`salamuri~, `stviri

Anuncio
arnold Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis
instituti
muSaobis gegma
25 marti,
marti 11 saa
saaTi
l. e z u g b a i a, Sesavali sitKva
1.
v. S e n g e l i a, fragmentebi
arnold Ciqobavaze. XXIII_XXVIII
2.
i. C a n t l a Z e, Cemi moZGvarTmoZGvari
3.
T. u T u r g a i Z e, qvemdebare-damatebis sakiTxebi III seriis
zmniT gamoxatul SemasmenelTan (aqtivebi da medioaqtivebi)
4.
g. k v a r a c x e l i a, axal disciplinaTa saerTo Teoriuli safuZveli da urTierTmimarTeba
5.
S. a f r i d o n i Z e, fonetikuri faqtoris roli terminTa Seqmnisas
2008 wlis 25-28 marti
6.
g. b e d o S v i l i, sitKva `kaxambalis~ Sesaxeb
masalebi
7.
l. s a n i k i Z e, brunebaTa ZiriTadi tipebis SedarebiTi
analizi naxur da daGestnur enebSi
8.
m. s u x i S v i l i, pirdapiri damatebis sakiTxi Zveli qarTulis rTul zmnebSi
9.
n. m a y a v a r i a n i, anTropomorful arsebaTa saxelwodebebis warmomavlobisaTvis afxazurSi. 2. aZˆZlan //
aZˆzlan `ali, feria~
10.
m. r o b a q i Z e, `afxazi~ da `afxazebi~ somxur wKaroebSi
11.
n. J o r b e n a Z e, `aqedan / iqidan gamomdinare~ formaTa
umarTebulo xmarebis gamo qarTulSi
arnold Ciqobavas
sakiTxavebi
XIX
Tbilisi
2008
mogonebidan
akademikos
3
26 marti,
marti 11 saa
saaTi
1.
27 marti,
marti 11 saa
saaTi
g. g o g o l a S v i l i, kidev erTxel -ia
ia daboloebis Taobaze -ad
ad da -am
am TemisniSnian zmnaTa | TurmeobiTis formaTa Soris
1.
l. n o z a Z e, zogi cnebis (mniSvnelobis) dazustebisaTvis `qegl~-Tan mimarTebiT
2.
T. v a S a k i Z e, koordinaciis sistemisaTvis Tanamedrove
qarTulSi
2.
v. m a G r a Z e, ramdenime kalkis Sesaxeb
3.
n. a r d o t e l i, gramatikuli klasebis sistema xunZuri
enis zedsarTav saxelebSi
3.
c. b a r b a q a Z e, samKaros enobrivi suraTebi poetur
metKvelebaSi (`varskvlavebis poetika~ ana kalandaZis poeziaSi)
4.
e. g i u n a S v i l i, Sedgenili zmnebis kvlevis sakiTxebisaTvis adre saSualo sparsulSi
4.
l. e z u g b a i a, Tavisebur zmnaTa kompiuteruli aGwerisaTvis
5.
n. s u r m a v a, xmovani Canaweris transkrifcia qarTul
dialeqtur korpusSi
5.
m. s a G l i a n i, qarTveluri etimologiebi
6.
n. m u z a S v i l i, terminologiuri sitKvawarmoebisaTvis
6.
m. J G a r k a v a, o_u
u afiqsebi megrulsa da lazurSi
7.
m. b e r i Z e, d. n a d a r a i a, dialeqturi teqstebis korpusis pirveladi anotireba (proeqti: saqarTvelos lingvisturi portreti)
7.
n. d o l i Z e, ayarul da gurul dialeqtTa leqsikis
urTierTmimarTebisaTvis (al. Glontis `qarTul kiloTqmaTa sitKvis konaSi~ warmodgenili masalebis mixedviT)
8.
m. b u k i a, sinonimebisaTvis megrul mesaqonleobis leqsikaSi
8.
n. c e c x l a Z e, floronimebi SavSeTis toponimiaSi
9.
l. b a k u r a Z e, Tvisebisa da ricxvis eqspresiuli gamoxatvis SemTxvevebi -oba
oba sufiqsian saxelebSi
9.
g. v a n i l i S i, 100 wlis lazi Semoqmedi
10.
n. x a r C i l a v a, saqorwilo sufra da masTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi termini samurzaKanoSi
11.
T. t e t e l o S v i l i, erTpiriani vnebiTis zog formaTa umarTebulo gamoKenebis gamo
10.
c. J a n J G a v a, megruli Suri
Suri `suli~ derivatebsa
kompozitebSi
da
11.
r. i o s e l i a n i, ÊÀÖÆÀÔÉÅÉÓ ×ÏÒÌÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ
12.
r. l o l u a, kavkasiis albanur warweraTa korpusis dazustebisaTvis
4
5
levan
28 marti,
marti 11 saa
saaTi
1.
n. q u T e l i a, irGveva Tu ara fonemaTa SeerTebis sintagmaturi kanonzomierebani
2.
i. C a n t l a Z e, jur-/jir
jur jir-/jˆr
jir jˆrjˆr ZirTa urTierTmimarTebisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi
3.
T. g v a n c e l a Z e, afxazuri zmnis kidev erTi morfologiur-modaluri kategoriis Sesaxeb (winaswari cnoba)
4.
m. C u x u a, saerTokavkasiuri sameurneo Kofa (Senoba-nagebobebi)
5.
n. y o x o n e l i Z e, futk-,
futk funkfunk fuZeTa warmomavlobisaTvis
6.
S. g a b e s k i r i a, metKvelebis aGmniSvneli qarTveluri
zmnebis zogi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb
7.
r. S e r o z i a, qarTveluri saliteraturo enisa
sulxan-sabas `sitKvis konis~ zogi sakiTxisaTvis
8.
l. a z m a i f a r a S v i l i, maxvilTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi xunZuri enis anwuxur dialeqtSi (Kvarlis r-nis
sof. Tivis metKvelebis mixedviT)
9.
m. C a C a n i Z e, eqstralingvisturi informacia leqsikonebSi
10.
g. g v a n c e l a Z e, -urº
urº-ul
urº ul sufiqsTa erTi funqcia istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT
11.
k. m i T a g v a r i a, adamianis asakobriv diferenciaciasTan
dakavSirebuli terminebi Cerqezul enebSi
12.
q. m a r g i a n i - s u b a r i, mirTva svanurSi
6
da
azmaifaraSvili
maxvilTan
maxvilTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi
xunZuri enis anwuxur
anwuxur dialeqtSi
(Kvarlis r-nis sof. Tivis metKvelebis mixedviT)
maxvilis moqmedebiT gamowveuli iseTi gavrcelebuli fonetikuri procesebis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa xmovanTa asimilacia
da reduqcia, xunZuri enis araerT mkvlevars umsJelia (S. miqailovi, arn. Ciqobava, il. cercvaZe, t. gudava, g. gogolaSvili...).
xunZur dialeqtur metKvelebaze dakvirveba saKuradGebo
faqtebs warmogviCens. rogorc Cans, maxvilis moqmedeba amjamadac uwKobs xels garkveuli fonetikuri procesebis warmoqmnasa da mimdinareobas. maxvilTan dakavSirebul fonetikur movlenaTa erTi wKeba axali Casaxulia da maT ganviTarebaze dakvirveba sinqroniul yrilSic aris SesaZlebeli.
warmovadgen zogierT faqts, romelic SeiniSneba kaxeTSi
mosaxle anwuxeli xunZebis cocxal metKvelebaSi. ganixileba,
kerZod, anwuxuri dialeqtis toxur-yadaqolour kilokavTa
monacemebi. sxva dialeqtTa da kilokav-TqmaTa viTareba am
mxriv Sesaswavlia.
sof. Tivis metKvelebaSi gvxvdeba zmnisarTi c´vex `win~. aq
reduqciaa gamowveuli maxviliani e-s mier; Sdr. Crd. xunZ.
c´ev¡
ev¡ (| kl.), c´e¡ (|| kl.), c´eb¡
eb¡ (||| kl.), c´er¡
er¡ (mr. r.) `win~
(anwuxur zmnisarTSi -xx bolosarTi mimarTulebis gamomxatveli formantia: c´veve-x). saKuradGeboa, rom Crdilouri xunZuris zmnisarTisagan gansxvavebiT anwuxuri c´vex ar ganarCevs
xolme klasebs. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, erTi aseTi winadadeba:
so Gedu c ´ v e x kanwbon va c ´ v e x g i ton saral ber baƒzi
bat¾mola `erTi Kvavi win gamoxta da winac wavida, ra meliis
Tvalis amoTxra moindoma~. sitKva Gedu (`Kvavi~) ||| klass (nivTisas) ganekuTvneba, amitom mosalodneli iKo v-s nacvlad
zmnisarTSi b niSani KofiliKo warmodgenili. SeiZleba gaCndes
7
STabeydileba, rom c´vex zmnisarTSi gaqvavebulia | klasis (mamakacis) v afiqsi, magram vfiqrob, rom am movlenas fonetikur
niadagze moeZebneba ufro marTebuli axsna: amosavlad am SemTxvevaSi gveqneboda ||| klasis b niSniani forma c´eb¡
eb¡x, xolo
maxviliani e xmovnis mier fuZis SekumSvis Sedegad unda gaCeniliKo arabunebrivi bgeraTkompleqsi c´b sitKvis TavkidurSi
(c´bex ← ceb¡x). amis gamo moxda bagismieri b-s Secvla aseve bagismieri v bgeriT: c´b → c´v; bgeraTkompleqsTa aseTi tipi
(Tanxmovani + v) ki savsebiT Cveulebrivia xunZuris fonotaqtikisaTTvis da igi farTodaa gavrcelebuli sitKvaTa anlautSi.
