Notas 5: Dualidad y Sensibilidad

'XDOLGDG \ 6HQVLELOLGDG
3DUD FDGD 3URJUDPD /LQHDO VH SXHGH GH¿QLU RWUR 3URJUDPD /LQHDO DVRFLDGR TXH SXHGH XVDUVH SDUD REWHQHU OD VROXFLyQ
GHO SURJUDPD RULJLQDO \ SURSRUFLRQD LQIRUPDFLyQ ~WLO DFHUFD GH OD VROXFLyQ ySWLPD (VWD LQIRUPDFLyQ SXHGH XVDUVH
SDUD UHDOL]DU XQ DQiOLVLV SRVWHULRU GH
VHQVLELOLGDG GH HVWD VROXFLyQ D FDPELRV HQ ORV FRH¿FLHQWHV GH OD IXQFLyQ REMHWLYR
GH ORV YDORUHV GHO VHJXQGR PLHPEUR GH ODV UHVWULFFLRQHV \ WDPELpQ DQDOL]DU OD SRVLELOLGDG GH DJUHJDU XQD QXHYD
YDULDEOH \ FROXPQD DO SURJUDPD RULJLQDO (Q OR TXH VLJXH HO SURJUDPD RULJLQDO VH GHQRPLQDUi 3URJUDPD 3ULPDO 3
\ HO SURJUDPD DVRFLDGR 3URJUDPD 'XDO '
6HD HO 3URJUDPD 3ULPDO HQ IRUPD FDQyQLFD
pd{
v=d
f
W{
3
D{
{
e
(O 3URJUDPD 'XDO DVRFLDGR HV
plq
v=d
zW
W
z D
z
e
3
W
f
1RWHPRV TXH VH WLHQH H[DFWDPHQWH XQD YDULDEOH GXDO SRU FDGD UHVWULFFLyQ HQ HO SULPDO \ XQD UHVWULFFLyQ HQ HO
GXDO SRU FDGD YDULDEOH GHO SULPDO
(MHPSOR
VH GHVHD PD[LPL]DU OD XWLOLGDG SRU OD YHQWD GH GRV DUWtFXORV TXH UHTXLHUHQ PDQR GH REUD 02 \ SURFHVR HQ GRV
PiTXLQDV 0 \ 0
PD[
VD
<{4 . 45{5
7{4 . 6{5 4;3 +PR,
5{4 . 6{5 483 +P 4,
7{4 . 5{5 493 +P 5,
{4 3 5 3
>{
(O SURJUDPD GXDO DVRFLDGR HV
PLQ
VD
4;3z4 . 483z5 . 493z6
7z4 . 5z5 . 7z6 < 3URGXFWR 6z4 . 6z5 . 5z6 45 3URGXFWR z4 3> z5 3> z6 3
/DV VROXFLRQHV GHO SURJUDPD GXDO VRQ ORV SUHFLRV PDUJLQDOHV SUHFLRV VRPEUD DVRFLDGRV D FDGD UHFXUVR
,QGLFDQ HO LQFUHPHQWR HQ OD IXQFLyQ REMHWLYR GHO SULPDO SRU FDGD XQLGDG GH DXPHQWR HQ OD GLVSRQLELOLGDG GHO UHFXUVR
FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
5HFRUGHPRV TXH OD VROXFLyQ GHO SURJUDPD SULPDO HV
{4
@ 48> {5 @ 73> +{6 @ 3> {7 @ 3> {8 @ 53 HQ ODV
YDULDEOHV GH KROJXUD /D VROXFLyQ GHO SURJUDPD GXDO SXHGHQ REVHUYDUVH HQ OD ¿OD GH ORV FRVWRV UHGXFLGRV GH ODV
YDULDEOHV QR EiVLFDV GH OD WDEOD VLPSOH[
z4 @ 3 8
= > z5
@ 6=8> z6 @ 3=
3DUD XQ SURJUDPD HQ IRUPD HVWiQGDU
pd{ fW {
v=d D{ @ e
{ 3
GDGR TXH ODV UHVWULFFLRQHV SXHGHQ HVSUHVDUVH FRQ
plq
v=d
z4W e z5W
5W 3 5 3
W
z4 D
z4
e
z
D
f
W
WRPDQGR
D{ e \ D{ e HO SURJUDPD GXDO DVRFLDGR HV
z @ z4 z5
>
HO SURJUDPD VH HVFULEH
>z
plq
zW
e
D fW
z luuhvwulfwd
v=d
W
z
3URSLHGDG (O GXDO GH XQ SURJUDPD GXDO HV HO SURJUDPD SULPDO
)RUPDV PL[WDV
