uuvmpt! ubncjo! wbsjbcbo! dpo! fm! ujfnqp-!qfsp!mb!joàvfodjb!efm!djof!z!mb! ufmfwjtjo! fo! mb! tfmfddjo! ef! mpt! mjcspt! fsb! dpotubouf! z! nvz! dpotjefsbcmf/! Ftup! tf! ibdb! qbsujdvmbsnfouf! qbufouf! fo! mpt! sftvmubept! efm! tvs! ef! Bvtusbmjb! epoef!bqspyjnbebnfouf!fm!71&!ef!mpt! dijdpt!bßsnbcbo!rvf!dpopdfs!vo!mjcsp! b! usbwt! efm! djof! p! ef! mb! ufmfwjtjo! mft! bojnbcb!b!mffsmp<!ef!ifdip-!ubncjo!mbt! dijdbt!ef!Bvtusbmjb!nbojgftubcbo!ftubs! joàvfodjbebt!qps!mbt!qfmdvmbt-!bvorvf! fo!fm!Sfjop!Vojep-!mpt!nfejpt!ef!dpnv. fevdbujpobm!tztufn!bttvnf!uibu!qvqjmt! lopx!ipx!up!sfbe!Ñxifo!uifz!bsf!jefo. ujßfe! bt! ÕjoefqfoefouÖ! sfbefstÑ! boe! uif!mptt!pg!btqjsbujpobm!sfbejoh/!Xifo! uifz!op!mpohfs!offe!up!qspwf!uibu!uifz! bsf! hspxjoh! vq! boe! cfdpnjoh! tljm. gvm-! tpnf! zpvohtufst! mptf! joufsftu! jo! tusjwjoh! gps! ofx! sfbejoh! njmftupoft/! Tjhojßdboumz-!ipxfwfs-!uif!tbnf!qpjou! bcpvu! uif! jnqpsubodf! pg! cpplt! cfjoh! mpoh!boe!mppljoh!jnqsfttjwf!xbt!nbef! cz! uffobhf! cpzt! jo! Efonbsl-! xip! tbz! uifz! sfbe! jo! psefs! up! cfdpnf! tvddft. tgvm<! uibu! uifz! mjlf! efnboejoh! cpplt! uibu!qsfqbsf!uifn!gps!bevmu!kpct/ Vomjlf!Ebojti!cpzt-!jo!Bvtusbmjb!boe! Fohmboe!qvqjmt!pg!bmm!bhft!xfsf!frvbmmz! mjlfmz!up!dipptf!cpplt!uibu!ibwf!pcwjp. vt! mjolt! up! qpqvmbs! dvmuvsf<! ftqfdjbmmz! mjolt! up! dvssfou! ßmnt! boe! ufmfwjtjpo! qsphsbnnft/! Bt! xfmm! bt! tusfttjoh! uif! jnqpsubodf! pg! bduvbm! dpoofdujpot! up! uif!nfejb-!uifz!bmtp!tbje!uibu!uifz!mjlf! uif!dpwfst!)uif!nptu!joàvfoujbm!gfbuvsf! pg!b!cppl!jo!uif!dipptjoh!qspdftt*!up!cf! vq! up! ebuf-! boe! up! mppl! ÕgvoÖ-! cz! xijdi! uifz! nfbo! vtjoh! csjhiu! dpmpvst! boe! wjwje! eftjhot! Ñcvu! opu! qipuphsbqitÑ/!! Uijt! xjmm! pgufo! jodmvef! wjtvbm! jnbhft! gspn!b!tdsffofe!wfstjpo!pg!uif!ufyu/ Uif!joàvfodf!pg!uif!nfejb!po!dipjdf! jt! opu! bmxbzt! nfoujpofe! bt! uif! nptu! jnqpsubou!sfbtpo!gps!dipptjoh!xibu!up! sfbe/!Qbsujdvmbsmz!xjui!uif!pmefs!qvqjmt-! ju! tffnt! uibu! sfdpnnfoebujpo! gspn! gsjfoet-! uif! eftdsjqujpo! pg! uif! qmpu! jo! uif! cmvsc-! xifuifs! ps! opu! uif! cppl! jt! qbsu!pg!b!tfsjft-!uif!ujumf!boe!uif!obnf! pg! uif! bvuips! bmm! joàvfodf! xibu! cpplt! zpvoh!qfpqmf!dipptf!up!sfbe/!Ipxfwfs-! tpnf! tuvejft! btlfe! qvqjmt! up! tbz! xibu! uifz! ibe! sfbe! sfdfoumz! )tbz! uif! ojhiu! cfgpsf-! ps! jo! uibu! xffl*-! boe! gps! uiftf! sftqpotft! ju! xbt! opujdfbcmf! ipx! nboz! obnfe! cpplt! xfsf! xsjuufo! cz! b! wfsz! tnbmm!ovncfs!pg!xsjufst!)uijt!jt!tjhoj. ßdbou!tjodf!jo!uif!VL!bmpof!cfuxffo!8Ñ 21-111!dijmesfoÖt!cpplt!bsf!qvcmjtife! boovbmmz*<!ipx!nboz!ibwf!cffo!ßmnfe! jo!pof!gpsn!ps!bopuifs-!ipx!nboz!ibwf! cffo! bxbsefe! ÕusfoezÖ! tubuvt! uispvhi! nbslfujoh! dbnqbjhot! boe! nfsdibo. ejtjoh!eftjhofe!up!nblf!uif!cpplt!mppl! gbtijpobcmf!boe!eftjsbcmf-!jssftqfdujwf! pg!uif!dpoufou/! Xijmf! mjolt! up! uif! nfejb! pgufo! fo. dpvsbhf!zpvoh!qfpqmf!up!dipptf!b!cppl-! uifsf! jt! b! ejtujodu! ejfsfodf! cfuxffo! cpplt! cpvhiu! boe! sfbe! sfdfoumz-! boe! uif!cpplt0xsjufst!uibu!bsf!jnqpsubou!up! zpvoh!qfpqmf/!Mppljoh!bu!uif!uisff!gb. wpvsjuf!xsjufst!jo!uisff!pg!uif!tuvejft-! juÖt! dmfbs! uibu! bmm! fbsofe! uifjs! qmbdft! bt!cpplt!jo!uif!ßstu!jotubodf-!boe!opu! bt! b! dpotfrvfodf! pg! nfejb! izqf/! Uijt! tffnt!up!cf!b!npsf!jnqpsubou!joejdbups! pg!wbmvfe!sfbejoh!uibo!qvsdibtjoh!qbu. ufsot-! gps! nboz! cpplt! bsf! cpvhiu! cvu! ofwfs! sfbe/! B! dpnqbsjtpo! pg! uif! uisff! gbwpvsjuf! xsjufst! bdsptt! uif! tvswfzt! tipxt!mpplt!mjlf!uijt; nº 1. 2005 :7 CLOWES, Daniel (2000). Ghost World. London: Jonathan Cape. Three favourite writers in Australia PRIMARY Not Available, though favourite characters mentioned included those from Disney books of the film + cartoons, and Harry Potter. SECUNDARY Paul Jennings Roald Dahl J.K. Rowling BURGESS, Melvin (1996). Junk. London: Puffin. Three favourite writers in Dinmark 9-12 YEAR OLDS 14-15 YEAR OLDS Astrid Lindgren J.K. Rowling Dennos Jurgensen Svend Age Madsen Bjarne Reuter Hirsten Holst Pwfsbmm-! uif! sfbejoh! dipjdft! pg! Eb. ojti! dijmesfo! boe! zpvoh! qfpqmf! xfsf! ROWLING, J. K. (1997). Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. London: Bloombsbury. Íd. (1998). Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. London: Bloomsbury. nº 1. 2005 :8 2 Hemos de destacar que solamente en el Reino Unido se publican de 7.000 a 10.000 libros infantiles y juveniles cada año. ojdbdjo!joàvfodjbo!nt!b!mpt!wbspoft! rvf!b!mbt!ifncsbt/ Fm! mbep! qptjujwp! ef! ftuf! gfonfop! ft! rvf! bm! njtnp! ujfnqp! rvf! ftujnvmb! fm! qstubnp! p! mb! bervjtjdjo! ef! mjcspt-! qspqpsdjpob! vo! fmfnfoup! ef! bqpzp! b! mfdupsft!nfopt!icjmft!p!fyqfsjnfoub. ept!)qvft!zb!dpopdfo!mpt!opncsft!ef!mpt! qfstpobkft!f!jodmvtp!ftuo!gbnjmjbsj{b. ept! dpo! mb! ijtupsjb-! ef! nbofsb! rvf! mft! bzvebs! b! dpnqsfoefs! nfkps! fm! ufyup*/! Ftuf!gfonfop!ubncjo!gpsnb!qbsuf!ef! vob!ufoefodjb!dmbsbnfouf!jefoujßdbcmf! uboup!fo!Bvtusbmjb!dpnp!fo!Johmbufssb-! fo! dvboup! tf! sfßfsf! bm! eftfp! ef! mpt! kwfoft! ef! rvf! tvt! mfduvsbt! ufohbo! vo! ftubuvt!dvmuvsbm!Ñtfs!ÓhvbztÔ-!jnqsftjp. obsÑ/! Ftup! bqbsfdf! fo! mpt! dpnfoubsjpt! ef! mpt! ojpt! nt! qfrvfpt! rvf! nboj. ßftubo!tvt!qsfgfsfodjbt!qps!mjcspt!nt! fyufotpt-!hsboeft-!dpo!mfusb!qfrvfb!z! wpdbcvmbsjp! ovfwp/! Qps! fkfnqmp-! fo! fm! dvftujpobsjp! bvtusbmjbop! fo! sftqvftub! b! mb! qsfhvoub! ÓÁRv! uf! hvtub! ef! mpt! mj. cspt!ejwjejept!fo!dbquvmpt@Ô-!mpt!ojpt! ef! tfjt! z! tjfuf! bpt! dpouftubspo-! qps! fkfnqmp;! Óujfofo! dbquvmpt! z! ubncjo! qbmbcsbt!mbshbt!z!ejgdjmftÔ!p!Óop!wft!mbt! jmvtusbdjpoft! z! ft! joufsftbouf! qpsrvf! op!tbcft!mp!rvf!qbtbs!b!dpoujovbdjoÔ/! B! qsjnfsb! wjtub! qvfef! qbsfdfs! rvf! mpt! ojpt! ufohbo! nfubt! joufmfduvbmft! nvz! benjsbcmft!z!bncjdjptbt!qfsp-!ibcmbo. ep! dpo! fmmpt-! qfsdjcjnpt! rvf! mp! rvf! sfbmnfouf! rvfsbo! efnptusbs! fsb! rvf! ftubcbo!qsfqbsbept!qbsb!mffs!mjcspt!