El que quiere el fin quiere los medios. Naturaleza

El que quiere el fin quiere los medios. Naturaleza humana y republicanismo en Maquiavelo y Rousseau He Who Wants the Ends Wants the Means. Human Nature and Republicanism in Machiavelli and Rousseau Roberto García Jurado En-claves del Pensamiento, vol. VI, núm. 12, julio-diciembre, 2012, pp. 111-131.
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de
México Distrito Federal, México
En-claves del Pensamiento,
ISSN (Versión impresa): 1870-879X
dora.garcia@itesm.mx
en-claves.ccm@servicios.itesm.mx
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de
Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México
México
EL QUE QUIERE EL FIN QUIERE LOS MEDIOS.
NATURALEZA HUMANA Y REPUBLICANISMO EN MAQUIAVELO Y ROUSSEAU
ROBERTO GARCÍA JURADO*
Resumen
;
("5<=5"#7=>4/0%"<5"?#45"/("#(@01<1<"A"4%*9#7#41B("35"0#<"135#<"9%0>=14#<"35"
C#D/1#E50%"A"F%/<<5#/!"9#7=14/0#7*5(=5"5("0%"D/5"=15(5"D/5"E57"4%("3%<"
#<954=%<"7505E#(=5<G"0#"(#=/7#05H#"?/*#(#"A"50"759/6014#(1<*%+"I5"*/5<=7#"4B*%"
5("#*6%<"=5*#<"F%/<<5#/"<1J/1B"*/A"35"4574#"0#<"97%9/5<=#<"35"C#D/1#E50%!"
#/(D/5"<5"75<#0=#"0#"*#A%7"4%(<1<=5(41#"A"4%?575(41#"350"<5J/(3%+";("0%"D/5"
75<954=#"#"0#"(#=/7#05H#"?/*#(#!"<5"5K9%(5"4B*%"C#D/1#E50%"#3*1=>#"D/5"0#"
*#03#3"35"0%<"?%*675<"9%3>#"<57"4%775J13#"9%7"*531%"35"0#<"1(<=1=/41%(5<"9%0>=14#<!"
0%"4/#0"5<"75=%*#3%"9%7"F%/<<5#/!"(%"<1("4157=#<"1(4%(J7/5(41#<"D/5"#<1*1<*%"
<5"<5$#0#(+"L50"*1<*%"*%3%!"<5"#(#01H#("0#<"135#<"759/6014#(#<"35"C#D/1#E50%!"
9#7=14/0#7*5(=5"0#<"D/5"<5"75M575("#"0#"971%713#3"D/5"4%(M575"#0"1(=57N<"9)6014%"
4%("75<954=%"#0"971E#3%!"0%"4/#0"5<"1J/#0*5(=5"75=%*#3%"9%7"F%/<<5#/!"5<=#"E5H"
005E@(3%0%"?#<=#"/("5K=75*%"D/5"?#"<13%"*%=1E%"35"*)0=1905<"#3E57=5(41#<"A"47>=14#<+
O"L59#7=#*5(=%"35"P%0>=14#"A"Q/0=/7#+"R(1E57<13#3"S/=B(%*#"C5=7%9%01=#(#!"T%4?1*104%!"CNK14%!"
#741#U4%775%+K%4+/#*+*K
,,,
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento!"#$%"&'!"()*+",-!"./01%231415*675"-8,-!"99+",,,2,:,+
,,-"
F%657=%"V#74>#"W/7#3%
Palabras claveX" 759/6014#(1<*%!" (#=/7#05H#" ?/*#(#!" 1(=57N<" 9)6014%!" E%0/(=#3"
J5(57#0!"<%657#(>#+
Abstract
Y?1<"#7=1405"#(#0AH5<"#(3"4%*9#75<"C#4?1#E5001"#(3"F%/<<5#/Z<"9%01=14#0"135#<!"
5<9541#00A"=[%"E57A"1*9%7=#(=X"?/*#("(#=/75"#(3"759/6014#(1<*+"'="<?%["?%["
1("6%=?"1=5*<"F%/<<5#/"\%00%["E57A"40%<50A"=?5"C#4?1#E5001Z<"135#<!"6/="1="9%1(="
%/="=?5"<%/(3(5<<"#(3"4%?575(45"%\"=?5"<54%(3+"'("75<954="[1=?"?/*#("(#=/75!"
1="<?%["?%["C#4?1#E5001"#4459=53"=?5"?/*#(Z<"5E10(5<<"4#("65"4%7754=53"6A"
9%01=14#0"1(<=1=/=1%(<!"[?14?"1<"=#]5("/9"6A"F%/<<5#/!"#0=?%/J?"[1=?"<%*5"1(4%(2
<1<=5(415<"*#7]53+"'("=?5"<#*5"[#A!"1="#(#0AH5<"C#4?1#E5001Z<"759/6014#("135#<!"
5<9541#00A"=?%<5"=%"J1E5"971%71=A"=%"9/6014"1(=575<="65\%75"971E#=5"1(=575<=!"[?14?"
1<"=#]5("/9"#J#1("6A"F%/<<5#/!"=?1<"=1*5"=%"05#3"1="<%"\#7"=?#="?#<"#==7#4=53"#"
0%="%\"471=141<*<+"
Key wordsX"759/6014#(1<*!"?/*#("(#=/75!"9/6014"1(=575<=!"J5(57#0"[100!"<%E5751J(=A+"
Introducción
R(%"35"0%<"9#<#.5<"*@<"4N05675<"35"El contrato social"^#"9#7=17"35"#?%7#"CS_"5<"
<1("3/3#"#D/50"5("D/5"F%/<<5#/"?#60#"35"C#D/1#E50%"4%*%"35"/("975459=%7"350"
9/560%"A"975<5(=#"El príncipe"4%*%"/("0167%"9#7#"759/6014#(%<!"#/("4/#(3%"
9#7#"/(#"6/5(#"9#7=5"35"0#"%91(1B("9)6014#"35"5(=%(45<"A"35"#?%7#"5<=5"5<471=%"
(%"9/53#"<57"E1<=%"<1(%"4%*%"50"0167%"35"4#65457#"35"0%<"=17#(%<+
`%"<%("*/4?#<"0#<"#0/<1%(5<"D/5"?#45"F%/<<5#/"35"C#D/1#E50%"5("50" CS!"
#95(#<" /(#" *5(41B(" 5K90>41=#" 35(=7%" 350" =5K=%" 5(" 50" #9#7=#3%" '''+a" A" 41(4%" 752
\575(41#<"5("1J/#0"()*57%"35"915<"35"9@J1(#+";("0#"*5(41B("5K90>41=#"350"=5K=%"
F%/<<5#/"4#01M4#"#"C#D/1#E50%"35"759/6014#(%!"4%*%"A#"<5"?#"314?%!"A"5("0#<"
31\575(=5<"(%=#<"35"915"35"9@J1(#"<5"75M575"#"31\575(=5<"97%605*#<"35"0#"E13#"
759/6014#(#"D/5"#*6%<"4%1(4135("5("35<=#4#7!"4%*%"50"5\54=%"35"0#<"31E1<1%(5<"
1(=57(#<"5("0#<"759)6014#<"^(%=#"''+:_!"50"E>(4/0%"5(=75"05J1<0#41B("A"7501J1B("^(%=#"
''+,8_!"50"4%*97%*1<%"35"C#D/1#E50%"4%("0#"01657=#3"^(%=#"'''+a_!"0#"4%(=716/41B("
35"0#"01657=#3"9#7#"50"97%J75<%"35"0%<"9/560%<"^(%=#"'''+,8_!"A"0#"\/(41B("35"0%<"
=716/(%<"5("50"J%6157(%"7%*#(%"^(%=#"'''+,,_+"b/57#"350"CS!"5("</<"%=7%<"5<471=%<!"
F%/<<5#/"*5(41%(#"#"C#D/1#E50%"=#("<B0%"5("3%<"%4#<1%(5<+"R(#"35"500#<"5("El discurso sobre la economía política"^#"9#7=17"35"#?%7#"DEP_!"5("3%(35"35M(5"#"0#"
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
;0"D/5"D/1575"50"M(!"D/1575"0%<"*531%<"
,,:
54%(%*>#"9%0>=14#"9%9/0#7"4%*%"#D/N00#"5("3%(35"5K1<=5"/(#"40#7#"/(13#3"35"
1(=57N<"5(=75"50"9/560%"A"</<".5\5<!"0%"4/#0"5.5*901M4#"4%("0#"%67#"35"C#D/1#2
E50%G"A"0#"<5J/(3#"5("50"Emilio!"5("3%(35"F%/<<5#/"471=14#"0#"9%4#"M35013#3"D/5"
C#D/1#E50%"=15(5"4%*%"?1<=%71#3%7+,
'(3595(315(=5*5(=5"35"D/5"F%/<<5#/"754165"A"*/5<=7#"40#7#*5(=5"0#"1(c/5(2
41#"D/5"5.574157%("5("</<"135#<"%=7%<"J7#(35<"95(<#3%75<"4%*%"d%665<!"V7%41%!"
e%4]5"%"C%(=5<D/15/!"0#"1(c/5(41#"35"C#D/1#E50%!"#"95<#7"35"0#<"9%4#<"#0/<1%(5<"
5K90>41=#<"#"N<=5!"5<"35=57*1(#(=5"5("/(#"J7#("4#(=13#3"35"#<954=%<"6@<14%<"35"</"
=5%7>#!"#<>"4%*%"?#"<13%"7505E#(=5"9#7#"0#"9%<=5713#3"0#"1(=57975=#41B("D/5"N0"?14157#"
350"95(<#3%7"c%75(=1(%+"F%/<<5#/"(%"<B0%"<5"75*1=5"#"0%<"*1<*%<"95(<#3%75<"
40@<14%<"D/5"1(<917#7%("#"C#D/1#E50%!"<1(%"D/5"=#*61N("501J5"#"F%*#"4%*%"/(%"
35"0%<"4#<%<"*@<"754/775(=5<"A"/=101H#3%<"9#7#"0#"4%*97%6#41B("35"</<"135#<!"=#0"A"
4%*%"0%"?#6>#"?54?%"N<=5+
Y#(=#"5<"0#"97%K1*13#3"D/5"?#A"5("#<954=%<"\/(3#*5(=#05<"350"95(<#*15(=%"
9%0>=14%"35"#*6%<"#/=%75<"D/5"<1"615("(%"<5"5(4/5(=7#"5("9#7=5"#0J/(#"35"0%<"5<2
471=%<"35"C#D/1#E50%"0#"9%9/0#7"\7#<5"D/5"4%("=#(=#"1(<1<=5(41#"<5"05"#=716/A5X"f50"
M("./<=1M4#"0%<"*531%<g!"5("0%<"5<471=%<"35"F%/<<5#/"<5"5(4/5(=7#"/(#"*/A"<1*10#7" #"N<=#!"97@4=14#*5(=5"5D/1E#05(=5X"f50"D/5"D/1575"50"M(!"D/1575"0%<"*531%<g!- la cual 3#"4/5(=#"(%"<B0%"35"0#"4%*905.13#3"350"97%605*#"A"0#"9%0N*14#"D/5"0#"750#41B("5(=75"
0%<"*531%<"A"0%<"M(5<"=15(5"5("0#"#441B("9%0>=14#"A"5("50"90#(%"*%7#0!"<1(%"=#*61N("0#"
#459=#41B("9%7"9#7=5"35"F%/<<5#/"35"0#"1(31<%0/61013#3"35"5<=#"#<%41#41B(+"
L50"*1<*%"*%3%!"#<>"4%*%"h/74]?#73="4#01M4B"#0";<=#3%"75(#45(=1<=#"4%*%"
/(#"%67#"35"#7=5"5("=#(=%"D/5"57#"97%3/4=%"350"4@04/0%!"0#"75c5K1B("A"50"31<5$%!"
31<=1(J/15(3%"#"C#D/1#E50%"4%*%"50"5.5*90%"*@<"=>914%"35"5<=#"1(141#=1E#"475#3%7#!"
F%/<<5#/"#</*1B"4%("=%=#0"40#713#3"A"905(1=/3"D/5"50";<=#3%!"5("=#(=%"97%3/4=%"35"
4%(E5(41%(5<"A"#4/573%<"?/*#(%<!"(%"9%3>#"<57"E1<=%"<1(%"4%*%"/(#"%67#"35"#7=5!"
#9%7=#(3%"*/A"97%6#605*5(=5"50"<1=1#0"35<35"50"4/#0"/("<1J0%"35<9/N<"h/74]?#73="
4%(=5*90#7#"#0";<=#3%"75(#45(=1<=#+:
S35*@<!"(%"9%7"#(543B=14#"35.#"35"<57"7505E#(=5"0#"*%=1E#41B("D/5"J/1B"#"
5<=%<"3%<"#/=%75<"#"0#"75c5K1B("A"0#"5<471=/7#"9%0>=14#+";("0#"*1<*#"1(=7%3/441B("
#0"e167%"I del CS!"F%/<<5#/"5K975<#"4%("J7#("<1(45713#3"D/5"<1"\/57#"97>(4195"%"
05J1<0#3%7"(%"957357>#"50"=15*9%"5("5<471617"0%"D/5"356>#"?#457<5!"<1*905*5(=5"0%"
?#7>#+"P%7"%=7%"0#3%!"5<"35"<%67#"4%(%413#"0#"9#7=5"35"0#"61%J7#\>#"35"C#D/1#E50%"
,
" &N#(<5"0%<"0167%<"35"W5#("W#4D/5<"F%/<<5#/!"Contrato social+"C#3713!";<9#<#"!"-88:G"!"#$%&#'(
sobre la economía política+"C#3713!"Y54(%<!"-88,!"9+",:G"A"Emilio+"CNK14%!"UNAM!",ijk+"Y+"''!"9+"k8+
" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"!"#$%&#'(#')&*(+,(*$'-'./,(0'+/1"$,!"9+":kG"Contrato social!"9+"aa+
:
" W#4%6"h/74]?#73=!"La cultura del Renacimiento+"CNK14%!"P%77)#!",ilm+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
,,m"
F%657=%"V#74>#"W/7#3%
D/5"0%"005E#7#"#"7540/17<5"5("</"5<=/31%"9#7#"95(<#7"A"5<471617"35"9%0>=14#!"0%"4/#0"*/A"
97%6#605*5(=5"(%"?/6157#"?54?%"35"?#657"9%313%"<5J/17"5("50"<57E141%"9)6014%"35"0#"
F59)6014#"35"b0%75(41#+"S<>!"0%<"3%<"5<47165("35"9%0>=14#"<1("?#6N7<50%"97%9/5<=%!"