&XDQGR HO SURJUDPD TXH PRGHOD XQ SUREOHPD WLHQH UHVWULFFLRQHV GH GLIHUHQWHV WLSRV \ YDULDEOHV UHVWULQJLGDV R QR
HQ VLJQR HO SURJUDPD GXDO SXHGH REWHQHUVH WUDQVIRUPDQGR HVWH SURJUDPD SULPDO D OD IRUPD FDQyQLFD \ XWLOL]DU OD
GH¿QLFLyQ GH SURJUDPD GXDO DQWHULRU 9HDPRV XQ HMHPSOR
6XSRQJD TXH VH WLHQH HO SURJUDPD SULPDO VLJXLHQWH
{
D4 { e4
D5 { @ e5
D6 { e6
{3
PD[
fW
VD
7UDQVIRUPDQGR HVWH SURJUDPD D OD IRUPD FDQyQLFD VH WLHQH
{
D4 { e4
D5 { e5
D5 { e5
D6 { e6
{3
PD[
fW
VD
\ HO SURJUDPD GXDO DVRFLDGR HV
. z5W e5 z6W e5 z7W e6
W
W
W
W
4 D4 . z5 D5 z6 D5 z7 D6 f
z4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3
7RPDQGR z8 @ z5 z6 \ z9 @ z7 VH WLHQH HO VLJXLHQWH SURJUDPD GXDO DVRFLDGR
PLQ z4W e4 . z8W e5 . z9W e6
z4W D4 . z8W D5 . z9W D6 fW
z4 3 5
9 3
PLQ z4W e4
W
VD z
>z
>z
>z
VD
>z
luuhvwulfwd> z
&RQVLGHUDQGR TXH HO GXDO GHO GXDO HV HO SULPDO D XQD YDULDEOH LUUHVWULFWD HQ HO SULPDO OH FRUUHSRQGH XQD
UHVWULFLyQ GH LJXDOGDG HQ HO GXDO \ D XQD YDULDEOH QHJDWLYD HQ HO SULPDO OH FRUUHSRQGH XQD UHVWULFFLyQ ´PD\RU R LJXDO
HQ HO GXDO 'H PDQHUD JHQHUDO VH WLHQH
0$;,0,=$&,Ï1
5HVWULFFLRQHV
0,1,0,=$&,Ï1
+,
+,
+,
9DULDEOHV
3
3
1R UHVWULQJLGD
9DULDEOHV
3
3
1R UHVWULQJLGD
+,
+,
+,
5HVWULFFLRQHV
@
3URSLHGDGHV GH ORV SURJUDPDV GXDO \ SULPDO
&RQVLGHUHPRV ORV SURJUDPDV SULPDO \ GXDO VLJXLHQWHV
3ULPDO
'XDO
plq zW e
W
W
v=d z D f
pd{ fW {
v=d
3
D{
{
e
z
3
3URSLHGDG (O YDORU GH OD IXQFLyQ REMHWLYR HQ FXDOTXLHU VROXFLyQ IDFWLEOH { 5 Uq GHO SURJUDPD SULPDO HV VLHPSUHV PHQRU R LJXDO
TXH HO YDORU GH OD IXQFLyQ REMHWLYR GHO GXDO HQ FXDOTXLHU VROXFLyQ IDFWLEOH z
(VWR HV f
W{
z
W e=
5 Up =
'HP
6L {> z VRQ VROXFLRQHV IDFWLEOHV GHO SULPDO \ GHO GXDO UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH HQWRQFHV
D{
{
fW {
e
3
z
\
D fW
z3
zW
HQWRQFHV VH WLHQH TXH
zW D{ fW {
\
zW D{ zW e
HV GH
FLU
W e=
'H HVW
D SURSLHGDG SXHGH GHGXFLUVH IDFLOPHQWH TXH
6L
3URSLHGDG {> z VRQ VROXFLRQHV IDFWLEOHV GHO SULPDO \ GHO GXDO UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH \ ORV YDORUHV GH ODV IXQFLRQHV REMHWLYR GH DPERV
SUREOHPDV VRQ LJXDOHV HQWRQFHV DPEDV VROXFLRQHV VRQ ySWLPDV SDUD ORV UHVSHFWLYRV SUREOHPDV
3URSLHGDG 6L XQR GH ORV SUREOHPDV QR WLHQH VROXFLyQ ySWLPD ¿QLWD HO RWUR SUREOHPD QR WLHQH VROXFLyQHV IDFWLEOHV