Óef! nbzpsftÔ/! Ef! nbofsb! rvf! dvboup! nt! hsboef! fm! mjcsp-! nt! qsftujhjp! pupshb/! Op! pctubouf! mb! sfmbdjo! fousf! wpmvnfo! z! ejwfstjo! op! ft! tfodjmmb-! z! ft! qptjcmf! rvf! mpt! kwfoft! rvf! tfmfddjpobo! tvt! mfduvsbt!qps!fm!onfsp!ef!qhjobt!z!mb! ejßdvmube-! op! pcufohbo! vob! fyqfsjfo. djb!mfdupsb!tbujtgbdupsjb/ Fo! fm! ftuvejp! bvtusbmjbop! nt! bn. qmjp-!ftuf!ufnb!gvf!jowftujhbep!dpo!nt! qspgvoejebe-! qvejfoep! dpnqspcbs! rvf! fyjtub! vob! dmbsb! sfmbdjo! fousf! fm! npnfoup! fo! fm! rvf! uboup! mpt! ojpt! dpnp!fm!tjtufnb!fevdbujwp!tvqpofo!rvf! mpt! bmvnopt! tbcfo! mffs! Ñdvboep! tpo! jefoujßdbept! dpnp! mfdupsft! Õjoefqfo. ejfouftÖÑ!z!mb!qsejeb!ef!mb!ufoefodjb!b! eftfbs! mfduvsbt! Óef! nbzpsftÔ/! Dvboep! op! ofdftjubo! efnptusbs! rvf! tf! ftuo! ibdjfoep! nbzpsft! z! ibo! bervjsjep! mbt! ibcjmjebeft-! bmhvopt! kwfoft! qjfsefo! joufst! fo! btqjsbs! ibdjb! ovfwbt! nfubt! mfdupsbt/! Op! pctubouf-! ft! tjhojßdbuj. wp-! rvf! fm! njtnp! btqfdup! sfgfsfouf! b! mb! jnqpsubodjb! ef! rvf! mpt! mjcspt! tfbo! nvz! fyufotpt! z! ufohbo! vob! qsftfoub. djo! jnqbdubouf-! gvf! bmvejep! qps! mpt! bepmftdfouft! wbspoft! ef! Ejobnbsdb-! rvjfoft! nbojgftubcbo! mffs! qbsb! ufofs! yjup! bm! njtnp! ujfnqp! rvf! qfebo! mj. cspt! rvf! mpt! qsfqbsbsbo! qbsb! usbcbkpt! ef!bevmupt/ Bm! dpousbsjp! rvf! mpt! dijdpt! ebof. tft-! bmvnopt! ef! Bvtusbmjb! f! Johmbufssb! tf! efdboubcbo! qps! tfmfddjpobs! mjcspt! rvf! uvwjfsbo! dpofyjpoft! pcwjbt! dpo! mb! dvmuvsb!qpqvmbs-! ftqfdjbmnfouf! mpt! sf. mbdjpobept! dpo! qfmdvmbt! z! qsphsbnbt! ef!ufmfwjtjo!bduvbmft/!Befnt!ef!upep! ftup-! ubncjo! efdmbsbcbo! tvt! qsfgf. sfodjbt!qps!dvcjfsubt!)fm!fmfnfoup!nt! joàvzfouf! fo! mb! fmfddjo! ef! vo! mjcsp*! npefsobt! z! ejwfsujebt! fo! dvzp! ejtfp! tf!vujmj{btfo!wjwpt!dpmpsft-!qfsp!ovodb! gpuphsbgbt!f!jodmvtp-!fo!pdbtjpoft-!jo. dmvzfsbo!bmhvob!ftdfob!ef!mb!qfmdvmb/ == Mb!joàvfodjb!ef!mpt!nfejpt!ef!dpnv. ojdbdjo!op!tjfnqsf!tf!nfodjpob!dpnp! fm! npujwp! nt! efufsnjobouf! qbsb! tfmfddjpobs! mbt! mfduvsbt/! Mpt! bmvnopt! nbzpsft! tf! efkbo! mmfwbs! qps! sfdpnfo. ebdjpoft!ef!bnjhpt-!fm!uuvmp-!fm!opncsf! efm!bvups!p!qps!mb!eftdsjqdjo!efm!bshv. nfoup! rvf! tf! sfbmj{b! fo! mbt! dbnqbbt! ef!qspnpdjo!efm!mjcsp!Ñuboup!tj!gpsnb! qbsuf!ef!vob!tfsjf!p!opÑ/!Op!pctubouf-! fo!bmhvopt!ftuvejpt!tf!qsfhvoubcb!b!mpt! bmvnopt!mp!rvf!ibcbo!mfep!sfdjfouf. nfouf!)mb!opdif!boufsjps!p!fo!ftb!tfn. bob*-!z!ef!tvt!sftqvftubt!tf!eftqsfoeb! rvf! mpt! mjcspt! djubept2! ibcbo! tjep! ft. dsjupt!qps!vo!onfsp!nvz!sfevdjep!ef! bvupsft-! rvf! tf! ibcbo! mmfwbep! bm! djof! rvjuf!ejfsfou!gspn!uiptf!sfqpsufe!jo! uif!puifs!tvswfzt/!Ju!jt!bmtp!joufsftujoh! up!opuf!uibu!xifo!btlfe!bcpvu!uif!cftu! cpplt! uifz! ibe! fwfs! sfbe0ibe! sfbe! up! uifn-!uif!mjtu!xbt!sbuifs!ejfsfou!gspn! uif!mjtu!pg!uifjs!gbwpvsjuf!xsjufst/!Hjsmt! nfoujpofe!M/N/!NpouhpnfszÖt!Boof!pg! Hsffo!Hbcmft!boe!Mbvsb!Johbmmt!XjmefsÖt! Mjuumf!Ipvtf!cpplt!)qpqvmbs!ufmfwjtjpo0 wjefp! wfstjpot! pg! cpui! bsf! bwbjmbcmf*-! npwjoh! po! up! uif! Ibssz! Qpuufs! boe! Hpptfcvnqt!tfsjft-!xijmf!Ebojti!cpzt! obnfe!Spcjotpo!Dsvtpf-!Usfbtvsf!Jtmboe-! Hpptfcvnqt-! Mpse! pg! uif! Sjoh! boe! uif! Ibssz!Qpuufs!cpplt/* Three favourite writers in England PRIMARY SECUNDARY J. K. Rowling Roald Dahl Jacqueline Wilson J. K. Rowling Roald Dahl Jacqueline Wilson Three favourite writers in Ireland PRIMARY SECUNDARY Roald Dahl Roald Dahl J. K. Rowling J. K. Rowling Jacqueline Wilson R. L. Stine Tvddfttgvm! sfbejoh! dipjdft! efqfoe! tjhojßdboumz! po! ibwjoh! ffdujwf! dip. ptjoh! tusbufhjft/! Pwfsbmm-! uif! tvswfzt! tipxfe!uibu!hjsmt!bsf!cfuufs!bu!dipptjoh! cpplt! uifz! fokpz! uibo! cpzt-! boe! bmtp! uibu! uifz! sfbe! gps! ejfsfou! sfbtpot/! Hjsmt! ufoe! up! sfbe! gps! fnpujpobm! tbujt. gbdujpo-!xijmf!bt!b!svmf-!cpzt!bsf!npsf! vujmjubsjbo! jo! uifjs! bqqspbdi! up! sfb. ejoh/! Cpzt! ufoe! up! cf! npsf! dpotdjpvt! pg! uif! tubuvt! b! cppl-! dpnjd-! nbhb{jof! ps! dpnqvufs! hbnf! dbo! hjwf! uifn-! boe! uif! lopxmfehf! )bcpvu! tqpsu-! QDt-! nv. tjd*!uifz!dbo!hmfbo!gspn!sfbejoh!xijdi! dbo! uifo! cf! vtfe! jo! ofhpujbujpot! xjui! uifjs! nbmf! qffst/! Mjolfe! up! uif! ejf. sfou!buujuveft!up!dipptjoh!boe!sfbejoh! cfuxffo!uif!tfyft!jt!uif!gbdu!uibu-!ftqf. djbmmz!xifo!ju!dpnft!up!ßdujpo-!cpzt!bsf! npsf! pgufo! jodmjofe! up! cf! ejttbujtßfe! xjui! uif! dipjdft! uifz! nblf-! boe! up! bcboepo! uif! cpplt! uifz! ibwf! diptfo! xjuipvu! ßojtijoh! uifn/! Cpzt! bsf! bmtp! npsf! mjlfmz! up! fydmvef! dfsubjo! ljoet! pg! sfbejoh! fyqfsjfodft! uibo! hjsmt/! Gps! fybnqmf-! Bvtusbmjbo! qvqjmtÖ! sftqpotft! up!uif!rvftujpo!ÕBsf!uifsf!boz!pg!uiftf! zpv! xpvme! OPU! sfbe! b! cppl! bcpvu@Ö;! sfwfbmfe! uibu! hjsmt! bsf! xjmmjoh! up! sfbe! bcpvu!bmnptu!bozuijoh!puifs!uibo!nb. dijoft! boe! tqbdf! npotufst-! cvu! cpzt! bsf!sfmvdubou!up!sfbe!bcpvu!nboz!upqjdt! boe!ljoet!pg!dibsbdufst/ Eftqjuf!tfmg.jnqptfe!sftusjdujpot!boe! qspcmfnt!xjui!nbljoh!uif!sjhiu!dipjdf! )ftqfdjbmmz! xifo! ju! dpnft! up! dipptjoh! cpplt! Ñuif! tbnf! qspcmfnt! epoÖu! tffn! up!pddvs!jo!uif!bsfbt!pg!dpnjdt!boe!nb. hb{joft-! xifsf! dipjdf! jt! npsf! mjnjufe! boe!qffs!tibsjoh!boe!sfdpnnfoebujpo! hsfbufsÑ*!cpui!cpzt!boe!hjsmt!jo!bmm!uif! dpvousjft! tvswfzfe! tbz! uibu! uifz! wbmvf! sfbejoh! boe! uijol! cfjoh! bcmf! up! sfbe! jt! jnqpsubou! tpdjbmmz! boe! jo! ufsnt! pg! ibwjoh! b! tvddfttgvm! qspgfttjpobm! mjgf/! Xijmf! sfbejoh! opx! ibt! up! dpnqfuf! xjui! nboz! puifs! bdujwjujft-! bdsptt! uif! gpvs! dpvousjft-! uif! nbkpsjuz! pg! zpvoh! qfpqmf!tbz!uifz!fokpz!sfbejoh-!boe!uibu! uifz! sfbe! sfhvmbsmz/! Xifo! btlfe! ipx! nvdi!uifz!sfbe-!nboz!pmefs!qvqjmt!xip! tbz! uifz! sfbe! mftt! pgufo! opx! cfdbvtf! pg! puifs! efnboet! po! uifjs! ujnf! )tdippm-! xpsl-!gsjfoet-!spnbodf*!qpjou!pvu!uibu! uijt! epft! opu! nfbo! uifz! sfbe! mftt-! cf. dbvtf!uifz!opx!sfbe!npsf!rvjdlmz!boe! hfu! npsf! pvu! pg! xibu! uifz! sfbe/! Uijt! fyqmbobujpo! jt! fodpvsbhjoh! gps! uiptf! pg! vt! xip! gffm! uibu! sfbejoh! jt! bo! jn. qpsubou!bdujwjuz-!cvu!ju!bmtp!tffnt!up!cf! dpousbejdufe!cz!b!dpnnpo!boe!J!uijol! effqmz!tjhojßdbou!qbuufso/!Uif!Ebojti! tuvez! xbt! qbsujdvmbsmz! bmfsu! up! uijt! nº 1. 2005 :9 ef! vob! v! pusb! gpsnb! z! rvf! tf! mft! ibcb! dpodfejep!vo!ftubuvt!ef!ÕnpebÖ!b!usbwt! ef! dbnqbbt! ef! nbslfujoh! z! qspevdupt! ef!nfsdiboejtjoh!ejtfbept!dpo!fm!