Tivis anwuxur metKvelebaSi umaxvilo xmovnebs SeemCneva
dasustebis tendencia. aseTi xmovani advilad ganicdis xolme
Zlier dinamikur maxvils, romelic odesGac moqmedebda
(arn. Ciqobava). magram Cvens enaSi es movlena ukve istoriis
kuTvnilebaa, xolo anwuxurSi igi amjamad cocxali procesia.
SeimCneva erTgvari tendencia sitKvis anlautSi TanxmovanTkompleqsebis gaCenisa. Kovel SemTxvevaSi, TanmxovanTa sabolood
SerwKma Tu ara, maT Soris zGvaris Sesusteba da erTmaneTTan
miaxloeba sagrZnobi xdeba.
sxvaTa Soris, TviTon Tivis mkvidrni aGniSnaven, rom
sitKvebs Cven ufro mokled warmovTqvamT, vidre xunZaxelebio.
roca Tivel salihaT mahomedovas (1976 w. dab., medda)
vTxove Tavad daewera zogierTi anwuxuri sitKva, man ase dawe-
cvlilebas, mag., sitKvaSi bab
bab (`deda~) umaxvilo a-s artikulacia Sesustebulia da or bagismier Tanxmovans Soris moqceuli
igi TviTonac bagismieri xdeba, anu u xmovnad gardaiqmneba:
г|диг|нугу („id¢„nugu `nu Cqarob~), гьресрох|но (her¡s´i rono
`ilaparakes~), гьже (hij¡ `axla~.. ukve dawerili hqonda ase, magram Semdeg mainc Caumata и: гьиже). faqti sainteresoa im
TvalsazrisiT, Tu rogor aGiqvams TviTon metKveli mSobliur
metKvelebaSi arsebul movlenas, kerZod, xmovanTa dasustebas
umaxvilo poziciaSi. es aisaxeba sitKvaTa dawerilobaSi, sadac
umaxvilo xmovnebi saerTodac ar aris grafikulad gamosaxuli.
Girssacnobia, rom calkeul sitKvaTa anlautSi ukve saboloood CamoKalibebuli Cans orwevra TanxmovanTkompleqsebi,
romlebSic meore komponentad gvevlinebian sonori Tanmxovnebi
l da r; aseTi kompleqsebia sl,
sl Kl,
Kl Kr.
Kr magaliTebi:
slu `salamuri~, `stviri~. amosavali saxe am sitKvisa iKo
sul¤
sul¤. kaxeTis anwuxur metKvelebaSi bevrad ufro adre
il. cercvaZem gamoavlina misi yadaqolouri varianti amgvari
saxiT: Solo
Solo.
lo mkvlevars maxvili ar aGuniSnavs sitKvaSi.
sitKva Klin `sigareti~ ← Kil¢n. ← Kal¢n; Sdr. lit.
ƒal¢an, qarT. Kalion-i. il. cercvaZes igive sitKva gansxvavebulad aqvs dadasturebuli: Kalihan
Kalihan `papirosi~. sof. Tivis
TqmaSi es ukanaskneli varianti amjamad aGar gvxvdeba.
Krul `qvrivi~; Sdr. lit. Kor£l-av (| kl.), Kor£l-a (||
kl.). il. cercvaZis Canaweris Tanaxmad, es sitKva anwuxurSi
sxvagvarad gamoiTqmoda: Kurula
Kurula.
la KuradGebas iqcevs boloki-
bub
bub. aGsaniSnavia, rom orive fonetikuri varianti am sitKvisa
Tavisuflad SeiZleba Tanaarsebobdes erTi da imave piris
metKvelebaSic.
sitKvebis Tavkidur marcvalSi umaxvilo xmovanTa artikulaciis Sesusteba gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia im SemTxvevaSi,
roca aseTi xmovani maxvilianis identuria, anda maxvilianTan
SedarebiT ufro maGali aweulobisaa, vTqvaT, mag., sitKvebSi
dab
dab
`iq~,
sad
sadƒ
`erTad~,
sar
sarƒan
`GamiT~,
meT¡
meT¡r
`xval~,
ret¡
ret¡l `tanisamosi~, suk¤
suk¤m `saponi~, ƒij
ƒijn `bavSvi~, hij¡
hij¡ `axla~. aseve anTroponimebSic: siq¢
siq¢nT,
nT bit¢
bit¢nT (qalis sakuTari
saxelebia) da sxv. sitKvebis sxartad warmoTqmisas umaxvilo
xmovnebi TiTqos arc ismis: dba, sdaƒ, srƒan, mTer, rtel, skum,
ƒjan, hje, sqinT, btinT... aseTi ram SeiZleba moxdes zmnis analizur formebSic, mag., meSvelzmniani rij¢
rij¢Tu vona
vona (`Tanaxma
var~) gabmul metKvelebaSi moismis ase: rj¢Tuon...
aq SeiZleba gagvaxsendes tipologiurad msgavsi movlena
qarTulSi: Zma ← Zam, Zlier ← Zal-¢er da sxv. rogorc garkveulia, xmovnis amoGeba fuZeSi da misi SekumSva gamouwvevia
8
ra:
бт|атри (batTri
`gascilda~),
г|дин („id¢n
`msgavsad~),
9
duri a-s gauCinarebis faqti. es bolosarTi xmovani klasis niSans warmoadgenda, miGebuls -av da -aa sufiqsTa fonetikuri
gamartivebiT: av → a, a → a.
Crdilour xunZurs sl,
sl Kl,
Kl Kr TanxmovanTkompleqsebi
sitKvis TavkidurSi eucxoeba.
Tu umaxvilo xmovnis dasustebis Sedegad erTmaneTs miuaxlovdeba ori identuri Tanmxovani, maSin sitKvis TavkidurSi
mTeli marcvali SeiZleba moikvecos. aseTi SemTxvevebi dasturdeba, magaliTad, kompozitebSi d¡lvac´
lvac´ `biZa mamis mxridan~,
blvac´
lvac´ `biZa dedis mxridan~: d¡lvac´ ← ded¡lvac´, zedmiw.
`mamis Zma~, blvac´ ← bablvac´, zedmiw. `dedis Zma~. anlautSi
erTmaneTTan Zlier axlos aGmoCnda ori identuri Tanxmovani,
romelTa dasaSoriSoreblad Sesustebul umaxvilo xmovans ukve Gone aGar Seswevda, xolo Semdgom moxda maTi gamartiveba
erT Tanmxovnad: dd → d, bb → b; umaxvilo xmovani ki sruliad Seiwira am procesma. sainteresoa, rom amosavali formebi ded¡
ded¡lvac´
lvac´, bab
bablvac´
lvac´ kidev arseboben sof. Tivis metKvelebaSi d¡lvac,
lvac blvac´
lvac´ kompozitTa paralelurad.
calke aGsaniSnavia fonetikur cvlilebaTa SemTxvevebi maxviliani marcvlis momdevno poziciaSi. cvlilebebi SeiniSneba
sxvadasxva sitKvebsa da formebSi. magaliTad:
anTroponimebSi maxvili kumSavs fuZes momdevno umaxvilo
marcvalSi xmovnis amoGebiT, mag., qalis sakuTar saxelebSi:
sil¢
sil¢mT ← sil¢maT ← sal¢maT, siq¢
siq¢nT ← siq¢naT ← saq¢naT,
bit¢
bit
¢nT ← bit¢maT ← bat¢maT (Sdr. Crd. xunZuris fat¢maT),
musl¢
musl¢nT ← musl¢maT. sakmaod niSandoblivia m → n anwuxuris anTroponimebSi, roca isini SeikumSebian xolme da m moeqceva T-s win. anTroponimi ruK
ruK¢
¢T ← ruK¢aT... a difTongSi
Cveulebriv qreba sruli xmovani, Tu es difTongi maxviliani
i-s uSualo mezoblobaSi moeqceva xolme (amis sxva magaliTebi
ix. qvemoTac).
mimGeobebsa da zedsarTavebSi: ¤nTra `avadmKofi~ ← ¤nTara, b¢trab `swori~ ← b¢t¾arab, bKrab `mSieri~ ← bKarab,
10
w´lrab `wakiTxuli~ ← w´larab, b£‡rab `namKofi~ ← b£‡arab,
bit¾¾rab `gaKofili~ ← b¢t¾arab (mag., mKar gamoTqmaSi tulbit
tulbit¾
bit¾ra vac´
vac´ `GviZli Zma~, zedmiw. `GviZl-gaKofili Zma~),
b£hrab `civi~ ← b£harab... wi
wib `axali~ ← w¢ab...
arsebiT saxelTa naTesaobiTi brunvis formebSi: sitKva Ci
(`kaci~) naTesaobiTSi iqneba C¢s´ul `kacis~ ← C¢as´ul. a
difTongSi a xmovnis gaqrobas Cveulebriv iwvevs winamavali
maxviliani i. msgavsadve: gurj¢
gurj¢zul `qarTvelebisa~ ←
gurj¢azul da sxv.
sof. Tivis anwuxur TqmaSi maxvilTan dakavSirebuli fonetikuri procesebi Jer ar dasrulebula. SeiniSneba am mxriv
arc Tu umniSvnelo sxvaobani sxvadasxva asakis pirTa metKvelebaSi. kidev araerTi faqti gamosavleni da sakvlevi rCeba.
nodar
ardoteli
gramatikuli klasebis sistema xunZuri enis
zedsarTav saxelebSi
1. cnobilia, rom xunZurSi srul (resp. gaformebul) zedsarTav saxelebs KovelTvis daerTvis klas-kategoriis sufiqsuri niSnebi, romlebic warmomavlobiT CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis mzamzareul formebad aris miCneuli (Ciqobava 1942, 33;
bokarevi 1949, 150; kikviZe 1958, 99; Ciqobava, cercvaZe 1962,
185...).
dasturdeba iseTi zedsarTavebic, romlebsac, sufiqsis
garda, klasis eqsponenti prefiqsadac daerTvis, mag.: b-e-w-ab
`bneli~, b-a-„ar-ab `wiTeli~, b-o-rxaT-ab `maGali~, b-a-w´ad-ab
`sufTa~, `wminda~, b-i-c´aT-ab `sqeli~...