OD SURSLHGDG DQWHULRU QR HV VLPpWULFD HV GHFLU XQ SUREOHPD TXH QR WLHQH VROXFLRQHV IDFWLEOHV QR
QHFHVDULDPHQWH WLHQH XQ GXDO FRQ VROXFLyQ QR ¿QLWD
(MHPSOR
(Q ORV SURJUDPDV VLJXLHQWHV QLQJXQR WLHQH VROXFLyQ IDFWLEOH
{4 . {5
{4 {5 4
{4 . {5 4
{4 3> {5 3
PD[
VD
z4 z5
z4 . z5 4
z4 z5 4
z4 3 5 3
PLQ
VD
>z
&RQGLFLRQHV GH 2SWLPDOLGDG .DUXVK.XKQ7XFNHU
6L +{> z, 5 Uq Up FXPSOHQ ODV VLJXLHQWHV FRQGLFLRQHV
D{ e
{3
z W D fW
z 3
zW +D{ e, @ 3
zW +D fW ,{ @ 3
HQWRQFHV ODV VROXFLRQHV VRQ ySWLPDV SDUD 3 \ ' UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
1RWHPRV TXH OD FRQGLFLRQHV DQWHULRUHV LQGLFDQ TXH VL HQ HO SULPDO OD VROXFLyQ ySWLPD VDWLVIDFH XQD UHVWULFFLyQ
FRQ GHVLJXDOGDG HVWULFWD HQWRQFHV OD VROXFLyQ FRUUHSRQGLHQWH GHO GXDO GHEH VHU FHUR
(VUDV FRQGLFLRQHV VRQ QHFHVDULDV \ VX¿FLHQWHV SDUD TXH VH WHQJD HO ySWLPR
&XDOTXLHU SDU GH SURJUDPDV GXDOHV FXPSOH DOJXQD GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV VLJXLHQWHV HQ VXV VROXFLRQHV
35,0$/
'8$/
)DFWLEOH
)DFWLEOH
1R ¿QLWD
1R IDFWLEOH
1R IDFWLEOH
1R IDFWLEOH
1R IDFWLEOH
1R ¿QLWD
(V GHFLU QR VH WLHQH HVWULFWD VLPHWUtD HQ HVWDV VLWXDFLRQHV
7HRUHPD )XQGDPHQWD
O GH 'XDOLGDG
'DGR XQ SDU GH SURJUDPDV GXDOHV H[DFWDPHQWH XQD GH ODV VLJXLHQWHV SURSRVLFLRQHV HV FLHUWD
{ \ z >FRQ fW { @ z
$PERV SUREOHPDV WLHQHQ VROXFLRQHV ySWLPDV
W
e
8QR GH ORV SUREOHPDV WLHQH YDORU REMHWLYR ySWLPR QR ¿QLWR VROXFLyQ QR DFRWDGD HQ FX\R FDVR HO RWUR QR
WLHQH VROXFLyQ IDFWLEOH
$PERV SUREOHPDV VRQ QR IDFWLEOHV
6ROXFLyQ GHO 'XDO HQ OD 7DEOD 6LPSOH[
&RQVLGHUHPRV HO SUREOHPD SULPDO HQ IRUPD FDQyQLFD
pd{ fW {
v=d
3
D{
{
e >
GRQGH $ HV XQD PDWUt] Pq> P q \ GH UDQJR P
/D WDEOD GHO VLPSOH[ DJUHJD P YDULDEOHV GH KROJXUD GH PDQHUD TXH VH WLHQHQ QP YDULDEOHV HQ HO SUREOHPD
HQ IRUPD HVWiQGDU TXH HV OD IRUPD TXH XWLOL]D HO VLPSOH[ (Q OD VROXFLyQ ySWLPD VH WLHQH P YDULDEOHV GH EDVH \ QP
YDULDEOHV QR EiVLFDV $GHPiV ORV FRVWRV UHGXFLGRV GH ODV YDULDEOHV QR EiVLFDV VRQ QR QHJDWLYRV
}m
fm @ fWE E 4 dm fm 3 SDUD M5
>
Q> m
@4
> ===> q
p
\ ORV FRVWRV UHGXFLGRV GH ODV YDULDEOHV EiVLFDV VRQ FHUR \D TXH ODV FROXPQDV dl > l 5 E>SRU OR
hl > XQ YHFWRU XQLWDULR FRQ FHURV HQ FDGD FRPSRQHQWH \ HQ HO OXJDU L (QWRQFHV
TXH HO YHFWRU E 4 dl
fW
E
@
E4 d f @ fWE l l @ 3