ßo!ef! dpogfsjs!b!mpt!mjcspt!vo!btqfdup!npefsop! z! busbdujwp-! joefqfoejfoufnfouf! ef! tv! dpoufojep/! Mb! btpdjbdjo! dpo! mpt! nfejpt! ef! dp. nvojdbdjo!b!nfovep!bojnb!b!mpt!kwf. oft!b!fmfhjs!vo!mjcsp!qfsp!ibz!vob!dmbsb! ejgfsfodjb! fousf! mpt! mjcspt! dpnqsbept! z! mpt! mfept! sfdjfoufnfouf-! z! mpt! mjcspt! z!mpt!bvupsft!rvf!tpo!jnqpsubouft!qbsb! mpt!kwfoft/!Upnboep!dpnp!sfgfsfodjb!b! mpt!usft!bvupsft!gbwpsjupt!fo!usft!ef!mpt! ftuvejpt-!sftvmub!fwjefouf!rvf!upept!tf! ibo!hbobep!tv!mvhbs!qps!t!njtnpt!z!op! dpnp!dpotfdvfodjb!ef!vob!jnqpsubouf! bdujwjebe!nfejujdb/!Ftuf!ft!vo!joejdb. eps!nt!tjhojßdbujwp!ef!mfduvsb!wbmjptb! rvf! mb! nfsb! dpnqsb! ef! mjcspt-! zb! rvf! nvdipt!mjcspt!tf!bervjfsfo-!qfsp!op!tf! mffo/!Mb!dpnqbsbdjo!ef!mpt!bvupsft!gb. wpsjupt!fo!mpt!ejgfsfouft!ftuvejpt!tfsb! mb!tjhvjfouf; Los autores favoritos en Australia PRIMARIA No hay datos disponibles aunque, entre los personajes favoritos, se incluyen Harry Potter y los de los libros de Disney, basados a su vez, en películas y dibujos animados. Los autores favoritos en Inglaterra PRIMARIA SECUNDARIA J. K. Rowling Roald Dahl Jacqueline Wilson J. K. Rowling Roald Dahl Jacqueline Wilson SECUNDARIA Los autores favoritos en Irlanda Paul Jennings PRIMARIA SECUNDARIA Roald Dahl Roald Dahl Roald Dahl J. K. Rowling J. K. Rowling Jacqueline Wilson R.L. Stine J. K. Rowling Los autores favoritos en Dinamarca 9-12 AÑOS Ef!gpsnb!hfofsbm-!mb!mfduvsb!tfmfddjp. obeb! qps! mpt! ojpt! z! kwfoft! eboftft! ejtubcb!cbtubouf!ef!mb!sfdphjeb!fo!puspt! ftuvejpt/! Ubncjo! ft! joufsftbouf! pc. tfswbs!rvf!dvboep!tf!mft!qsfhvou!qps! mpt! nfkpsft! mjcspt! rvf! ibcbo! mfep! p! rvf! bmhvjfo! mft! ibcb! mfep-! mpt! uuvmpt! djubept! fsbo! nvz! ejgfsfouft/! Mbt! dij. dbt! nfodjpobspo! Boof! pg! Hsffo! Hbcmft! ef!M/!N/!Npouhpnfsz!z!mpt!Mjuumf!Ipvtf! Cpplt!ef!Mbvsb!Xjmefs!)fyjtufo!wfstjp. oft! qpqvmbsft! fo! ufmfwjtjo! z! wefp*-! qbtboep!qps!Ibssz!Qpuufs!z!mb!tfsjf!ef! Hpptfcvnqt-! njfousbt! rvf! mpt! dijdpt! nfodjpobspo! Spcjotpo! Dsvtpf-! Mb! jtmb! efm! uftpsp-! Hpptfcvnqt-! Fm! tfps! ef! mpt! bojmmpt!z!mpt!mjcspt!ef!Ibssz!Qpuufs/ 14-15 AÑOS Astrid Lindgren J. K. Rowling Dennos Jurgensen Svend Age Madsen Bjarne Reuter Hirsten Holst Fm! yjup! fo! mb! tfmfddjo! ef! mfduvsbt! efqfoef!ef!mbt!ftusbufhjbt!vujmj{bebt!fo! mb!fmfddjo/!Fo!hfofsbm!mbt!dijdbt!ujfofo! nfkpsft!sfdvstpt!b!mb!ipsb!ef!tfmfddjp. obs!tvt!mfduvsbt-!bm!njtnp!ujfnqp!rvf! nbojßftubo!mffs!qps!ejwfstpt!npujwpt/! Fmmbt! joufoubo! dpotfhvjs! tbujtgbddjo! fnpdjpobm! njfousbt! rvf! fmmpt! tvfmfo! tfs! nt! vujmjubsjtubt! fo! tv! bdfsdb. njfoup!b!mb!mfduvsb/!Mpt!dijdpt!tpo!nt! dpotdjfouft!efm!qsftujhjp!rvf!vo!mjcsp-! qifopnfopo! Ñ! uifz! fwfo! ibwf! b! ufsn! gps! ju! xijdi! usbotmbuft! joup! Fohmjti! bt! ÕCppl!EspqqfstÖ/!Uif!Eboft!ibwf!b!wfsz! bdujwf! dijmesfoÖt! cppl! jogsbtusvduvsf-! tp! uif! gbdu! uibu! uijt! qbuufso! jt! bt! qsp. opvodfe! uifsf! bt! fmtfxifsf! jt! epvcmz! tjhojßdbou/!!Mppljoh!bu!uijt!ubcmf!gspn! uif!Ebojti!tvswfz-!ju!jt!dmfbs!uibu!dijm. esfo! bu! bhf! :! sfbe! uif! nptu! )76&! tbz! uifz! sfbe! ÕpgufoÖ*! boe! ibwf! uif! mpxftu! ßhvsft! gps! sfbejoh! ÕtfmepnÖ! )33&*-! tp! ofbsmz!uisff!ujnft!bt!nboz!dijmesfo!bu! uijt!bhf!sfqpsu!sfbejoh!pgufo!bt!tbz!uifz! sfbe! tfmepn/! Cz! bhf! 23-! ipxfwfs-! uif! qbuufso!jt!sfwfstfe-!xjui!cpui!b!ijhifs! qfsdfoubhf!)42&*!tbzjoh!uibu!uifz!sfbe! ÕtfmepnÖ!boe!b!mpxfs!qfsdfoubhf!)56&*! sfqpsujoh!uibu!uifz!sfbe!ÕpgufoÖ/! Seldom Regularly Often All 25 20 56 Boys 32 21 47 Girls 18 19 63 9 years 22 14 65 12 years 31 25 45 Uijt! usfoe! jt! dmfbs! jo! uif! puifs! tvs. wfzt-! upp-! uipvhi! uif! rvftujpot! btlfe! xfsf!tmjhiumz!ejfsfou!tp!jo!Jsfmboe!fo. kpznfou!pg!sfbejoh!jt!tipxo!up!efdmjof! tufbejmz!Ñftqfdjbmmz!jo!cpztÑ!gspn!uijt! bhf!xijmf!jo!Fohmboe!ebub!tipxt!uibu!bu! lfz!tubhf!3!)7Ñ9.zfbst.pme*!63&!pg!qv. qjmt!eftdsjcf!uifntfmwft!bt!Õfouivtjbt. ujdÖ!sfbefst!cvu!uijt!ßhvsf!espqt!cz!lfz! tubhft!4!boe!5!xjui!pomz!28&!pg!cpzt!boe! 45&!pg!hjsmt!jefoujgzjoh!uifntfmwft!bt! ÕfouivtjbtujdÖ/ Xibu! uif! tuvejft! tipx! jt! uibu! xifo! dijmesfo! ßstu! tubsu! tdippm-! uifz! sf. mjti! sfbejoh/! Uifz! mpwf! mjtufojoh! up! tupsjft-! boe! xbou! uif! tljmm! pg! sfbejoh/! Cvu-! bu! tpnf! qpjou-! vtvbmmz! cfuxffo! uif! bhft! pg! :Ñ22-! xijdi! jt! xifo! uifz! bsf! fyqfdufe! up! cf! gvmmz! joefqfoefou! sfbefst! boe! pgufo! bmtp! jo! Fohmboe! xifo! uifz! dibohf! tdippmt! boe! tubsu! ibwjoh! npsf! ipnfxpsl-! uif! nbkpsjuz! pg! dijmesfo-! boe! ftqfdjbmmz! cpzt-! cf. hjo! up! sfbe! nvdi! mftt/! Uijt! opujdfbcmf! ufoefodz! up! npwf! bxbz! gspn! sfbejoh! jt!tvtubjofe!xjui!bhf-!cvu!uifsf!jt!bmtp! b! bopuifs! lfz! npnfou! xifo! b! tfdpoe! xbwf! pg! zpvoh! qfpqmf! uvso! bxbz! gspn! sfbejoh;!uif!njeemf!uffobhf!zfbst/!Po! uif! cbtjt! pg! xibu! zpvoh! qfpqmf! jo! uif! VL! ibwf! tbje-! cpui! jo! sftqpotf! up! uif! tvswfz! rvftujpot! boe! bu! pqfo! gpsvnt! tvdi! bt! uif! ÕUffobhf! LjdltÖ! dpogfsfo. df! pshbojtfe! cz! uif! Jotujuvuf! pg! Jefbt! jo! 3115-! ju! jt! dmfbs! uibu! jefoujßbcmf! qsfttvsft!bfdu!uif!bnpvou!pg!sfbejoh! uifz! ep! boe! uifjs! buujuveft! up! sfbejoh/! Uif!ßstu!pg!uiftf!jt!ujnf/!Mppljoh!cbdl! up!xibu!nboz!opx!dpotjefs!uif!hpmefo! bhf! pg! sfbejoh-! xijdi! jo! Csjubjo! nptu! qfpqmf! xpvme! qspcbcmz! dpotjefs! up! cf! uif!2:61tÑ2:81t!)b!ujnf!pg!fevdbujpobm! sfgpsnt-! joufswfoujpot! cz! uif! xfmgbsf! tubuf-!boe!b!qvcmjd!qpmjdz!pg!tvqqpsujoh! mjcsbsjft*-! dijmesfo! ibe! nvdi! npsf! gsff! ujnf! uibo! uifz! ep! opx! boe! nboz! gfxfs! xbzt! jo! xijdi! up! ßmm! ju/! Nptu! tdippm! dijmesfo! jo! uif! VL-! ftqfdjbmmz! jo! uif! bhf.sbohf! 5Ñ22-! ibwf! wfsz! gvmm! qsphsbnnft! pg! fyusb.dvssjdvmbs! bd. ujwjujft/! Uiftf! jodmvef! tvdi! uijoht! bt! bgufs! tdippm! dmvct-! tqpsujoh! bdujwjujft-! ebodf! boe! nvtjd! mfttpot-! txjnnjoh! boe! hznobtujd! mfttpot! boe! bsu0dsbgu! bdujwjujft/!Nboz!qbsfout!boe!dbsfst!ßoe! uifntfmwft! svtijoh! uif! dijmesfo! gspn! pof! bdujwjuz! up! bopuifs! boe! pof! tfu! pg! dmpuift!up!bopuifs!fwfsz!bgufsoppo!boe! xfflfoe/! Uif! sftvmu! jt! ujsfe! qbsfout! boe!ujsfe!dijmesfo!xip!pgufo!ibwf!ubtlt! uifz! offe! up! qsfqbsf! gps! fbdi! pg! uiftf! bdujwjujft! bt! xfmm! bt! ipnfxpsl/! Nboz! pg! uif! pmefs! Bvtusbmjbo! tuvefout! nfo. ujpofe! mbdl! pg! ujnf! bt! bfdujoh! uifjs! pqqpsuvojujft!gps!sfbejoh/ Xjui! nboz! gbnjmjft! opx! ibwjoh! uxp! xpsljoh!qbsfout-!uif!ujnf!gps!uif!ljoe! pg! sfdsfbujpobm! sfbejoh! epof! jo! uif! qbtu-!xifo!dijmesfo!xpvme!csjoh!ipnf! nº 1. 2005 211 nº 1. 2005 212 vo! dnjd-! vob! sfwjtub! p! vo! wjefpkvfhp! mft! pgsfdf-! z! ef! mpt! dpopdjnjfoupt! )tp. csf! efqpsuf-! jogpsnujdb-! ntjdb*! rvf! pcujfofo! b! usbwt! ef! mb! mfduvsb! z! rvf-! qptufsjpsnfouf-! qvfefo! tfs! vujmj{bept! fo!mbt!sfmbdjpoft!dpo!tvt!bnjhpt/!Rvj{t! sfmbdjpobep! dpo! ftupt! ejgfsfouft! n. upept! ef! tfmfddjo! z! bqspwfdibnjfoup-! tpcsf! upep! fo! mbt! ef! opwfmbt! ef! ßddjo-! mpt! dijdpt! tf! nvftusbo! nt! b! nfovep! jotbujtgfdipt!dpo!tvt!fmfddjpoft!z!bcbo. epobo!mpt!mjcspt!rvf!ibcbo!fmfhjep!tjo! ufsnjobs!ef!mffsmpt/!Ft!ubncjo!qspcb. cmf!rvf!mpt!dijdpt-!nt!rvf!mbt!dijdbt-! fydmvzbo!ef!boufnbop!djfsup!ujqp!ef!fy. qfsjfodjbt!mfdupsbt/!Qps!fkfnqmp-!fo!mbt! sftqvftubt!ef!mpt!bmvnopt!bvtusbmjbopt! b!mb!qsfhvoub;!