2. Cveni azriT, zemomoKvanili zedsarTavis formebi unda
iKvnen odindeli mimGeobebi, romlebmac mogvianebiT zedsarTa11
vi saxelis statusi SeiZines. amas mowmoben saTanado zmnebi,
romelTagan unda warmoqmniliKvnen amgvari zedsarTauli (resp.
Suqia
mimGeoburi) formebi , mag.: b-¡-w-ab (Sdr. b-¡-w-i-ze `Caqroba~,
fonetikuri faqtoris roli
terminTa Seqmnisas
*
`dabneleba~) `bneli~, b-a-„r-ab (Sdr. b-a-„r-i-ze `gacxeleba~,
`dawva~...) `wiTeli~, b-£-rxaT-ab (Sdr.b-£-rx-i-ze `aweva~, `atana~...) `maGali~, b-a-w´ad-ab (Sdr. b--w´-i-ne `gawmenda~, `gasufTaveba~...) `wminda~, `sufTa~, b-¢-tar-ab (Sdr. b-¢-t-i-ze `gasworeba~, `gagzavna~...) `swori~, `pirdapiri~ da misT.
iSviaTad SeiZleba analogiuri zedsarTavi saxeli zmnizedisganac momdinareobdes, mag.: b-i-c´T-ab (Sdr. b-i-c´T`sqlad~) `sqeli~...
sagulisxmo faqtia isic, rom saanalizo zedsarTavebsa da
maT Sesabamis zmnur formebs maxvili erTsa da imave xmovanze
moudis.
3. mimGeoba, rogorc zedsarTavi saxeli, semantikuri gadaazrianebiT SeiZleba viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelad iqces. am
movlenas bevr enaSi eZebneba analogi, maT Soris, qarTulSic,
mag.: Kar-s _ m-Kr-al-i, wiT-s _ wiT-el-i, m-wiT-ur-i, Sr-eb-a _
m-Sr-al-i...
zemomoKvanili formebi (mKrali, m-wiT-ur-i...) amjamad zedsarTavebad gaigebian, Tumca istoriulad isini mimGeobebs
warmoadgendnen.
rac Seexeba funqciur mxares, sufiqsuri klas-niSani zedsarTav saxelsa da sazGvruls Soris atributuli kavSiris dasamKareblad gamoiKeneba, xolo prefiqsuli eqsponenti realuri subieqtis klass gamoxatavs.
*
12
afridoniZe
enis leqsikuri gamdidrebis, maT Soris axali terminebis
Sesaqmnelad erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad, leqsemaTa sesxebasTan erTad, samarTlianad iTvleba sitKvawarmoeba. derivaciul
afiqsebs mraval enaSi, SeiZleba iTTqas, gadamwKveti mniSvneloba eniyeba terminologiis erovnul niadagze gamdidrebisaTvis.
saliteraturo qarTuli Tavisi ganviTarebis istoriis manZilze amgvari nimuSebis unikalur magaliTebs iZleva.
magram afiqsaciasTan erTad da mis paralelurad (Tumc
Seudareblad naklebi doziT) terminologiis samsaxurSi dgeba
fonetikuri cvlilebebic. gamoikveTa zogi amgvari cvlileba:
aq ganvixilavT bgeris
bgeris dakar
dakargvas
kargvas da bgera
bgeraTa
raTa SerwKmas
1. bgeris
bgeris dakar
dakargva
kargva
a) mrglo
rglova
lovani
vani.
ni qarTuli damwerlobis erT-erTi, qronologiurad pirveli safexuris saxelwodebaa mrglova
mrglovani
vani,
ni romlis
amosavalia mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi mrgv
mrgvlova
lovani
vani (Serqmeulia
asoebis formis mixedviT). nawarmoebi adieqtivis etimologia
sruliad gamyvirvalea: igi miiGeba viTarebiTi (Zireuli)
mrgvalovan sufiqsis darTviT.
mrgval zedsarTavisagan -ovan
swored am derivaciuli warmoebis _ xmovniT dawKebuli
sufiqsis darTvis procesSi xdeba a xmovnis aucilebeli kumSva, ris Sedegadac Tavs iKris 5 Tanxmovani, romelTagan Kvela
sonoria (mr
mrgvl
mr vl),
vl garda erTisa. amitom ikargvis winamavali sonori v identuri sufiqsiseuli v Tanxmovnis gavleniT (disimilaciuri dakargva), ris Sedegadac viGebT gasubstantivebul
grafologiur termins _ mrglovans
mrglovans.
vans
b) lursmu
lursmuli
smuli.
li analogiuri semantikisaa adieqturi warmoSobis sitKva lursmu
lursmuli
smuli,
li romlis etimologiac aseve gamyvirvalea: miGebulia lursman
lursmansman saxelisagan (termini amJerad Seqmnilia weris iaraGis saxelis mixedviT). zedsarTavTa Kvelaze
simartivisaTvis zedsarTavebs ||| klasis formiT vimowmebT.
13
xSiri mawarmoeblis -ur
ur sufiqsis darTva da fuZiseuli a
xmovnis aucilebeli sinkopireba iwvevs ramdenime (4) Tanxmovnis TavmoKras. maTgan aseve Kvela sonoria, garda erTisa
(r
rsmn
mn).
mn derivatis fonetikuri gamartiveba am SemTxvevaSic substantivaciis gavleniT iZleva saTanado grafologiur termins.
g) kompoziciis gziT nawarmoebi sitKva Tana
Tanamo
namosag
mosagre
sagre,
re romelic amjamad qarTulSi ixmareba kolegiuri saqmianobis, kerZod, Tanamosaqmis mniSvnelobiT, warmoSobiT sinonimuri Tana
Tananamebr
ebrZolis
Zolis mniSvnelobidan momdinareobs da etimologiurad
ukavSirdeba arsebiT saxels _ sa
sangars
ngars (Sdr. rus. окоп). misi
morfemuli analizi aseTia: Tana
Tanana-momo-sang(
sang(a)r-e. Srd. momo-sangrsangr-e
1
ix. meme-sangrsangr-e .
mo-_-e
mo e cirkumfiqsis xmovanTa darTvam gamoiwvia fuZiseuli a xmovnis aucilebeli kumSva: Tanamosangare > Tanamosangre;
Semdgom etapze daikarga n sonoric, magram es gauCinareba mxolod fonetikur doneze ar darCenila da mas sitKvis semantikuri gadaxalisebis funqcia daekisra, roca amgvarad saxecvlilma saTanado sitKvam `TanamebrZolis~ metonimiis gziT
ufro `mSvidobiani~ niuansi (ko
kole
kolegis
legis,
gis Tana
Tanamo
namosaq
mosaqmis
saqmis,
mis Tanam
TanamnamSromlis
Sromlisa
a
)
SeiZina
_
am
ukanaskneli
sinonimiT
ara
oden
ofilis
cialuri statusis, aramed realuri erToblivi, amasTan, myidro Tanamosaqmeobis aGsaniSnavad Tu misaniSneblad.
d) kompozitisave farglebSi uCinardeba sonori m bgera
`falsifikatoris~ qarTuli ekvivalentis _ `gamKalbeblis~
terminologizaciis mizniT nawarmoeb kompozit `KalbismqnelSi~, romelic, Cveulebriv, dokumentebis an fulis damxatvels
aGniSnavs. rusulSic es termini kompoziciis meSveobiT Seiqmna, oGond iq meore komponentad fuZe mone
moneta
neta _ specifikuri
sufiqsis darTviT _ damkvidrda, qarTulSi ki misi adgili
1
sagulisxmoa, rom `TanamebrZolis~ mniSvnelobiT rusulSi ixmareba
соратник, romelic nawarmoebia rusuli sitKvisagan рать (= 1. Jari, laSqari; 2.
brZola, omi) со- prefiqsiTa da -ник sufiqsiT (analogiuri warmoebisaTvis
Sdr. TanaTana-m-SromSrom-elel-i da misi rusuli SesatKvisi со-труд-ник).
