ECAES, SaberPro, and the History of Economic Thought at EAFIT* ECAES, SABER PRO y la historia del pensamiento económico en EAFIT Stephen Meardon** 5HFLELGR $SUREDGR '2,KWWSG[GRLRUJHFRV 7KLVUHSRUWZDVLQYLWHGE\-XDQ)HOLSH0HMtD0HMtDLQ)HEUXDU\VKRUWO\DIWHU ,DUULYHGDW($),7DVDYLVLWLQJIDFXOW\PHPEHUIRUWKHVSULQJVHPHVWHURI, DPJUDWHIXOWRKLP*XVWDYR&DQDYLUHDQG$OHMDQGUR7RUUHVIRUWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WR YLVLWWKH'HSDUWPHQWRGH(FRQRPtDDQGSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHIDFXOW\7KHFRQFOXVLRQV drawn here are mine alone. ** 'HSDUWPHQWRI(FRQRPLFV%RZGRLQ&ROOHJH%UXQVZLFN0H86$ >VPHDUGRQ#ERZGRLQHGX@ * ISSN 1657-4206 I Vol. 18 I No. 39 I julio-diciembre 2014 I pp. 165-198 I Medellín-Colombia 166 ECAES, SaberPro, and the History of Economic Thought at EAFIT STEPHEN MEARDON Abstract 7KLVDUWLFOHVWXGLHVLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHUHFHQWUHGHVLJQRIWKH(FRQRPLF$QDO\VLVPRGXOHRIWKHVWDQGDUGL]HGWHVWIRUPHUO\NQRZQDV(&$(6ODWHO\UHGVLJQDWHG6DEHU3UR,WV PDLQFRQFHUQLVZLWKWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVWRWKHFXUULFXOXPDWWKH8QLYHUVLGDG($),7²PRUH VSHFLÀFDOO\ZLWKWKHDGHTXDF\RIWKHKLVWRU\RIHFRQRPLFWKRXJKWKHWSDUWRIWKHFXUULFXOXPDVSUHSDUDWLRQIRUWKHWHVWDQGIRURWKHUSXUSRVHV7KHVRXUFHVRILQIRUPDWLRQ IRUWKHDUWLFOHLQFOXGHFRQYHUVDWLRQVDQGFRUUHVSRQGHQFHZLWKWKHDFDGHPLFDQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHOHDGHUVKLSRIWKH($),7(VFXHODGH(FRQRPtD\)LQDQ]DVDQG'HSDUWPHQWRGH (FRQRPtD7KH\DOVRLQFOXGHKHWFRXUVHV\OODELIURPWKH8QLYHUVLGDG($),7DQGE\ZD\ RIFRPSDULVRQIURPWKH8QLYHUVLGDGGHORV$QGHVWKH8QLYHUVLGDGGH$QWLRTXLDDQG HOVHZKHUH GRFXPHQWV UHJDUGLQJ WKH REMHFWLYHV DQG IRUPDW RI WKH (&$(6 HFRQRPLFV H[DPREWDLQHGIURPWKH,&)(6DQG$)$'(&2ZHEVLWHVDQGGDWDIRUH[DPUHVXOWVRYHU WKHSHULRGWRREWDLQHGIURP,&)(6 Keywords: +LVWRU\RIHFRQRPLFWKRXJKW(FRQRPLFDQDO\VLV8QLYHUVLGDG($),7VWDQGDUGL]HGWHVWLQJ (&$(66DEHU3UR -(/&ODVVLÀFDWLRQB00; B40; A22; Resumen (O SUHVHQWH DUWtFXOR HVWXGLD ODV LPSOLFDFLRQHV GHO UHGLVHxR GHO H[DPHQ (FDHV 6DEHU 3URSDUDODSUHVHQWDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHHVWXGLDQWHVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG($),76XHQIRTXH SDUWLFXODUHVODPDQHUDFRPRVHDGHFXDHOSODQGHHVWXGLRVHQHOiUHDGHKLVWRULDGHO SHQVDPLHQWRHFRQyPLFRFRPRSUHSDUDFLyQSDUDORVPyGXORVGH$QiOLVLV(FRQyPLFRGH ORVDQWLJXRV(&$(6KR\6DEHU3UR\SDUDRWURVÀQHVDFDGpPLFRV/DVIXHQWHVGHLQIRUmación para el artículo incluyen conversaciones y correspondencias con los directores DFDGpPLFRV\DGPLQLVWUDWLYRVGHOD(VFXHODGH(FRQRPtD\)LQDQ]DV\GHOGHSDUWDPHQWR de Economía de la Universidad EAFIT, tambien se revisaron los planes de estudios de Economía de la Universidad EAFIT, Universidad de los Andes, Universidad de Antioquia entre otras y los datos de los resultados del examen durante el periodo 2006-2009 obtenidos del ICFES. 