4%*%"<1"<5"=7#=#<5"35"/("#44135(=5"35"0#"\%7=/(#+
Q%*%" 9/535" %6<57E#7<5!" 5(=75" #*6%<" #/=%75<" 5K1<=5" /(#" <5715" 35" 9#7#2
0501<*%<!" 4%1(4135(41#<" A" 4%(=7#9%<141%(5<" 31J(%<" 35" 5K90%7#7!" A" */4?%<" 35"
500%<"<5"3565("#"0#"1(c/5(41#"D/5"5.5741B"C#D/1#E50%"<%675"F%/<<5#/+";("0#<"
<1J/15(=5<"9@J1(#<"<5"5K90%7#("3%<"#<954=%<"\/(3#*5(=#05<"#"0%<"D/5"#*6%<"
4%(M7157%("J7#("1(=57N<"A"D/5"5E135(41#("0#<"<1*101=/35<"A"31E57J5(41#<"D/5"?#A"
5(=75"/(%"A"%=7%+
La naturaleza humana
;("0#"?1<=%71#"350"95(<#*15(=%"9%0>=14%"*%357(%"?#A"9%4%<"#/=%75<"=#("4N05675<"
9%7"</<"75c5K1%(5<"<%675"0#"(#=/7#05H#"?/*#(#"4%*%"C#D/1#E50%"A"F%/<<5#/+"
P57%"=#*61N("?#A"*/A"9%4%<"D/5"9/53#("\%7*#7"/(#"*#(4/57(#"=#("31<9#7"#"5<=5"
75<954=%+"C#D/1#E50%"5<!"<1("3/3#"#0J/(#!"50"*@K1*%"5K9%(5(=5"35"0#"4%(45941B("
N=14#"D/5"9%<=/0#"0#"*#03#3"4%(JN(1=#"35"0#"(#=/7#05H#"?/*#(#+"F%/<<5#/!"9%7"
</"9#7=5!"5<"50"9#7#31J*#"35"0#"6%(3#3"350"JN(57%"?/*#(%!"0#"35\5(<#"10/<=7#3#"
350"*1=%"350"buen salvaje.m
Y#(=%"5("El príncipe"4%*%"5("0%<"!"#$%&#'#(#')&*(+,(0&".*&,(23$,2,(2*(4"1'(
Livio"^#"9#7=17"35"#?%7#"!"#$%&#'#_!"%67#<"D/5"F%/<<5#/"4%(%4>#"*/A"615("A"41=#"
=5K=/#0*5(=5"5("50"CS!"C#D/1#E50%"9%<=/0#"751=57#3#*5(=5"0#"957E57<13#3"(#=/7#0"
350"JN(57%"?/*#(%+"P%7"5.5*90%!"5("50"4#9>=/0%"XVII de El príncipe!"5("3%(35"=7#=#"
0#"4/5<=1B("35"<1"5<"*5.%7"9#7#"/("97>(4195"<57"#*#3%"D/5"=5*13%!"4%(40/A5(3%"
D/5"<1"(%"5<"9%<1605"=5(57"#*6#<"4%<#<"5<"*5.%7"<57"=5*13%!"0%"3145"5("/("=%(%"
D/5"?#"#3D/1713%"=1(=5<"97%E5761#05<"fP%7D/5"35"0#"J5(57#013#3"35"0%<"?%*675<"
<5"9/535"35417"5<=%X"D/5"<%("1(J7#=%<!"E%0/605<!"<1*/0#3%75<!"4%6#735<"#(=5"50"
9501J7%"A"@E13%<"35"0/47%g+k"S"0%"D/5"1(*531#=#*5(=5"35<9/N<!"5("50"4#9>=/0%"XVIII!"
4/#(3%"5(/(41#"50"4%(=7%E57=13%"975459=%"35"D/5"/("97>(4195"9/535"\#0=#7"#"0#"9#2
0#67#"3#3#"4/#(3%"#<>"0%"4%(<13575"(545<#71%!"4%(M7*#"</"<5(=5(41#"31415(3%"fI1"
0%<"?%*675<"\/5<5("=%3%<"6/5(%<!"5<=5"975459=%"(%"<57>#"6/5(%G"957%"4%*%"<%("
957E57<%<"A"(%"0#"%6<57E#7>#("4%(=1J%!"=#*9%4%"=)"3565<"%6<57E#70#"4%("500%<g+a
m
" P#7#"#0J/(%<!"A"(%"<1("7#HB(!"N<=5"5<"/(%"35"0%<"#<954=%<"D/5"97%3/45("*@<"=5(<1B("5(=75"
#*6%<+"^e1%(50"S+"C4]5(H15!"fF%/<<5#/n<"L56#=5"[1=?"C#4?1#E5001"1("=?5"I%41#0"Q%(=7#4=g"5("Journal '5(16*(7"#1'&8('5(92*,#!"E%0+"m:!"()*+"-!"#67102./(1%!",il-+_
k
" `14%0@<"C#D/1#E50%!"9+(0&"-$"0*:(;,(.,-2&,<'+,+"&#75<5!"e/1J1"F5E5731=%!",iik!"9+"li+
a
Ibid"9+"i-+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
;0"D/5"D/1575"50"M(!"D/1575"0%<"*531%<"
,,k
;("0%<"!"#$%&#'#"#6/(3#("0#<"751=57#41%(5<"35"5<=5"./141%+"L5<35"0#"971*57#"
0>(5#"350"P7%5*1%"350"e167%" I"3145"fS/(D/5"9%7"0#"(#=/7#05H#"5(E131%<#"35"0%<"
?%*675<g+"o"0/5J%!"5("50"4#9>=/0%":"35"5<=5"*1<*%"0167%"4%(=1()#"fQ%*%"352
*/5<=7#("=%3%<"0%<"D/5"?#("*531=#3%"35"0#"E13#"9%0>=14#"A"0%<"5.5*90%<"35"D/5"
5<=@"005(#"0#"?1<=%71#!"5<"(545<#71%"D/5"D/15("31<9%(5"/(#"759)6014#"A"%735(#"
</<"05A5<"975</9%(J#"D/5"=%3%<"0%<"?%*675<"<%("*#0%<g+j
p4/775"=%3%"0%"4%(=7#71%"4%("F%/<<5#/+"`%"?#A"95(<#3%7"#(=1J/%"%"*%357(%"
D/5"4%("*@<"#?>(4%"97%40#*5"0#"6%(3#3"(#=/7#0"350"?%*675!"%"#0"*5(%<"D/5"<5"
754%(%H4#"A"975<=1J15"9%7"500%+"I1("5*6#7J%!"#"31\575(41#"35"C#D/1#E50%!"D/15("
4%(<1<=5(=5"A"4%?575(=5*5(=5"<%<=15(5"0#"*#03#3"350"?%*675!"F%/<<5#/"5K?165"
4157=#<"#*61Jq53#35<!"1(4%(J7/5(41#<"A"4%(=7#31441%(5<+"
P%7" 971(4191%!" ?#67>#" D/5" #3E57=17" D/5" #" 95<#7" 35" <57" </" %67#" 9%0>=14#" *@<"
1*9%7=#(=5!" (%" <5" 5(4/5(=7#" 5(" =%3%" 50" CS" 75\575(41#" #0J/(#" #" 0#" (#=/7#05H#"
*%7#0"350"?%*675+"C@<"#)(!"<1"<5"%6<57E#"4%("35=5(1*15(=%!"<5"E57@"D/5"<%("
*/A" 9%4#<" 0#<" %4#<1%(5<" D/5" F%/<<5#/" <5" 75M575" 5K90>41=#*5(=5" #0" =5*#"
5(" %=7#<" 35" </<" %67#<" 7505E#(=5<+" R(#" 35" 500#<" 5<" 50" Emilio!" 5(" 3%(35" 90#(2 =5#"D/5"50"?%*675"5<"(#=/7#0*5(=5"6/5(%!"9%7"0%"D/5"4%(<1357#"\/(3#*5(=#0"D/5"
</"9/910%!";*101%!"fI59#"D/5"(#=/7#0*5(=5"5<"6/5(%"50"?%*675!"<1N(=#0%"5("<>!"A"
./HJ/5"35"</"97B.1*%"9%7"<>"*1<*%G"5*957%"E5#"4B*%"3597#E#"A"957E157=5"0#"<%4152
3#3"#"0%<"?%*675<g+l"d#A"=#*61N("%=7#<"*5(41%(5<"5K90>41=#<"35"5<=5"./141%"D/5"<5"
5(4/5(=7#("5("5<471=%<"35"*5(%7"7505E#(41#"=5B714#!"4%*%"5("fe#<"5(<%$#41%(5<"
350"9#<5#(=5"<%01=#71%g"r#"9#7=17"35"#?%7#"Ensoñacioness!"5("3%(35"3145"fp?"<5$%7"
rts"4%("D/N"<5(41005H"?#67>#"35*%<=7#3%"D/5"50"?%*675"5<"(#=/7#0*5(=5"6/5(%"
A"D/5"<B0%"9%7"0#<"1(<=1=/41%(5<"<5"E/50E5("*#0E#3%<"0%<"?%*675<g+i
Q%*%"9/535"E57<5!"<%("9%4#<"0#<"%4#<1%(5<"5("0#<"D/5"F%/<<5#/"5*1=5"40#7#"
A"5K90>41=#*5(=5"5<=5"./141%+"Q157=#*5(=5!"5("#0J/(%<"%=7%<"9#<#.5<"%\7545"A"#6%(#"
#7J/*5(=%<"D/5"9%37>#("#A/3#7"#"<%<=5(57"5<=#"#M7*#41B(+"P%7"5.5*90%!"5("50"
!"#$%&#'(#')&*(+,#($"*-$",#(8(+,#(,&1*#"^#"9#7=17"35"#?%7#"DCA_!"D/5"9%7"0%"35*@<"
4%(<=1=/A5"=%3%"/("#05J#=%"5("4%(=7#"35"0#"5E%0/41B("350"JN(57%"?/*#(%!"50"4/#0"
\/5"5*975(313%"9#7#"75<9%(357"#"0#"975J/(=#"D/5"90#(=5#7#"0#"S4#35*1#"35"L12
.B("#4574#"35"<1"u50"75<=#60541*15(=%"35"0#<"415(41#<"A"0#<"#7=5<"?#"4%(=716/13%"#"
*%31M4#7"%"4%77%*957"0#<"4%<=/*675<v"F%/<<5#/"(%"E#410B"5("75<9%(357"D/5"<>!"
j
" `+"C#D/1#E50%!"!"#$%&#'#(#')&*(+,(0&".*&,(23$,2,(2*(4"1'(;"="'+"C#3713!"S01#(H#!"-88k!"99+"
-j"A"m8+
l
" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"Emilio!"=+"II+"9+"ma+
i
" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"Las ensoñaciones del paseante solitario+"C#3713!"S01#(H#!"-88l!"9+",ijG"EN#<5"
=#*61N("/(#"\%7*/0#41B("<1*10#7"5("0#"fQ#7=#"#"h5#/*%(=g!"5("W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"Escritos polémicos. C#3713!"Y54(%<!",iim+"9+"a,+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
,,a"
F%657=%"V#74>#"W/7#3%
D/5"0#<"415(41#<"A"0#<"#7=5<"?#("4%77%*913%!"35J5(57#3%"A"356101=#3%"#0"JN(57%"
?/*#(%+";("5<=5"!"#$%&#'!"F%/<<5#/"90#(=5#"(%"<B0%"D/5"0#<"415(41#<"A"0#<"
#7=5<"?#("5(J5(37#3%"0%<"*#A%75<"E141%<"350"JN(57%"?/*#(%!"<1(%"D/5"1(40/<%"
9%3>#" ?#4N7<505<" 75<9%(<#605<" 350" 354#1*15(=%" 35"S=5(#<" A" F%*#+" '(40/<%"
5("0#"9#7=5"4%(40/<1E#"350"=5K=%"<5"0#(H#"5("4%(=7#"35"1(E5(=%<"4%*%"0#"*1<*#"
1*975(=#!"D/5"#"</"./141%"<B0%"5=57(1H#("0#<"5K=7#E#J#(41#<"350"JN(57%"?/*#(%!"
A"#35*@<"#775*5=5"4%(=7#"0#<"*1<*#<"61601%=54#<!"D/5"975<57E#("%6.5=%<"=#("
3#$1(%<"4%*%"0%<"0167%<+"
;E135(=5*5(=5!"<%7975(35"D/5"5<=5"=19%"35"135#<"<5#("5K975<#3#<"9%7"/("
M0B<%\%"D/5"<5"4%(<1357#"*@K1*#"5K975<1B("35"0#"'0/<=7#41B(!"1(<917#3%7"35"0#"
F5E%0/41B("\7#(45<#!"J5(1%"35"0#"*%357(13#3+"S<>!"#"9#7=17"35"0#<"*)0=1905<"5K2
975<1%(5<"35"F%/<<5#/"5("4%(=7#"350"97%J75<%!"0%<"0167%<!"0%<"1(=5054=/#05<!"0#<"
415(41#<"A"0#<"#7=5<!"A"</"5K#0=#41B("35"0#"E13#"<5(4100#!"350"?%*675"4%*)(!"350"
4#*95<1(%"A"350"9/560%!"615("9%37>#"<57"=%*#3%"(%"4%*%"/("75975<5(=#(=5"
35"0#"'0/<=7#41B(!"<1(%"350"7%*#(=141<*%+,8
'(40/<%"9/535"95(<#7<5"D/5"0%<"4%(<=#(=5<"31<J/<=%<!"4?%D/5<!"9%0N*14#<"
A"31<=#(41#*15(=%<"35"%=7#<"MJ/7#<"97%*1(5(=5<"35"0#"'0/<=7#41B("4%*%"&%0=#175!"
L1357%="%"LZS05*657="(%"<B0%"<5"356157%("#"0#"*1<#(=7%9>#"35"0#"D/5"50"*1<*%"
F%/<<5#/"975</*5"5("</<"5<471=%<"#/=%61%J7@M4%<!"<1(%"D/5"9/3157%("%6535457"
=#*61N("5("6/5(#"*5313#"#"0#"31E57J5(41#"35"%91(1%(5<"<%675"=5*#<"7505E#(=5<"
35"<%41%0%J>#"A"9%0>=14#+
`%"%6<=#(=5!"#"95<#7"35"D/5"0#"#M7*#41B("<%675"0#"6%(3#3"(#=/7#0"350"JN2
(57%"?/*#(%"A"0#"957E57<13#3"350"%735("<%41#0"5<"0#"9%<=/7#"*@<"31\/(313#!"(%"
5<"0#")(14#"%91(1B("35"F%/<<5#/"#0"75<954=%+"S/(D/5"0#"=5<1<"<%675"0#"6%(3#3"
(#=/7#0"350"JN(57%"?/*#(%"<5"7591=5"5("E#71%<"9#<#.5<"35"</"%67#!"1J/#0*5(=5"
?#A"%=7%<"=#(=%<"5("3%(35"<5"?#45"/(#"#M7*#41B("31\575(=5!"4%(=7#314=%71#"5("
#0J/(#"*5313#+
;("50"*1<*%"Emilio!"9%7"5.5*90%!"31\>410*5(=5"9/535("4%(4101#7<5"97%9%<141%2
(5<"4%*%"0#"#(=571%7*5(=5"41=#3#!"D/5"9%<=/0#"0#"6%(3#3"(#=/7#0"350"?%*675"A"
0#"3597#E#41B("#"0#"D/5"0%"4%(3/45"0#"<%4153#3!"4%("5<=5"9#<#.5"fe#<"1(<=1=/41%2
(5<"<%41#05<"6/5(#<"<%("0#<"D/5"*5.%7"<#65("6%77#7"0#"(#=/7#05H#"350"?%*675!"