14
2
mimGeoba mqnelma
mqnelma
daikava; terminologiuri kompozicia moxda
m sonoris dakargvis Sedegad gamartivebis xarJze: Kalbismq
Kalbismq(
bismq(m)neneli.
li am zmnis mimGeobis amosavali qna Cans (Sdr. xalxuri derivaciuli warmoebis `ga
gaa
gaaimasqn
masqna
qna~, romelic mix. JavaxiSvilma esoden marJved gamoiKena Tavisi cnobili romanis mTavari personajis _ kvayi kvayantiraZis aferistul-avantiuruli saqmianobis
mxatvrulad daxasiaTebis mizniT).
2. bgera
bgeraTa
raTa SerwKma
qarTulSi bgeraTSerwKmis saxeliT cnobili SemTxvevebidan, romlebic, Cveulebriv, dialeqtizmebadaa kvalificirebuli (Tvali > Toli, Svidi > Sudi...), erT-erTi masdaruli
warmoebis sitKva _ gamar
gamarJve
marJveba
Jveba _ saliteraturo enaSi damkvidrda misalmebis formulad: gamar
gamarJo
marJoba
Joba (< gamarJveba).
aGniSnulma fonetikurma cvlilebam _ viniani kompleqsis bgeraTSerwKmam _ xeli SeuwKo mis erTgvar `konversias~. am terminSi aq nagulisxmebia saxelis gazmnaveba, romlis Sedegicaa
sapasuxo formulis warmoqmna fuZiseuli v-s CavardniT da pirisa Tu qcevis prefiqsebisa da zmnis dro-kilouri paradigmis
nakvTis mawarmoebeli sufiqsis gamoKenebiT: gaga-g-i-marJmarJ-o-s/-T
(< gagimarJvos/T), gaga-u-marJarJ-o-s/-T (< gaumarJvos/T).
am zmnuri formulis analogiam Tavdapirveli gamar
gamarJo
marJoba
Joba-c
ba
TandaTan zmnur paradigmebSi gadaiKvana, rasac mowmobs mravlobiTi ricxvisa Tu Tavaziani mimarTvis formebSi mravlobiTobis -T
T sufiqsis gaCena (ga
gamar
gamarJo
marJoba
Jobaba-T, bavSvebo! gamar
gamarJo
marJoba
Jobaba-T,
qalbatono Tamar!), romelic msgavs situaciebSi misalmebis pasuxad saTqmeli zmnuri gagi
gagimar
gimarJo
marJoJo-T formis analogiiT unda
iKos Seqmnili.
zemoaGniSnuli fonetikuri procesebis analizma gamokveTa
erTi saerTo niSani: Kvela SemTxvevaSi semantikuri gadaxaliseba xdeba sono
sonori
nori Tanx
Tanxmovne
movnebis
nebis an maTi Semcveli kompleqsebis
2
aq iqneb zedmeti ar iKos imis aGniSvna, rom sitKva qmari,
qmari romelic dGes
bunebrivadaa damkvidrebuli KofiTs sitKvaxmarebaSi, mimGeoburi warmoSobisave unda iKos, oGond am SemTxvevaSi Tavkiduri, mimGeobis mawarmoebeli m
sonoris disimilaciuri dakargviT miGebuli.
15
fonetikuri modifikaciis fonze.
terminebis SeqmnaSi fonetikur cvlilebaTa rolis damadasturebeli zemoganxiluli magaliTebi Tumca sixSiriTa da
produqtiulobiT sitKvawarmoebas ver Seedreba, magram maTi
gaTvaliswineba, damatebiTi masalis gamovlena da saTanado kvalifikacia aucilebelia faqtobrivadac da meTodologiuri
TvalsazrisiTac. msgavsi masalis analizi Tavis kuTvnil adgils daiyers specialur terminTa Tu specifikuri enobrivi
formulebis Seqmna-CamoKalibebis kvlevaSi.
lia
bakuraZe
Tvise
Tvisebi
sebisa
bisa da ricxvis
ricxvis eqspre
eqspresi
spresiu
siuli gamoxat
gamoxatvis
xatvis
SemTxve
SemTxveve
mTxvevebi
vebi -oba sufiq
sufiqsi
fiqsian
sian saxe
saxeleb
xelebSi
lebSi
-oba sufiqsis erT-erTi funqciaa abstraqtuli da krebiTi saxelebis warmoeba. es sufiqsi, faqtobrivad, miuTiTebs
sagnis an saganTa Tvisebaze: oficro
oficroba
roba,
ba axalgaz
axalgazrdo
gazrdoba
rdoba.
ba
am formebs erTdroulad aqvT Tvisebisa da simravlis
gamoxatvis unari. -oba
oba sufiqsiani krebiTi saxelebis warmoeba
Kvela Ziridan ar xerxdeba. mag. mxatvro
mxatvroba
vroba,
ba, damla
damlageb
mlageblo
geblob
loba sulac ar niSnavs mravals da mxolod Tvisebis aGmniSvnelia. -oba
oba
sufiqsis gverdiT gvaqvs -nar
nar sufiqsiani krebiTi saxelebic.
Zvel qarTulSi iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba -oba
oba da
-nar
nar sufiqsiT nawarmoebi krebiTi saxelebic:
x i l n a r n i iKvnes mSveni
mSvenier
nierni
erni,
ni, egeTni
egeTni,
ni, rome
romeli
meli Koveli
Koveli
feri
feri xili
xili mun ipove
ipovebo
veboda
boda (amirandareJaniani).
qari
qarisa
risagan
sagan x e v n a r T a Sigan
Sigan Seeq
Seeqmne
eqmnebis
mnebis hma (visramiani).
smides
smides da gai
gaixareb
xarebdis
rebdis,
dis, iKo dide
didebul
debulTa
bulTa J a l a b o b a
(visramiani).
Koveli
Koveli m u s l i m a n o b a brZane
brZaneba
nebasa
basa Tqvensa
Tqvensa morCi
morCileb
rCileblebdes da mzesa
mzesa Tqvensa
Tqvensa ficev
ficevdes
cevdes (visramiani).
vfiqrobT, amosavali funqcia -oba
oba sufiqsisa unda iKos
16
Tvisebis da ara simravlis, ricxvis gamoxatva.
gramatikuli ricxvi Tu simravle, bunebrivia, sagnebisa
Tu movlenebis Tvisobriv gansazGvrasac gvaZlevs da, piriqiT,
Tvisebis maxasiaTebeli gadadis ricxobriv maxasiaTebelSi, radgan orive raodenobis kategoriaa, romelic sagnebisa da maTi
nawilebis garegnul, formalur urTierTmimarTebas gamoxatavs: Tvisebas, sidides _ zomas, wonas, ricxvs, aseve ama Tu im
Tvisebis xarisxs.
-oba sufiqsiani saxelebis saxasiaTo Tvisebis ricxobrivSi gadasvlisaTvis, is unda axasiaTebdes mxolod adamianTa
klass da am maxasiaTebliT gamoarCios igi sazogadoebis sxva
nawilisagan: maswav
maswavleb
wavleblo
lebloba
loba,
ba, oficro
oficroba
roba,
ba, glexo
glexoba
xoba (adamianTa
garkveuli socialuri statusi). Tvisebis simravle
paralelurad moiazreba rogorc araTvladi simravle (axalgazrdoba _Tviseba; axalgazrdoba _simravle am Tvisebis matarebeli
xalxisa). mas SeuZlia meoreuli gadaazrianebis Semdeg xelaxla moirgos Tvisebis gageba da axla uve simravlis sisrule
gansazGvros. mTeli
mTeli axalgaz
axalgazrdo
gazrdoba
rdoba aq iKo.
iKo.. gamodis, rom ricxvi (araTvladi simravle) da Tviseba monacvleoben erTmaneTSi da amitom paralelurad gamoxataven orive kategorias. es
eqspresiulobis gamoxatvis erT-erTi saSualebaa enaSi. simravlis eqspresiulobis ganviTarebis procesi ase gvesaxeba: 1. kakacebi
cebi _ kaco
kacoba
coba wKvilis gaCena SesaZlebelia gapirobebuli iKos
simravlis eqspresiulobis gamoxatvis sayiroebiT. 2. Semdeg,
mogvianebiT -oba
oba sufiqsi iZens erTgvari qvekategoriis mawarmoeblis funqcias (kacoba, glexoba), amitom eqspresiulobis
gamosaxatavad sayiro xdeba msazGvrel mTelis
mTelis damatebac.
qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi, Tavis mxriv, mravlobiTis
gamosaxatavad monacvleobs -oba
oba da -eb
eb sufiqsi: mTeli
mTeli xelxelmwifo
ori
mwifoba
foba,
ba, Kvela
Kvela xelmwi
xelmwife
mwifee
feebi/
bi/ mTeli
mTeli xelmwi
xelmwife
mwifee
feebi.
bi.
msazGvreli _ mTeli
mTeli da Kvela
Kvela ki ganarCevs Tvlad da araTvlad saganTa simravles. aqac mTelis
mTelis darTviT eb sufiqsiani
mravlobiTis formaze Cans enaSi Tvladidan araTvlad simravleSi gadasvlis tendencia. Tumca, zogJer dialeqtebSi proce17
si ise Sors aris wasuli, rom Tvisebis simravles SeiZleba
msazGvrelad moevlinos ricxviTi saxeli, isev Tvladi simravlis msazGvreli: ori komlo
komloba
loba (fere
fereid
reidnu
idnuli
nuli).