167 Ecos de Economía Universidad EAFIT Nº 38 - Vol. 19 / julio-diciembre 2014 Palabras clave: +LVWRULDGHOSHQVDPLHQWRHFRQyPLFR$QiOLVLVHFRQyPLFR8QLYHUVLGDG($),7SUXHEDV HVWDQGDUL]DGDV(&$(66DEHU3UR Introduction ,QWKH,QVWLWXWR&RORPELDQRSDUDOD(YDOXDFLyQGHOD(GXFDFLyQ,&)(6LQWURGXFHG DQHZVWUXFWXUHIRUWKHFRPSXOVRU\H[DPDGPLQLVWHUHGWREDFKHOORU·VGHJUHHVWXGHQWV LQWKHLUÀQDO\HDU7KHH[DPZDVIRUPHUO\FDOOHGWKH([DPHQGH&DOLGDGGHOD(GXFDFLyQ 6XSHULRURU´(&$(6µ8QGHUWKDWQDPHLWLQFOXGHGDPRGXOHIRU´(FRQRPLF$QDO\VLVµ FRPSULVLQJ PXOWLSOHFKRLFH TXHVWLRQV LQ D KDQGIXO RI FRUH DUHDV RI HFRQRPLFV macroeconomics, microeconomics, statistics and econometrics, and economic thought DQG HFRQRPLF KLVWRU\ VXSSOHPHQWHG E\ UHDGLQJ FRPSUHKHQVLRQ DQG (QJOLVK1 Now renamed “SaberPro,” the exam still includes an Economic Analysis module comprising multiple-choice questions, but their number is reduced to 40. 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HOJDVWRS~EOLFRSDUDHVWLPXODUHOFUHFLPLHQWRHQODLQYHUVLyQ 3. unas políticas económicas para estimular el crecimiento de la demanda agregada capaz de crear nuevas inversiones. 173 Ecos de Economía Universidad EAFIT Nº 38 - Vol. 19 / julio-diciembre 2014 4. un cambio en la propensión marginal a consumir mediante la reducción de los precios. &ODYH%\ &RPSRQHQWH3HQVDPLHQWRHKLVWRULD &RPSHWHQFLD$UJXPHQWDWLYD6 Here, again, the question is written expressly to cover the h.e.t. and history “compoQHQWHµ RI HFRQRPLF DQDO\VLV %XW IRU WKLV TXHVWLRQ DV LQWHQGHG IRU TXHVWLRQV RI WKH DUJXPHQWDWLYH FRPSHWHQF\ DQG XQOLNH WKH 0DU[ TXHVWLRQ HDFK DQVZHU FRQWDLQV D WKHRUHWLFDOSURSRVLWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQWRUHFDOOLQJFHUWDLQIDFWVDERXW.H\QHVWKHVWXGHQW LVSURGGHGWRZRUNWKURXJKWKHUDWLRQDOHRIWKHWKHRUHWLFDOSURSRVLWLRQ'LG.H\QHVSURpose an expansionary monetary policy under the circumstances cited, and did he expect VXFKDSROLF\WRVROYH´WKHSUREOHPRIOLTXLGLW\µ"'LGKHSURSRVHSXEOLFVSHQGLQJand did he expect such spending stimulate investment spending? And so on. Here, too, rote PHPRUL]DWLRQRIWKHUHOHYDQWSDUWRIDQKHWWH[WERRNZRXOGEHKHOSIXOIRUDQVZHULQJ WKHTXHVWLRQFRUUHFWO\%XWLWZRXOGEHDOHVVUHOLDEOHVWUDWHJ\WKDQLQWKHFDVHRIWKH Marx question. 