971E#705"35"</"5K1<=5(41#"#6<%0/=#!"3@(3%05"/(#"750#=1E#!"A"=7#<0#3#(3%"50"A%!"0#"
,8
" '(40/<%"9%37>#"35417<5"D/5"F%/<<5#/"(%"<5"<5(=>#"/("1(=5054=/#0!"<1(%"/("?%*675"<5(4100%!"
4%*)(!"/("?%*675"350"9/560%"A"9#7#"50"9/560%+"I5"9/535"4%(</0=#7"#0"75<954=%"50"=5K=%"35"S0#("
h0%%*!"fW5#(2W#4D/5<"F%/<<5#/g!"5("e5%"I=7#/<<"A"W%<59?"Q7%9<5A!"4%*9<+!"7"#1'&",(2*(+,(>+'#'5/,(
política+"CNK14%!"FCE!",iiaG"=#*61N("0%<"4#9>=/0%<"II"A"III"35"h57(?#73"V7%5=?/A<5(!"?:(?:(@'%##*,%. CNK14%!"FCE!",ilkG"5"'7E1(J"h#661==!"Rousseau and romanticism+"`/5E#"o%7]!"C57131#(!",iki+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
;0"D/5"D/1575"50"M(!"D/1575"0%<"*531%<"
,,j
957<%(#013#3!"#"0#"4%*)("/(13#3!"A"<%0#*5(=5"5("50"=%3%"<5#"<5(<1605g+,,
P#7#"#6/(3#7"*@<!"31\>410*5(=5"9/535("4%(4101#7<5"#M7*#41%(5<"4%*%"f50"
*@<"#97541#605"35"0%<"615(5<"(%"5<"0#"#/=%713#3!"<1(%"0#"01657=#3g+,- con la de D/5"f50"?%*675"5<"*@<"01675"5("50"9#4=%"<%41#0"D/5"5("50"5<=#3%"35"(#=/7#05H#g+,:
Q%*%"9/535"E57<5!"(%"75</0=#"=#("<5(4100%"5K=7#57"350"95(<#*15(=%"35"F%/<<5#/"
/(#"%91(1B("40#7#"#0"75<954=%+"I1"50"*#A%7"615("9#7#"50"?%*675"\/57#"50"35"0#"01657=#3"
A"N<=#"<5"J#7#(=1H#7#"<B0%"5("50"%735("<%41#0!"5(=%(45<!"50"5<=#3%"35"(#=/7#05H#"(%"
9/535"<57"/("5<=#3%"35<5#605"9#7#"50"?%*675!"(1"</"975=5(313#"6%(3#3"<57@"75#0!"
9/5<"4#75457>#"350"*@<"97541#3%"615("9#7#"</"5K1<=5(41#+
o#"5("50"!"#$%&#'(#')&*(*+('&"<*-(2*(+,(2*#"<%,+2,2"^"#"9#7=17"35"#?%7#"DOD_"
F%/<<5#/"?#6>#"3590%7#3%"50"5\54=%"D/5"97%3/45"5("50"<57"?/*#(%"50"5<=#3%"
<%41#0!"?#41N(3%0%"3N610!"=>*13%!"<57E10+"C@<"#)(!"#?>"*1<*%"?#6>#"#M7*#3%"<1("
*#=1H"#0J/(%"(%"<B0%"D/5"0%<"714%<"57#("0%<"*#A%75<"65(5M41#7%<"350"%735("<%41#0"
#0"J%H#7"35"/(#"1(<=1=/41B("9%0>=14#"D/5"97%=5J>#"=%3%<"</<"971E105J1%<!"<1(%"D/5"
500%<"*1<*%<"?#6>#("<13%"0%<"#7D/1=54=%<"35"=#0"%735(#*15(=%+"`%"%6<=#(=5!"5<=#"
5K#0=#41B("350"5<=#3%"35"(#=/7#05H#"(%"4%775<9%(35"4%("*/4?#<"#M7*#41%(5<"
D/5"<5"?#7>#("35<9/N<"5("50"97%91%"Emilio"A"50"CS.
S35*@<!"5<"4%(E5(15(=5"#40#7#7"D/5"(%"<B0%"<5"=7#=#"35"/("97%605*#"97%2
9141#3%"9%7"0#"5E%0/41B("35"</"95(<#*15(=%!"A#"D/5"35(=7%"350"*1<*%"QI"5<=@"
975<5(=5"5<=#"#*61Jq53#3+"Y#(=%"50"Emilio"4%*%"50"CS"<5"9/6014#7%("5(",ja-!"
#/(D/5"0#"5<471=/7#"350"971*57%"9754531B"#"0#"350"<5J/(3%+"`%"%6<=#(=5!"5("50"
CS"(%"?#A"7#<=7%"35"0#"975</(41B("35"F%/<<5#/"#4574#"35"0#"6%(3#3"(#=/7#0"350"
JN(57%"?/*#(%!"A"*/4?%"*5(%<"350"5\54=%"957E57<%"A"4%77/9=%7"35"0#"<%4153#3+"
P%7"50"4%(=7#71%!"#?>"5<47165"f;<=5"=7@(<1=%"350"5<=#3%"35"(#=/7#05H#"#0"5<=#3%"
41E10"97%3/45"5("50"?%*675"/("4#*61%"*/A"(%=#605!"#0"</<=1=/17"5("</"4%(3/4=#"0#"
./<=141#"#0"1(<=1(=%"A"#0"3#7"#"</<"#441%(5<"0#"*%7#013#3"D/5"#(=5<"05<"\#0=#6#g+,m
Q%*%" D/53#" 5K9/5<=%!" #D/>" 50" 5<=#3%" 35" (#=/7#05H#" (%" 671(3#" *@<" D/5"
/(#"9%675"5K1<=5(41#"#0"1(31E13/%!"971E@(3%0%"35"4/#0D/157"9%<1605"*%7#013#3!"
9%7"0%"D/5"(1"<1D/157#"?#A"0#"9%<161013#3"35"D/5"50"?%*675"<5#"6/5(%"%"*#0%!"
<1*905*5(=5"5<=@"3%*1(#3%!"5<40#E1H#3%"9%7"</<"1(<=1(=%<+
C@<"#350#(=5!"A"9#7#"75\%7H#7"5<=#"1*975<1B(!"3145"fSD/50"D/5"%<5"5*975(357"
0#"%67#"35"1(<=1=/17"/("9/560%"3565"<5(=17<5"5("5<=#3%"35"4#*61#7!"9%7"354170%"#<>!"0#"
(#=/7#05H#"?/*#(#"rts"35"#0=57#7"0#"4%(<=1=/41B("350"?%*675"9#7#"75\%7H#70#g+,k
,,
" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"Emilio!"9+"k+
Ibid+!"9+"j:+
,:
Ibid+!"9+"m8,+
,m
" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"El contrato social!"9+"k-+
,k
Ibid+!"9+"j-+
,-
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
,,l"
F%657=%"V#74>#"W/7#3%
`%"9/535"?#657"4%(=7#31441B("*@<"40#7#+"Q%*%"9/535"E57<5!"5("#0J/(%<"
4#<%<"F%/<<5#/"<#47#01H#"50"5<=#3%"35"(#=/7#05H#!"0%"4%(E157=5"5("50"9#7#><%"
35"0#"6%(3#3"?/*#(#!"957%"5("%=7%<"0%"35(/5<=#!"0%"35<4#01M4#!"9#7#"9%<=/0#7"
5("4#*61%"#0"5<=#3%"41E10"4%*%"0#")(14#"#0=57(#=1E#"N=14#!"*#=571#0"A"41E101H#=%71#"
9#7#"0#"?/*#(13#3+"C@<"#)(!"<1"5("50"DOD"F%/<<5#/"?#6>#"<5$#0#3%"#"0%<"714%<"
4%*%"0%<"971(419#05<"65(5M41#71%<"350"%735("9%0>=14%!"5("50"CS"#M7*#"4%(=/(35(2
=5*5(=5"D/5"50"9%357"9%0>=14%"<5"5.5745"5("65(5M41%"35"=%3%<"0%<"J%657(#3%<+"S"
31\575(41#"35"%=7%<"4%(=7#4=/#01<=#<!"4%*%"d%665<"A"e%4]5!"D/5"?#6>#("9#7=13%"
35"/("5<=#3%"35"(#=/7#05H#"*@<"%"*5(%<"1J/#01=#71%"9#7#"./<=1M4#7"4157=#<"35<2
1J/#03#35<"5("50"%735("41E10!"F%/<<5#/"75#01H#"/(#"5K=7#9%0#41B("*531#(=5"0#"4/#0"
/614#"0#"1J/#03#3"(%"5("50"5<=#3%"35"(#=/7#05H#!"<1(%"D/5"0#"?#45"4%(<54/5(41#"
350"%735("<%41#0!"0#"4%(E157=5"5("/(#"3571E#41B("4%(E5(41%(#0"350"%735("41E10!"
4%("0%"D/5"<15(=#"/(%"35"0%<"\/(3#*5(=%<"*@<"9%357%<%<"35"0#<"1(<=1=/41%(5<"
35*%47@=14#<"*%357(#<!"35"</<"97@4=14#<"1J/#01=#71#<"A"35"0#"/(1E57<#01H#41B("35"
0#"41/3#3#(>#"D/5"0#"#4%*9#$#+,a
;E135(=5*5(=5!"*/4?#<"35"5<=#<"4%(=7#31441%(5<"<5"3565("#"0#"#*61Jq53#3"
4%("0#"D/5"F%/<<5#/"35<47161B"50"5<=#3%"35"(#=/7#05H#+";("50"CS!"9%7"5.5*90%!"0#(2
HB"/(#"3/7#"47>=14#"5("4%(=7#"35"d%665<"A"</"4%(%413#"1(=57975=#41B("350"5<=#3%"
35"(#=/7#05H#"35M(13%"<5(4100#*5(=5"4%*%"/("5<=#3%"35"J/577#+"I1("5*6#7J%!"50"
*1<*%"F%/<<5#/"975<5(=#"5("50"Ensayo sobre el origen de las lenguas"^#"9#7=17"
de ahora EOL_"/("5<=#3%"35"(#=/7#05H#"35<J#77#3%"9%7"0#"J/577#!"35"1((5J#605"
\#4=/7#"?%665<1#(#+,j"C@<"#)(!"5("0#"A,&1,(,(B*,%.'-1"^#"9#7=17"35"#?%7#"CB_"
9#7545"#9#7=#7<5"350"4%(%413%"5<D/5*#"619%0#7"350"5<=#3%"35"(#=/7#05H#"vs 5<=#3%"41E10!"=#("4#7#4=57><=14%"35"0%<"4%(=7#4=/#01<=#<"40@<14%<!"9#7#"97%9%(57"5("
</"0/J#7"/("5<D/5*#"35"=75<"9#<%<G"50"971*57%"D/5"4%775<9%(357>#"#"/("5<=#3%"
35"(#=/7#05H#"5("3%(35"0%<"1(31E13/%<"<5"5(4/5(=7#("#1<0#3%<"A"J/1#3%<"<B0%"
9%7"</<"1(<=1(=%<!"9%7"0%"D/5"#?>"(%"?#A"E#0%7#41B("*%7#0"#0J/(#!"(1"6%(3#3"(1"
*#03#3G"50"<5J/(3%!"5("3%(35"4%(=1()#"971E#(3%"/("5<=#3%"(#=/7#0!"957%"3%(35"
#9#7545("0%<"971*57%<"1(3141%<"35"/(#"<%41#61013#3"D/5!"<1("*%=1E%"%"./<=1M4#41B("
,a
" &N#<5"0#"5K9%<141B("<%675"0#"JN(5<1<"35"0#"#/=%(%*>#"*%7#0"5("50"*/(3%"*%357(%"A"0#"#9%72
=#41B("75#01H#3#"9%7"F%/<<5#/"#"500%"5("W+"h+"I4?(55[1(3!";,("-=*-$"C-(2*(+,(,%1'-'./,:(D-,(6"#1'&",(
2*(+,(>+'#'5/,(.'&,+(.'2*&-,+"CNK14%!"FCE!"-88i+"Y#*61N("'<#1#?"h5701(!"La traición de la libertad. Seis *-*."<'#(2*(+,(+")*&1,2(6%.,-,+"CNK14%!"FCE!"-88m+
,j
" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"Ensayo sobre el origen de las lenguas+"h%J%=@!"`%7*#!",iik!"4#9+"IX+"L/7]?51*"
E1<0/*67B"5<=#"4%(=7#31441B("5("50"95(<#*15(=%"35"F%/<<5#/!"957%"(%"0#"005EB"?#<=#"</<")0=1*#<"4%(2
<54/5(41#<G"EN#<5"w*105"L/7]?51*!"Montesquieu y Rousseau, precursores de la sociología+"C#3713!"
Y54(%<!"-888+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
;0"D/5"D/1575"50"M(!"D/1575"0%<"*531%<"
,,i
#0J/(#!"<5"975<5(=#"4%*%"./<=#"A"%735(#3#!"6#<#3#"5("/(#"*%7#013#3"6/5(#G"A"
50"=57457%!"4#7#4=571H#3%"A#"9%7"0#"975<5(41#"35"/("5<=#3%"<%41#0"3%(35"#c%7#"50"
1(=57N<"957<%(#0!"D/5"#4=)#"5("35*N71=%"350"615("9)6014%!"A"3%(35"0%<"?%*675<"
A#"(%"<%("6/5(%<!"#?%7#"<%("*#0%<+,l
S"7#>H"35"/("5<D/5*#"35"5<=5"=19%!"9#754157#"D/5"50"5<=#3%"(#=/7#0"f135#0g"
35"F%/<<5#/"5<"50"35"/(#"<%41#013#3"01*1=#3#!"<1("35*#<1#3#"97%K1*13#3+"IB0%"
5("/("5<=#3%"35"5<=5"=19%"50"?%*675"9/535"5K1<=17"750#41%(@(3%<5"1(=579%(15(3%"
/(#"97/35(=5"31<=#(41#"4%("</<"<5*5.#(=5<!"957%"<1("#97%K1*#7<5"35*#<1#3%!"