li). es ki gvafiqrebinebs, rom raodenobis kategoriebs Soris monacvleobis procesi uwKvetia da eqspresiulobis xarisxzea damokidebuli.
cira
barbaqaZe
samKaros enobri
enobrivi
rivi sura
suraTe
raTebi
Tebi poe
poetur metKvele
metKveleba
lebaSi
baSi
(`varskvla
varskvlave
skvlavebis
vebis poe
poetika
tika~
ka~ ana kalan
kalanda
landaZis
daZis poe
poezia
ziaSi)
Si)
calkeul avtorTa poetur SemoqmedebaSi gamoiKofa iseTi `sitKva_nawarmoebebi~, `sitKva_konceptebi~, romelTa garSemo SeiZleba gadaewKos poetis enobrivi samKaro. imisaTvis,
rom amgvari sitKva_konceptebi, semantemebi, gamovlindes, aucilebelia:
a) teqtSi semantemis gamoKenebis maGali sixSire, markireba;
b) aGniSnuli semantemis metaforulobis maGali xarisxi,
rac gamoixateba axal mniSvnelobaTa warmoqmnaSi;
g) poetis Semoqmedebis koncepti Tavisi funqcionirebiT
teqstSi gamoxatavs avtoris ideas.
Cveni kvlevis obieqts am mimarTulebiT warmoadgenda ana
kalandaZis poezia. poetur nawarmoebSi aris iseTi simboloebi, romlebic iTxoven interpretacias Tavad avtorisaTvis
(m. mamardaSvili). kvlevis Sedegad poetis SemoqmedebaSi gamoikveTa sitKva-koncepti `varskvla
varskvlavi
skvlavi~
vi~.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom semantema `varskvlavi~ metnaklebi
sixSiriT TiTqmis Kvela poetis SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba, magram
ana kalandaZis `varskvlavi~ namdvilad gansakuTrebulia. ratom
maincdamainc es sitKva? kiTxvaze pasuxi martivia da poetis individualobidan momdinareobs. rogorc Cans, am sitKviT gamo18
xatuli azri Kvelaze metad enaTesaveba poetis suls. sitKvis
pirdapiri mniSvnelobidan dawKebuli mis Kvelaze ufro dausazGvrav mniSvnelobamde, TiTqmis Kvelafers Tavi mouKria ana
kalandaZis SemoqmedebaSi.
ana kalandaZis poeturi teqstebis mixedviT, sitKva `varskvlavis~ saboloo azri uflisken midis, varskvlavi uflis
erT-erTi epiTetia, saboloo aGsaniSni GmerTia, romelic Tavad dausazGvravia da dausazGvravia is semantemac, romelic
misi aGmniSvneli xdeba.
feSenko wers: `Tu davuSvebT, rom semiotikas aqvs Tavisi
ganviTarebis siujeti, maSin am ganviTarebis kulminacia is wertilia, romelSic semiotika xvdeba poetikas~.
maS, raze gadis gza azridan sitKvisken da piriqiT,
sitKvidan azrisken? amaze vigotski gvipasuxebda: `...azri ar emTxveva araTu sitKvebs, aramed arc maT mniSvnelobebs, romlebiTac is gamoiTqmeba. gza azridan sitKvisken mniSvnelobaze gadis. Cvens metKvelebaSi KovelTvis aris dafaruli qveteqsti.
am winaaGmdegobis dasaZlevad iqmneba axali gza azridan
sitKvisken sitKvaTa axali mniSvnelobebis gavliT~ (vigotski).
swored aseT axal mniSvnelobebs gvTavazobs poeturi metKveleba. iqneb arc ise axalia dGeisTvis is azri, romelic Tavis droze kantma gamoxata agreTve metaforulad: ori ram maocebs amqveKnad _ varskvlavebiani ca Cem zemoT da moraluri
kanoni CemSi! _ moraluri kanoni Tu uflismieria (da namdvilad aris uflismieri), masTan varskvlavebiani cis dakavSireba
sulac ar aris SemTxveviTi da amasve adasturebs kantis am azris ana kalandaZiseuli reinterpretacia. iqneb samKaro sul
ramdenime metaforis (re)interpretaciaa?
19
guram
bedoSvili
sitKva `kaxambalis~
kaxambalis~ Sesaxeb
`kaxam
kaxamba
xambali
bali~
li~ rogorc mexileobis termini mxolod qarTuli
enis dasavluri dialeqtebisTvis (imeruli, rayuli, leCxumuri, guruli, ayaruli) aris cnobili. dokumentobriv `kaxam
kaxamba
xambabali~
li~ º `kaxa
kaxaba
xabali
bali~
li~ warmodgenilia polik
polik.
lik. JaJa
JaJani
JaniZis
niZis `guruli leqsikonis masalebSi~, mix.
mix. alavi
alaviZis
viZis `qvemorayul leqsikonSi~, SuSa
SuSaSana futka
futkara
karaZis
raZis monografiaSi `Cveneburebis qarTuli~ da a. S.
`kaxam
kaxamba
xambali
bali~
li~, ramdenadac viciT, dGemde ganmartebuli ar
Kofila. zogadad cnobilia, rom kaxambali hqvia msxvilmarcvlian TeTr da Sav bals. aragvis xeobis qarTlurSi amgvar
TeTr bals `spanski bali~ ewodeba, rac mis Semosulobaze
metKvelebs. rac Seexeba termin `kaxam
kaxambals
xambals~
bals~ igi qarTuli enis
dasavlur kiloebze metKveli xalxis kuTvnilebaa. igi unda
ganvmartoT rogorc `kvaxa
kvaxaba
xabali
bali~
li~ (kvaxiviT msxvilnaKofa bali),
kvaxkvax sitKviT xazgasmulia naKofis zoma, simsxo. saKuradGebo
is aris, rom qarTuli enis aGmosavlur kiloebSi kaxam
kaxamba
xambalis
balis,
lis
kaxa
kaxaba
xabalis
balis nacvlad `gogra
gograba
rabali
bali~
li~ gvxvdeba. kaxam
kaxambal
xambalbal formaSi
m-ani mjGeri b-anis win ganviTarebula, umano formaSi (ka
kaxa
kaxaba
xababali)
li kvax sitKvis gamartiveba momxdara: kvaxkvax-a bali
bali > kaxa
kaxaxa-babali,
asociaciuri dakavSirebis gamo.
li Cans piris saxel kaxa
kaxa-sTan
xa
marine
beriZe,
daviT
nadaraia
dia
teqste
stebis
dialeqtu
leqturi
turi teq
ste
bis korpu
korpusis
pusis pirve
pirvela
veladi
ladi anoti
anotire
tireba
reba
(proeqti: saqarTvelos lingvisturi portreti)
meore welia mimdinareobs muSaoba proeqtze `saqarTvelos lingvisturi portreti~. am droisaTvis Sesrulebulia
mniSvnelovani samuSao sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT: teqstebis
20
koleqciis eleqtronuli versiis Seqmna, axali teqstebis mopoveba, korpusis arqiteqturisa da monacemTa bazis Seqmnis principebis SemuSaveba.
korpusis, `mSeneblobisas~ erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
etapia anotireba. ganasxvaveben `zedapiruli~ da `Grma~ anotirebis korpusebs. korpusis lingvistikis Tanamedrove praqtikaSi miGebuli gzaa etapobrivi anotireba.
Cven viwKebT zedapiruli _ pirveladi morfologiuri
da semantikuri anotirebiT, Tumca mimdinareobs Teoriuli
muSaoba korpusis
Grma anotirebis logikuri platformis
mosamzadeblad.
dGeisaTvis korpusi warmoadgenilia hiperteqstis principiT gamTlianebuli `subkorpusebis~ saxiT, romelic moicavs:
gamocemul dialeqtur teqstebs, saeqspedicio masalas, dialeqtur leqsikonebs, mxatvrul da samecniero literaturaSi damowmebul dialeqtur formaTa saZieblebs da sxv. gaTvaliwinebulia korpusTan migraciuli procesebisa da toponimikuri
cxrilebis integrirebac.
pirvelad morfologiur da semantikur anotirebas `gaivlis~ dGemde dafiqsirebuli Kvela sitKvaforma da leqsikuri
erTeuli, Tumca proeqtis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod fereidnuli, ingilouri da TuSuri masalis anotireba.
mocemul etapze ukve gaaqtiurebulia korpusis erT-erTi
mTavari da pirveladi (zedapiruli) anotirebisTvis aucilebeli _ konkordansis avtomaturi warmoqmnis funqcia, rac gulisxmobs anbanze gawKobili saerTo sitKvanisa da masTan dakavSirebuli konteqstebis avtomatur warmodgenas.
pirveladi morfologiuri anotirebis procesi ase
gamoiKureba (muSaobis procesSi is SeiZleba kidev ufro daixvewos):
1. sitKvis arCeva;
2. anotirebis velis gaaqtiureba;
3. morfologiuri statusis miniyeba (zmna, saxeli, saxelzmna, formaucvleli sitKva, rTuli morfologiuri sta21
tusis sitKva (enklitika da sxv. SemTxvevebi);
4. saleqsikono formis (masdaris an saxelobiTi brunvis) miniyeba (gansazGvra);
5. saliteraturo SesatKvisis miniyeba;
6. saliteraturo saleqsikono formis miniyeba;
7. konteqstis arCeva dialeqtis mixedviT da konkretul
formasTan misi dakavSireba.