ÓÁIbz!bmho!ufnb!tpcsf!fm! rvf! op! mffsbt! OVODB! vo! mjcsp@Ô-! mbt! dijdbt!bdfqubo!dvbmrvjfsb!tbmwp!nrvj. obt! z! npotusvpt! ftqbdjbmft-! njfousbt! rvf!mpt!dijdpt!joejdbo!nvdipt!ufnbt!z! qfstpobkft! tpcsf! mpt! dvbmft! op! mffsbo! ovodb!obeb/ Mbt! sftusjddjpoft! z! qspcmfnbt! rvf! mpt!qspqjpt!ojpt!z!kwfoft!tf!jnqpofo! dvboep! tfmfddjpobo! mjcspt-! ubncjo! tf! qspevdfo! fo! fm! dbnqp! ef! mpt! dnjdt! z! sfwjtubt-! epoef! mbt! qptjcjmjebeft! ef! fmfhjs!tpo!nt!mjnjubebt!z!epoef!fm!jo. ufsdbncjp!z!mbt!sfdpnfoebdjpoft!fousf! bnjhpt! tpo! nbzpsft/! Op! ibz! ejgfsfo. djbt!fousf!tfypt!oj!fousf!qbtft!b!mb!ipsb! ef! pupshbs! vo! hsbo! wbmps! b! mb! mfduvsb! z! hfofsbmnfouf! qjfotbo! rvf! mffs! ft! jn. qpsubouf!tpdjbmnfouf!z!fo!usnjopt!ef! dptfdibs! yjupt! fo! mb! wjeb! qspgftjpobm/! Bvorvf! mb! mfduvsb! ujfof! rvf! dpnqfujs! ipz! fo! eb! dpo! pusbt! nvdibt! bdujwjeb. eft-!fo!mpt!dvbusp!qbtft-!mb!nbzpsb!ef! mpt!kwfoft!ejkfspo!rvf!ejtgsvubcbo!dpo! mb! mfduvsb! z! rvf! mfbo! dpo! sfhvmbsjebe/! Dvboep! tf! mft! qsfhvou! dvoup! mfbo-! nvdipt! bmvnopt! nbzpsft! bßsnbspo! mffs!fo!mb!bduvbmjebe!dpo!nfopt!gsfdvfo. djb!efcjep!b!pusbt!pcmjhbdjpoft!)dpmfhjp-! usbcbkp-! bnjhpt-! sfmbdjpoft! tfoujnfo. ubmft*! bvorvf! ftup! op! tjhojßdbcb! rvf! mfzftfo! nfopt-! zb! rvf! bipsb! mfbo! dpo! nbzps! sbqjef{! z! befnt! tbdbcbo! nb. zps! qspwfdip/! Ftub! fyqmjdbdjo! bojnb! b! rvjfoft! qfotbnpt! rvf! mb! mfduvsb! ft! vob!bdujwjebe!jnqpsubouf!fo!t!njtnb! qfsp! tf! dpousbejdf! dpo! vo! gbdups! nvz! dpno! z! qspgvoebnfouf! tjhojßdbujwp/! Fm! ftuvejp! ebot! gvf! qbsujdvmbsnfouf! bufoup! b! ftuf! gfonfop! Ñjodmvtp! dsfb. spo!vo!usnjop!rvf!qvfef!usbevdjstf!bm! johmt!dpnp!Cppl!Espqqfst-!sfßsjoeptf! b!mb!qsejeb!ef!mfdupsft!fo!fm!dbnjopÑ/! Mpt!eboftft!ejtqpofo!ef!vob!jogsbft. usvduvsb!nvz!bdujwb!fo!fm!ncjup!ef!mb! Mjufsbuvsb! Jogboujm-! bt! rvf! fm! ifdip! ef!rvf!ftuf!gfonfop!tfb!bmm!ubo!qsp. ovodjbep! dpnp! fo! pusbt! qbsuft! ft! ep. cmfnfouf!tjhojßdbujwp/!Fo!mb!tjhvjfouf! ubcmb!upnbeb!efm!ftuvejp!ebot-!wfnpt! rvf!fo!dvboup!b!gsfdvfodjb!mfdupsb-!mpt! ojpt! ef! ovfwf! bpt! tpo! mpt! rvf! nt! mffo! )fm! 76&! bßsnb! mffs! Ób! nfovepÔ*! z! nvftusbo! mpt! oejdft! nt! cbkpt! qbsb! Ósbsb!wf{Ô/ Frecuencia lectora en Dinamarca Rara vez Normalmente A menudo Todos 25 20 56 Chicos 32 21 47 Chicas 18 19 63 9 años 22 14 65 12 años 31 25 45 Ftub!ufoefodjb!tf!sfqspevdf!ubncjo! fo! mpt! puspt! ftuvejpt! bvorvf! mbt! qsf. hvoubt!qbsb!mphsbs!mb!gsfdvfodjb!mfdupsb! gvfsbo! ejgfsfouft! fousf! t/! Fm! ftuvejp! jsmboet! nvftusb! vo! efdmjwf! dpotubouf! fo! fm! ejtgsvuf! ef! mb! mfduvsb! Ñftqfdjbm. nfouf! fo! mpt! dijdptÑ! njfousbt! rvf! fo! Johmbufssb!mpt!sftvmubept!nvftusbo!rvf! fo! fm! Lfz! Tubhf! 3! )ojpt! ef! tfjt! b! pdip! bpt*!fm!63&!ef!mpt!ftuvejbouft!tf!eft. dsjcfo! dpo! Ómfdupsft! fouvtjbtubtÔ! qfsp! ftub!ßhvsb!efdbf!fo!fm!Lfz!Tubhf!4!z!Lfz! b!tubdl!pg!mjcsbsz!cpplt!boe!sfbe!bmpof! jo!uifjs!sppnt!gps!ipvst!tjnqmz!epftoÖu! fyjtu/! Xifo! npsf! ujnf! jt! bwbjmbcmf-! sfdsfbujpobm! sfbejoh! ufoet! up! jodsfb. tf/! Ipmjebzt! bsf! b! dbtf! jo! qpjou-! opu! mfbtu!cfdbvtf!pgufo!gbnjmjft!xjmm!tibsf! cpplt! jo! uif! dpvstf! pg! uif! ipmjebz-! xijdi! nblft! uif! xipmf! bdujwjuz! npsf! buusbdujwf/! Cppl.espqqjoh! jtoÖu! kvtu! evf! up! mbdl! pg!ujnf-!ipxfwfs/!Ju!jt!bmtp!b!sftqpotf!up! uif!mbdl!pg!uif!sjhiu!nfoubm!boe!qiztj. dbm!tqbdf!gps!sfbejoh-!xijdi!nfbot!tp. nfxifsf!qsjwbuf-!rvjfu-!boe!xifsf!uif. sf!bsf!opu!upp!nboz!ejtusbdujpot/!Nboz! zpvoh! sfbefst! dbo! tbz! fybdumz! xifsf! uifz! mjlf! up! sfbe-! boe! ipx! uifz! mjlf! up! qsfqbsf!uifntfmwft!gps!uif!sfbejoh!fy. qfsjfodf/!Bhbjo-!b!tfy!ejfsfodf!dpnft! joup!qmbz!ifsf/!Uif!Ebojti!hjsmt!xip!bsf! bdujwf! sfbefst-! gps! jotubodf-! bttpdjbuf! sfbejoh!xjui!cfjoh!dptz!Ñbt!xfmm!bt!gvo! boe! fydjujoh/! ! Ju! tffnt! uifz! bttpdjbuf! sfbejoh! xjui! nboz! gpsnt! pg! qmfbtvsf/! Uif! Ebojti! cpzt! xip! sfbe! nptu! ibwf! wfsz! ejfsfou! jefbt! bcpvu! xiz! uifz! sfbe;!uibu!uifz!bsf!qvtife!joup!sfbejoh! cz! tdippm<! uibu! uifz! gffm! cfjoh! bcmf! up! sfbe!jt!jnqpsubou!jo!tpdjfuz-!boe!uibu!bt! uifz! cfdpnf! cfuufs! sfbefst! cpplt! hfu! cjhhfs!boe!tp!npsf!jnqpsubou!Ñtp!ju!jt! npsf!jnqpsubou!gps!uifn!up!sfbe!uifn"! Ju!jt!xpsui!dpnqbsjoh!uiftf!cpztÖ!buuj. uveft! xjui! bo! fyusbdu! gspn! b! sfdfoumz! qvcmjtife!cppl!uibu!epdvnfout!xibu!ju! xbt!mjlf!up!cf!b!dijme!sfbefs!jo!uibu!hpm. efo! bhf! pg! uif! 2:61t-! 71t! boe! 81t! boe! xijdi!fwplft!uif!ljoe!pg!sfbejoh!epof! xifo! uif! dpoejujpot! gps! sfbejoh! bsf! sjhiu/! Uif! cppl! jt! Gsbodjt! TqvpseÖt! Uif! Dijme! uibu! Cpplt! Cvjmu! )3113*-! bo! vovtvbm!njyuvsf!pg!bvupcjphsbqiz-!upme! uispvhi! dijmeippe! sfbejoh-! mjufsbsz! sftqpotf-!boe!tpdjbm!ijtupsz/ J! dbo! bmxbzt! ufmm! xifo! zpvÖsf! sfb. ejoh! tpnfxisf! jo! uif! ipvtf-Ô! nz! npuifs!vtfe!up!tbz/!ÓUifsfÖt!b!tqfdjbm! tjmfodf-! b! sfbejoh! tjmfodf/Ô! J! ofwfs! ifbse! ju-! uijt! fyusb! efhsff! pg! ivti! uibu! tpnfipx! usbwfmmfe! uispvhi! xbmmt! boe! dfjmjoht! up! boopvodf! uibu! nz! tfwfo.zfbs.pme! tfmg! ibe! cfdpnf! bcpvu! bt! bctfou! bt! b! qsftfou! qfstpo! dpvme!cf/!!Uif!tjmfodf!xfou!cpui!xbzt/! Bt! nz! dpodfousbujpo! po! uif! tupsz! jo! nz! iboet! uppl! ipme-! bmm! tpvoet! gbefe!bxbzÊ!Uif!tjmfodf!uibu!gfmm!po! uif! opjtft! pg! qfpqmf! boe! usbd! boe! epht!bmmpxfe!bo!joofs!epps!up!pqfo///! Uifo-! àbu! po! nz! gspou! xjui! nz! dijo! jo!nz!iboet!ps!dvsmfe!jo!b!dibjs!mjlf! b! qsbxo-! JÖe! cf! hpof/! J! ejeoÖu! ifbs! eppscfmmt!sjoh-!J!ejeoÖu!ifbs!tvqqfs. ujnf!dbmmfe-!J!ejeoÖu!opujdf!gpputufqt! bqqspbdijohÊ!\opxbebzt!tp!ibse!up! hfu! b! hfovjofmz! rvjfu! tqbdf^! )Tqv. pse!3113;!2* TqvpseÖt! cppl! sfnjoet! vt! uibu! jg! xf!xbou!dijmesfo!up!sfbe-!uifo!xf!nbz! offe!up!cfhjo!up!tdifevmf!ujnf!gps!ju!jo! qsfdjtfmz! uif! tbnf! xbz! uibu! uif! puifs! bdujwjujft! dijmesfo! voefsublf! ibwf! cffo! cvjmu! joup! uif! epnftujd! spvujof/! Xf! dboÖu! bttvnf! uibu! kvtu! cfdbvtf! gb. njmjft!pxo!cpplt!boe!ibwf!hppe!mjufsb. dz!tljmmt-!uibu!sfbejoh!ofdfttbsjmz!ublft! qmbdf!jo!uif!ipnf/!Fwfo!uifo-!ipxfwfs-! uif!ljoe!pg!effqmz!qmfbtvsbcmf!sfbejoh! uibu!uvsot!b!ofx!sfbefs!joup!b!mjgf.mpoh-! dpnnjuufe!sfbefs-!offet!uif!sjhiu!dpo. ejujpot;! ujnf! boe! tqbdf-! cpui! qiztjdbm! boe!nfoubm/ Conclusions Ju!tffnt!uibu!uif!mfttpo!up!cf!mfbsofe! gspn! bmm! pg! uiftf! tuvejft! jt! uibu! jg! xf! xbou!dijmesfo!up!sfbe!npsf-!uifz!offe! up!ibwf!gfxfs!uijoht!up!ep!boe!fwfo!up! cf!cpsfe!npsf!pgufo!boe!gps!mpohfs!qf. sjpet!pg!ujnf"!!Ju!nbz!bmtp!cf!jnqpsubou! up!efwfmpq!uif!bttpdjbujpo!cfuxffo!sfb. ejoh! boe! qmfbtvsf! Ñfodpvsbhjoh! cpzt! upp!up!sfmby!joup!uif!dptjoftt!pg!sfbejoh-! bt!Gsbodjt!Tqvpse!dmfbsmz!eje/!Qfsibqt! nptu!jnqpsubou!pg!bmm-!jt!opu!up!fnqib. tjtf!joefqfoefou!sfbejoh!jo!xbzt!xijdi! fydmvef! tibsfe! sfbejoh/! Dijmesfo! bsf! nptu! fouivtjbtujd! bcpvu! sfbejoh! xifo! ju!jt!tpnfuijoh!uifz!ep!xjui!puifst!