<1(" 4%*9#7#7<5" 4%(" 0%<" 35*@<!" <1(" 5*975(357" 50" 1(5E1=#605" ./5J%" 35" </*#"
457%"D/5!"35"#4/573%"#"F%/<<5#/!"1(50/31605*5(=5"35M(5"#"0#"<%4153#3"A"D/5"
97541<#*5(=5"35<5(4#35(#"50"4%(c14=%"A"0#"*#03#3+
Q%*%"<5"?#"*%<=7#3%"#(=5<!"(%"5K1<=5("<5*5.#(=5<"#*61Jq53#35<"5("50"
95(<#*15(=%"35"C#D/1#E50%+"I/"E#0%7#41B("35"0#"*#03#3"(#=/7#0"?/*#(#"5<"
5(\@=14#!"#6<%0/=#!"1(5D/>E%4#+
e#"31<=1(41B("5<"957=1(5(=5"A"7505E#(=5"35613%"#"D/5"0#"35M(141B("A"4#7#4=52
71H#41B("35"0#"(#=/7#05H#"?/*#(#"5<"5<5(41#0"5("0#"M0%<%\>#"9%0>=14#!"9#7=14/0#72
*5(=5"35<35"0#"957<954=1E#"4%(=7#4=/#01<=#G"5(=75"%=7#<"4%<#<!"35"500%"3595(35"
5("6/5(#"*5313#"50"4#7@4=57"*1<*%"D/5"<5"05"#=716/A#"#"0#"#<%41#41B("9%0>=14#!"
#"0#"*#J(1=/3"350"9%357"350";<=#3%+"d%665<!"9%7"5.5*90%!"35"/(#"*#(57#"*/A"
<1*10#7"#"0#"35"C#D/1#E50%!"#</*>#"/(#"*#03#3"(#=/7#0"4%(JN(1=#"5("50"JN(57%"
?/*#(%!"9%7"0%"D/5"(%"E5>#"%=7%"*531%"9#7#"</"97%91#"975<57E#41B("D/5"50"5<=#2
60541*15(=%"35"/(#"#/=%713#3"=#("1*9%(5(=5"A"#*5(#H#3%7#"4%*%"50"e5E1#=@(+
C#D/1#E50%!"9%7"</"9#7=5!"#</*>#"D/5"0#"(#=/7#05H#"957E57<#"350"?%*675"
9%3>#"<57"3%*5$#3#"9%7"/("97>(4195"=5*1605"A"5(*5(3#3#"9%7"0#"#441B("41E10"
35" 0#<" 05A5<+" ;(" 5<=5" <5(=13%!" 05" 4%(M575" #0" ;<=#3%" /(#" \/(41B(" *%7#01H#(=5"
\/(3#*5(=#0X"<1"50"?%*675"5<"*#0E#3%"9%7"(#=/7#05H#!"0#<"05A5<!"0#"#/=%713#3"
350"97>(4195!"A"0#<"4%(3141%(5<"35"0#"#<%41#41B("9%0>=14#"9%37@("?#4570%"6/5(%!"
1(40/<%"1(\/(31705"E17=/3+"Q%(<54/5(=5*5(=5!"9#7#"C#D/1#E50%"0#"5<5(41#"35"0#"
9%0>=14#"7#314#"5("5<=#"=5(<1B("31(@*14#"D/5"<5"5<=#60545"5(=75"50"?%*675"(#=/7#0"
A"50"?%*675"9%0>=14%G"/(#"\/57H#"0%"1*9/0<#"#"0#"4%77/941B("A"0#"957E57<13#3!"A"
0#"%=7#"?#41#"0#"1(=5J7#41B("A"0#"4%(\7#=57(13#3+"e#"05A"A"%735("9%0>=14%"9/535("
<#0E#7"#<>"#0"?%*675"35"</"*1<571#"*%7#0+
L5" #?>" D/5" 0#<" #*61Jq53#35<" A" 4%(=7#31441%(5<" 5(" 50" 95(<#*15(=%" 35"
F%/<<5#/"(%"957*1=#("5<=#605457"=#("40#7#*5(=5"4%(40/<1%(5<"35"5<=5"=19%+"`%"
%6<=#(=5!"#"95<#7"A"9%7"5(41*#"35"5<=#<"1(35M(141%(5<!"9%37>#"4%(E5(17<5"5("
,l
" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"A,&1,(,(B*,%.'-1!"99+"a-2a:+"I5"9/535"4%(</0=#7"=#*61N("W%<N"F+"F54/57%!"
La libertad en Rousseau y Kant. !*(+,(1*'&/,(,(+,(0&E$1"$,+"C#3713!"h1601%=54#"`/5E#!"-88m+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
,-8"
F%657=%"V#74>#"W/7#3%
D/5"0#"9#7=5"*@<"E1J%7%<#"35"</"=5%7>#"=#0"E5H"<5#"#D/500#"5("0#"D/5"4%1(4135"
4%("C#D/1#E50%!"5<"35417!"4/#(3%"#M7*#"</"4%(E1441B("35"D/5"0#"#<%41#41B("
9%0>=14#"5.5745"/(#"9%357%<#"1(c/5(41#"65(NM4#"5("50"<57"?/*#(%G"D/5"<B0%"#"
=7#EN<"35"500#"50"?%*675"#44535"#"0#"41E101H#41B(!"0#"*%7#013#3"A"0#"1J/#03#3!"A"
D/5"<1("0/J#7"#"3/3#<"50"9%357"9%0>=14%"<5"5.5745"5("65(5M41%"35"0%<"J%657(#3%<+"
IB0%"#</*15(3%"5<=#"1(=57975=#41B("<5"9/535"75<4#=#7"#0"F%/<<5#/"D/5"754%2
(%4>#"50"4%(3141%(#*15(=%"754>97%4%"5(=75"0#"*%7#0"A"0#"9%0>=14#G"#0"F%/<<5#/"D/5"
#</*>#"0#"4#9#413#3"35"0#<"1(<=1=/41%(5<"9%0>=14#<"9#7#"4#*61#7"0#"(#=/7#05H#"350"
?%*675!"4%*%"0%"?#6>#"5K975<#3%"5("50"\7#J*5(=%"A#"41=#3%"350"Emilio!"%"4%*%"
0%"3145"5("/("9#<#.5"350"DEP"=%3#E>#"*@<"75E50#3%7"fI1"6/5(%"5<"5*905#7"#"0%<"
?%*675<"=#0"4/#0"<%(!"*5.%7"5<"#)("=%7(#70%<"=#0"A"4%*%"<5"(545<1=#"D/5"<5#("rts"
Q157=%"5<"D/5"#"0#"0#7J#"0%<"9/560%<"<%("4%*%"0%<"?#45("0%<"J%6157(%<g+,i Una \%7*#"35"5(=5(357"50"\/(41%(#*15(=%"35"0#<"1(<=1=/41%(5<"9%0>=14#<"D/5"D/53#7>#"
90#<*#3#"5("</<"5<471=%<"*@<"97#J*@=14%<!"4%*%"50"Proyecto de constitución para Córcega"^#"9#7=17"35"#?%7#"Proyecto_"A"0#<"Consideraciones sobre el go­
bierno de Polonia y su proyecto de reforma"^#"9#7=17"35"#?%7#"Consideraciones_!"
5("3%(35"35.#6#"5("40#7%"D/5"9#7#"5<=%<"9#><5<"=#("1*9%7=#(=5"57#"5(4%(=7#7"0#"
\%7*#"35"J%6157(%"*@<"#354/#3#"4%*%"D/5"50";<=#3%"4%(<=7/A57#"/("9/560%"
A"/(#"(#41B("#"0#"1*#J5("35"</"#<917#41B(+-8
El republicanismo
C#D/1#E50%"A"F%/<<5#/"=#*61N("%4/9#("5("0#"=7#3141B("350"95(<#*15(=%"9%0>=14%"
*%357(%"0%<"971*57><1*%<"0/J#75<"9%7"</"E%4#41B("759/6014#(#+"S*6%<"=/E157%("
31\575(=5<"*%=1E%<"9#7#"500%!"#/(D/5"=#*61N("4%*9#7=5("#0J/(#<"*%=1E#41%(5<"
<1*10#75<+"
P%7"971(4191%!"?#67>#"D/5"(%=#7"D/5"50"759/6014#(1<*%"35"#*6%<"=15(5"3%<"
4#7#4=57><=14#<"5<5(41#05<X"/(#"<5"75M575"#"0#"505441B("35"0#"759)6014#"4%*%"0#"
*5.%7"\%7*#"35"J%6157(%!"A"0#"%=7#"#0"759/6014#(1<*%"4%*%"750#41B("35"0#"5(=13#3"
9)6014#"\75(=5"#"0%<"1(31E13/%<+
P%7"0%"D/5"75<954=#"#"0#"505441B("35"0#"759)6014#"4%*%"0#"*5.%7"\%7*#"35"
J%6157(%!" ?#67>#" D/5" 35417" D/5" ?#A" #0J/(#<" E#71#41%(5<" 5(" 0#" 4%(45941B("
35"/(%"A"%=7%+"
,i
" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"El discurso sobre la economía política!"99+",l2,i+
" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"F&'8*$1'(2*($'-#1"1%$"C-(0,&,(AC&$*<,:(A'-#"2*&,$"'-*#(#')&*(*+(<')"*&-'(
de Polonia y su proyecto de reforma+"C#3713!"Y54(%<!",ill+
-8
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
;0"D/5"D/1575"50"M(!"D/1575"0%<"*531%<"
,-,
P#7#"C#D/1#E50%!"0#"759)6014#"5<"/(#"\%7*#"35"J%6157(%"#<%41#3#">(=1*#*5(=5"
#"0#"01657=#3!"#"0#"01675"9#7=1419#41B("35"/("#*901%"()*57%"35"41/3#3#(%<"5("0#<"=#2
75#<"350"J%6157(%!"9%7"0%"D/5"5<"31#*5=7#0*5(=5"31<=1(=#"#"0#"*%(#7D/>#!"5("3%(35"
50"J%6157(%"5<"/("#</(=%"D/5"05"4%*95=5"\/(3#*5(=#0*5(=5"#"/(%"<%0%!"35"?54?%!"
N<=#"5<"0#"\B7*/0#"D/5"3#"1(141%"#"El príncipeX"fY%3%<"0%<";<=#3%<!"=%3#<"0#<"3%*12
(#41%(5<"D/5"?#("5.57413%"A"5.5745("<%657#(>#"<%675"0%<"?%*675<"<%("759)6014#<"
%"971(419#3%<g+-,
Q%*%"9/535"E57<5!"<%("3%<"\%7*#<"35"J%6157(%"40#7#*5(=5"31<=1(=#<!"5K40/2
A5(=5<"9%37>#"35417<5!"#/(D/5"/(13#<"9%7"/(#"5<4#0#"35"J7#3#41B("3595(315(2 3%"35"0#"1(c/5(41#"D/5"=5(J#("0%<"1(31E13/%<"5("0#"E13#"9)6014#+"S<>!"/(#"759)6014#"
9/535"4%(E57=17<5"5("/(#"*%(#7D/>#"4/#(3%"/("41/3#3#(%"10/<=75"35(=7%"35"
500#"#3D/1575"/(#"1*9%7=#(41#"35<97%9%741%(#3#!"0%"4/#0"4%(3/45"(#=/7#0*5(2
=5"#"/("4#*61%"35"0#"\%7*#"35"J%6157(%!"A"#"0#"1(E57<#!"/(#"*%(#7D/>#"9/535"
4%(E57=17<5"5("/(#"759)6014#"4/#(3%"0%<"41/3#3#(%<"354135("754%67#7"0#"01657=#3"
D/5"5(=75J#7%("%"05<"\/5"#7756#=#3#"9%7"/(#"957<%(#"D/5"4%(45(=7B"50"*@K1*%"
9%357"9%0>=14%+
;<"40#7%"D/5"C#D/1#E50%"5<"759/6014#(%!"A"0%"5<"9%7"*/4?%<"*%=1E%<X"9%7D/5"
0%"4%(<1357#"/("J%6157(%"35"/(#"E13#"*@<"0#7J#"D/5"0#"35"0%<"971(419#3%<G"9%72
D/5"?#A"*@<"01657=#3"9#7#"0%<"41/3#3#(%<G"<5"\%7*#("*@<"?%*675<"E17=/%<%<G"
<5"97%3/45"*@<"71D/5H#G"<5"501J5("#"*5.%75<"*#J1<=7#3%<G"A"9%7D/5"5("500%<"
?#A" *@<" 5<=#61013#3!" 97/35(41#" A" 457=5H#+" I1(" 5*6#7J%!" (%" 3/3#" 5(" #M7*#7"
D/5"/(";<=#3%"9/535"#</*17"/(#"/"%=7#"\%7*#"35"J%6157(%"35"#4/573%"4%("0#<"
4174/(<=#(41#<G"3595(315(3%"35"4/@0"<5"#3#9=5"*5.%7"#"</<"4%(3141%(5<"E1J5(2 =5<"A"4/@0"5<=N"75#0*5(=5"#"</"#04#(45+";<=%"1*9014#"<5(4100#*5(=5"D/5"0#"*1<*#"
*%(#7D/>#"9/535"<57"/(#"\%7*#"35"J%6157(%")=10"A"4%(E5(15(=5"9#7#"/(";<=#3%"
D/5"75D/157#"/("J%6157(%"35"5<=5"=19%+
S<>!"C#D/1#E50%"#</*5"#6157=#*5(=5"D/5"50"J%6157(%"A"0#"\%7*#"D/5"N<=5"
#3D/157#"5<"/("1(<=7/*5(=%"#0"<57E141%"350"?%*675!"/("1(<=7/*5(=%"9%7"*531%"
350"4/#0"9/535"3#7"50"%735("#97%91#3%"#"0#"<%4153#3!"50"4/#0"(%"<15*975"<57@"50"
135#0!"50"*@<"35<5#3%!"3#3%"D/5"5("*/4?#<"%4#<1%(5<"<57@"97541<%"#3%9=#7"/(%"
35=57*1(#3%+"L5"5<=5"*%3%!"C#D/1#E50%"(%"#3*1=5"/("4%*97%*1<%"1(4%(3141%(#0"
4%("0#"759)6014#+"C@<"#)(!"<1J/15(3%"*/A"35"4574#"#"P%0161%!"4%(<1357#"1(5E1=#605"
50"4140%"9%0>=14%"D/5"=15(5("D/5"<5J/17"=%3%<"0%<";<=#3%<!"754%7715(3%"0#<"31<=1(=#<"
\%7*#<"35"J%6157(%"D/5"#D/N0"5(/*57#6#"?#<=#"75J75<#7"#0"9/(=%"35"9#7=13#+
S"95<#7"35"0#"(1=135H"D/5"?#6>#"#04#(H#3%"5<=#"40#<1M4#41B("35"0#<"\%7*#<"35"
J%6157(%"4%("C#D/1#E50%"A"C%(=5<D/15/!"<59#7#(3%"5(\@=14#*5(=5"0#"759)6014#"
-,
" `+"C#D/1#E50%!"9+(0&"-$"0*:::!"9+":,+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
,--"
F%657=%"V#74>#"W/7#3%
35"0#"*%(#7D/>#!"F%/<<5#/"</*5"(/5E#*5(=5"5("0#"#*61Jq53#3"5<=5"4%(459=%"
#0"3#705"/(#"E#0%7#41B("#*61E#05(=5+";("#0J/(%<"9#<#.5<"#</*5"0#"40#<1M4#41B("
35" 0#<" \%7*#<" 35" J%6157(%" D/5" ?#6>#" 5<=#605413%" C#D/1#E50%!" 31<=1(J/15(3%"
40#7#*5(=5" #" 0#" 759)6014#" 35" 0#" *%(#7D/>#!" <1(" 5*6#7J%!" 5(" /(%" 35" 0%<" 9#2
<#.5<"35"</"%67#"*@<"4%(%413#!"50" CS!"#0=57#"(%=#605*5(=5"5<#"35M(141B("350"
4%(459=%"35"759)6014#"9#7#"35M(170#"<1*905*5(=5"4%*%"/(#"\%7*#"35"J%6157(%"
5("3%(35"1*957#"0#"05A+"L5<35"5<=#"B9=14#!"0#"759)6014#"A"0#"*%(#7D/>#"(%"<%("\%7*#<"
35"J%6157(%"31<=1(=#<"A"5K40/A5(=5<!"0#"*1<*#"*%(#7D/>#"9/535"<57"/(#"759)6014#!"