Sesabamisad, Zebna korpusSi ganxorcieldeba nebismieri am
maxasiaTeblis mixedviT.
rogorc cnobilia, ZiriTadi enobrivi fondis sitKvebi
dialeqtur leqsikonebSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aisaxeba, roca
isini damatebiTi mniSvnelobiT aGiyurvebian (e. w. semantikuri
dialeqtizmebi). korpusis lingvisturi anotirebis sistema SesaZleblobas iZleva, Seswavlil iqnes dialeqtis aqtiur mimoqcevaSi mKofi saerTo fondis leqsikac, ganisazGvros misi roli, variaciulobis done, variaciulobis mizezi. statistikuri, kvantitatiuri, sociolingvisturi da sxv. mimarTulebebiT
kvlevis obieqtad iqces erTi mxriv, dialeqturi metKvelebis
mTliani enobrivi qsovili da meore mxriv, mxolod is gansxvavebuli, specifikuri leqsika an gramatikuli saSualebebi, rac
am dialeqts axasiaTebs.
manana
bukia
sinonimebisaTvis megrul mesaqonl
mesaqonleobis
leqsikaSi
moxsenebaSi ganixileba megruli mesaqonleobis leqsikaSi
warmodgenili sinonimebis rigi, garkveulia maTi gavrcelebis
areali, is morfologiuri inventari, riTac xdeba sinonimTa
warmoeba.
sinonimebs ZiriTadad qmnis megruli (Zireuli da warmo22
qmnili) da nasesxebi sitKvebis wKvili.
rZis sawuris aGsaniSnavad gamoiKeneba owirali º owire º
owireSi (zedm. `sawuravi~, `sawuri~, `sawurisi~). sintagma bjaS
owira
owirali
rali (zedm. `rZis sawuri~), paralelurad gvxvdeba qarTulidan momdinare sawˆri (← sawuri). Sdr. sa
sawu
wura
ravi
wu
ra
vi `riTac
unda wuron, rZis sawuri~ (qegl), imer. sawu
sawuri
wuri `rZis gasawuri
mowKobiloba~, ayar. sawu
sawuria
wuria `rZis sawuri~, svan. lawŸd’r º
lawŸ
lawŸdr `rZis sawuri~. lazurSi (da ayarulSic) am mniSvnelobiT Turqulidan SeTvisebuli suzgi
suzgi gamoiKeneba. mTian samegreloSi paralelurad gvxvdeba xara
xaraza
raza º xara
xaraza
razaka
zaka º xara
xaraZa
raZaga
Zaga
º xˆraZa
xˆraZaga
Zagafa
gafa,
fa romelic momdinareobs afxazuri a-xraZa
xraZaga
Zaga-dan
ga
(aa-x `rZe~, a-raZa
raZaga
Zaga `wurva, gamowurva~).
mwKemsis aucilebeli inventaris, rkinamocmuli Joxis aGsaniSnavad megruli iKenebs terminebs: biga
biga,
ga romelic Cans dasavlur mikrosistemebSi: imer. bigi
bigi `saKrdeni Joxi~, gur. biga
biga
`orkapa Tivis asaGebi Joxi~, sintagmebi: kaGuami
kaGuami keti (zedm.
`kaviani Joxi~), Cxvindami
Cxvindami keti
keti (zedm. `cxviriani Joxi~) da
afxazuridan SeTvisebuli laba
labaSa
baSa-s
Sa (afx. a-labaSa `mwKemsis Joxi, kverTxi~).
sinonimTa rigs qmnis gvaba
gvabala
bala `xis gobi, romelzec zelen
suluguns~ (← gobela), niso
nisori
sori da sparsulidan SeTvisebuli
barqa
barqaSi
qaSi º barqa
barqaSia
qaSia.
Sia gvaba
gvabala
bala qarTveluridan nasesxobis saxiT
gvaqvs afxazurSi a-gabalaa
abalaa formiT.
megrulSi SeTvisebulia daGis, seris aGmniSvneli orive
sitKva: daGi da xnwra º xˆnwra º xˆnwˆra º Zinwi
Zinwira
wira.
ra. pirveli
sparsulidanaa Semosuli, meore ki afxazuridan (aa-xwara
xwara `seri~).
SevniSnavT, rom afxazuridan nasesxebi sitKvebi ZiriTadad
mTian samegreloSia gavrcelebuli.
xSirad martivi formis sinonimad gamoiKeneba warmoqmnili
sitKvebi (ZiriTadad mimGeobebi).
niga
(`sawveluli~) paralelurad gamoiKeneba
niga º nˆga-s
nˆga
mimGeoburi warmoSobis enaqva
enaqvala
valari
lari (zedm. `Casawveli~). Sdr.
sawve
sawvele
wvelel
leli º sawve
sawvele
wvelela
lela `xis an Tixis pirganieri Grma yuryeli, romelSic wvelian~ (qegl), imer. sawve
sawveli
wveli `qoTani, romel23
Sic Zroxas wvelian~, qiziK. sawve
sawvele
wveleli
leli `sarZeuli, tolCa, romelSic wvelian~. sainteresoa, rom afxazurSi megrulidan nasesxebi a-nˆga mxolod abjuur dialeqtSi gvxvdeba, bzifurSi
mas a-x½ar Caenacvleba.
zari
zari º zara
zara º zare
zare formas xSirad Caenacvleba nagenetivari oreke
orekeSi
keSi (zedm. `sarekisi~). Sdr. afxaz. a-sark½
sark½al `zari~
(← qarT.. sa
sare
reke
keli
li).
re
ke
li
warmoqmnili formebiT gadmoicema megrulSi karvis mzareulis aGmniSvneli sitKvebi. me_e cirkumfiqsiT nawarmoebi memexilxil-e-s gverdiT gvxvdeba marTuli kompoziti kareS
kareSma
reSmadi
madia
diarafa
rafafali zedm. `karvis dampurebeli~ (ka
kare
kare `karavi~, mama-diar
diarar-afaf-alal-i
`mymeveli, dampurebeli~).
zogJer termini sintagmiTaa warmodgenili, sadac sazGvruli erTi (saerTo) sitKvaa, sinonimebs ki msazGvreli qmnis:
dida
dida Cxou (zedm. `deda Zroxa~) º mayval
mayval Cxou (zedm. `mewveli Zroxa~) º mebja
mebjalu
bjalu Cxou (zedm. `merZeve Zroxa~) zogadad
`furs~ aGniSnavs.
kareS
kareS JoGori (zedm. `karvis ZaGli~) º meSxu
meSxureS
SxureS JoGori
(zedm. `mwKemsis ZaGli~) zogadad mecxvaris ZaGlis, nagazis
aGmniSvnelia.
Salva
gabeskiria
metKvelebis aGmniSvneli qarTveluri zmnebis
zogi Taviseburebis Sesaxeb
1. metKvelebis aGmniSvneli qarTveluri zmnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia droTa ganmavlobaSi maTi erTi nawilis xmarebidan gamosvla da mis nacvlad axali zmnuri fuZeebis damkvidreba. amisda miuxedavad zogierTi maTgani qarTvelur fuZe-enas
ganekuTvneba (s.-qarTv. *Tq
TqŸ
Tq
Ÿ-, Sum. dug- `Tqma~?).
qarTvelur verbum dicendi-Si SeiniSneba mokle zmnebis na24
cvlad grZeli leqsemebis damkvidrebis tendencia. amgvar magaliTebs Sorisaa fonetikurad msgavsi da Sesabamisad nakleb
gamomxatveli mokle zmnebi.
Zv. qarT. Tq‚s,
Tq‚s itK‚s (`ambobs~) _ ax. qarT. ambobs
ambobs,
bobs
lapa
lapara
parakobs
rakobs.
kobs
mokle zmnaTa sicocxlisunarianobas xels uwKobs enaSi
maTgan nawarmoeb saxelebis arsebobac. zmna bar _ mou
moubari
bari,
ri sasaubari
bari,
ri itKvis _ sitKva, laz. ot(k)u `Tqma, kiTxva~ _ zita
(zi-ta) `sitKva~.
zmnaTa cvlilebis erT-erTi mizezia maTi semantikuri `cveTa~, ris Sedegadac xSirad salaparako enidan saliteraturoSi Cndeba axali leqsemebi. Cans, Tavis droze qarTul saliteraturo enaSi amgvarad damkvidrda ambobs
ambobs,
bobs lapa
lapara
parakobs
rakobs zmnebi,
romelTa mniSvnelobiTac amjamad xSirad arasworad iZaxis
iZaxis
zmnac gamoiKeneba.
qarTul mwerlobasTan kavSiris gawKvetis gamo zanuri enis
lazur kilo-kavebSi zepirmetKvelebis gziT gaCenili metKvelebis aGmniSvneli mravali zmna dasturdeba. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi berZnul da Turqul enebTan kontaqtebis Sedegad lazurSi ucxo enebidan zepiri gziT Semosuli saxelebidan warmoqmnili zmnuri fuZeebi gaCnda: opara
oparami
ramiTu
miTu,
Tu oxapa
oxaparu
paru,
ru olaqi
olaqidu
qidu.