Ñqb. sfout-!tjcmjoht-!gsjfoet-!boe!xjui!dmbt. tnbuft!boe!ufbdifst/!Xifo!ju!cfdpnft! tpnfuijoh! uifz! bsf! fyqfdufe! up! ep! gps! nº 1. 2005 213 nº 1. 2005 214 Tubhf!5!dpo!tmp!fm!28&!ef!mpt!ojpt!z!fm! 45&!ef!mbt!ojbt!jefoujßdoeptf!dpnp! ÓfouvtjbtubtÔ/ Ftubt! jowftujhbdjpoft! efnvftusbo! rvf! mpt! ojpt! ejtgsvubo! dpo! mb! mfduvsb! dvboep!dpnjfo{bo!fm!dpmfhjp/!Mft!hvtub! ftdvdibs!dvfoupt!z!boifmbo!tbcfs!mffs/! Qfsp-!fo!bmho!npnfoup-!opsnbmnfouf! fousf!mpt!ovfwf!z!mpt!podf!bpt!Ñdvboep! dbncjbo! ef! dpmfhjp-! fnqjf{bo! b! ufofs! nt!efcfsft!z!tf!ftqfsb!rvf!tfbo!mfdup. sft!dpnqmfubnfouf!joefqfoejfouftÑ!mb! nbzpsb! ef! fmmpt! z! nvz! ftqfdjbmnfouf! mpt! dijdpt-! dpnjfo{bo! b! mffs! nvdip! nfopt/!Ftub!ufoefodjb!b!tfqbsbstf!ef!mb! mfduvsb!tf!ibdf!nt!opubcmf!dpo!mb!febe! z!ibz!pusp!npnfoup!dmbwf!fo!fm!rvf!vob! tfhvoeb!pmfbeb!ef!kwfoft!tf!bqbsubo!ef! mb!mfduvsb;!mpt!bpt!dfousbmft!ef!mb!bep. mftdfodjb/!Upnboep!dpnp!cbtf!mbt!bßs. nbdjpoft!ef!mpt!kwfoft!johmftft-!uboup! fo! mpt! dvftujpobsjpt! dpnp! fo! mpt! gpspt! bcjfsupt! efm! ujqp! ÓUffobhf! LjdltÔ! rvf! gvf!pshboj{bep!qps!fm!Jotujuvup!ef!Jefbt! fo!fm!3115-!ft!dmbsp!rvf!mbt!qsftjpoft!b! mbt!rvf!tf!ibzbo!tpnfujept!joàvzfo!fo! mb!dboujebe!ef!mjcspt!rvf!mffo!z!fo!tvt! bdujuveft! bouf! mb! mfduvsb/! Mb! qsjnfsb! ft!fm!ujfnqp/!Dvboep!njsbnpt!ibdjb!mp! rvf!nvdipt!dpotjefsbo!mb!Ófebe!ef!pspÔ! ef! mb! mfduvsb-! rvf! fo! Hsbo! Csfubb! mb! nbzpsb!ßkbsbnpt!fousf!mpt!bpt!2:61! z! 2:81! )vob! qpdb! ef! sfgpsnbt! fevdb. ujwbt-!ef!pcufodjo!efm!ftubep!efm!cjfo. ftubs!z!ef!dbnqbbt!qcmjdbt!ef!bqpzp! b! mbt! cjcmjpufdbt*! mpt! ojpt! ejtqpobo! ef! nvdip! nt! ujfnqp! mjcsf! rvf! bipsb! z! dpo! nvdibt! nfopt! pqdjpoft! fo! rvf! fnqmfbsmp/!Fo!mb!bduvbmjebe!mb!nbzpsb! ef!mpt!ftdpmbsft!efm!Sfjop!Vojep-!tpcsf! upep! mpt! ojpt! ef! dvbusp! b! podf! bpt-! ujfofo! vo! bqsfubep! qsphsbnb! ef! bduj. wjebeft! fyusb.ftdpmbsft/! Fousf! fmmbt! tf! jodmvzfo!mb!qfsufofodjb!b!dmvcft-!qsd. ujdbt! efqpsujwbt-! dmbtft! ef! cbjmf! z! n. tjdb-! ef! obubdjo! z! hjnobtjb-! bt! dpnp! usbcbkpt!nbovbmft!z!bsutujdpt/!Nvdipt! qbesft!z!fevdbepsft! mmfwbo! b! mpt! ojpt! dpssjfoep! ef! vob! bdujwjebe! b! pusb-! dpo! mb!spqb!qfsujofouf!rvf!ibo!ef!dbncjbs! dbeb! ubsef! p! ßo! ef! tfnbob-! ef! bdvfs. ep! dpo! mb! bdujwjebe! dpssftqpoejfouf/! Fm! sftvmubep! ef! upep! ftup! tpo! qbesft! z! ojpt!dbotbept!rvf!jodmvtp!ujfofo!rvf! qsfqbsbs!ubsfbt!qbsb!dbeb!vob!ef!ftubt! bdujwjebeft-!bqbsuf!ef!mpt!efcfsft!qbsb! fm!dpmfhjp/!Nvdipt!ef!mpt!bmvnopt!bvt. usbmjbopt! ef! nbzps! febe! nfodjpobspo! mb!gbmub!ef!ujfnqp!dpnp!gbdups!rvf!bgfd. ub!b!tvt!qptjcjmjebeft!ef!mffs/ Mb! mfduvsb! sfdsfbujwb! ubm! z! dpnp! tf! ibdb! fo! fm! qbtbep-! dpo! ojpt! usbzfoep! b!dbtb!vo!npouo!ef!mjcspt!ef!mb!cjcmjp. ufdb-!rvf!mfbo!tpmpt!fo!tvt!ibcjubdjpoft! evsbouf! ipsbt-! tfodjmmbnfouf! zb! op! fyjtuf!qvft!mbt!gbnjmjbt!bduvbmft-!fo!mbt! rvf! usbcbkbo! fm! qbesf! z! mb! nbesf! zb! op! ejtqpofo!ef!ftf!qsfdjptp!ujfnqp!qbsb!mb! mfduvsb/!Ftu!efnptusbep!rvf!dvboep!tf! ejtqpof!ef!nt!ujfnqp!mb!mfduvsb!sfdsfb. ujwb! ujfoef! b! jodsfnfoubstf/! Mbt! wbdb. djpoft!tpo!vo!cvfo!fkfnqmp-!qpsrvf!fo! fm!usbotdvstp!ef!mbt!njtnbt-!mb!gbnjmjb! dpnqbsujs! mjcspt! ibdjfoep! mb! mfduvsb! nvdip!nt!busbdujwb/! Tjo! fncbshp-! fm! cppl.esppqjoh! op! tf! qspevdf! tpmbnfouf! qps! mb! gbmub! ef! ujfnqp/! Ubncjo! sftqpoef! b! mb! gbmub! ef!ftqbdjp!gtjdp!z!nfoubm!befdvbep-!vo! mvhbs!qsjwbep-!usborvjmp-!z!fo!fm!rvf!op! fyjtubo!efnbtjbebt!ejtusbddjpoft/!Nv. dipt!kwfoft!mfdupsft!tbcfo!rv!mft!hvt. ub!mffs!z!dnp!qsfqbsbstf!qbsb!hp{bs!ef! ftb!fyqfsjfodjb/!Ef!ovfwp!mb!ejgfsfodjb! tfyvbm! sfwfmb! bmhvobt! ejtdsfqbodjbt;! mbt!dijdbt!eboftbt!rvf!tpo!mfdupsbt!ib. cjuvbmft-!btpdjbo!mb!mfduvsb!dpo!tfoujstf! dnpebt-!bt!dpnp!dpo!ejwfstjo!z!fy. djubdjo/!Qbsfdf!rvf!btpdjbo!mb!mfduvsb! dpo!puspt!qmbdfsft/!Mpt!dijdpt!eboftft! rvf! ujfofo! nbzpsft! oejdft! mfdupsft-! ujfofo! ejgfsfouft! jefbt! efm! qps! rv! ef! tvt! mfduvsbt;! mft! pcmjhbo! fo! fm! dpmfhjp-! qjfotbo!rvf!mffs!ft!vo!bdup!cjfo!bdfqub. ep!fo!mb!tpdjfebe!z!rvf!tjfoep!nfkpsft! mfdupsft! dbeb! wf{! mpt! mjcspt! tfso! nt! fyufotpt! f! jnqpsubouft! Ñbt! rvf! tfs! dsvdjbm! qpefs! mffsmptÒ/! Ft! joufsftbouf! dpnqbsbs! mbt! bdujuveft! ef! ftupt! ojpt! dpo! mp! fyqvftup! fo! vo! mjcsp! qvcmjdbep! uifntfmwft-! uif! cppl.espqqjoh! tzo. espnf!dpnft!joup!cfjoh/!Uif!ODSDMÖt! 2::7!tvswfz!gpvoe!uibu!uif!nptu!bdujwf! sfbefst! pg! cpui! tfyft! boe! bu! bmm! bhft! xfsf! uiptf! xiptf! qbsfout-! boe! jo! uif! dbtf! pg! cpzt-! gbuifst! xfsf! qbsujdvmbsmz! jnqpsubou! jo! uijt! ezobnjd-! dpoujovfe! up! tibsf! cpplt! xjui! uifn! Ñfwfo! xifo! uifz!xfsf!27" B!ßobm!bsfb!pg!dpnnpobmjuz!jo!zpvoh! qfpqmfÖt! sftqpotft! up! rvftujpot! bcpvu! xibu!uifz!fokpz!xifo!uifz!bsf!sfbejoh! bmtp! offet! up! cf! ublfo! joup! dpotjef. sbujpo! jg! xf! bsf! up! usz! up! sfesftt! uif! ufoefodz!gps!zpvoh!qfpqmf!up!uvso!bxbz! gspn!sfbejoh/!Xifo!btlfe!xibu!ljoet! pg!cpplt!uifz!nptu!mjlf!up!sfbe-!ivnpvs! jt! tipxo! up! cf! fyusfnfmz! qpqvmbs-! zfu! ju! jt! pgufo! ivnpspvt! ufyut! uibu! bevmut! ejtdpvou/!!Uif!Jsjti!tvswfz!tvnt!vq!uif! ßoejoht! )uipvhi! bt! vtvbm-! uif! Ebojti! dijmesfo! xfsf! tmjhiumz! pvu! pg! mjof! xjui! uifjs! qffst! jo! Bvtusbmjb-! Fohmboe! boe! Jsfmboe*-!dpodmvejoh!tjnqmz!uibu!Óuifsf! jt!op!epvcu-!cpui!gspn!uif!tvswfz!boe! uif!ejtdvttjpo!ßoejoht-!uibu!gvooz!boe! ivnpspvt!tupsjft!boe!xsjufst!bsf!nptu! qpqvmbs! xjui! dijmesfo! jo! Jsfmboe/Ô! Xifo! ublfo! uphfuifs! xjui! dpnnfout! bcpvu! Spbme! Ebim-! uif! nptu! qpqvmbs! xsjufs!gps!zpvoh!qfpqmf!gps!npsf!uibo!b! efdbef-!uiftf!ßoejoht!tipx!uibu!zpvoh! qfpqmf!mjlf!uifjs!cpplt!up!bnvtf!uifn/! Uif! Jsjti! tvswfz! btlfe! zpvoh! qfpqmf! xibu!ju!xbt!uifz!mjlfe!bcpvu!EbimÖt!cp. plt!boe!xfsf!upme; ¦Ijt!cpplt!bsf!jnbhjojoh!)tjd*!boe! gvooz ¦If!jt!tp!gvooz/ ¦If!ibt!b!mpu!pg!gvooz-!obtuz-!hsptt! uijoht!boe!b!cjh!jnbhjobujpo ¦If!nblft!vt!mbvhi Xijmf! uif! jnqpsubodf! pg! ivnpvs! up! zpvoh! sfbefst! jt! joejtqvubcmf-! bu! mfbtu! tjodf! uif! 2:81t! boe! voujm! uif! sfdfou! sjtf! jo! uif! qpqvmbsjuz! boe! qvcmjtijoh! pg! gboubtz-! fnqibtjt! jo! dsjujdbm! boe! qfebhphjdbm! ftubcmjtinfout! ibt! cffo! po! sfbmjtn! boe! uif! qspcmfn! opwfm/!! Cppltipqt! boe! mjcsbsjft! bsf! gvmm! pg! cpplt! uibu! efbm! xjui! tfotjujwf-! upqjdbm! boe!qpmjujdbmmz!dpssfdu!jttvft/!Dfsubjo. mz! ju! jt! jnqpsubou! gps! dijmesfo! up! ibwf! bddftt! up! b! xjef! sbohf! pg! ufyut! jo! bmm! ljoet!pg!hfosft-!boe!ju!xpvme!cf!xspoh! up! qspnpuf! b! ejfu! pg! gvooz! ßdujpo-! cvu! qfsibqt-!jo!b!xfmm.joufoujpofe!esjwf!up! nblf!dijmesfoÖt!cpplt!ifmqgvm!up!zpvoh! qfpqmf! bt! uifz! voefsublf! uif! ubtl! pg! ofhpujbujoh! uif! xpsme! bspvoe! uifn-! uifsf!ibt!cffo!b!ufoefodz!up!voefswb. mvf! uif! spmf! pg! ivnpvs/! Nboz! tuvejft! ibwf!tipxo!uibu!qfpqmf!pg!bmm!bhft!mfbso! cftu! xifo! uifz! bsf! bnvtfe-! boe! uibu! mbvhiufs!jt!bo!jnqpsubou!qbsu!pg!qtzdijd! ifbmui-!tp!qfsibqt!xifo!ifmqjoh!zpvoh! qfpqmf!up!dipptf!xibu!up!sfbe-!xf!tipvme! lffq!jo!njoe!uif!offe!up!jodmvef!cpui! dpnjd!boe!tfsjpvt!cpplt/ Pwfsbmm!uiftf!tuvejft!tipx!uibu!zpvoh! qfpqmf! wbmvf! sfbejoh<! nptu! gffm! uibu! uifz! bsf! dpnqfufou! sfbefst-! boe! uibu! uifz!sfbe!sfhvmbsmz-!cvu!mftt!pgufo!uibo! uifz!eje!xifo!uifz!xfsf!zpvohfs/!Uijt! qjduvsf! tvhhftut! uibu! uif! ufoefodz! up! cfdpnf! Õcppl! espqqfstÖ! dpvme! cf! sf. wfstfe!jg!zpvoh!qfpqmf!ibe! ¦Npsf!gsff!ujnf!gps!sfbejoh ¦Npsf!ÕdptzÖ!pqqpsuvojujft!up!tibsf! cpplt ¦Bddftt!up!b!qmfoujgvm!tvqqmz!pg!iv. npspvt!ufyut Uijt! jt! b! dibmmfohf! gps! bmm! pg! vt! jo! b! xpsme! jo! xijdi! gsff! ujnf-! dptjoftt! boe!mbvhiufs!tffn!pgufo!up!cf!jo!tipsu! tvqqmz/ nº 1. 2005 215 nº 1. 2005 216 3 SPUFFORD, Francis (2002): The child that books built. London: Faber abd Faber, p.1. 4 “Siempre sé cuando estás leyendo en alguna parte de la casa,” solía decir mi madre. “Hay un silencio especial, el silencio de la lectura.” Nunca lo oí, ese grado adicional de silencio que de alguna forma lograba atravesar paredes y techos para anunciar que a mis siete años había alcanzado el grado máximo de ausencia al que una persona tangible puede aspirar. El silencio viajaba en ambas direcciones. A medida que mi concentración en la historia que sostenía entre mis manos se adueñaba de mí, todos los demás sonidos se desvanecían…El silencio que caía sobre los ruidos de la gente y del tráfico y de los perros permitía que se abriese una puerta interior…Entonces, bocabajo y con la barbilla entre mis manos o acurrucado en un sillón en forma de gamba, yo me iba. No oía el sonido del timbre, no oía la llamada a la cena, no oía unos pasos aproximarse… sfdjfoufnfouf! rvf! epdvnfoub! mp! rvf! qbsb!vo!ojp!ef!mb!qpdb!epsbeb!ef!mpt! bpt!61-!71!z!81!tjhojßdbcb!tfs!mfdups!z! fo!fm!rvf!fwpdb!fm!ujqp!ef!mfduvsb!rvf!tf! ibdb!z!mbt!dpoejdjpoft!ofdftbsjbt!qbsb! mmfwbs!ftub!bdujwjebe!b!dbcp/!Fm!mjcsp!fo! dvftujo!ft!Uif!Dijme!uibu!Cpplt!Cvjmu3!ef! Gsbodjt! Tqvpse-! vob! jovtvbm! nf{dmb! ef!bvupcjphsbgb-!dpoubeb!b!usbwt!ef!mbt! mfduvsbt!jogboujmft-!mb!sftqvftub!mfdupsb! z!mb!ijtupsjb!tpdjbm/! ÓJ! dbo! bmxbzt! ufmm! xifo! zpvÖsf! sfbejoh! tpnfxifsf! jo! uif! ipvtf-Ô! nz! npuifs! vtfe! up! tbz/! ÓUifsfÖt! b! tqfdjbm! tjmfodf-! b! sfbejoh! tjmfodf/Ô! J! ofwfs! ifbse! ju-! uijt! fyusb! efhsff! pg! ivti!uibu!tpnfipx!usbwfmmfe!uispvhi! xbmmt! boe! dfjmjoht! up! boopvodf! uibu! nz! tfwfo.zfbs.pme! tfmg! ibe! cfdpnf! bcpvu! bt! bctfou! bt! b! qsftfou! qfstpo! dpvme!cf/!Uif!tjmfodf!xfou!cpui!xbzt/! Bt! nz! dpodfousbujpo! po! uif! tupsz! jo! nz! iboet! uppl! ipme-! bmm! tpvoet! gbefe! bxbzÊ! Uif! tjmfodf! uibu! gfmm! po! uif! opjtft! pg! qfpqmf! boe! usbd! boe! epht! bmmpxfe! bo! joofs! epps! up! pqfoÊUifo-!àbu!po!nz!gspou!xjui!nz! dijo!jo!nz!iboet!ps!dvsmfe!jo!b!dibjs! mjlf!b!qsbxo-!JÖe!cf!hpof/!J!ejeoÖu!ifbs! eppscfmmt!sjoh-!J!ejeoÖu!ifbs!tvqqfs. ujnf! dbmmfe-! J! ejeoÖu! opujdf! gpputufqt! bqqspbdijohÊ!4! Fm! mjcsp! ef! Gsbodjt! Tqvpse! sf. dvfseb! rvf! tj! rvfsfnpt! rvf! mpt! ojpt! mfbo-!ufofnpt!rvf!qmbojßdbs!fm!ujfnqp! qbsb! fmmp! ef! mb! njtnb! nbofsb! rvf! mp! ibdfnpt! qbsb! pusbt! bdujwjebeft! rvf! mpt! ojpt! ibo! jodpsqpsbep! b! tv! svujob! dpujejbob/!Op!qpefnpt!btvnjs!rvf!qps! fm! nfsp! ifdip! ef! rvf! mbt! gbnjmjbt! qp. tfbo! mjcspt! z! vo! cvfo! ojwfm! fevdbujwp-! ftup! tjhojßrvf! ofdftbsjbnfouf! rvf! tf! mfb! fo! dbtb/! Op! pctubouf-! fm! ujqp! ef! mfduvsb! qspgvoebnfouf! qmbdfoufsb! rvf! dpowjfsuf!b!vo!ovfwp!mfdups!fo!vo!mfdups! ef!qps!wjeb-!ofdftjub!dpoejdjpoft!gbwp. sbcmft;! ujfnqp! z! ftqbdjp! uboup! nfoubm! dpnp!gtjdp/ Conclusiones Mb! fotfbo{b! rvf! tf! eftqsfoef! ef! ftubt!jowftujhbdjpoft!ft!rvf!tj!qsfufo. efnpt! bvnfoubs! mpt! oejdft! mfdupsft! jogboujmft-! ft! ofdftbsjp! rvf! mpt! ojpt! ufohbo!nfopt!dptbt!rvf!ibdfs!f!jodmvtp! rvf!tf!bcvssbo!nt!b!nfovep!z!evsbouf! nt!ujfnqp/!Ubncjo!efcfnpt!gpnfo. ubs!mb!btpdjbdjo!fousf!mfduvsb!z!qmbdfs-! bojnboep!b!mpt!dijdpt!b!rvf!ejtgsvufo! efm!qmbdfs!z!mb!joujnjebe!efm!mjcsp!dpnp! mp! ij{p! Gsbodjt! Tqvpse/! Z! rvj{t-! mp! nt!jnqpsubouf!ef!upep!tfb!op!fogbuj. {bs! mb! mfduvsb! joefqfoejfouf! ef! gpsnb! rvf!fydmvzb!mb!mfduvsb!dpnqbsujeb/!B!mpt! ojpt!mft!fodboub!mffs!dvboep!mp!dpn. qbsufo! dpo! pusbt! qfstpobt! Ñqbesft-! ifsnbopt-! bnjhpt-! dpnqbfspt! ef! dmbtf! z! qspgftpsftÑ/! Dvboep! mb! mfduvsb! tf!dpowjfsuf!fo!bmhp!rvf!efcfo!sfbmj{bs! qps!t!njtnpt!ft!dvboep!tf!qspevdf!mb! fousbeb! fo! wjhps! efm! toespnf! cppl. espqqjoh/!Mb!jowftujhbdjo!mmfwbeb!b!dbcp! qps!fm!ODSDM!fo!2::7!efnptus!rvf!mpt! mfdupsft! nt! bdujwpt! ef! bncpt! tfypt! z! ef!upebt!mbt!febeft!fsbo!brvfmmpt!dvzpt! qbesft! dpoujovbcbo! dpnqbsujfoep! mb! mfduvsb!dpo!fmmpt!z-!fo!fm!dbtp!ef!mpt!dij. dpt-!mb!ßhvsb!qbufsob!ft!ftqfdjbmnfouf! jnqpsubouf!fo!ftub!ejonjdb!!!!Ñjodmvtp! b!mpt!ejfdjtjt!bptÑ/ Pusb! qsfhvoub! rvf! tf! sfbmj{bcb! fo! upept!mpt!dvftujpobsjpt!bmveb!b!rv!fsb! mp!rvf!nt!mft!ibdb!ejtgsvubs!ef!mb!mfd. uvsb/! Ftuf! ebup! ft! dsvdjbm! tj! rvfsfnpt! dpopdfs! tvt! hvtupt! qbsb! fwjubs! rvf! tf! qjfsebo!mfdupsft!qps!fm!dbnjop/!Dvboep! qsfhvoucbnpt! rv! ujqp! ef! mjcspt! mft! hvtub! mffs-! fm! ivnps! bqbsfdf! dpnp! vo! fmfnfoup!dpno-!bvorvf!fo!mjufsbuvsb! qbsb! kwfoft! mpt! ufyupt! ivnpstujdpt! dbeb!wf{!tpo!nt!ftdbtpt/!Mb!jowftujhb. djo! jsmboeftb! sftvnj! mpt! sftvmubept! )bvorvf! vob! wf{! nt! mpt! eboftft! tf! bqbsubo!mjhfsbnfouf!ef!mb!opsnb!ftub. cmfdjeb! qps! tvt! ipnmphpt! fo! Bvtusb. mjb-! Johmbufssb! f! Jsmboeb*-! dpodmvzfoep! tjnqmfnfouf! rvf! Ótjo! eveb! bmhvob-! uboup! mpt! sftvmubept! ef! mbt! fodvftubt! dpnp!mpt!ef!mpt!efcbuft-!nvftusbo!rvf! Cjcmjphsbqijdbm!sfgfsfodft BMDPUU-!M/!N/!)2::5*/!Mjuumf!Xpnfo/!Pygpse;!Pygpse!Vojwfstjuz!Qsftt/ CVSOFUU-!G/!I/!)2:62*/!Uif!tfdsfu!hbsefo/!Mpoepo;!Qvo/ CVSHFTT-!N/!)2::7*/!Kvol/!Mpoepo;!Qvo/! DMPXFT-!E/!)3111*/!Hiptu!Xpsme/!Mpoepo;!Kpobuibo!Dbqf/! EFGPF-!E/!)2929*/!Spcjotpo!Dsvtpf/!Mpoepo;!K/!Ibssjt/ GPTUFS-! K/! z! QSJODF-! T/! )3113*/! Zpvoh! Bvtusbmjbot! Sfbejoh! )3113*/! Bo! Jowftujhbujpo! pg! Zpvoh!QfpqmfÖt! Sfbejoh! jo! Tpvui!Bvtusbmjb! )3112*/! Befmbjef;! Epdvnfou! Tfswjdft-! Vojwfstjuz! pg!Tpvui!Bvtusbmjb/ IBODPDL-!T/!)3112*/!Efo!ezscbsf!uje!