<15*975"A"4/#(3%"50"9%357"<5"5.57H#"75<95=#(3%"0#"05A+-;<"97%6#605"D/5"F%/<<5#/"?5753#7#"35"h%31(%"0#"#*61Jq53#3"350"4%(459=%"
35"759)6014#!"A"4%("=%3#"<5J/713#3"=#*61N("0%"<5J/>#"#"N0"4/#(3%"1(<1<=>#"5("31<2 =1(J/17"A"<59#7#7"40#7#*5(=5"0#"<%657#(>#"350"J%6157(%G"5<"35417!"#0"359%<1=#2 71%"350"9%357"<%657#(%"35"</"75975<5(=#41B(+";0"971*57%!"9#7#"D/5"\/57#"05J>=1*%!"
(%"9%3>#"754#57"*@<"D/5"5("0#"E%0/(=#3"J5(57#0!"0#"4/#0"<B0%"9%3>#"5K975<#7<5"#"
=7#EN<"35"0#"05A!"35"#?>"D/5"?/6157#"/(#"4%(4#=5(#41B("#/=%*@=14#"5(=75"0#"E%0/(=#3"
J5(57#0!"0#"<%657#(>#!"0#"05J1=1*13#3!"0#"05A"A"0#"759)6014#!"5(=5(313#"5<=#")0=1*#"
4%*%"50"1*9571%"35"0#"05A+"C531#(=5"5<=5"5(4#35(#*15(=%"F%/<<5#/"135(=1M2 4#"#"0#"759)6014#"4%("0#"E%0/(=#3"<%657#(#!"5(4#35(@(3%0#<"*531#(=5"/("5<0#6B("
177%*91605!"A"<1"C#D/1#E50%"?#6>#"#3*1=13%"0#"9%<161013#3"35"D/5"0#"<%657#(>#"752 4#A57#"5("50"97>(4195"%"615("5("0%<"41/3#3#(%<!"F%/<<5#/"(5J#6#"35"\%7*#"
7%=/(3#"5<=#"314%=%*>#"9#7#"5<=#605457"0#"750#41B("31754=#"5(=75"0#"<%657#(>#"A"
/(#"759)6014#"35*%47@=14#+"
Q157=#*5(=5!"5<=#*%<"\75(=5"#"0%"D/5"9%37>#*%<"00#*#7"50")0=1*%"5<0#6B("
5("0#"=7#(<141B("#0"*%357(%"4%(459=%"35"<%657#(>#+"I1"615("9#7#"C#D/1#E50%"
A" */4?%<" %=7%<" #/=%75<" D/5" 05" 975453157%(" 0#" (%41B(" 35" <%657#(>#" =5(>#" 50"
97%9B<1=%"35"5<=#605457"/(#"31<=1(41B("35(=7%"350";<=#3%"5(=75"/(%<"1(31E13/%<"
A"%=7%<!"5<"35417!"5(=75"0%<"9%<553%75<"350"9%357"<%657#(%"A"0%<"D/5"5<=#6#("
<%*5=13%<"#"N0!"9#7#"F%/<<5#/"0#"<%657#(>#"(%"5<"/(#"(%41B("D/5"957*1=#"31<2
=1(J/17"0#<"97577%J#=1E#<"35"/(%<"1(31E13/%<"4%("75<954=%"#"%=7%<!"<1(%"0#"*#(57#"
35"31<=1(J/17"5(=75"50"=%3%"A"0#"9#7=5!"#"0#"5(=13#3"4%054=1E#"\75(=5"#0"1(31E13/%+"
;0"<%657#(%"A#"(%"5<"/(#"957<%(#"35M(13#!"<1(%"/(#"5(=13#3"4%054=1E#"D/5"<5"
4%0%4#"9%7"5(41*#"35"0%<"1(31E13/%<+
C#D/1#E50%!"5("4174/(<=#(41#<"31<=1(=#<"A"5("/(#"N9%4#"975E1#"#"0#"35"h%312
(%!"(%"?1H%"31<=1(41B("#0J/(#"5(=75"0#"<%657#(>#"A"50"359%<1=#71%+";<"1*9%<1605"
-" e#"971*57#"/=101H#41B("350"4%(459=%"35"759)6014#"9/535"E57<5"5("50"*1<*%"Contrato social!"9+"
,8:G"5("50"Proyecto de constitución para Córcega!"9+"i"A"5("0#<"Qonsideraciones sobre el gobierno de Poloniat!"99+"j:"A",mmG"A"0#"<5J/(3#"<5"35<#77%00#"#*901#*5(=5"5("50"4#9>=/0%"II+a"350"Contrato social.
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
;0"D/5"D/1575"50"M(!"D/1575"0%<"*531%<"
,-:
<#657"<1"35"?#657"4%(%413%"0#"31<=1(41B("D/5"?14157#"40@<14#"h%31(%"0#"?#67>#"
1(4%79%7#3%"#"</<"%91(1%(5<!"#/(D/5"?#A"</M415(=5<"*%=1E%<"9#7#"75<9%(357"(52
J#=1E#*5(=5+"p6<57E#3%7"#=5(=%"35"0%<"#4%(=541*15(=%<"9%0>=14%<"A"</<"750#41%(5<"
4#/<#05<!"9#7#"N0"0#"<%657#(>#"5<=#6#">(=1*#*5(=5"#<%41#3#"#0"5.574141%"4%=131#(%"
350"9%357"9%0>=14%G"50"9%357"<%657#(%"A"50"9%357"5("#441B("\%7*#6#("/(#"/(13#3"
1(31E1<1605!"57#("#=716/=%<"350"9%357"D/5"<5"75\%7H#6#("*/=/#*5(=5+"F%/<<5#/!"
9#7#"\/(3#*5(=#7"0#"05J1=1*13#3"350";<=#3%"A"5("6/<4#"35"#7J/*5(=%<"9#7#"
#=716/17" 50" 5.574141%" <1*6B014%" 350" 9%357" #" /(#" /(1E57<#013#3" 35" 41/3#3#(%<"
<%*5=13%<"#0"9%357"\@4=14%"35"/("35=57*1(#3%"4%(./(=%"35"500%<!"754/771B"#"0#"
31<%41#41B("</J5713#"9%7"h%31(%!"9#7#"#<>"#3*1=17"50"J%6157(%"35"0%<"9%4%<"<1("
45357"0#"\#4/0=#3"A"4#9#413#3"35"#441B("9%0>=14#"35"0%<"*/4?%<!"#=716/AN(3%05<"
/("9%357"D/5!"<1"615("9#754>#"</*13%"5("50"05=#7J%"A"0#"1(%957#(41#!"975</*>#"
</9571%7"A"%*(19%=5(=5+
Y7#<0#3@(3%0%"#"/("05(J/#.5"*@<"4%(=5*9%7@(5%!"9%37>#"35417<5"D/5"0#<"9752
%4/9#41%(5<"\/(3#*5(=#05<"35"C#D/1#E50%"J17#6#("5("=%7(%"#"0#"J%657(#61013#3"
35"0%<";<=#3%<!"*15(=7#<"D/5"#"F%/<<5#/"0%"D/5"05"1(=575<#6#"5("*#A%7"*5313#"
57#"0#"05J1=1*13#3"35"N<=%<+"C#D/1#E50%"475>#"D/5"0#"971*57#"75<9%(<#61013#3"35"
/(" ;<=#3%" 57#" *#(=5(57<5!" 4%(<57E#7" </" 1(=5J713#3" A" 5<=#61013#3!" 35" #?>" D/5"
0%<" J%657(#(=5<" =/E157#(" #" </" 31<9%<141B(" 0#" *#A%7" 4#(=13#3" 35" 0%<" 754/7<%<"
\#4=1605<"9#7#"0%J7#70%+";("=%3%"4#<%!"5<=#"31<47541%(#013#3"5<=#6#"#*901#*5(=5"
./<=1M4#3#"3#3%"D/5"0#"4%(<57E#41B("350";<=#3%"671(3#7>#"50"*#A%7"615(!"0#"9752 <57E#41B("35"J%657(#(=5<"A"J%657(#3%<+";("4#*61%!"F%/<<5#/"#=716/>#"#0";<=#3%"
4%*%"971*57#"75<9%(<#61013#3"50"D/5"\/57#"05J>=1*%!"50"D/5"=%3%<"</<"*#(3#=%<"<5"
#./<=#7#("#"0#"05A!"5K975<1B("35"0#"E%0/(=#3"J5(57#0!"4%(47541B("350"#<5(=1*15(=%"
universal de los ciudadanos.
;<=%"(%"1*9014#!"35<35"0/5J%!"D/5"/(%"A"%=7%"(%"<5"%4/9#7#("=#(=%"35"3#705"
E1#61013#3"#"0%<";<=#3%<"4%*%"35"3%=#70%<"35"0#<"</M415(=5<"6#<5<"35"#459=#41B(+"
I1("5*6#7J%!"<>"9/535"31<=1(J/17<5"50"#45(=%"31\575(=5"9/5<=%"9%7"4#3#"/(%"35"500%<+
;("J5(57#0!"0#"=5%7>#"9%0>=14#"9%<=571%7"#"F%/<<5#/"(%"1(4%79%7B"</"4%(4592
=/#01H#41B("35"759)6014#"4%*%"J%6157(%"35"0#"05A!"4%(<57E#(3%"0#"=19%0%J>#"D/5"
?#6>#("4%(=716/13%"#"5<=#605457"C#D/1#E50%"A"C%(=5<D/15/+"I1("3/3#!"F%/<<5#/"
#457=#6#"#0"%=%7J#7"#0"4/*901*15(=%"35"0#"05A"/(#"4%(=716/41B("=#("1*9%7=#(=5"9#7#"
50"\/(41%(#*15(=%"350";<=#3%"*%357(%!"4%*%"A#"0%"?#6>#"975MJ/7#3%"C%(=5<D/15/!"
957%"31<=%7<1%(B"50"<1J(1M4#3%"350"4%(459=%"35"759)6014#"1((545<#71#*5(=5+
C#D/1#E50%"=#*61N("4%(<1357#"1*9%7=#(=5"50"1*9571%"35"0#"05A+"h15("<#613#"
5<"</"\B7*/0#"35"D/5"/(";<=#3%"615("%735(#3%"35<4#(<#6#"<%675"3%<"J7#(35<"
910#75<X"0#<"6/5(#<"05A5<"A"0#<"6/5(#<"=7%9#<+"P57%"50"4/*901*15(=%"35"N<=#"(%"
6#<=#6#"9#7#"35M(17"/(#"\%7*#"35"J%6157(%!"4%*%"0%"?#45"F%/<<5#/+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
,-m"
F%657=%"V#74>#"W/7#3%
`%"%6<=#(=5!"?#67>#"D/5"754%(%457"D/5"5("0%"D/5"75<954=#"#"0#"(#=/7#05H#"
35"0#"05A"A"</"750#41B("4%("50"%735("<%41#0"?#A"/(#"31\575(41#"\/(3#*5(=#0"5(=75"
#*6%<"#/=%75<!"/(#"31\575(41#"D/5"615("9%37>#"<57"4%(45613#"4%*%"/(%"35"0%<"
=7@(<1=%<"*@<"1*9%7=#(=5<"D/5"3157%("%71J5("#"0#<"6#<5<"./7>314#<"35"0%<"5<=#3%<"
*%357(%<+"C15(=7#<"D/5"9#7#"C#D/1#E50%"0#<"05A5<"=15(5("A"3565("9%<557"/(#"
505E#3#"4%775<9%(35(41#"4%("0#<"4%<=/*675<"35"/("9/560%!"9%7"0%"D/5"0#"4%(3/4=#"
35"0%<"J%657(#(=5<"3565"=7#=#7"35"#./<=#7<5"35"0#"*5.%7"*#(57#"9%<1605"#"500#<!-: 9#7#" F%/<<5#/" 0#<" 4%<=/*675<" <%(" 4157=#*5(=5" /(#" \/5(=5" 35" 0#" 05A!" 957%" 0#"
6#<5"\/(3#*5(=#0"35"500#<"<5"5(4/5(=7#"A"3565"?#00#7<5"5("0#"E%0/(=#3"E1J5(=5"A"
*#(1M5<=#"35"/("9/560%+";("F%/<<5#/!"0#"\/5(=5"</<=#(41#0"350"35754?%"=7#(<1=#"
35"0#<"4%<=/*675<"A"=7#3141%(5<"35"/("9/560%"#"0#"E%0/(=#3"5K90>41=#"A"40#7#"35"
N<=5!"?#415(3%"35"0#"05A!"*@<"D/5"/(#"6#<5"35"1(=5J7#41B(!"/("1(<=7/*5(=%"35"
4#*61%"A"#441B(+
F%/<<5#/"=#*61N("5<"759/6014#(%!"4%*%"C#D/1#E50%+"P%7"971(4191%!"#*6%<"
4%1(4135("5("</"7597%6#41B("35"4/#0D/157"\%7*#"35"J%6157(%"D/5"1(4%79%75"50"
971(4191%"?57531=#71%!"A#"<5#"/(#"#71<=%47#41#"%"/(#"*%(#7D/>#!"*@<"#)(!"#"95<#7"
35"D/5"0%<"3%<"4%(<1357#("#"5<=#")0=1*#"4%*%"/("754/7<%"E@013%"9#7#"1*90#(=#7"50"
%735("35(=7%"35"/(";<=#3%!"4%1(4135("=#*61N("5("D/5"6#.%"5<=5"J%6157(%"<5"
975<5(=#"0#"*#A%7"31M4/0=#3"9#7#"D/5"0%<"1(=575<5<"350"9/560%"A"35"0%<"J%6572
nantes coincidan. F%/<<5#/"3540#7#"</"759/6014#(1<*%"35<35"50"*1<*%"P7%5*1%"350" DOD"A!"