du
2. xangrZlivi istoriis mqone qarTuli saliteraturo
enis verbum dicendi-Si dronakl da fuZemonacvle zmnebs Soris
nakvTTa awmKos wKebaSi ixmareba ubno
ubnoba
noba da relatiuri eubne
eubneba
neba
zmnebi (mK. etKvis,
etKvis nam. uTxra,
uTxra Turm. I uTqvams
uTqvams).
qvams specialur
literaturaSi ubnoba, msgavsad `laparakisa~, ufro nasaxelar
zmnadaa miCneuli: uban
uban: uban
uban-ob-a → ubn
ubn-ob-a (v. Tofuria,
iv. qavTaraZe, f. erTeliSvili).
ubnobs qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi sxvadasxva formiTaa dadasturebuli: ubnobs
ubnobs (zemoimeruli, rayuli, leCxumuri), ugugnobs (ayaruli). dialeqtebis leqsikur SemadgenlobaSi fiqsirebulia aseve ebne
ebneba
neba,
ba ebne
ebneva
neva.
va
ubno
ubnoba
noba zmnis istoriisa da struqturis aGsadgenad gasaTvaliswinebelia Zveli da saSuali qarTuli enis ZeglTa mona25
cemebi. xmovanTa funqcionaluri monacvleobis maCvenebel im
magaliTebs Soris, romlebSic e vnebiTs ar gamoxatavs, dasaxelebulia uban-i
da euben
uban
euben formebic (v. Tofuria), Sdr. `vefxistKaosnis~ euben
euben (`uTxari, elaparake~), agreTve meore seriis moqmedebiTis forma dada-g-i-ubnubn-e (kimeni) da sxv.
gansaxilveli zmna nasaxelari unda iKos, ban-idan
miGebuban
li (`xma~, `sitKva~), bani
da bar-is
bani ƒmis SewKoba (saba). ban-isa
ban
bar
(abar-eb-s) kvlevisTvis gasaTvaliswinebeli Cans somxur enaSi
povnieri qarTveluri formebi da mniSvnelobebi: ban `sitKva~,
`saqme~, bar `sitKva~. banis mniSvneloba axal qarTulSi daviwrovda. ban-s ukavSirdeba e-ban-is
saxelwodebac.
ban
gvanca
gvancelaZe
-urº
urº-ul sufiqsTa erTi funqcia istoriuli
sabuTebis mixedviT
specialur samecniero literaturaSi -ur da -ul daboloebebidan amosavlad pirveli miiCneva, meore ki mis fonetikur
variantad ganixileba. cnobilia, rom oden -ur sufiqss mravali funqcia aqvs da awarmoebs:
a) niSan-Tvisebis gamomxatvel zedasarTavebs (kac-ur
ur-i,
ur
Zm-ur
ur-i...);
ur
b) warmomavlobis zedsarTavebs (qalaq-ur
ur-i,
Tbilis-ur
ur-i,
ur
ur
aqa-ur
ur-i...);
ur
g) gvarsaxelebs (buCuk-ur
ur-i,
GuduSa-ur
ur-i...);
ur
ur
d) gaTxovil qalTa qaliSvilobis gvaris variantebs (kviniko-ur
ur-i,
fxako-ur
ur-i...);
ur
ur
e) masdarTa erT tips (JuJG-ur
ur-i,
faT-ur
ur-i...)
(ix.:
ur
ur
b. JorbenaZe, m. kobaiZe, m. beriZe, qarTuli enis morfemebisa da
modaluri elementebis leqsikoni).
26
daboloeba -ul saxelebze darTvisas gamoiKeneba imave funqciebiT, oGond dasturdeba mxolod maSin, roca fuZeSi aris
r Tanxmovani(ix.: dasax. naSr., gv. 390-392).
am konteqstSi KuradGebas ipKrobs Sua saukuneebSi Sedgenil iuridiul dokumentebSi dadasturebuli uamravi mikrotoponimi, romelTa fuZeebSi aSkarad gamosaKofia -ur da -ul
daboloebani da am daboloebebs aqvT zemoT dasaxelebulTagan
gansxvavebuli funqcia _ gamoxaton miwis nakveTis, nagebobis
an saflavis kuTvnileba ama Tu im pirisadmi. Kvela am mikrotoponims safuZvlad udevs piris (ZiriTadad mamakacis) sakuTari saxelebi, anda metsaxelebi, iSviaTad ki _ gvarsaxelebic.
aGsaniSnavia isic, rom am Jgufis mikrotoponimTa erTi nawili
orsitKviania (msazGvrel-sazGvrulis tipisa), meore nawili ki
aSkarad orsitKviani mikrotoponimebisagan momdinare TiTositKviani saxelebia (gasubstantivebuli msazGvrelebi).
orsitKviani
m i k r o t o p o n i m e b i a:
alvena-ur
ur-i
mamuli (1639 w., 1693 w.); antona-ur
ur-i
venaxi
ur
ur
(1655 w.), arsena-ul
ul-i
ul-i
ul saflavi (XV s.), arJevena-ul
ul mamuli da
sasaxle (1609 w.), barda-ul
ul-i
ur-i
ul miwa (1659 w.), bedian-ur
ur venaxi
(1655 w.), bendian-ur
ur-i
ul-i
ur saxli (1482 w.), berZena-ul
ul mindori
(1660 w.) burdula-ul
ul-i
ul-i
ul mamuli (1678 w.), burnaKa-ul
ul miwa
(XVIIs.), buGlia-ur
ur-i
ur-i
ur mamuli (1584 w.), gamrekela-ur
ur mamuli
(1654 w.), gemia-ur
ur-i
ur-i
ur mamuli (1673 w.), sulia-ur
ur venaxi (1477 w.),
tabarvana-ul
ul-i
ur[i]miwa
(1612 w.), tuul mamuli (XVII s.), toxa-ur
ur
ria-ul
ul-i
ur-i
ur-i
ul venaxi (1609 w.) fanqvel-ur
ur miwa (XVII s.) fasa-ur
ur
mamuli (XVII s.), filimana-ur
ur-i
ul-i
ur savenaxe (XVII s.), futura-ul
ul
mamuli (XVIIs.), Sio-ur
ur-i
ul-i
ur mamuli (XVII s.), gogora-ul
ul mamuli
(XVII s.), gula-ur
ur-i
ur-i
ur venaxi (1695 w.), gula-ur
ur yala (XIV s.),
TaKa-ur
ur-i
venaxi (1694 w.), Teodora-ul
ul-i
navenaxebi (daaxl.
ur
ul
1258 w.), ivanaZe-ul
ul-i
mamuli (1559 w.), miqela-ur
ur-i
mamuli
ul
ur
(1661 w.), samsona-ur
ur-i
mamuli (1624 w.) guJaba-ur
ur-i
partaxi
ur
ur
(1259 w.), msxila-ur
ur-i
ur partaxi (1578 w.) da mr. sxvani.
27
erTsitKviani
m i k r o t o p o n i m e b i:
uri-ul
ul-i
(1683 w.), folada-ur
ur-i
(XVII s.), qaCala-ur
ur-i
ul
ur
ur
(1696 w.), Salva-ur
ur-i
ur-i
ur (1398 w.), cicqi-ur
ur (1628 w.), Javelur-i
ur-i
ul-i
ur (1700 w.), abaza-ur
ur (1632 w.), ambia-ul
ul (1651 w.), buzaur-i
ur-i
ur-i
ur (1659 w.), gagna-ur
ur (1559 w.), grZela-ur
ur (1668 w.), gugula-ur
ur-i
ur-i
ur-i
ur (1655 w.), gulia-ur
ur (1568 w.), deva-ur
ur (XVI-XVII
ss.), diGmela-ur
ur-i
ul-i
ur-i
ur (1524 w.), Tormane-ul
ul (XVII s.), gvaza-ur
ur
(XVII s.), islama-ur
ur-i
ul-i
urur (1662 w.), maxara-ul
ul (1467 w.), manana-ur
ur
i (1700 w.), maCxa--ur-i
ul-i
ur (XVII s.), nadira-ul
ul (1614 w.), saponaur-i
ur (XVII s.) da mr. sxvani.
saKuradGeboa, rom -ul
ul daboloeba dasturdeba zog iseT
fuZesTanac, romlebic r Tanxmovans ar Seicaven. aseTebia, magaliTad, mikrotoponimebi: ivanaZe-ul
ul-i
ul mamuli (1559 w.), ivaneul-i
ul nasasaxlevi (1684 w.)...
am tipis mikrotoponimebi praqtikulad gavrcelebuli Cans
TiTqmis Kvela regionSi: kaxeT-hereTSi, qarTlSi, samcxe-JavaxeTSi,
mTiuleTSi, imereTSi, raya-leCxumSi, guriaSi, samegreloSi...