6L QRWDPRV z @ fWE 4 VH WLHQH TXH zdm fm 3 HVWR HV
l
h
l
=
f
E
>
>
zdm
fm SDUD WRGR M \ HO
ODV UHVWULFFLRQHV GHO GXDO
3RU RWUD SDUWH HQ ODV FROXPQDV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV D ODV P YDULDEOHV GH KROJXUD
zhm fq.m 3 @ 4
>m
> ===> p>HVWR
HV
zm
3 SDUD @ 4
m
fq.m
YHFWRU
@3
z
dq.m
FXPSOH FRQ
@ hm \
> ======> p=
(QWRQFHV HO YHFWRU z @ fWE E4 HV XQD VROXFLyQ IDFWLEOH SDUD HO GXDO
4 e
3RU RWUD SDUWH GDGR TXH {E @ E
4
W
W
W
z e @ fE E e @ fE { \ VH WLHQH TXH HO YHFWRU z @ fWE E 4 @ z HV XQD VROXFLyQ ySWLPD GHO GXDO
&XDQGR QR VH WLHQH XQD VROXFLyQ IDFWLEOH LQLFLDO GHO SULPDO \ QR VH TXLHUH DJUHJDU YDULDEOHV DX[LOLDUHV XQD
RSFLyQ HV HQFRQWUDU XQD VROXFLyQ IDFWLEOH SDUD HO GXDO SHUR QR SDUD HO SULPDO \ WUDEDMDU GHVGH HO GXDO
8VR GHO 'XDO SDUD UHVROYHU HO 3ULPDO
&RQVLGHUHPRV HO VLJXLHQWH SUREOHPD SULPDO
PLQ
VD
5{4 . 6{5 . 8{6 . 5{7 . 6{8
{4 . {5 . 5{6 . {7 . 6{8 7
5{4 5{5 . 6{6 . {7 . {8 6
{4 3> {5 3> {6 3> {7 3> {8 3
HO SUREOHPD GXDO DVRFLDGR HV
PD[ z4 . 6z5
VD
z4 . 5z5 5
z4 5z5 6
z4 . 6z5 8
z4 . z5 5
z4 . z5 6
z4 3 5 3
>z
&RPR HO SUREOHPD GXDO WLHQH GRV YDULDEOHV SXHGH UHVROYHUVH JUi¿FDPHQWH FRPR VH PXHVWUD HQ OD ¿JXUD
Z
ÏSWLPR
Z Z
9DORU ÏSWLPR
(QWRQFHV SRGHPRV FRQFOXLU
{
@
{
@
@3
TXH ] >
YDULDEOHV
,QWHUSUHWDFLyQ (FRQyPLFD GHO 'XDO
5
>SRUTXH ODV UHVWULFFLRQHV TXH QR VRQ DFWLYDV HQ HO GXDO FRUUHVSRQGHQ HQ HO SULPDO D HVWDV
A
3>VH WLHQH TXH {4 . 6{8
'DGRV ORV SUREOHPDV GXDOHV VLJXLHQWHV
pd{ fW {
v=d
3
D{
{
@ 8 XWLOL]DQGR ODV FRQGLFLRQHV GH FRPSOHPHQWDULRGDG VDEHPRV TXH
{7
5
6
>z
&RPR
z4
Z
e
@ 7 \ 5{4 . {8 @ 8 GH GRQGH VH WLHQH TXH {4 @ 4
>
> {8
@ 4=
plq zW e
W
W
v=d z D f
z
3
6L % HV OD EDVH ySWLPD SDUD HO SULPDO VH WLHQH TXH
] @ fW E4 e @ z e GH GRQGH VH SXHGH REVHUYDU TXH
E
C] Ce
@ fWE E4 @ z
$Vt VH REVHUYD TXH OD FRPSRQHQWH z UHSUHVHQWD OD YHORFLGDG GH FDPELR GHO YDORU GH OD IXQFLyQ REMHWLYR DQWH
XQ LQFUHPHQWR XQLWDULR HQ HO YDORU l hvlpr GHO ODGR GHUHF
z 3 HO YDORU GH OD IXQFLyQ
FUHFH
REMHWLYR FUHFHUi R VH PDQWHQGUi FRQVWDQWH z @ 3, FRQIRUPH
l
KR GH OD UHVWULFFLyQ &RPR
l
el
=
l
>
(O YHFWRU z VRQ ORV SUHFLRV PDUJLQDOHV GHO VHJXQGR PLHPEUR
GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH UHFXUVR GH D OR PiV
el
GHO LpVLPR UHFXUVR \
fW {