4%("0#<"#*61Jq53#35<"A#"<5$#0#3#<!"35<#77%00#"5<=#"135#"5("=%3%"50"e167%" III del CS+"L5"*#(57#"<1*10#7"#"C#D/1#E50%!"#</*5"D/5"0#<"\%7*#<"35"J%6157(%"
=#*61N("<%("/("1(<=7/*5(=%"#0"<57E141%"35"0%<"?%*675<!"9%7"0%"D/5"(%"=%3#"\%72
*#"35"J%6157(%"5<"#9=#"9#7#"/(#"<%4153#3"35=57*1(#3#+"'(c/13%"*#A%7*5(=5"
9%7" C%(=5<D/15/" 5(" 5<=#" *#=571#!" #</*5" D/5" 50" 471=571%" 35=57*1(#(=5" 35" 0#"
\%7*#"35"J%6157(%"35"/(#"<%4153#3"0%"5<=#60545"50"=#*#$%!"0%"4/#0"<5"75</*5"
5("5<=#"\B7*/0#X"5(=75"*#A%7"<5#"50"()*57%"35"?#61=#(=5<!"*5(%7"35657@"<57"
50"()*57%"35"J%657(#(=5<+"S<>!"/(";<=#3%"9%9/0%<%"35657@"<57"J%657(#3%"9%7"
/(#"*%(#7D/>#!"A"/(%"95D/5$%"9%7"/(#"35*%47#41#+-m
;<=5" 471=571%" 9#7545" <57" 50" D/5" #9014#" 4/#(3%" 5(" 0#<" Consideraciones les 754%*15(3#"#"0%<"9%0#4%<"4%(<57E#7"</"*%(#7D/>#"4%*%"0#"\%7*#"35"J%6157(%"
D/5"*@<"05<"4%(E15(5+"o"35"0#"*1<*#"*#(57#!"9#7545"#./<=#7<5"#"N0"4/#(3%"
-:
" C#D/1#E50%"5K975<B"35"31\575(=5<"*#(57#<"0%"31\>410"D/5"75</0=#6#"9#7#"0%<"?%*675<"#459=#7"
(/5E#<"05A5<!"35613%"\/(3#*5(=#0*5(=5"#"D/5"0#"*#A%7"9#7=5"35"500%<"0#<"#<%41#6#">(=1*#*5(=5"
#"0#<"<5(=5(41#<"3#3#<"9%7"0%<"#(=1J/%<"./71<4%(</0=%<"^W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"!"#$%&#'#t!"99+"-l"A":m_+
-m
" W%<59?"C%75#/!"Rousseau y la fundamentación de la democracia+"C#3713!";<9#<#2Q#095!"
,ijj+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
;0"D/5"D/1575"50"M(!"D/1575"0%<"*531%<"
,-k
en el Proyecto" #4%(<5.#" #" 5<=5" 9#><" #3%9=#7" 50" J%6157(%" 35*%47@=14%+" I1("
5*6#7J%!"(%"9#7545"45$17<5"#"5<=5"*1<*%"971(4191%"4/#(3%"5("50"DOD declara D/5"05"?#67>#"J/<=#3%"(#457"5("/("9#><"35*%47@=14%!"9%7"4%(<1357#70%"50"*5.%7"
J%6157(%G"A"=#*9%4%"0%"?#45"4/#(3%"5("0#<"Cartas escritas desde la montaña ^#"9#7=17"35"#?%7#"CEM_"#M7*#"<1("4%(3141%(#*15(=%"#0J/(%"D/5"0#"*5.%7"\%7*#"
35"J%6157(%"5<"0#"#71<=%47#41#+"S"31\575(41#"35"0%"D/5"?#6>#"314?%"5("50"4#9>=/0%"
III+l"350" CS"A"35"E#71%<"35"</<"%=7%<"5<471=%<"A#"41=#3%<!"5("5<=%<"3%<"9#<#.5<"
<5"3540#7#"9#7=13#71%"35"0#"35*%47#41#"A"0#"#71<=%47#41#!"#0=57(#=1E#*5(=5!"A"<1("
restricción alguna.-k
C@<"#)(!"5("50"*1<*%"CS!"5("50"4#9>=/0%"III+,8!"#M7*#"D/5"/(%"35"0%<"3%<"*%2
=1E%<"D/5"4%(3/45("#"0#"35J7#3#41B("35"0%<";<=#3%<"5<"0#"753/441B("350"()*57%"
35"J%657(#(=5<!"5<"35417!"4/#(3%"<5"9#<#"35"0#"35*%47#41#"#"0#"#71<=%47#41#"
A" 35" N<=#" #" 0#" *%(#7D/>#+"S/(D/5" 75=%*#" 9#7=5" 35" 0#" =5%7>#" 350" 4140%" 35" 0#<"
\%7*#<"35"J%6157(%"90#(=5#3#"9%7"P%0161%"A"C#D/1#E50%!"1(=7%3/45"/(#"(%=#605"
*%31M4#41B("#0"4%(45617"D/5"/(#"E5H"D/5"1(141#"0#"=5(35(41#"35"4#*61%"A"<5"005J#"
#"0#"*%(#7D/>#"(%"?#A"75=%7(%!"(%"754%*15(H#"50"4140%!"<1(%"D/5"<5"975<5(=#"
0#"7/1(#!"50"M("350";<=#3%+"Q/71%<#*5(=5!"4%*%"#9%A%"35"</"#M7*#41B("41=#"50"
5.5*90%"35"F%*#!"A"35"*#(57#"*@<"00#*#=1E#"#)(!"41=#"#0"97%91%"C#D/1#E50%"
4%*%"<1"4%*9#7=157#"5<=#"1(=57975=#41B(!"0%"4/#0"5<=@"05.%<"35"0#"054=/7#"D/5"N<=5"
?14157#"35"0#"?1<=%71#"7%*#(#+-a
P%7"0%"D/5"<5"75M575"#"0#"<5J/(3#"31*5(<1B("350"759/6014#(1<*%"#(=5<"*5(2
41%(#3#"5("0#"D/5"4%1(4135("#*6%<"#/=%75<!"0#"750#41B("35"0#"5(=13#3"9)6014#"
4%("0%<"1(31E13/%<!"?#67>#"D/5"5<9541M4#7"=#*61N("</<"75<954=1E#<"E#71#41%(5<+
;<=#"31*5(<1B("350"759/6014#(1<*%"<5"75M575"#"0#"4%(E1441B("35"#*6%<"#/=%2
75<"#4574#"35"D/5"0#"\/57H#"A"E17=/3"35"/(";<=#3%"7#314#"5("D/5"<5"3N"971%713#3"
#"0%<"#</(=%<"9)6014%<"4%("75<954=%"#"0%<"9#7=14/0#75<+";<"35417!"#(=59%(57"50"
615("350";<=#3%!"50"615("9)6014%!"#0"615("350"1(31E13/%+
e#"E17=/3"35"/("9/560%!"4/#013#3"35"0#"*#A%7"7505E#(41#"9#7#"C#D/1#E50%!"
7#314#6#" 97541<#*5(=5" 5(" 5<=#" 9750#41B(+" Q/#(3%" C#D/1#E50%" ?#60#" 35" 0#<"
4#/<#<"D/5"5(J7#(3545("#"0#<"41/3#35<"#0"971(4191%"350"e167%"II de los !"#$%&#'# 3145"fe#"4#/<#"5<"\@410"35"5(=5(357X"9%7D/5"0%"D/5"?#45"J7#(35<"0#<"41/3#35<"
-k
" FA#("P+"d#(05A!"f;(01J?=5(53"`#=1%("h/1031(JX"Y?5"xI415(45"%\"=?5"e5J1<0#=%7Z"1("S3#*"I*1=?"
#(3"F%/<<5#/g!"5("American Journal of Political Science!"E%0+"k-!"()*+"-!"#6710!"-88lG"A"S7=?/7"C52
0H57!"fF%/<<5#/Z<"C%7#0"F5#01<*X"F590#41(J"`#=/7#0"e#["[1=?"=?5"V5(57#0"y100g!"5("46*(G.*&"$,-(
Political Science Review!"E%0+"jj!"()*":!"<59=15*675",il:+
-a
" &N#<5"0#"\%7*/0#41B("350"4140%"35"0#<"\%7*#<"35"J%6157(%"5("`+"C#D/1#E50%!"!"#$%&#'#t!"99+"
:j2:lG"A"0#"41=#"D/5"?#45"F%/<<5#/"35"500%"5("50"Contrato social!"III+i!"99+",,m2,,k+"
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
,-a"
F%657=%"V#74>#"W/7#3%
(%"5<"50"615("9#7=14/0#7!"<1(%"50"615("4%*)(+-j"S"0%"D/5"9%4%"#(=5<"?#6>#"#352
0#(=#3%"A"4B*%"0#<"759)6014#<"615("%735(#3#<"3565("*#(=5(57"#0"57#71%"714%"A"
#0"41/3#3#(%"9%675g+-l";.5*90%"35"500%"41=#6#"50"97%91%"4#<%"35"Q1(41(#=%!"D/15("
35<9/N<"35"<57"4B(</0"A"314=#3%7"<5"75=17B"#"=7#6#.#7"</"*%35<=#"9#7450#"35"=1577#"
<1("5<957#7"%"6/<4#7"*#A%75<"J0%71#<"%"71D/5H#<+"S35*@<"35"N<=5!"<%("*/4?%<"
0%<"9#<#.5<"D/5"9%37>#("41=#7<5"5("3%(35"C#D/1#E50%"<5"75M575"#"0#"971%713#3"D/5"
3565"=5(57"50"615("9)6014%"<%675"50"971E#3%!"35"3%(35"<5"35<975(35"40#7#*5(=5"
5<=#"E%4#41B("759/6014#(#+
F%/<<5#/"(%"<B0%"4%1(4135"905(#*5(=5"4%("C#D/1#E50%"5("5<=5"#<954=%!"<1(%"
D/5"5<"*/A"97%6#605"D/5"005E5"5<=#"5K1J5(41#"=%3#E>#"*@<"05.%<+"SM7*#41%(5<"
4%*%"0#<"#(=571%7*5(=5"41=#3#<"35"C#D/1#E50%"9/535("5(4%(=7#7<5"4%("97%\/<1B("
5("</<"%67#<+";0"971*57"9@77#\%"350"\#*%<%"4#9>=/0%"XV"350"e167%"III del CS"5<"1(5D/>2
E%4%"fY#("97%(=%"4%*%"50"<57E141%"9)6014%"35.#"35"<57"50"971(419#0"#</(=%"35"1(=57N<"
35"0%<"41/3#3#(%<"A"975M575("<57E17"4%("</<"6%0<100%<"#"?#4570%"4%("</"957<%(#!"
50";<=#3%"<5"?#00#"97BK1*%"#"</"7/1(#g+-i"S35*@<!"5("50"Proyecto"?#6>#"#M7*#3%"
f;("/(#"9#0#67#"D/1<157#"D/5"0#"97%9153#3"5<=#=#0"005J#7#"#"<57"=#("J7#(35!"=#("
\/57=5!"A"0#"35"0%<"41/3#3#(%<"=#("95D/5$#!"=#("3N610!"4%*%"500%"<5#"9%<1605g+:8
d#67>#"D/5"#3E57=17"D/5"9#7#050#*5(=5"#"0#"971%713#3"D/5"F%/<<5#/"05"4%(2
M7157#"#"0#"97%9153#3"9)6014#!"754%(%45"=#*61N("0#"1*9%7=#(41#"35"0#"97%9153#3"
971E#3#+";E135(41#(3%"0#"*/A"7505E#(=5"1(c/5(41#"D/5"=#*61N("5.5741B"<%675"N0"
e%4]5!"4%(M575"#0"35754?%"35"97%9153#3"/("4#7@4=57"\/(3#*5(=#0"35613%"#"D/5"0%"
4%(<1357#"/(#"5K=5(<1B("35"0#"01657=#3"1(31E13/#0+"Y#0"9#754157#"D/5"F%/<<5#/"E5"
5("N<=5"0#"5K=5(<1B("350"?%*675"(#=/7#0"9#4>M4%"D/5"=7#6#.#"</"9#7450#!"#1<0#3%"
35"0#"<%4153#3!"D/5"N<=5"5<"</"754/7<%"9#7#"*#(=5(57"</"1(3595(35(41#"\75(=5"#0"
;<=#3%!"<5(=#(3%"0#<"6#<5<"35"/(#"<%4153#3"35"9#4>M4%<"97%3/4=%75<"#J7>4%0#<"
#/=%</M415(=5<+
C#D/1#E50%"A"F%/<<5#/"4%1(413>#("5("D/5"50"4%(./(=%"35"0%<"41/3#3#(%<"356>#"
#(=59%(57"50"615("9)6014%"#0"97%91%!"A"<1"?#6>#("35"35<=#4#7"#0J/(%<"41/3#3#(%<"4%("
75<954=%"#0"75<=%!"57#"350"=%3%"975\571605"D/5"0%"?14157#("9%7"*531%<"9)6014%<"A"(%"
971E#3%<!"9%7"0%<"<57E141%<"975<=#3%<"#0";<=#3%"#(=5<"D/5"9%7"0%<"\#E%75<"4%(45313%<"
-j
" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"!"#$%&#'(#')&*(+,(*$'-'./,(0'+/1"$,!"9+",ia+
-l
Ibid+!"9+,-j+
" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"El contrato social!"9+",-:+"P%4%"35<9/N<"F%/<<5#/"#J75J#"fQ/#(=%"*5.%7"<5"
?#00#"4%(<=1=/13%"50"5<=#3%!"*@<"975E#0545("0%<"#</(=%<"9)6014%<"<%675"0%<"971E#3%<"5("50"5<9>71=/"
35"0%<"41/3#3#(%<g!"9+",-m+
:8
" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"Proyecto de constitución para Córcega!"9+":i+
-i
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
;0"D/5"D/1575"50"M(!"D/1575"0%<"*531%<"
,-j
#"0%<"1(31E13/%<"5("0%"957<%(#0+"F%/<<5#/"<1J/1B"#"C#D/1#E50%"5("5<=%"35"*#(57#"
9/(=/#0!"#0"J7#3%"35"D/5"5("50"Proyecto"A"5("0#<"Consideraciones"5<=#60541B"=%3#"
/(#"5<=7/4=/7#"35"<57E141%"9)6014%"35<=1(#3#"#"35<957=#7"0#"#3*17#41B("A"75<95=%"
9%7"9#7=5"350"75<=%"35"0%<"41/3#3#(%<+:,
uz/N"=#("\754/5(=5"%"\#4=1605"5<"5(4%(=7#7"5<=5"=19%"35"E17=/3"31<5*1(#3#"5(=75"0#"
9%60#41B(v"S*6%<"4%1(413157%("5("D/5"5<"*/A"31\>410+"S/(D/5"C#D/1#E50%"<5"75M71B"
#"500%"5("E#71#<"%4#<1%(5<!"5<"*/A"97%6#605"D/5"<5#"F%/<<5#/"D/15("*@<"#=5(41B("
05"?#A#"9/5<=%+
P%37>#"35417<5"D/5!"5("4%(./(=%!"0#"=5%7>#"9%0>=14#"35"F%/<<5#/"<5"4%(45(=7#"
97541<#*5(=5"5("6/<4#7"0#"*#(57#"35"1(=5J7#7"A"?#457"4%1(41317"50"1(=57N<"957<%(#0"
4%("50"1(=57N<"9)6014%+"S</*15(3%"9%7"971(4191%"D/5"/(%"A"%=7%"*#74?#("9%7"7/*6%<"
31<=1(=%<!"50"4%*5=13%"\/(3#*5(=#0"35"/("754/7<%"?5/7><=14%"4%*%"50"4%(=7#=%"<%41#0"
5<!"<1"(%"0%J7#7"D/5"50"1(31E13/%"05"3N"971%713#3"#0"1(=57N<"9)6014%!"#0"*5(%<"D/5"9/53#"
\/(3170%"4%("</"1(=57N<"957<%(#0!"35"*#(57#"D/5"6/<4#(3%"/(%!"<5"97%91415"50"%=7%+"
`%"%6<=#(=5!"0#"1(<1<=5(41#"35"F%/<<5#/"9%7"6/<4#7"3#705"971%713#3"#0"1(=57N<"
9)6014%!"*/4?#<"E545<"#04#(HB"=1(=5<"5K=75*%<+"R("5.5*90%"35"500%"9/535("E1<0/*2
67#7<5"5("0#"#(N43%=#"D/5"41=#"35"0#"*/.57"5<9#7=#(#"D/5"915735"5("0#"6#=#00#"#"</<"
41(4%"?1.%<!"D/15("#0"4%(%457"<1*/0=@(5#*5(=5"0#"(%=141#"<%675"</"*/57=5"A"0#"E14=%71#"
%6=5(13#"<%675"50"5.N741=%"5(5*1J%!"4%775"#0"=5*90%"(%"#"00%7#7"#"</<"?1.%<!"<1(%"#"3#7"
J7#41#<"#"0%<"31%<5<"9%7"0#"E14=%71#"%6=5(13#+"P#7#"F%/<<5#/!"N<5"5<"50"5.5*90%"35"
/(#"6/5(#"41/3#3#(#!"D/5"?#45"350"#*%7"#"0#"9#=71#"</"9#<1B("3%*1(#(=5!"4%*%"
N0"<5"0%<"9135"#"0%<"9%0#4%<"5("0#<"Consideraciones+"S0"9#75457!"9#7#"F%/<<5#/!"