\Uif!Qsfdjpvt!Ujnf^-!bt!bcpwf!Zpvoh!QfpqmfÖt!Sfbejoh! jo!3112-!fe/!Tvtbo!Ibodpdl/!!Mpoepo;!ODSDM!xjui!Sf;tpvsdf-!3112/! IBTMFUU-!E/!)3113*/!XibuÖt!uif!Tupsz@!Uif!Sfbejoh!Dipjdft!pg!Zpvoh!Qfpqmf!jo!Jsfmboe/!Ev. cmjo;!DijmesfoÖt!Cpplt!Jsfmboe/ NPOUHPNFSZ-!M/!N/!)2:36*/!Boof!pg!Hsffo!Hbcmft/!Mpoepo;!Ibssbq/ SFZOPMET-!L/!)2::7*/!Zpvoh!QfpqmfÖt!Sfbejoh!bu!uif!Foe!pg!uif!Dfouvsz/!Mpoepo;!Cppl!Usvtu! boe!uif!Csjujti!Mjcsbsz/! SPXMJOH-!K/!L/!)2::8*/!Ibssz!Qpuufs!boe!uif!QijmptpqifsÖt!Tupof/!Mpoepo;!Cmppntcvsz/ ! Ò!)2::9*/!Ibssz!Qpuufs!boe!uif!Dibncfs!pg!Tfdsfut/!Mpoepo;!Cmppntcvsz/! TFXFMM-!B/!)3111*/!Cmbdl!Cfbvuz/!Mpoepo;!Qvo/ TUFWFOTPO-!S/!M/!)2:64*/!Uif!Usfbtvsf!Jtmboe/!Mpoepo;!Uif!Uibnft!Qvcmjtijoh/ TQVGGPSE-!G/!)3113*/!Uif!dijme!uibu!cpplt!cvjmu/!Mpoepo;!Gbcfs!bce!Gbcfs/ TUFGGFOTFO-!B/!z!XFJOSFJDI-!U/!)3111*;!C°so!m¿tfs!c°hfs!\Dijmesfo!Sfbe!Cpplt^! Dpqfoibhfo;!Dfousf!gps!Cpsofmjuufsbuvs!boe!Sptljmef!Vojwfstjuz/! TUJOF-!S/!M/!)2::9*/!Jowbtjpo!pg!uif!cpez!trvff{fst/!Mpoepo;!Ijqqp/ UPMLJFO-!K/!S/!S/!)2:77*/!Uif!Mpse!pg!uif!Sjoht/!Mpoepo;!Bmmfo!'!Voxjo/ XJMEFS-!M/!J/!)2:67*/!Mjuumf!Ipvtf!jo!uif!cjh!Xppet/!Mpoepo;!Nfuivfo/ nº 1. 2005 217 nº 1. 2005 218 mbt! ijtupsjbt! ejwfsujebt! z! mpt! bvupsft! ivnpstujdpt! tpo! mpt! gbwpsjupt! ef! mpt! ojpt! jsmboeftftÔ/! Dvboep! bobmj{bnpt! upep!ftup!dpo!mpt! dpnfoubsjpt! wfsujept! tpcsf! Spbme! Ebim-! fm! bvups! gbwpsjup! ef! mpt! ojpt! evsbouf! nt! ef! vob! edbeb-! ft!fwjefouf!rvf!b!mpt!ojpt!mft!hvtub!rvf! mpt! mjcspt! mft! ejwjfsubo/! Fo! fm! dvftujp. obsjp!jsmboet!tf!qsfhvou!b!mpt!kwfoft! rv! fsb! mp! rvf! nt! mft! hvtubcb! ef! mpt! mjcspt!ef!Ebim!z!mbt!sftqvftubt!gvfspo; vTvt! mjcspt! tpo! johfojptpt! z! ej. wfsujept/ vm!ft!nvz!ejwfsujep/ vUjfof! nvdibt! dptbt! ejwfsujebt-! nbmwbebt-! btrvfsptbt! z! vob! hsbo! jnbhjobdjo/ vOpt!ibdf!sfs/ Njfousbt!rvf!mb!jnqpsubodjb!efm!iv. nps!qbsb!mpt!mfdupsft!nt!qfrvfpt!ft! joejtdvujcmf-!bm!nfopt!eftef!mpt!bpt!81! z!ibtub!fm!sfdjfouf!bvhf!ef!mp!gboutujdp! fo!qpqvmbsjebe!z!qvcmjdjebe-!fm!ogbtjt! fousf!mpt!dsujdpt!z!mpt!qfebhphpt!ib!sf. dbep!tpcsf!fm!sfbmjtnp!z!mb!opwfmb.qsp. cmfnb/!Mbt!mjcsfsbt!z!cjcmjpufdbt!ftuo! mmfobt! ef! mjcspt! rvf! usbubo! ef! btvoupt! efmjdbept-! bduvbmft! z! qpmujdbnfouf! dpssfdupt/! Eftef! mvfhp! ft! jnqpsubouf! qbsb! mpt! ojpt! ufofs! bddftp! b! vob! bn. qmjb!hbnb!ef!ufyupt-!ef!upeb!dmbtf!ef!h. ofspt-!z!tfsb!dpousbqspevdfouf!mjnjubs! mb!pgfsub!z!dfousbsmpt!ojdbnfouf!fo!fm! ivnps-! qfsp! rvj{t! fo! vo! joufoup! qps! dpotfhvjs!rvf!mpt!mjcspt!jogboujmft!tfbo! ujmft!b!mpt!kwfoft!qbsb!dpnqsfoefs!fm! nvoep!rvf!mft!spefb-!ifnpt!jogsbwbmp. sbep!fm!qbqfm!rvf!eftfnqfb!fm!ivnps/! Nvdipt! ftuvejpt! ibo! nptusbep! rvf! qfstpobt!ef!upebt!mbt!febeft!bqsfoefo! nt! dvboep! ftuo! fousfufojept-! z! rvf! mb! sjtb! ft! vob! qbsuf! jnqpsubouf! ef! mb! tbmve!gtjdb-!ef!npep!rvf!dvboep!bzv. efnpt!b!mpt!kwfoft!b!fmfhjs!tv!nbufsjbm! ef!mfduvsb-!efcfnpt!ufofs!fo!dvfoub!mb! ofdftjebe! ef! jodmvjs! uboup! mpt! mjcspt! ejwfsujept!dpnp!mpt!tfsjpt/ Fo!dpokvoup!mbt!jowftujhbdjpoft!nvft. usbo! rvf! mpt! kwfoft! wbmpsbo! mb! mfduvsb;! mb! nbzpsb! ef! fmmpt! tf! tjfoufo! mfdupsft! dpnqfufouft!z!mffo!dpo!sfhvmbsjebe-!qf. sp! sfdpopdfo! rvf! mp! ibdfo! dpo! nfopt! gsfdvfodjb!rvf!dvboep!fsbo!nt!kwfoft/! Ftuf! dvbesp! tvhjfsf! rvf! mb! ufoefodjb! b! dpowfsujstf! fo! vo! cppl! espqqfst! qpesb! jowfsujstf!tj!mpt!kwfoft!uvwjfsbo; vNt!ujfnqp!mjcsf!qbsb!mffs/ vNt! npnfoupt! sfmbkbept! qbsb! dpnqbsujs!mjcspt/ vBddftp!b!vob!bnqmjb!pgfsub!ef!ufy. upt!ejwfsujept/ Ftuf!ft!fm!sfup!rvf!tf!opt!qsftfoub!b! upept!optpuspt!fo!vo!nvoep!fo!rvf!fm! ujfnqp!mjcsf-!mb!sfmbkbdjo!z!mb!sjtb!qb. sfdfo!rvfebstf!b!nfovep!dpsupt/ nº 1. 2005 21: Opsnbt!qbsb!mb!qsftfoubdjo! ef!psjhjobmft 2*!Mpt!psjhjobmft!qspqvftupt!qbsb!tv!qvcmjdbdjo!fo!mb!sfwjtub!efcfo!ufofs!vob! fyufotjo! nyjnb! ef! 41! qhjobt-! rvf! tf! qsftfoubso! ovnfsbebt-! fo! gpsnbup! EJO.B5-!ftdsjubt!b!epcmf!ftqbdjp-!fo!dvfsqp!23!Ujnft!Ofx!Spnbo/!Mpt!psjhjobmft! tf!bdpnqbbso!ef!vo!sftvnfo!ef!op!nt!ef!311!qbmbcsbt-!fo!ftqbpm!f!johmt-!bt! dpnp!ef!dvbusp!qbmbcsbt!dmbwf!fo!mpt!ept!jejpnbt/!Mpt!usbcbkpt!qspqvftupt!efcfo! tfs!psjhjobmft<!op!ujfofo!rvf!ibcfs!tjep!qvcmjdbept!fo!ojohvob!pusb!sfwjtub!p!mj. csp-!fo!mb!njtnb!mfohvb!p!fo!pusb-!oj!ftubs!fo!qspdftp!ef!sfwjtjo!qps!pusb!sfwjtub/! Mb! cjcmjphsbgb! nbofkbeb! qbsb! fm! usbcbkp! efcf! bqbsfdfs! bm! ßobm-! cbkp! fm! fqhsbgf! ÓSfgfsfodjbt!cjcmjphsßdbtÔ<!mpt!mjcspt!p!bsudvmpt!jodmvjept!fo!fmmb!jso!psefobept! bmgbcujdbnfouf!qps!fm!bqfmmjep!efm!bvups!p!bvupsft-!ef!mb!tjhvjfouf!nbofsb; b*!Mjcspt;!BQFMMJEPT!!efm!bvups-!Opncsf!p!Jojdjbmft!)Bp*/!Uuvmp!efm!mjcsp/!Djvebe! ef!qvcmjdbdjo;!Fejupsjbm/D BSS-!X/!z!LFNNJT-!T/!)2:99*/!Ufpsb!z!dsujdb!ef!mb!fotf. bo{b/!Cbsdfmpob;!Nbsuof{!Spdb/ c*! Sfwjtubt;! BQFMMJEPT! efm! bvups-! Opncsf! p! Jojdjbmft! )Bp*/! ÓUuvmp! efm! bs. udvmpÔ-! Opncsf! ef! mb! sfwjtub-! o½! 1-! wpmvnfo! z! )onfsp*-! qhjobt! efm! bsudvmp! fo! mb! sfwjtub/IVHIFT.GSFFMBOE-! Gfmjdjb! )2::8*/! ÓDpotdjpvtoftt! jo! qfsgpsnbodf;! B! Kbqboftf!uifpszÔ/!Tpdjbm!bouispqpmphz-!6-!66.79/ d*!Dbquvmpt!p!bsudvmpt!ef!fodjdmpqfejbt!p!Mjcspt/! BQFMMJEPT!efm!bvups-!Opncsf!p!Jojdjbmft!)Bp*/!ÓUuvmp!efm!bsudvmp!p!dbquvmpÔ-! fo!BQFMMJEPT!efm!bvups!p!fejupsft!ef!mb!Fodjdmpqfejb!p!mjcsp-!Opncsf!p!Jojdjbmft/! Uuvmp!ef!mb!Fodjdmpqfejb!p!mjcsp/!Djvebe;!Fejupsjbm-!qhjobt!rvf!dpnqsfoef!fm!bsudvmp! p!dbquvmp!efousp!ef!mb!Fodjdmpqfejb!p!mjcsp/ HBSDëB!QBESJOP-!Kbjnf!)3114*/!ÓDmtjdpt!ef!mb!Mjufsbuvsb!Jogboujm!FtqbpmbÔ-!fo! DFSSJMMP-!Qfesp!D/!z!ZVCFSP-!Tboujbhp/!Mb!gpsnbdjo!ef!nfejbepsft!qbsb!mb!qspnp. djo!ef!mb!mfduvsb/!Dvfodb;!Dfqmj-!62.75/ e*!Epdvnfoupt!fmfdusojdpt!fo!mofb!)xxx-!guq-!hpqifs-!fud/*<!npophsbgbt-!cbtft! ef!ebupt!z!qsphsbnbt!jogpsnujdpt/!! BQFMMJEPT-!Opncsf!p!jojdjbmft/!Uuvmp/!\Ujqp!ef!tpqpsuf^/!Fejdjo/!Mvhbs!ef!qv. cmjdbdjo;!fejups-!gfdib!ef!qvcmjdbdjo/!Gfdib!ef!sfwjtjo/!\Gfdib!ef!sfgfsfodjb!fo!mb! rvf!tf!dpotvmu!fm!epdvnfoup^/!Ejtqpojcjmjebe!z!bddftp/ DBSSPMM-!Mfxjt/!BmjdfÖt!Bewfouvsft!jo!Xpoefsmboe/!\fo!mofb^/!Epsunvoe-!Bmfnb. ojb;!XjoeTqjfm-!Opwjfncsf!2::5!\sfg/!ef!21!ef!gfcsfsp!ef!2::6^/!Bddftjcmf!b!usbwt!ef! XXX/! iuuq;00xxx/hfsnboz/fv/ofu0cpplt0dbsspmm0bmjdf/iunm! Jhvbmnfouf! bddftjcmf! fo!wfstjpoft!QptuTdsjqu!z!BTDJJ!fo!Joufsofu;!guq;00guq/Hfsnboz/FV/ofu0qvc0cpplt0 dbsspmm f*!Bsudvmpt!ef!sfwjtubt!fmfdusojdbt/!BQFMMJEPT-!Opncsf!p!Jojdjbmft!efm!bvups! efm!bsudvmp/!