6L OD LpVLPD UHVWULFFLyQ UHSUHVHQWD XQD
OD XWLOLGDG WRWDO HQWRQFHV
zl
UHSUHVHQWD OD XWLOLGDG
LQFUHPHQWDO GH XWLOL]DU XQD XQLGDG PiV GH HVH UHFXUVR (V GHFLU HV HO SUHFLR TXH GHEHUtD SDJDUVH SRU XQD XQLGDG PiV
GH HVH UHFXUVR
6H SXHGH LQWHUSUHWDU HFRQyPLFDPHQWH HO SUREOHPD GXDO FRPSOHWR 6XSRQJDPRV TXH VH SDJD D XQ WHUFHUR SRU
ORV UHFXUVRV
e4> e5 > ====> ep TXH OD HPSUHVD UHTXLHUH
3DUD SURGXFLUORV HVWD HPSUHVD LQFXUUH HQ FRVWRV \ GHVHD PLQLPL]DU
VX FRVWR WRWDO 'HEH HQWRQFHV HD SDJDU HO SUHFLR XQLWDULR MXVWR
z
l
$QiOLVLV GH 6HQVLELOLGDG
(O FDPELR HQ HO YDORU GH OD IXQFLyQ REMHWLYR DQWH FDPELRV HQ ORV SDUiPHWURV SXHGH YHUVH DQDOL]DQGR OD VROXFLyQ
ySWLPD z \ OD EDVH ySWLPD %
&DPELR HQ
e
6L VH FDPELD HO VHJXQGR PLHPEUR GH
e
D
. e VH WLHQH XQ QXHYR YDORU {fE @ E4 e .
e e
E
4 e> VL HVWH
YDORU HV QR QHJDWLYR VHJXLUi VLHQGR ySWLPD SRUTXH HO FDPELR HQ HO YDORU GH E QR DIHFWD OD FRQGLFLyQ GH RSWLPDOLGDG
9HDPRV HVWR HQ HO HMHPSOR DQWHULRU
6H WLHQH TXH HQ OD VROXFLyQ ySWLPD OD LQYHUVD GH OD PDWUL] GH EDVH HV
4
5
E 4
48
73
53
8
436
736
4
6
7
6
45
5
6
5
6
43
@ 76=6
66=6
4;3
3
3 >VL VH FDPELD e @ 483
4
493
SRU e @ 483
493
>
f @ E e E e @
OD VROXFLyQ FDPELD D {E
4
4
3 ¢&XDQWR GHEHUtD VHU HO FDPELR SDUD TXH OD QXHYD VROXFLyQ QR VHD IDFWLEOH"
=
f
{E @ E 4 e . E4 e @
(QWRQFHV VL g4
4:3
>
@ 63
> g4
4g
48
48
48 . 45 g4
g4
5 4
4
4
73 . E 3 @ 73 . 67 g4 @ 73 467 g4
3
53 6 g4 53 6 g4
53
@ 453 R g4
@ 48
>
OD QXHYD VROXFLyQ QR
VHUi IDFWLEOH HVWRV YDORUHV GH¿QHQ HO
LQWHUYDOR HQ HO FXDO OD VROXFLyQ GXDO LQGLFD XQ FDPELR PDUJLQDO HQ OD IXQFLyQ REMHWLYR (Q HVWH FDVR XQ FDPELR HQ
OD GLVSRQLELOLGDG GHO SULPHUR UHFXUVR LQGLFD XQ FDPELR HQ HO YDORU REMHWLYR ySWLPR PLHQWUDV HO FDPELR VH HQFXHQWUH
HQ HO LQWHUYDOR >@ (VWR HV D OR PiV SXHGH DXPHQWDUVH HO UHFXUVR GH D R GHFUHFHU GH D
YHU FRUULGD GH /,1'2
'H LJXDO PDQHUD XQ FDPELR HQ DOJXQR GH ORV FRH¿FLHQWHV GH OD IXQFLyQ REMHWLYR FDPELDUi HO YDORU ySWLPR
SHUR OD VROXFLyQ ySWLPD VHJXLUi VLHQGR OD PLVPD VLHPSUH \ FXDQGR HO FDPELR QR LPSOLTXH TXH HO FRVWR UHGXFLGR GH
DOJXQD YDULDEH QR EiVLFD VHD FHUR (Q HO HMHPSOR
6XSRQJDPRV TXH ORV FRH¿FLHQWHV GH OD IXQFLyQ REMHWLYR FDPELDQ GH
<.g
45 \
3
g
3 8 . g5
38
5
g
3 @ 6 8 . 5 @ 6 8 g5
3
3
3
3
f4
f5
@<
@ 45
D
<.