(%"?#67>#"(#3#"35"=7@J14%"5("50"<#471M41%"35"'MJ5(1#+:- uQ/@0"5<"50"0>*1=5"D/5"50"1(31E13/%"9%37>#"#(=59%(57"5("</"<57E141%"#0";<=#3%v"P#7#"
F%/<<5#/"(%"9#7545"?#657"(1(J/(%!"0%"4/#0"05"?#"E#013%"<57"135(=1M4#3%"4%*%"9754/72
<%7"350"=%=#01=#71<*%!"5(5*1J%"35"0#"01657=#3!"#(=#J%(1<=#"350"90/7#01<*%+"Q%*%"0%"3145"
h5(.#*>("Q%(<=#(=G"4%("F%/<<5#/"35.#"35"<57"7505E#(=5"0#"4/5<=1B("35"#"D/1N("<5"05"
5(=75J#"50"9%357!"A#"D/5"50"*5%00%"7#314#"5("0#"4#(=13#3"35"9%357"D/5"<5"5(=75J#+::
:,
" `+"C#D/1#E50%!"!"#$%&#'#(#')&*(+,(0&".*&,(23$,2,(2*(4"1'(;"="'!"9+":i,G"0#"Historia de Flo­
rencia!"9+":k-G"A"0#<"Consideraciones sobre el gobierno de Poloniat!"9+",,a+
:" F%/<<5#/"75M575"0#"#(N43%=#"35"0#"*/.57"5<9#7=#(#"5("50"Emilio!"9+"a+
::
" Q%(<=#(="\/5"<1("3/3#"/(%"35"0%<"47>=14%<"*@<"=5*97#(%<"35"F%/<<5#/+";("</<"5<471=%<"*@<"
1*9%7=#(=5<"4%*%"0%<"F&"-$"0"'#(2*(0'+/1"$,H(!*(+,(+")*&1,2(2*(+'#(,-1"<%'#($'.0,&,2,($'-(+,(2*(+'#(
modernos!"A"!*+(*#0/&"1%(2*($'-I%"#1,"<5"#97541#"0#"*1<*#"47>=14#"<%675"50"%=%7J#*15(=%"350"9%357"
9%0>=14%"101*1=#3%"D/5"F%/<<5#/"4%(M575"#"0#"E%0/(=#3"J5(57#0+"&N#<5"h5(.#*1("Q%(<=#(=!"Escritos políticos+"C#3713!"Q5(=7%"35";<=/31%<"Q%(<=1=/41%(#05<!",iliG"C+";+"h71(=!"fW5#(2W#4D/5<"F%/<<5#/"
#(3"h5(.#*1("Q%(<=#(=X"S"L1#0%J/5"%("b7553%*"#(3"YA7#((Ag!"5("Review of Politics!"E%0+"mj!"()*+"
:!"./01%",ilkG"F%657="`1<65=!"fF%/<<5#/"#(3"Y%=#01=#71#(1<*g!"5("46*(?'%&-,+('5(F'+"1"$#!"E%0+"k!"()*+"
-!"*#A%",im:G"e/4"b577A"A"S0#1("F5(#/=!"Filosofía política III. !*(+'#(2*&*$6'#(2*+(6'.)&*(,(+,("2*,(
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
,-l"
F%657=%"V#74>#"W/7#3%
Y#(=%"5("50"CS"4%*%"5("50"Emilio,"F%/<<5#/"35.#"5("40#7%"5<=#"35*#(3#"35"5(2
=75J#"4%*905=#"5"1(4%(3141%(#0"#0";<=#3%+"I1("5*6#7J%!"5("5<%<"5<471=%<"#95(#<"<5"
*5(41%(#"/(%"35"0%<"1(<=7/*5(=%<"*@<"5\54=1E%<"9#7#"4%(<5J/17"<5*5.#(=5"5(=75J#X"
50"35"0#"%91(1B("9)6014#!"50"4/#0"*/A"97%6#605*5(=5"<5#"/(%"35"0%<"#<954=%<"#"0%<"
D/5"<5"05"?#A#"975<=#3%"*5(%7"#=5(41B("5("</"=5%7>#+"
;("0#"Carta a !JG+*.)*&1"^#"9#7=17"35"#?%7#" CA_"35<47165"=75<"1(<=7/*5(=%<"
9#7#"1(c/17"5("0#<"4%<=/*675<"350"9/560%X"*531#(=5"0#"\/57H#"35"0#<"05A5<!"50"
1*9571%"35"0#"%91(1B("A"0#"#=7#441B("350"90#457+:m"R(#"6/5(#"9#7=5"35"5<=#"4#7=#"
5<=@"35314#3#"#"5K9014#7"0#"1*9%7=#(41#"35"0#"%91(1B("9)6014#"5("0#"75J/0#41B("35"
0#"4%(3/4=#"41/3#3#(#+"L5"#?>"D/5"4%(<13575"D/5"0#"\%7*#"5("D/5"<5"31E157=5"A"
5(=75=15(5"50"9/560%"5<"35"0#"*#A%7"1*9%7=#(41#!"35613%"#"D/5"35"5<#"*#(57#"
<5"*%350#("0#<"4%<=/*675<"A"%91(1%(5<"35"0%<"41/3#3#(%<+:k
F%/<<5#/"57#"905(#*5(=5"4%(<415(=5"35"D/5"0#"E13#"5("<%4153#3"35"0%<"<575<"
?/*#(%<"35=57*1(#6#"5("6/5(#"*5313#"D/5"50"1(31E13/%"E1E157#"#"=7#EN<"35"0%<"%=7%<!"
9%7"0%"D/5"</"%91(1B("75</0=#6#"=7#<45(35(=5+";("0%<"J%6157(%<"35*%47@=14%<"5<=5"
5\54=%"<5"9%=5(41#7>#!"=#0"4%*%"Y%4D/5E1005"9%37>#"4%*97%6#70%"35<9/N<"5("0#"75#013#3"
#*5714#(#+"I1"615("5<=5"#<954=%"5<=@"9%4%"35<#77%00#3%"5("50"CS o en el Emilio!"<5"
05"3#"/(#"*/A"#*901#"4%(<1357#41B("5("0#"CA!"5("50"Proyecto"A"5("0#<"Consideracio­
nes!"#0"J7#3%"35"D/5"5("N<=#<"97%9%(J#"D/5"/(%"35"0%<"1(<=7/*5(=%<"35"4%(=7%0"<%675"
0%<"*%(#74#<"<5#"0#"%91(1B("D/5"0%<"41/3#3#(%<"<5"\%7*5("<%675"</"751(#3%!"0#"4/#0" <5"5K975<#7>#"post mortem!"9#7#"0%"4/#0"<5"35657>#"35.#7"5K9/5<=%"50"4/579%"35"N<=5"
9%7"/("=15*9%"35=57*1(#3%!"4%("50"M("35"D/5"<5"05"3157#"0#"<59/0=/7#"D/5"*5754157#"
3595(315(3%"350"E575314=%"9)6014%"D/5"<5"?/6157#"5K975<#3%"5("5<5"0#9<%+
;("50"Proyecto"A"5("0#<"Consideraciones"5K9%(5"D/5"(%"<B0%"50"*%(#74#"A"0%<"
<57E13%75<"9)6014%<"<5#("<%*5=13%<"#0"4%(=7%0"35"0#"%91(1B("35"0%<"41/3#3#(%<!"<1(%"
=#*61N("0%<"97%91%<"41/3#3#(%<!"5<"35417!"D/5"<5"4755"/("401*#"35"E1J10#(41#"5"1(<2
95441B("*/=/#!"5K1J1N(3%05<"#0"75<=%"0#"5(=75J#"#0"<57E141%"9)6014%"D/5"/(%"*1<*%"
3565"%\75457+
Q157=#*5(=5!"F%/<<5#/"0131#"4%("*/4?%"5<\/57H%"4%("0#"90/7#013#3"35"%91(1%(5<!"
4%(<1357#"D/5"356101=#"0#"E%0/(=#3"J5(57#0!"D/5"0#"#<917#41B("3565"#9/(=#7"?#41#"0#"
/(#(1*13#3+:a";<"615("4%(%413%"50"9#<#.5"350"CS"5("3%(35"F%/<<5#/"35<#97/56#"
republicana+"CNK14%!" FCE!",iij"A"C#7J#75="Q#(%E#(!"fS75(3=!"F%/<<5#/!"#(3"d/*#("P0/7#01=A"1("
P%01=14<g!"5("46*(?'%&-,+('5(F'+"1"$#!"E%0+"mk!"()*+"-!"*#A%",il:+
:m
" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"A,&1,(,(!KG+*.)*&1+"C#3713!"Y54(%<!",iim!"9+"-j+
:k
" W/31=?" I?]0#7" 05" ?#" 35314#3%" /(" #*901%" 5" 1(=575<#(=5" 4#9>=/0%" 35" </" 0167%" #" 5<=5" =5*#+"
L*-(,-2($"1"M*-#:(G(#1%28('5(@'%##*,%J#(#'$",+(16*'&8+"e%(375<!"Q#*6713J5"R(1E57<1=A"P75<<!"