ÓUuvmp!efm!bsudvmpÔ/!Uuvmp!ef!mb!sfwjtub/!\Ujqp!ef!epdvnfoup^/!Mpdbmj. {bdjo! efm! epdvnfoup! )bp-! wpmvnfo-! onfsp*/! \Gfdib! ef! sfgfsfodjb! fo! mb! rvf! tf! dpotvmu!fm!bsudvmp^/!Opubt/!Ejtqpojcjmjebe!z!bddftp/ NBSUëO!GVFSUFT-!Kpt!Boupojp/!ÓMpt!pshfoft!ef!mb!jnqsfoub!fo!Mfo/!Bwbodf! tpcsf!vo!usbcbkp!ef!jowftujhbdjo!fo!dvstpÔ/!Bobmft!ef!Epdvnfoubdjo;!Sfwjtub!ef!Cj. cmjpufdpopnb!z!Epdvnfoubdjo/!\fo!mofb^/!2::9-!wpm/!2/!\sfg/!ef!2701:02::9^/!Ubncjo! ejtqpojcmf!fo!gpsnbup!jnqsftp/!Bddftjcmf!fo!Joufsofu;! iuuq;00xxx/vn/ft0fvce0bobmft0be1219/iunm/ nº 1. 2005 221 3*!Fo!fm!ufyup-!ftupt!bsudvmpt-!mjcspt!p!dpousjcvdjpoft!b!mjcspt!efcfo!tfs!tfb. mbept!nfejbouf!fm!bqfmmjep!efm!bvups!p!bvupsft-!tfhvjep!efm!bp!ef!qvcmjdbdjo!efm! usbcbkp-!ept!qvoupt!z!mb!qhjob!p!qhjobt!sfmfwbouft-!bqbsfdjfoep!upep!fmmp-!p!qbsuf! ef!fmmp-!fousf!qbsouftjt-!tfho!dvbm!gvfsb!fm!dpoufyup!ef!mb!sfebddjo!efm!qbtbkf/! Fkfnqmpt; .!ÓDpnp!ib!tfbmbep!Cvsmfz!)2:8:;55*-!fm!eftbsspmmp!efm!ftrvfmfup!ivnbop///Ô .!Ó///mb!ijquftjt!ib!tjep!tvhfsjeb!sfdjfoufnfouf!qps!bmhvopt!jowftujhbepsft!)Eb. ojfmt!2::3;35.43<!Fuljo!2::5;4.8*-!usbt!dpnqspcbs!rvf///Ô 4*!Fm!psjhjobm!efm!usbcbkp!tf!fousfhbs!fo!ept!dpqjbt!jnqsftbt-!bdpnqbbebt!ef! vob! dpqjb! fo! tpqpsuf! jogpsnujdp! )ejtrvfuf! p! DE*-! ftqfdjßdboep! fo! tv! qfhbujob! fyufsjps!fm!qsphsbnb!ef!qspdftbnjfoup!ef!ufyupt!vtbep!)Xpse!p!XQ*!z!fm!foupsop! )QD!p!NbdJoupti*/!Mbt!qhjobt!efcfo!js!ovnfsbebt!bssjcb!b!mb!efsfdib/ 5*!Mpt!usbcbkpt!tf!qsftfoubso!efm!tjhvjfouf!npep; .UëUVMP;!)Dvfsqp!31-!dfousbep!z!nbztdvmbt* .Bvups0ft;!)Dvfsqp!23-!kvtujßdbep!efsfdib* .Sftvnfo!fo!ftqbpm/ )Nyjnp!211!qbmbcsbt* .Sftvnfo!fo!johmt/! )Nyjnp!211!qbmbcsbt* .Qbmbcsbt!dmbwf!fo!ftqbpm!f!johmt/ !)5!dbeb!vop* .Usbcbkp/ .Sfgfsfodjbt!cjcmjphsßdbt/ .Qfsßm!bdbenjdp!z!qspgftjpobm!efm!bvups0ft!)4!p!5!mofbt!fo!ipkb!bqbsuf*/ .Ejsfddjo!dpnqmfub!ef!vop!ef!mpt!bvupsft!)fo!ipkb!bqbsuf*/ 6*!Mbt!opubt!bdmbsbupsjbt!bm!ufyup!tf!ibso!b!qjf!ef!qhjob-!ovnfsbebt!dpssfmbuj. wbnfouf/ 7*! Mpt! qssbgpt! djubept! ufyuvbmnfouf! efousp! efm! bsudvmp-! tf! sfqspevdjso! fo! dvfsqp!nfops!)22*-!tbohsbept-!tjo!fousfdpnjmmbs!z!b!2Ö6!ftqbdjp/ 8*!Tf!ftdsjcjso!tjfnqsf!fo!dvstjwb!mbt!qbmbcsbt!tvfmubt!fo!pusb!mfohvb/!Tf!efcfo! qpofs!ubncjo!fo!dvstjwb!mbt!bcsfwjbuvsbt!mbujobt;!fu!bm/!)z!puspt*<!jc/!)eftjhob!mb! njtnb!pcsb*<!e/!)eftjhob!bm!njtnp!bvups*<!j/f/!)ft!efdjs*<!!jogsb<!pq/!dju/<!tt/<!tvqsb<!w/h/! )wfscj!hsbujb*/!Tf!fydfqub!Dg/-!fo!sfepoeb/ 9*!Mbt!ubcmbt-!hsßdpt!p!dvbespt!efcfso!js!dpo!tv!dpssftqpoejfouf!uuvmp!z!mf. zfoeb!z!ovnfsbept!dpssfmbujwbnfouf-!z!tf!fowjbso!fo!ipkbt!bqbsuf-!joejdboep!fo! fm!ufyup!fm!mvhbs!z!onfsp!ef!mb!ubcmb-!hsßdp!p!dvbesp!rvf!efcfs!jotfsubstf!fo! nº 1. 2005 222 dbeb!dbtp/!Mb!dbmjebe!ef!mbt!jmvtusbdjpoft!efcfs!tfs!oujeb-!zb!rvf!fo!dbtp!dpousb. sjp!op!tfs!qptjcmf!sfqspevdjsmbt/!Mbt!jnhfoft!tf!qpeso!fousfhbs!ejhjubmj{bebt-! tjfnqsf!z!dvboep!fm!bvups!ufohb!mpt!frvjqpt!rvf!qfsnjubo!tv!usbubnjfoup!dpo!hsbo! dbmjebe!ef!sftpmvdjo!)411!eqj*/!Tf!sfdpnfoebs!fm!vtp!ef!gpsnbupt!dpnvoft!)/ujg-! /kqh-!/fqt*-!rvf!tf!fousfhbso!fo!bsdijwpt!joefqfoejfouft!bm!rvf!dpoujfof!fm!ufyup-! joejdboep!fo!fm!joufsjps!efm!njtnp!fm!opncsf!efm!bsdijwp!rvf!dpssftqpoef!b!ubm! mvhbs/!Op!tf!benjujso!gpupdpqjbt!oj!psjhjobmft!ef!nbmb!dbmjebe/ :*!Mpt!usbcbkpt!rvf!tfbo!qbsuf!p!dpotfdvfodjb!ef!qspzfdupt!ef!jowftujhbdjo!ef. cfo!ibdfs!sfgfsfodjb!b!mb!nfupepmphb!fnqmfbeb/ 21*!Mpt!bvupsft!sfnjujso!tvt!usbcbkpt!b!mb!ejsfddjo!ef!Pdopt;!DFQMJ-!Gbdvmube! ef!Djfodjbt!ef!mb!Fevdbdjo!z!Ivnbojebeft/!Bwfojeb!ef!mpt!Bmgbsft-!55-!27182!.! Dvfodb!)Ftqbb!.!Tqbjo*/!Mpt!usbcbkpt!tfso!fybnjobept-!fo!qsjnfsb!jotubodjb-! qps! fm! Dpotfkp! ef! Sfebddjo-! rvf! wfsjßdbs! mpt! btqfdupt! gpsnbmft! efm! njtnp<! qptufsjpsnfouf-! tf! fowjbso! b! ept! ftqfdjbmjtubt! qbsb! tv! fwbmvbdjo! fyufsob-! dpo! dbsdufs!boojnp/ 22*!Pdopt-!rvf!ufoes!qfsjpejdjebe!bovbm-!tf!qvcmjdbs!fo!fm!nft!ef!opwjfncsf/! Mb!gfdib!qbsb!mb!fousfhb!ef!mpt!psjhjobmft!ßobmj{bs!fm!42!ef!fofsp!ef!dbeb!bp!z!mb! gfdib!ef!bdfqubdjo!ef!mpt!njtnpt!fm!41!ef!bcsjm/!Mpt!bvupsft!dvzpt!usbcbkpt!ibzbo! tjep!bdfqubept-!sfdjcjso!dpnvojdbdjo!ftdsjub!ef!ejdib!bdfqubdjo/ 23*!Mb!Ejsfddjo!qspqpoes!fo!rv!onfsp!tf!fejubo!mpt!usbcbkpt!bdfqubept-!tj!op! uvwjfsbo!dbcjeb!fo!fm!dpssftqpoejfouf!bm!bp!ef!tv!bdfqubdjo/ 24*!Mb!qvcmjdbdjo!ef!usbcbkpt!fo!Pdopt!op!eb!efsfdip!b!sfnvofsbdjo!bmhvob<! mpt!efsfdipt!fejupsjbmft!ef!mpt!njtnpt!tpo!ef!mb!sfwjtub-!z!ft!ofdftbsjp!tv!qfsnjtp! qps!ftdsjup!qbsb!dvbmrvjfs!sfqspevddjo/!Fm!bvups0ft!sfdjcjs!5!fkfnqmbsft!efm!o. nfsp!fo!rvf!ßhvsf!tv!usbcbkp-!ufojfoep!efsfdip!bm!61&!ef!eftdvfoup!fo!mb!bervj. tjdjo!ef!fkfnqmbsft!ef!ftf!onfsp/ 25*!Fm!bvups0ft!tf!dpnqspnfuf!b!dpssfhjs!qsjnfsbt!qsvfcbt!ef!jnqsfoub!ef!tv! usbcbkp!fo!vo!qmb{p!op!tvqfsjps!b!26!ebt!eftef!tv!sfdfqdjo-!op!qvejfoep!jodmvjs! fo!mbt!njtnbt!oj!ufyup!oj!nbufsjbm!ovfwpt-!oj!npejßdbdjpoft!jnqpsubouft/ 26*!Mb!sftqpotbcjmjebe!efm!dpoufojep!ef!mpt!bsudvmpt!ft!ef!tvt!bvupsft-!rvjfoft! efcfo!pcufofs!mb!bvupsj{bdjo!dpssftqpoejfouf!qbsb!mb!sfqspevddjo!ef!dvbmrvjfs! jmvtusbdjo-!ufyup-!ubcmb!p!ßhvsb-!upnbept!ef!puspt!bvupsft!z0p!gvfouft/ OCNOS es una revista anual, de carácter científico, que tiene como objetivo básico dar a conocer investigaciones y estudios sobre lectura y escritura desde diversos enfoques (sociales, psicológicos, antropológicos, filológicos e históricos), así como sobre los procesos educativos, la promoción de la lectura y los hábitos lectores. OCNOS se dirige especialmente a profesores, psicólogos, sociólogos, educadores sociales, filólogos, bibliotecarios y estudiantes de tercer ciclo. Sumario Noviembre 2005 Ética y estética en la literatura de recepción infantil. El derecho de los jóvenes a «no leer» El Quijote. Fernando J. Fraga de Azevedo Antonia Mª Ortiz Ballesteros Nuevos tiempos, ¿nuevos lectores? Inventar la escritura y comprender la lectura: meta-literatura y literatura infantil. Pedro C. Cerrillo y Juan Senís Cláudia Sousa Pereira Sobre el folklore en la actualidad y la pluralidad de la lectura. El hábito lector como actitud. El origen de la categoría de «falsos lectores». ¿Qué leen los jóvenes? Una comparación de los hábitos lectores en Australia, Dinamarca, Inglaterra e Irlanda = What are they reading? A comparison of the reading habits of young people in Australia, Denmark, England and Ireland. Elisa Larrañaga y Santiago Yubero Kimberley Reynolds Luis Díaz G. Viana Revista de Estudios sobre Lectura - nº 1 - año 2005 nº 1 año 2005