6RPHVXPPLQJXSLVGXH:KDWGRHVDOORIWKHIRUHJRLQJWHOOXVDERXWKHWDQGWKH ECAES economics module before the redesign? L )LUVW KHW KHOG DQ LPSRUWDQW DQG ZHOOGHILQHG SODFH LQ WKH HFRQRPLF DQDO\VLV PRGXOHEHIRUHWKHH[DP·VUHGHVLJQ Although it was given less weight than macroHFRQRPLFVDQGPLFUHFRQRPLFVLWZDVXQGHUVWRRGDVDQHVVHQWLDOWHVWLQJJURXQGIRU WKHSXUSRUWHGFRPSHWHQFLHVRIHFRQRPLFVLQWHUSUHWLYHDUJXPHQWDWLYHDQGSURSRVLtive. LL 6HFRQG WKH H[DP GHVLJQHUV SHUFHLYHG D FORVH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ HFRQRPLF thought and economic history ²FORVHUDSSDUHQWO\WKDQEHWZHHQHFRQRPLFWKRXJKW DQGWKHRWKHUFRUHDUHDVRIHFRQRPLFV7KHFRQQHFWLRQLVPDQLIHVWLQWKHZD\WKH WZRVXEMHFWDUHDVZHUHMX[WDSRVHGIRUSXUSRVHVRIGHVFULELQJWKHLUSODFHRQWKHH[DP VHHDJDLQ7DEOHVDDQGE(YHQVRWKHTXHVWLRQVLQKHWDQGHFRQRPLFKLVWRU\ ZHUHJLYHQVHSDUDWHO\+HWTXHVWLRQVZHUHHDVLO\LGHQWLILDEOHDVVXFKDQGOLNHZLVH economic history questions. So too, and even more, were macroeconomics questions 6 *XtDS 174 ECAES, SaberPro, and the History of Economic Thought at EAFIT STEPHEN MEARDON LGHQWLILDEOH DV VXFK 1R TXHVWLRQ ZDV GHVLJQHG WR EH DQ KHWHFRQRPLF OLNHZLVH history/macroeconomics question, at least not deliberately. One could imagine such DTXHVWLRQWKH.H\QHVTXHVWLRQUHSURGXFHGDERYHFRPHVFORVH%XWLQERWKLQWHQWLRQDQGHIIHFWWKH.H\QHVWKDWTXHVWLRQLVXQPLVWDNDEO\DERXW´HOSHQVDPLHQWRGH Keynes,” not about what macroeconomists today understand to be “the Keynesian model,” much less about the 1930s. LLL7KLUGWKHKHWTXHVWLRQVZHUHGHVLJQHGLQDZD\WKDWPDNHVUHDGLQJDWH[WERRN VXUYH\ DQ HIIHFWLYH ZD\ RI SUHSDULQJ IRU WKDW SDUW RI WKH H[DP 7KH HIILFDF\ RI VWXG\LQJ D WH[WERRN VXUYH\ ZDV VWDWHGH[SOLFLWO\ E\ ,&)(6$)$'(&2 LQ WKH*XtD GH 2ULHQWDFLyQ,WZDVDOVRVXJJHVWHGE\WKHEUHDNGRZQRIWKHKHW´WKHPDWLFFRQWHQWµ LQWRLQGLYLGXDOVDQGVFKRROVRIWKRXJKW²DFRPPRQRUJDQL]DWLRQDOVWUXFWXUHIRUKHW WH[WERRNV:KDWZDVPRUHLWZDVDQDWXUDOLIQRWLQHYLWDEOHFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHGLIILFXOW\RIJHWWLQJVWXGHQWVWRGRWKHFUHDWLYHRUDQDO\WLFDOZRUNRIKLVWRU\DVRSSRVHG to, say, macroeconomics, in answer to a multiple-choice question. One can posit a macroeconomic model and require a student to manipulate it in order to arrive reliably at a correct multiple-choice answer. But what would be an analogous question LQKHWRUHFRQRPLFKLVWRU\",WLVVLPSOHUWRWHVWDVWXGHQW·VDELOLW\WRGLVWLQJXLVKWUXH IURPIDOVHVWDWHPHQWVRIKLVWRULFDOIDFW7KDWLVZKDWWKHKHWTXHVWLRQVWHQGHGWR GRDQGLQSUHSDUDWLRQIRUWKDWWKHVWXGHQWGLGZHOOWRVWXG\WKHUHFRPPHQGHGWH[Wbooks. 2. Results ,&)(6KDVPDGHDYDLODEOHWKHUHVXOWVIRUWKH(FRQRPLFVPRGXOHRIWKHROG(&$(6IRU 2006-2009.7 For the EAFIT, compared to other Colombian universities, the data show JRRGLIQRWRXWVWDQGLQJUHVXOWVLQ(FRQRPLFVLQJHQHUDOEHIRUHWKHH[DPUHZULWH)URP DFHUWDLQSHUVSHFWLYHWREHH[SODLQHGEHORZWKH($),7·VUHVXOWVLQWKHSDUWLFXODUFRPSRQHQWRIHFRQRPLFWKRXJKWDQGHFRQRPLFKLVWRU\ZHUHEHWWHU 7 ,&)(6SSVD\VLQRQHLQVWDQFHDOOXGHGWRHDUOLHUWKDWGDWDDUHDYDLODEOHIRUDOO6DEHU3UR H[DPV>PHDQLQJSUHVXPDEO\(&$(6H[DPV@IURPWRSLQDQRWKHULQVWDQFHWKDWGDWDIRU WKHH[DPV·FRPSRQHQWVDUHDYDLODEOHIURPWRS7KHFRQWHQVRIWKHIWSGDWDVLWHGRQRW FRQIRUPSUHFLVHO\WRHLWKHUVWDWHPHQW,IRXQGDQGZLOOXVHKHUHGDWDIRUSHUIRUPDQFHRQWKH(FRQRPLFV PRGXOHRIWKH(&$(6E\LQGLYLGXDOVWXGHQWVDFURVV&RORPELDQXQLYHUVLWLHVRYHUWKHSHULRGWR ,&)(6GLVDJJUHJDWHVLQGLYLGXDOSHUIRUPDQFHVRQO\VRIDUDVWKH´FRPSRQHQWµOHYHORIWKHH[DPLHPDFUHFRQRPLFV PLFURHFRQRPLFV VWDWLVWLFV HFRQRPHWULFV HFRQRPLF WKRXJKW DQG KLVWRU\ QRW WKH TXHVWLRQ OHYHO,DJJUHJDWHGXSLQGLYLGXDOSHUIRUPDQFHVRQWKHYDULRXVFRPSRQHQWVE\XQLYHUVLW\'DWDZHUHWDNHQ IURPIWSIWSLFIHVJRYFRGXULQJ-XQHWR$XJXVWIROORZLQJLQVWUXFWLRQVIURP,&)(6 175 Ecos de Economía Universidad EAFIT Nº 38 - Vol. 19 / julio-diciembre 2014 $ UHSRUW SURGXFHG DW WKH 8QLYHUVLGDG -RUJH 7DGHR /R]DQR XVHV ,&)(6 GDWD WR VWXG\SHUIRUPDQFHVRQWKH(&$(6(FRQRPLFVPRGXOHDFURVV&RORPELDQXQLYHUVLWLHVLQ %RJR\D7KHPHDQVFRUHRYHUDOOFRPSRQHQWVRIWKH(FRQRPLFVPRGXOH IRUDOOVWXGHQWVWKURXJKRXW&RORPELDLQZDVZLWKDVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRIWKHPHDQIRUDOOVWXGHQWVWDNLQJWKHH[DPDW($),7ZDVZLWK DVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQRI7KXV($),7VWXGHQWVVFRUHGEHWWHUWKDQWKHPHDQ²EXW OHVVWKDQRQHKDOIRIDVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQEHWWHUDQGEHORZSHHULQVWLWXWLRQVOLNHWKH8QLYHUVLGDGGH$QWLRTXLDWKH8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPELD%RJRWi WKH8QLYHUVLGDGGHORV$QGHVDQGWKH8QLYHUVLGDG-DYHULDQD%RJRWi 6RPHRIWDEOHVIURPWKHUHSRUWVKRZLQJWKHUHVXOWVDW($),7UHODWLYHWRQDWLRQDODYHUDJHV are given in Appendix A. The Tadeo study, however, does not disaggregate the Economics scores by component. , KDYH GRQH VR LQ &KDUWV DG EHORZ ² QRW RQO\ IRU EXW IRU DOO IRXU LQVWDQFHV RI WKH (FRQRPLFV PRGXOH IURP WR )RU WKH ($),7 DQG WKH IRUHJRLQJ SHHU LQVWXWLWLRQVDVZHOODVWKHPHGLDQRIDOOLQVWLWXWLRQVQXPEHULQJKLQWRWDOHDFKWDEOH JLYHVRQRQHKDQGWKHVLPSOHPHDQRIVFRUHVRQDOOFRPSRQHQWVRI(FRQRPLFVexcept HFRQRPLF WKRXJKW DQG HFRQRPLF KLVWRU\ LH PDFURHFRQRPLFV PLFURHFRQRPLFV DQG VWDWLVWLFVHFRQRPHWULFVDQGRQWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHPHDQVFRUHIRUHFRQRPLFWKRXJKW and economic history. Chart 2a ECAESEconomicsexamperformances2006: selectedinstitutionsandcomponents DŝĐƌŽ͕DĂĐƌŽ͕^ƚĂƚ͘ ,͘͘dͬ͘ĐŽŶ͘ŚŝƐƚ͘ ϭϮ͕ϬϬ ϭϭ͕ϱϬ ϭϭ͕ϬϬ ϭϬ͕ϱϬ ϭϬ͕ϬϬ ϭϬ͕ϱϰ ϵ͕ϵϵ ϭϬ͕ϭϰ ϵ͕ϲϲ ϭϬ͕ϰϭ ϭϬ͕ϱϰ ϭϬ͕ϲϳ ϭϬ͕ϳϱ ϭϬ͕ϱϰ ϭϬ͕ϳϳ ϭϬ͕ϰϲ ϵ͕ϵϯ ϵ͕ϱϬ ϵ͕ϬϬ 176 ECAES, SaberPro, and the History of Economic Thought at EAFIT STEPHEN MEARDON Chart 2b ECAESEconomicsexamperformances2007: selectedinstitutionsandcomponents DŝĐƌŽ͕DĂĐƌŽ͕^ƚĂƚ͘ ,͘͘dͬ͘ĐŽŶ͘ŚŝƐƚ͘ ϭϮ͕ϬϬ ϭϭ͕ϱϬ ϭϭ͕ϬϬ ϭϬ͕ϱϬ ϭϬ͕ϳϮ ϭϬ͕Ϯϵ ϭϬ͕ϭϴ ϭϬ͕ϬϬ ϭϭ͕Ϭϯ ϭϭ͕ϮϮ ϭϭ͕Ϯϵ ϭϬ͕ϴϰ ϭϬ͕ϱϲ ϭϬ͕ϵϳ ϭϬ͕ϮϮ ϵ͕ϳϭ ϵ͕ϴϰ ϵ͕ϱϬ ϵ͕ϬϬ Chart 2c ECAESEconomicsexamperformances2008: selectedinstitutionsandcomponents DŝĐƌŽ͕DĂĐƌŽ͕^ƚĂƚ͘ ,͘͘dͬ͘ĐŽŶ͘ŚŝƐƚ͘ ϭϮ͕ϬϬ ϭϭ͕ϯϴ ϭϭ͕ϱϬ ϭϭ͕ϬϬ ϭϬ͕ϱϬ ϭϬ͕ϬϬ ϭϬ͕ϴϮ ϭϬ͕ϳϴ ϭϬ͕ϳϴ ϭϬ͕ϳϰ ϭϬ͕ϵϯ ϭϭ͕ϱϰ ϭϭ͕ϮϮ ϭϭ͕ϭϱ ϭϬ͕ϱϲ ϵ͕ϴϮ ϵ͕ϵϯ ϵ͕ϱϬ ϵ͕ϬϬ 177 Ecos de Economía Universidad EAFIT Nº 38 - Vol. 19 / julio-diciembre 2014 Chart 2d ECAESEconomicsexamperformances2009: selectedinstitutionsandcomponents DŝĐƌŽ͕DĂĐƌŽ͕^ƚĂƚ͘ ,͘͘dͬ͘ĐŽŶ͘ŚŝƐƚ͘ ϭϮ͕ϬϬ ϭϭ͕ϯϭ ϭϭ͕ϱϬ ϭϭ͕ϬϬ ϭϬ͕ϱϬ ϭϬ͕ϬϬ ϭϬ͕Ϯϯ ϭϬ͕ϲϰ ϭϬ͕ϲϬ ϭϬ͕ϱϮ ϭϬ͕ϳϳ ϭϭ͕ϯϱ ϭϭ͕Ϭϰ ϭϬ͕ϱϱ ϭϬ͕Ϯϰ ϵ͕ϲϮ ϵ͕ϳϱ ϵ͕ϱϬ ϵ͕ϬϬ 7KHFKDUWVVKRZWKDWWKHUHVXOWVIRUZHUHIDLUO\FKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKHUHVXOWVIRUWKH ODUJHUIRXU\HDUVSDQHYHQZKHQEUHDNLQJWKHPGRZQIRUQRQKLVWRULFDOYHUVXVKLVWRULFDO H[DPFRPSRQHQWV7KHPHDQVFRUHVIRU($),7RQWKHQRQKLVWRULFDOFRPSRQHQWVZHUH DOZD\VEHORZWKHVFRUHVRIDOOIRXURIWKHSHHULQVWLWXWLRQV($),7VFRUHGUHODWLYHO\EHWWHU in economic thought and economic history, where the mean score was only marginally EHORZWKDWRIWKH8QLYHUVLGDGGH$QWLRTXLDLQERWKYHUVXVDQG YHUVXVDQGZHOODERYHWKDWRIWKH8QLYHUVLGDG-DYHULDQDLQERWK\HDUV 6WLOOWKHEDVLFSLFWXUHLVWKLVRQWKH(FRQRPLFVPRGXOH·VKLVWRULFDODQGQRQKLVWRULFDO FRPSRQHQWVDOLNHWKHPHDQVFRUHVIRU($),7ZHUHDERYHWKHPHGLDQRIDOOSDUWLFLSDWLQJ &RORPELDQXQLYHUVLWLHVLQDOOIRXU\HDUVDQGEHORZWKHVFRUHVRIWKH($),7 VVHOHFWSHHUV in most years. 7KHEDVLFSLFWXUHSDUWDNHVRIDELJJHURQH$WDJODQFHLWSODLQWRVHHWKDWWKHYDULDQFHRI scores on the differentFRPSRQHQWVRIWKHH[DPIRUeach university is much smaller, by DQRUGHURIPDJQLWXGHRUPRUHWKDQWKHYDULDQFHRIVFRUHVRQWKHparticular component RIHFRQRPLFWKRXJKWDQGKLVWRU\DPRQJall universities. The observation has an imporWDQWLPSOLFDWLRQ,IWKHSXUSRVHLVWRHYDOXDWHWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRI($),7LQWHDFKLQJKHW givenWKHUHVWRIWKHHFRQRPLFVFXUULFXOXPDQGWKHVWXGHQWERG\WKHQDFRPSDULVRQRI 178 ECAES, SaberPro, and the History of Economic Thought at EAFIT STEPHEN MEARDON mean scores between the EAFIT and other institutions is hardly relevant. Lower mean scores in economic thought and history at EAFIT compared to, say, the Universidad Nacional, are mainlyWKHUHVXOWRIWKHRYHUDOOVXSHULRULW\RIWKH1DFLRQDOLQWKHHFRQRPLFV SURJUDPDQGLWVVWXGHQWERG\8QOHVVDFRPSUHKHQVLYHRYHUKDXORIWKHHFRQRPLFVFXUULFXOXPDQGVWXGHQWERG\DW($),7LVFRQWHPSODWHGVXFKVFRUHVWHOOXVOLWWOHWKDWLVXVHIXO ,IHFRQRPLFWKRXJKWDQGKLVWRU\VFRUHVDUHORZRULIWKH\DUHKLJKLWLVmainlyIRUWKHVDPH reasons that economics scores in general are low or high. Holding all else constant, there are no changes in the h.e.t. curriculum at EAFIT that could raise economic