,ilk!"4#9+":+
:a
" I%675" 0%<" 471=571%<" 35" /(#(1*13#3" A" *#A%7>#!" #<>" 4%*%" 0#" 1(c/5(41#" D/5" 754161B" 5(" 500%"
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
;0"D/5"D/1575"50"M(!"D/1575"0%<"*531%<"
,-i
0#"5K1<=5(41#"35"#<%41#41%(5<"9#741#05<"35(=7%"350";<=#3%!"A#"D/5"31<=%7<1%(#6#("0#"
E%0/(=#3"J5(57#0+"e#")(14#"*#(57#"D/5"E5>#"9#7#"4%(=7#775<=#70#<"57#"*/0=19014@(2
3%0#<+";0"*1<*%"C#D/1#E50%"?#6>#"#3E57=13%"D/5"#0J/(#<"31E1<1%(5<"356101=#6#("#"0#"
759)6014#!"*15(=7#<"D/5"%=7#<"0#"\%7=#054>#(!"(%"%6<=#(=5!"#"31\575(41#"35"F%/<<5#/"
D/5"*17#6#"4%("35<#J7#3%"5<=#<"31E1<1%(5<"A"#<917#6#"#"0%J7#7"/(#"759)6014#"4%?52
<1%(#3#"A"\/57=5*5(=5"/(13#!"C#D/1#E50%"475>#"D/5"/(#"31<9/=#"35"6#.#"1(=5(<13#3"
5(=75"0#<"31E57<#<"9#7=5<"35"0#"<%4153#3"J#7#(=1H#6#"0%<"5<9#41%<"D/5"05"4%775<9%(2
3>#("#"/(#"A"%=7#!"5<"35417!"4%(<1357#6#"314?#<"31E1<1%(5<"4%*%"/(#"4%(3141B("35"
0#"01657=#3"759/6014#(#+:j
;0"*1<*%"*54#(1<*%"350"4%(=7#=%"<%41#0"(%"5<"/("5.574141%"35"3501657#41B("
<1(%"35"1(=7%<95441B(+"F%/<<5#/".#*@<"95(<B"D/5"?/6157#"*#(57#"35"4%(4101#7"
50"1(=57N<"957<%(#0"4%("50"1(=57N<"9)6014%!"A"*5(%<"#)("D/5"<5"9/3157#"#(=59%2
(57"N<=5"#0"971*57%!"9%7"0%"D/5"6/<4B"D/5"0%<"<575<"?/*#(%<"#0"D/5757"?#00#7"
#0"971*57%"<5"=%9#7#("4%("50"<5J/(3%+"P%7"5<=#"7#HB(!"0#"E%0/(=#3"J5(57#0"356>#"
<57"<15*975"754=#!"5("=#(=%"D/5"(%"?#A"*#(57#"35"D/5"/(#"957<%(#"5("</"<#(%"
./141%"6/<D/5"3#$#7<5"%"<5"1*9%(J#"05A5<"975</*1605*5(=5"1(./<=#<+:l
C#D/1#E50%"<5"5(\75(=B"#0"75=%"35"J#7#(=1H#7"0#"./<=141#"5"1*9#741#013#3"35"0#"
05A!"9#7#"0%"4/#0"<5"?#6>#"#=5(13%"#0"#975(31H#.5"35"0%<"#(=1J/%<!"D/5"4%(M#7%("
5("50"05J1<0#3%7"\/(3#41%(#0"4%*%"\/5(=5"35"=%3%"35754?%+"I1("5*6#7J%!"C#2
D/1#E50%"#3*1=>#"D/5"#<>"4%*%"0#"475#41B("35"0#"05A"75D/57>#"350"./141%"/(1=#71%"
35"/("<#61%"05J1<0#3%7!" #<>"0#"4%(<57E#41B("35"5<=5"5<=#=/=%"05J#0"356>#"<57"
4%(M#3%"#"/(#"#<#*605#+";("50"\%(3%!"F%/<<5#/"=#*61N("754%(%45"0#"1*9%<12
61013#3"35"D/5"0#"./<=141#"5"1*9#741#013#3"35"0#"05A"<5"0%J75"9%7"/(#"E>#"31<=1(=#"
#"0#"350"./141%"/(1=#71%!"957%"#(=5"0#"1*9%<161013#3"35"754/7717"#"/("05J1<0#3%7"
\/(3#41%(#0"4%*%"0%"75#01H#6#("0%<"#(=1J/%<!"%"#"0#"1(E1=#41B("35"/("J%657(#(=5"
5K=7#(.57%"4%*%"0%"?#4>#("0#<"759)6014#<"1=#01#(#<"75(#45(=1<=#<!"0#"MJ/7#"350"
4%(=7#=%"#9#754>#"4%*%"50"*531%"9#7#"</6<#(#7"=#0"4#75(41#+
;0"*/(3%"#(=1J/%"=#*61N("5.5741B"/(#"9%357%<#"1(c/5(41#"5("0#"4%(45941B("<%675"
0#"01657=#3"35"#*6%<+";<"*/A"4%(%413%"50"9#<#.5"35"El príncipe"5("D/5"C#D/1#E50%"
F%/<<5#/"35"9#7=5"35"V7%41%"A"P/\5(3%7\"EN#<5"C501<<#"I4?[#7=H657J!"f&%=1(J"=?5"V5(57#0"y100X"
F%/<<5#/"%("L541<1%("F/05<g!"5("F'+"1"$,+(46*'&8!"E%0+":a!"()*+":!"./(1%"-88l+
:j
" e+"S+" C4]5(H15!" '0:( $"1:" A" P#=714]" F105A!" fY?5" V5(57#0" y100" h5\%75" F%/<<5#/g!" 5(" Political 46*'&8!"()*+"m!"E%0+"a!"(%E15*675!",ijl+
:l
" C+"Q#(%E#(!"'0:($"1:G"{#=71("b7%5<5!"fh5A%(3"e1657#01<*X"Y?5"C%7#0"Q%**/(1=A"%\"F%/<<5#/Z<"
I%41#0" Q%(=7#4=g!" 5(" Canadian Journal of Political Science!" E%0+" :m!" ()*+" :!" <59=15*675!" -88,G"
L#E13";<=0/(3!"fL5*%47#=14"Y?5%7A"#(3"P/6014"'(=575<=X"Q%(3%745="#(3"F%/<<5#/"F5E1<1=53g!"5("
46*(G.*&"$,-(F'+"1"$,+(N$"*-$*(@*="*O!"E%0+"l:!"()*+"m!"31415*675!",ili+"Y#*61N("9/535"E57<5"0#"
%91(1B("4%(=7#71#"D/5"<%675"5<=5"#<954=%"<%<=15(5";7(<="Q#<<1757!"@'%##*,%P(Q,-1P(R'*16*:(S"+'#'5/,(
y cultura en la Europa del siglo de las luces+"C#3713!"FCE!"-88j+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
,:8"
F%657=%"V#74>#"W/7#3%
90#(=5#"D/5"f0#"M(#013#3"350"9/560%"5<"*@<"?%(5<=#"D/5"0#"35"0%<"J7#(35<!"D/5715(3%"
N<=%<"%971*17"A"#D/N0"(%"<57"%971*13%g+:i
SD/>"9/535"%6<57E#7<5"(%"<B0%"D/5"0#"4%(45941B("35"0#"01657=#3"5<"31\575(2
=5"9#7#"/("6#(3%"A"9#7#"%=7%!"<1(%"D/5"C#D/1#E50%"4%(<1357#"*@<"?%(5<=#"0#"
4%(45941B("35"0#"01657=#3"350"9/560%!"5<"35417!"<1*905*5(=5"(%"<57"%971*13%+"
S<>!"9/535"E57<5"/(#"\/57=5"4#7J#"35"(5J#=1E13#3"5("500%!"5<"35417!"4%(45617"0#"
01657=#3"*@<"9#7#"1*95317"0#"1(=7/<1B("35"%=7%"5("0%<"#</(=%<"957<%(#05<"D/5"
4%*%"#=716/41B("9#7#"5*975(357"#0J%+m8
;("F%/<<5#/"=#*61N("9/535"#97541#7<5"/(#"4#7J#"35"(5J#=1E13#3"<1*10#7+"
P#7#"N0"fe#"01657=#3"(%"4%(<1<=5"=#(=%"5("?#457"0%"D/5"314=#"0#"97%91#"E%0/(=#3"
4/#(=%"5("(%"5<=#7"<%*5=13%"#"0#"35"%=7%!"#<>"4%*%"5("(%"<%*5=57"0#"E%0/(=#3"
35"%=7%"#"0#"(/5<=7#g+m,"Q%*%"9/535"%6<57E#7<5!"5("#*6%<"5K1<=5"0#"4%(415(41#"
35"D/5"0#"01657=#3"(%"5<"=#(=%"0#"#/<5(41#"35"75<=71441%(5<"4%*%"0#"J#7#(=>#"35"
(%"1(=57E5(41B(+"R("4%(459=%"35"01657=#3"D/5"<5"4%(45(=7#"5("50"#/=%4%(=7%0"
350"97%91%"5<9#41%"E1=#0!"5("0#"J#7#(=>#"35"0#"*@<"4%*905=#"#/=%(%*>#"*%7#0+
;("#7#<"35"5<#"#/=%(%*>#"5<"D/5"F%/<<5#/"4%(<1357#"=#("1*9%7=#(=5"(%"
5<=#7"<%*5=13%"#"0#"E%0/(=#3"35"%=7%"4%*%"(%"<%*5=57"#"(#315"#"0#"97%91#!"01652
7#7"#0"1(31E13/%"(%")(14#*5(=5"35"0#"<57E13/*675"<1(%"=#*61N("35"0#"31#0N4=14#"
350"#*%"A"350"5<40#E%+"S<>!"50"=#("41=#3%"9#<#.5"350" CS"5("3%(35"<5"3145"fD/5"
D/15(D/157#"<5"(15J/5"#"%6535457"0#"E%0/(=#3"J5(57#0"<57@"%601J#3%"#"500%"9%7"
=%3%"50"4/579%+";<=%"(%"<1J(1M4#"<1(%"D/5"<5"05"%601J#7@"#"<57"01675gm-"A"D/5"?#"
<13%"05>3%"35"=#(=#<"*#(57#<!"9/535"=5(57"5("N<=#"</"*5.%7"1(=57975=#41B(+
;("5<=5"<5(=13%!"(%"356>#"975<=#7<5"4%("=#(=#"</<914#41#"50"D/5"F%/<<5#/"
7540#*5"9#7#"50";<=#3%"0#"4#9#413#3"35"%601J#7"#"0%<"1(31E13/%<"#"#4#=#7"0#"E%2
0/(=#3"J5(57#0!"%"#0"*5(%<"(%"356>#"<57"N<5"50"971(419#0"*%=1E%"35"75450%"D/5"
=7#3141%(#0*5(=5"?#"35<957=#3%"50"9%357"#6<%0/=%"D/5"F%/<<5#/"05"#=716/A5+";("
50"\%(3%!"957*#(5457@"<15*975"0#"4/5<=1B("\/(3#*5(=#0"35"4B*%"<5"4%(<=1=/A5"
0#"E%0/(=#3"5("J5(57#0!"35"0#"4#=5J%7>#"35"E573#3!"1(\#0161013#3"A"754=1=/3"D/5"
:i
" `+"C#D/1#E50%!"Il principe+++!"9+",j+"C#D/1#E50%"0%"5K975<B"751=57#3#*5(=5"A"35"31\575(=5<"
*#(57#<+" R(#" 35" 500#<" <5" 5(4/5(=7#" 5(" 0#" Historia" f9%7D/5" D/5715(3%" 50" 9/560%" E1E17" <5J)(" 0#<"
05A5<"A"D/5715(3%"0%<"9%357%<%<"1*9%(57<5"#"N<=#<!"(%"5<"9%<1605"D/5"E#A#("#0"/(><%(%g"^Historia de Florencia!"9+"i:+_
m8
" &N#<5"50"#*901%"#(@01<1<"D/5"?#45"W%?("P+"C4Q%7*14]"<%675"0#"750#41B("5(=75"50"9/560%"0%<"
(%605<" 5(" fC#4?1#E5001#(" L5*%47#4A+" Q%(=7%001(J" ;01=5<" [1=?" b57%41%/<" P%9/01<*g!" 5(" American Political Science Review!"E%0+"ik!"()*+"-!"./(1%!"-88,+
m,
" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"Cartas escritas desde la montaña!"9+",jaG"\%7*/0#41%(5<"<1*10#75<"<5"5(2
cuentran en !"#$%&#'(#')&*(+,(*$'-'./,(0'+/1"$,!"99+",,8"A",im+
m" W+"W+"F%/<<5#/!"El contrato social!"99+"k,2k-+
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.
;0"D/5"D/1575"50"M(!"D/1575"0%<"*531%<"
,:,
F%/<<5#/"05"#=716/A5+"d5"#D/>"50"971(419#0"\%4%"35"#=5(41B("#0"D/5"<5"356>#"3171J17"
0#"47>=14#!"9/5<"50"#7J/*5(=%"D/5"957*1=5"4%(\5717"/("9%357"101*1=#3%"#0";<=#3%+
El preceptor del pueblo
Q%*%"<5"?#"E1<=%!"0#"1(c/5(41#"5.57413#"9%7"C#D/1#E50%"5("F%/<<5#/"9/535"
#97541#7<5"5("*/4?#<"%91(1%(5<"A"=5*#<"=7#=#3%<"9%7"5<=5")0=1*%!"=#0"4%*%"<5"
?#"*%<=7#3%"5("0#<"9@J1(#<"#(=571%75<"4%("#0J/(%<"35"0%<"*@<"7505E#(=5<!"4%*%"
0#"(#=/7#05H#"?/*#(#"A"50"759/6014#(1<*%+"
P%7"%=7%"0#3%!"0#"=5%7>#"9%0>=14#"35"C#D/1#E50%"31\>410*5(=5"9%37>#"5(4#9</2
0#7<5"5("/(#"<1*905"\%7*/0#41B("9#75413#"#0"M("./<=1M4#"0%<"*531%<+";<"5E135(=5"
D/5"C#D/1#E50%"(%"75?/AB".#*@<"754%*5(3#7"%"975<471617"#441%(5<"47/505<"A"
E1%05(=#<"9#7#"#04#(H#7"35=57*1(#3%<"%6.5=1E%<"9%0>=14%<"A"<%41#05<!"957%"<57>#"
6#<=#(=5"9#741#0"A"01*1=#3%"E57"5("500%<"0%<")(14%<"M(5<"%"0%<"M(5<")0=1*%<"D/5"
957<1J/5("<5*5.#(=5<"#441%(5<+
L5"0#"*1<*#"*#(57#!"#/(D/5"F%/<<5#/"4%(<1357B"D/5"0#")(14#"\%7*#"35"
J#7#(=1H#7"0#"01657=#3"A"0#"4%(4%731#"<%41#0"57#"#3%9=#7"4%*%"*531%"5<954>M4%"0#"
4%(45<1B("35"/("9%357"#6<%0/=%"5"1775<1<=1605"#"0#"E%0/(=#3"J5(57#0!"5<"97%6#605"
D/5"(%"?#A#"759#7#3%"0%"</M415(=5"5("D/5"<5*5.#(=5"1*957#=1E%"9%3>#"4%(3/417"
#"/(#"5<40#E1=/3"95%7"35"0#"D/5"D/57>#"01657#7"#0"JN(57%"?/*#(%!"9%7"0%"D/5"
?#67>#"D/5"#3E57=17"D/5"5("50"=5775(%"<%41#0"A"9%0>=14%"(%"<15*975"0#"4%(5K1B("
5(=75"*531%<"A"M(5<"<5"3#"35"*#(57#"31754=#"A"/(>E%4#+
S"95<#7"35"500%!"F%/<<5#/"<1J/1B"*/A"35"4574#"0#<"75c5K1%(5<"35"C#D/1#E50%+"
`%"%6<=#(=5!"31\>410*5(=5"9%37>#"975<5(=#7<5"#"C#D/1#E50%"4%*%"/("975459=%7"
350"9/560%!"=#0"4%*%"N0"0%"D/57>#+"o"=#*9%4%"?#A"3/3#"35"D/5"0%<"759/6014#(%<"
=5(37>#("*/4?%"D/5"#975(357"5("El príncipe!"#/(D/5"(%"<5#"5<=5"50"9)6014%"#0"
D/5"5<=#6#"3171J13%"50"0167%!"A#"D/5"57#"/("=5K=%"9#7#"97>(4195<!"9#7#"#<917#(=5<"
#"<570%"%"9#7#"D/15("975=5(3157#"#4%(<5.#705<+"o"57#"/("0167%!"4%*%"0%<"%=7%<"35"
C#D/1#E50%!"D/5"4%(456>#("#0"J%6157(%"4%*%"/("*531%"9#7#"*5.%7#7"0#"E13#"
35"0%<"41/3#3#(%<"35"/(";<=#3%!"9%7"0%"D/5"?#6>#"D/5"*#(19/0#70%!"#./<=#70%!"5"
1*90#(=#70%"35"#4/573%"4%("0#<"(545<13#35<"35"0#"<%4153#3+
b54?#"35"7545941B(X"-k|8:|-8,,
b54?#"35"#459=#41B(X"8k|8l|-8,,
EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 12, julio­diciembre 2012, pp. 111­131.