45
g
=
/RV FRH¿FLHQWHV
FRUUHSRQGLHQWHV D ODV YDULDEOHV EiVLFDV VRQ HQWRQFHV e
fW
E
eWE E 4
f
@ fWE E 4 . E4
g
=
=
=
=
/RV FRVWRV UHGXFLGRV SDUD ODV YDULDEOHV QR EiVLFDV
{6
\
{7 TXH WLHQHQ FROXPQDV XQLWDULDV h6
3
h7 @ 4 \ FRH¿FLHQWHV LJXDOHV D FHUR HQ OD IXQFLyQ REMHWLYR VRQ HQWRQFHV
3
fW
e
E
E 4 h6 3 @
3 8 . g5
4 3 3 6 8 g5 @ 3 8 . g5
=
=
=
3
@
4
3 \
3
3 8 . g5
3 4 3 6 8 g5 @ 6 8 g5
E
3
\ VHUiQ FHUR VL g @ 4 R g @ : SRU OR WDQWR V
fW
e
=
E 4 h7 3 @
=
=
H WHQGUi OD PLVPD VROXFLyQ ySWLPD VLHPSUH TXH HO FRH¿FLHQWH
DXPHQWH QR PiV GH \ GLVPLQX\D QR PHQRV GH 9HU FRUULGD GH /,1'2
'H LJXDO PDQHUD VH SXHGH YHU TXH VL VH GHFLGLHUD DJUHJDU XQ QXHYR SURGXFWR TXH UHTXLULHUD UHFXUVRV HQ
FDQWLGDGHV
fW
E
7
5
8
UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH HO FRVWR UHGXFLGR GH OD QXHYD YDULDEOH TXH QR HVWDUtD HQ XQ SULQFLSLR HQ OD EDVH VHUtD
E 4 d6 f6
3=8 6=8 3
7
5
8
f6
@ < f6
3RU OR WDQWR VL OD XWLOLGDG HV PHQRU D QXHYH OD SURGXFFLyQ QR FDPELD QR HV UHQWDEOH SURGXFLUOR 6L VX XWLOLGDG
HV PD\RU D QXHYH HO FRVWR UHGXFLGR GH HVD YDULDEOH HV QHJDWLYR \ SRU OR WDQWR GHEHUi FRQWLQXDUVH FRQ XQD QXHYD
LWHUDFLyQ GHO 6LPSOH[ SDUD HQFRQWUDU OD SURGXFFLyQ ySWLPD
'XDO 6LPSOH[
(O PpWRGR 'XDO 6LPSOH[ UHVXHOYH HO SUREOHPD GXDO GLUHFWDPHQWH VREUH OD WDEOD SULPDO (Q FDGD LWHUFLyQ HO PpWRGR VH
PXHYH GH XQD VROXFLyQ EiVLFD IDFWLEOH GHO GXDO D RWUD PHMRU KDVWD DOFDQ]DU OD RSWLPDOLGDG GHO GXDO \ SRU OR WDQWR GHO
SULPDO R KDVWD GHWHFWDU TXH HO GXDO QR WLHQH VROXFLyQ ¿QLWD \ SRU OR WDQWR HO SULPDO QR WLHQH VROXFLyQ IDFWLEOH