thought and HFRQRPLFKLVWRU\VFRUHVWRWKHOHYHORIWKH1DFLRQDO²DQGIHZWKDWFRXOGVLQNWKHPWRWKDW RIVD\WKH8QLYHUVLGDG$XWyQRPD/DWLQRDPHULFDQDW\SLFDOO\DELWXQGHUWKHPHGLDQ The purpose here is to determine whether EAFIT does well or poorly in h.e.t., and to think ZKDWLWPLJKWGREHWWHULQWKDWDUHDJLYHQZKDW($),7KDVWRZRUNZLWKWKHJHQHUDOVWUXFWXUHRIWKHHFRQRPLFVFXUULFXOXPDQGWKHVWXGHQWVZKRHQUROOLQLW7RWKDWHQGDEHWWHU LQGH[ RI GRLQJ ZHOO RU SRRUO\ LV RQH WKDW PHDVXUHV IRU DQ\ JLYHQ XQLYHUVLW\ VWXGHQWV· scores on the economic thought and history component relative to their scores on the QRQKLVWRULFDOFRPSRQHQWVWDNHQDVDSURSRUWLRQRIWKHUHODWLYHVFRUHVRIDOOVWXGHQWV in all other universities. That is to say, a university does well in training students in economic thought and history ²DVRSSRVHGWRGRLQJZHOOLQDWWUDFWLQJJRRGVWXGHQWVRUSURYLGLQJZHOOIRUWKHPDFURVV WKHFXUULFXOXP²QRWLIWKHVWXGHQWVVFRUHEHWWHULQHFRQRPLFWKRXJKWDQGKLVWRU\WKDQ WKHLUSHHUVLQRWKHUXQLYHUVLWLHVEXWLIWKH\VFRUHEHWWHULQWKRVHVXEMHFWVUHODWLYHWRWKHLU own scores in micro, macro, and econometrics than do their peers in other universities. Let HETi,jEHWKHVFRUHRIVWXGHQWi at university j on the economic thought and history FRPSRQHQWRIWKH(FRQRPLFDQDO\VLVPRGXOH/HWMMEi,jEHWKHVLPSOHPHDQVFRUHRI the same student on the macroeconomics, microeconomics, and statistics and econometrics components. Let nj EH WKH QXPEHU RI VWXGHQWV WDNLQJ WKH (&$(6 (FRQRPLFV module at university j, and let KEHWKHQXPEHURIXQLYHUVLWLHVZLWKVWXGHQWVWDNLQJWKH module. Then the aggregate exam score in economic thought and history at university j ೕ ೕ ܶܧܪ σσ LVWKHDJJUHJDWHVFRUHRQWKHVDPHFRPSRQHQWIRUDOOVWXGHQWVLQDOOXQLYHUܶܧܪǡ ୀଵ ǡ ୀଵ ೕ ೕ ೖೖ σσ σܶܧܪܶܧܪǡ σσ ܶܧܪ ܶܧܪ sities except jLVDQGWKHDJJUHJDWHVFRUHVIRUMME in each ǡ െ ୀଵ ǡσെ ୀଵ ୀଵ ୀଵ ୀଵ ୀଵ ǡ XQLYHUVLW\DQGIRUVWXGHQWVLQDOORWKHUXQLYHUVLWLHVWDNHWKHDQDORJRXVIRUPV ͳͶ ͳͶ 179 Ecos de Economía Universidad EAFIT Nº 38 - Vol. 19 / julio-diciembre 2014 For university jWKHUHODWLYHSHUIRUPDQFHLQGH[IRUHFRQRPLFWKRXJKWDQGKLVWRU\LV ݔ݁݀݊ܫ ൌ ೕ σୀଵ ܶܧܪǡ ೕ σୀଵ ܧܯܯǡ ൚ ೕ ೖ ൫σ ୀଵ σୀଵ ܶܧܪǡ െ σୀଵ ܶܧܪǡ ൯ ೕ ೖ ൫σ ୀଵ σୀଵ ܧܯܯǡ െ σୀଵ ܧܯܯǡ ൯ Ǥ &KDUWVKRZVWKHLQGH[YDOXHVIRU($),7DQGWKHIRUHJRLQJIRXUSHHULQVWLWXWLRQVRYHUDOO ͵ ǡʹͲͲǦʹͲͲͻǤ IRXU\HDUVIRUZKLFK,&)(6PDNHVWKHGDWDUHDGLO\DYDLODEOHIURP ͵ Chart 3 ǤǤǤ ǣ ǡʹͲͲǦʹͲͲͻ ǤǦ ǤǦ Ǥ Ǥ ͳǡͲͲ ͳǡͲͶͲ ͳǡͲʹͲ ͳǡͲͲͲ ͳǡͲͲͲ ͲǡͻͺͲ Ͳǡͻͺͻ ͳǡͲͲ͵ ͳǡͲͳͺ ͲǡͻͲ ͲǡͻͶͲ ͲǡͻʹͲ ͲǡͻͲͲ ʹͲͲ ʹͲͲ ʹͲͲͺ ʹͲͲͻ 6RXUFH$XWKRU·VFDOFXODWLRQVXVLQJ,&)(6GDWD +HUHLVDQRWDEO\GLIIHUHQWSLFWXUHRI($),7·VHIIHFWLYHQHVVLQWHDFKLQJKHW7KHLQGH[ ͳͷ value is always close to 1, implying that EAFIT generally does no better or worse than DOO RWKHU XQLYHUVLWLHV FRPELQHG 7KH VWDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ RI WKH LQGH[ YDOXH DFURVV DOO XQLYHUVLWLHVUDQJHVIURPDORZRILQWRDKLJKRILQWKHYDOXH IRU($),7QHYHUGHSDUWVIURPWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOPHDQZKLFKLWVHOIYDULHVLQDQDUURZUDQJH IURPWRE\PRUHWKDQKDOIRIRQHVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQ($),7LVULJKWLQWKH PLGGOHRIWKHSDFNRIDOO&RORPELDQXQLYHUVLWLHV 180 ECAES, SaberPro, and the History of Economic Thought at EAFIT STEPHEN MEARDON 0RVWQRWDEOHKRZHYHUDUHLQGH[YDOXH·VGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ($),7DQGWKHIRXUVHOHFW SHHULQVWLWXWLRQV$VLQFKDUWVD²GWKHUHLVDIDLUO\VWDEOHUDQNLQJRIWKH($),7DQG LWVSHHUVRYHUWKHIRXU\HDUSHULRG%XWKHUHWKHUDQNLQJLVGLIIHUHQWDWWKHWRSWKH1DFLRQDOVHFRQG($),7ZLWK8QLYHUVLGDGGH$QWLRTXLDFORVHEHKLQGWKHQ/RV$QGHVDQG ODVW-DYHULDQD ,QVKRUWWKHGDWDVKRZWKDWEHIRUHWKHH[DPUHZULWHgivenHDFKXQLYHUVLW\·VODUJHUHFRQRPLFVFXUULFXOXPDQGVWXGHQWERG\($),7ZDVSHUIRUPLQJDWDERXWWKHQRUPIRUDOO&Rlombian universities in training its students in economic thought and historyWhat is more, ($),7ZDVSHUIRUPLQJDVZHOODVRUEHWWHUWKDQLWVVHOHFWSHHUVH[FHSWWKH1DFLRQDO,IWKH data present any puzzle, it is not why EAFIT did well or poorly in training students in h.e.t. ,WLVZK\WKH1DFLRQDOGLGVRZHOOJLYHQLWVDOUHDG\H[FHOOHQWUDZPDWHULDOVDQGWKH-DYHULana poorly. There will be occasion to return to this puzzle later, in section 4. 3. 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Interpreta los resultados cuantitativos REWHQLGRVDSDUWLUGHHVWXGLRVGHIHQyPHQRV económicos. 6RXUFH7REyQ7DEODS 9 10 $)$'(&2´0yGRORHQ$QiOLVLV(FRQyPLFRµKWWSZZZDIDGHFRRUJFR6DEHU3520RGXORHQ$QDOLVLV Economico, accessed 11 Aug. 2014. 6HHDOVR7REyQ´/DVHVSHFLILFDFLRQHVGHODSUXHEDGHO0yGXOR$QiOLVLV(FRQyPLFRµS7KH VSHFLILFDWLRQVRIWKHH[DPTXHVWLRQVDVGHVFULEHGLQWKHGRFXPHQWGLIIHUVHPDQWLFDOO\IURPWKRVH RIVRWKDWIRUH[DPSOH´GLPHQVLRQVµUHSODFH´DIILUPDWLRQVµDQG´DFWLRQVµUHSODFH´HYLGHQFHVµ But the gist remains the same. 183 Ecos de Economía Universidad EAFIT Nº 38 - Vol. 19 / julio-diciembre 2014 :KLOHDQ\RIWKHDFWLRQVGHVFULEHGLQWKHFKDUW·VULJKWKDQGFROXPQFRXOGEHHOLFLWHGE\ TXHVWLRQVZLWKKHWFRQWHQWVRPHDUHPRUHOLNHO\JURXQGVIRUKHWWKDQRWKHUV$FWLRQ IRULQVWDQFHZKLFKHQWDLOVXVLQJHFRQRPLFFRQFHSWVLQRUGHUWRH[SODLQDSKHQRPHQRQLQDVSHFLÀFFRQWH[WFRXOGEHHOLFLWHGE\DTXHVWLRQZLWKDQLQWHOOHFWXDOKLVWRULFDO FRQWH[WVD\WKHFRQFHSWRIWKHGLYLVLRQRIODERULQWKHFRQWH[WRI$GDP6PLWK·VWKRXJKW Action 2.1, which entails interpreting economic theories and models in order to explain HFRQRPLFSKHQRPHQDFRXOGEHHOHFLWHGE\DTXHVWLRQDERXWWKHSRWHQWLDORI5LFDUGLDQ UHQWWKHRU\WRH[SODLQGLIIHUHQWLDOUHQWVLQUXUDOYHUVXVXUEDQDUHDV$FWLRQZKLFK entails setting economic theories in contrast in order to interpret economic phenomena, FRXOGEHHOLFLWHGE\DTXHVWLRQFRQWUDVWLQJ.H\QHVLDQDQG+D\HNLDQWKHRULHVRIEXVLQHVVF\FOHVLQRUGHUWRLQWHUSUHWWKHVLJQLÀFDQFHRIHFRQRPLFGHSUHVVLRQ This is guesswork about how h.e.t. could appear in the SaberPro Economics module. 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The private universities RIIHUIHZHUKHWFRXUVHVWZRDW($),7DQG/RV$QGHVDQGRQHDW-DYHULDQD7KH\DOVR RUJDQL]H WKHLU FRXUVHV GLIIHUHQWO\ IURP SXEOLF XQLYHUVLWLHV DQG HYHQ PRUH IURP HDFK RWKHULQUHVSHFWWRWKHFRXUVHV·FRQWHQWDQGWLPLQJZLWKLQWKH3ODQGH(VWXGLRV7KH PRVWVWULNLQJH[DPSOHLVWKH-DYLHULDQD·VVLQJOHKHWFRXUVHRIIHUHGLQWKHÀUVWVHPHVWHU6XFKDFRXUVHLVSUHVXPDEO\PHDQWWREHDQ´DSSHWL]HUµIRUWKHZKROHHFRQRPLFV curriculum. ,WLVZRUWKSDXVLQJWRQRWHWKHUHVXOWRIWKH-DYHULDQDPRGHO²QRWWKDWLVWRVD\RIWKH HDUO\DSSHWL]HUEXWRIHVFKHZLQJDQ\RWKHUKHWFRXUVH7KHODFNRIDQRSSRUWXQLW\WR XVHKLVWRU\IRUGHHSHUUHÁHFWLRQDERXWHFRQRPLFWKHRULHVWKDWVWXGHQWVKDYHalready encounteredFRPELQHGZLWKWKHORQJWLPHODJEHWZHHQWKHVWXGHQW·VH[SRVXUHWRKHW DQGWDNLQJWKH(&$(6LVWKHOLNHO\H[SODQDWLRQRI-DYHULDQD·VSRRUUHODWLYHSHUIRUPDQFH LQKHWDVLOOXVWUDWHGLQSDUWRIWKLVUHSRUW 21 KWWSZZZIFHXQDOHGXFRPHGLDILOHVGRFXPHQWRVFHFRQRSODQBGHBHVWXGLRVBHFRQRPLDSGI DFFHVsed 15 Aug. 2014. 22 23 KWWSHFRQRPLDXQLDQGHVHGXFRSURJUDPDV3UHJUDGRBHQB(FRQRPLD(VWUXFWXUDB\BSODQBGHBHVWXdios, accessed 15 Aug. 2014. 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The general structure RIFRXUVHVQHHGQRWEHFKDQJHGWKH\FRXOGVWLOOSURFHHGPRUHRUOHVVFKURQRORJLFDOO\ RYHUWZRVHPHVWHUVDQGHQJDJHWKHLGHDVRIPDQ\DXWKRUVDVWKH\KDYHEHHQGRLQJ VXFFHVVIXOO\ %XW LQ VRPH LQVWDQFHV WKH DXWKRUV PLJKW EH JURXSHG GLIIHUHQWO\ RU GLIIHUHQWUHDGLQJVPLJKWEHVHOHFWHGLQRUGHUWRSURPRWHGHEDWH )RULQVWDQFH5LFDUGR0DOWKXVDQG-%6D\PLJKWEHSXOOHGHYHQFORVHUWRJHWKHUE\ IRFXVLQJRQVHOHFWLRQVRIWKHLUZRUNLQZKLFKWKH\UHIHUWRRQHDQRWKHU7KLVFRXOGEH GRQHE\LQFOXGLQJDPRQJWKHVHOHFWLRQVIURP5LFDUGR·VPrinciples of Political Economy and TaxationFK;;,ZKHUHKHFDVWVGRXEWRQWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIDJHQHUDOJOXWRIFRPPRGLWLHV7KHQH[WZHHNRQHFRXOGIRFXVRQFKRI0DOWKXV·VRZQPrinciples, in which KHSLFNVRQ5LFDUGR·VDUJXPHQWLQFK;;,2QHPLJKWDOVRMX[WDSRVHVHOHFWLRQVIURP 6D\·VLetters to Mr. MalthusZKHUH6D\GLVSXWHVWKHUHDVRQLQJRI0DOWKXV·VFKDQG GHYHORSVZKDWFDPHWREHNQRZQDV´6D\·V/DZµ7KURXJKVXFKVHOHFWLRQVVWXGHQWV FRXOGDFTXLUHDYLYLGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHPHDQLQJRI6D\·V/DZDQGZK\LWLVZRUWK GHEDWLQJ,VWKHUHDQ\VXFKWKLQJDVDJHQHUDOJOXW"6KRXOGZHWKLQNRIGHSUHVVLRQV as macreconomic maladies or as sectoral maladjustments? 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