moxsenebaSi daismis sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom -ur
ur//
ur////-ul daboloebiani mikrotoponimebis nawili iolad SeiZleboda gadaqceuliKo oikonimebad (daba-sofelTa saxelebad). marTlac, Tanamedrove saqarTvelo mofenilia am sufiqsebiT gaformebuli
iseTi oikonimebiT, rogoricaa: Ziguri (abaSis r.), gorguli
(adigenis r.), bolaJauri, namiauri (iqve), ambrolauri (raya),
Zirageuli, bugeuli, barguli (ambrolauris r.), CofCauri, babaneuli, Careqauli, qistauri, osiauri (axmetis r.), foladauri (bolnisis r.), Targameuli (martvilis r.), kalauri (gurJaanis r.), ananuri, pavleuri, gognauri, manaseuri, fasanauri,
bulaCauri (duSeTis r.), kuSubauri, maisauri, inaSauri (vanis
r.), dilikauri, rodinauli (zestafonis r.), kurdGelauri,
Salauri (Telavis r.), maCitauri, kakabouri, odilauri (TerJolis r.), Cobalauri (kaspis r.), onanuri (lagodexis r.),
gvimblauri, gaguri (lanCxuTis r.), rcxmeluri, mananauri
(lentexis r.), marneuli (daba), mSvidobauri, silauri, niabau28
ri, boxvauri, laiTuri (ozurgeTis r.), wmindauri (onis r.),
xaragauli, cicqiuri, Jafarauli (xaragaulis r.), Toxliauri,
patarZeuli, badiauri (sagareJos r.), melauri, xunJulouri
(samtrediis r.), maxaTauri, Salauri, korbouli (saCxeris r.),
asanauri (siGnaGis r.), bziauri, ZuKnuri, ivaneuli (tKibulis
r.), berZenauli, doGlauri, badiuri(qareli r.) gudauri (Kazbegis r.), Coxatauri, guTuri, ianeuli, Cakitauri, qadagauri,
Svelaur-cicibauri, gogouri, goraberejouli (Coxatauris r.),
pertuli (senakis r.), palouri (walenJixis r.), gvazauri, uZlouri, dedalauri, besiauri, xarabauli (xonis r.), besiauri
(wKaltubos r.), osiauri (xaSuris r.), begiauri, kalauri, bunikauri, xalifauri, Cxirauli, gezruli (yiaTuris r.), xelvaCauri, maxvilauri, Todogauri, maxinJauri, salibauri (xelvaCauris r.), kolotauri, arsenauli, gundauri, salibauri, kantauri, kokotauri (qedis r.), gogmaCauri, varJanauli, kobalauri
(qobuleTis r.), wankalauri, goginauri, lomanauri, iakobauri,
quTauri, oladauri, JumuSauri, buTurauli, myedluri, nigazeuli, foTelauri, varJanauli, xiyauri, gundauri, oqropilauri (Suaxevis r.), bozauri, qurduli, KinCauri, gurZauli,
boZauri, danisparauli, fuSrukauli, maxalakauri, (xulos r.),
yorbauli, Tormaneuli, muxauri (Kofili znauris r.), yayamuri, wifTauri, kitriuli (axalgoris r.), pantnauri, Cxarauli,
lacauri, xoSuri, Sulauri, Seleuri, guJabauli, niniauri
(cxinvalis r.), sinaguri (Javis r.).
TiToeuli es oikonimi sagangebo kvlevas moiTxovs, rac momavlis saqmea.
29
Teimuraz
gvancelaZe
afxazuri
afxazuri zmnis kidev erTi morfologiurmorfologiur-modaluri
kategoriis Sesaxeb
(winaswari cnoba)
1. afxazuri enis winamorbed mkvlevarTa, gansakuTrebiT ki
akad. q. lomTaTiZis naSromebSi naCvenebia am enis zmnuri formaTwarmoebis gansakuTrebuli sirTule, rasac ganapirobebs
Semdegi mizezebi:
a) afxazurma enam dakarga monoklasovani uGvlilebis sistema da ganiviTara poliklasovan-polipersonaluri uGvlilebis sistema, rac gulisxmobs subieqtisa da nebismieri obieqtis srul asaxvas zmnur formaSi;
b) afxazur enas ar axasiaTebs aramcTu daGestnur enaTaTvis niSandoblivi saxelTa brunebis uaGresad detalizebuli
sistemis, aramed CerqezulSi warmodgenili brunebis umartivesi sistemis analogiuri warmoebac ki, rac afxazur enaSi kompensirebulia lokalur preverbTa urTulesi sistemis arsebobiT (SedarebisaTvis: daGestnur enebSi dasturdeba 50-80 Tandebuliani brunva, xolo afxazurSi warmodgenilia imave semantikis gadmomcemi 90-mde lokaluri preverbi);
g) afxazuri ena Garibia TandebulebiT da ar moepoveba
nacvalsaxelTa Tu zmnisarTTa, nawilakTa da kavSirTa didi
Jgufi, romelTa semantika gadmoicema zmnur fuZeSi inkorporirebuli afiqsebis meSveobiT da a. S.
am mizezTa gamo afxazur enas ganuviTarda sagangebo afiqsebiT gamoxatuli imgvari morfologiur-modaluri kategoriebi, romelTa semantika sxva enebSi Cveulebriv leqsikuri saSualebebiT gamoixateba.
2. miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazuri enis morfologiur-modaluri kategoriebi sakmaod detaluradaa gamokvleuli, saanalizo am dargSi Jer kidev bevri rCeba. konkretul enobriv masalaze dakvirvebam saSualeba mogvca, gamovKoT erTi specifi30
kuri warmoeba, romelic aqamde ar Kofila specialuri analizis sagani. es aris a…a… specialuri prefiqsisa da `kvlav~ zmnisarTis semantikis gadmomcemi -xx sufiqsis erToblivi gamoKenebiT nawarmoebi formebi. magaliTad:
aa, u -o…
o…xˆ-m,
axa... (d. gulia) `diax, es yeSmao…-wabˆrgˆ-xˆ
xˆ
riteba gana (rogorGa) ar aris, magram...~
afSmaca, urT rTaxca uha rˆ‚xˆ ˆmjka aZˆ d-aaŸ-nrˆjx-…az (d. gulia) `maspinZlebi da maTi axloblebi udGegrZeleblad vinmes rogorGa (gana) gauSvebdnen?!~
esma usg½ˆ u auxa d-aaŸ-ca-xx-Ÿaz! (d. gulia) `im GamiT esma mainc rogorGaa (gana) daiZinebda?!~
ayKandar akˆ dargaat, axa apap u -aaŸ-idˆr-xx-Ÿaz
(d.
gulia) `episkoposi raGacam gaabraza, magram es mGvdels gana
ecodineboda?!~ da a. S.
rogorc am magaliTebidanac Cans, saanalizo zmnuri formebi Seesabameba qarTulis `rogorGa~, `gana~ leqsemebTan dakavSirebul zmnebs (upiratesad kavSirebiTi kilos formebs).
isini afxazur winadadebebSi Kvelaze xSirad mapirispirebeli
axa `magram~ kavSiris momdevno poziciaSi gvxvdeba. aGsaniSnavia
isic, rom afxazuri zmnis amgvari formebi mudam infinituria.
zmnur formaSi a…a… prefiqss zmnis Tavidan meore adgili
uyiravs da mudam mosdevs subieqtis an obieqtis d-s rigis
prefiqsebs, xolo -xx sufiqsi KovelTvis zmnis Zirs mosdevs.
saanalizo formebi ewarmoebaT rogorc statikur, ise dinamikur zmnebs, dinamikuri zmna gardauvalic SeiZleba iKos da
gardamavalic. nakvTeulis formaTagan es kategoria gvxvdeba
awmKos, an namKo usrulis infinitur warmoebebSi.
31
elene
giunaSvili
Sedge
kvlevis
Sedgeni
dgenili
nili zmnebis
zmnebis kvle
vis saki
sakiTxe
kiTxebi
Txebisa
bisaTvis
saTvis
adre
re saSu
ad
saSua
Sualo sparsul
sparsulSi
sulSi
saSualo sparsuli, romelic parTulTan erTad ganekuTvneba saSualo iranul enaTa Jgufis dasavlur Stos, gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT Seiswavleba ukanskneli aTwleulebis manZilze.
misi evoluciis sakiTxebs mieZGvna vrceli samecniero literatura (am SromaTa bibliografia ix. v. zundermanis gramatikul narkvevSi _ W.Sundermann, Mittelpersisch, Compendium Linguarum
Iranicarum, 1989, Wiesbaden, pp. 138-164). magram, aGsaniSnavia, rom am
enis gramatikuli struqturisa da morfosintaqsis bevri mniSvnelovani sakiTxi Jer kidev ar aris saTanadod gamokvleuli.
Kvelaze ufro metad es exeba zmnis kategorias. adresaSualo sparsulSi da SedarebiT gviandel teqstebSi dadasturebuli zmnuri formebi umTavresad ganixileboda istoriul-etimologiur aspeqtSi, anu ZiriTadi KuradGeba eTmoboda
prezensis (awmKo drois) fuZeTa analizs da maT mimarTebebs
Zvel iranul prezensis klasebTan.
drois, aspeqtis, valentobisa da kilos gramatikuli kategoriebi, rogorc wesi, ganixileboda mokled da zogadad.
saSualo sparsuli werilobiTi Zeglebis axali kritikuli
gamocemebi realur safuZvels qmnis misi gramatikuli realiebis
evoluciuri procesebis axleburi gaazrebisa da Sesabamisad, misi istoriuli ganviTarebis axleburi interpretaciisTvis.
analitizmi saSualo sparsulis gramatikuli struqturis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebelia. Zveli iranuli dro-aspeqturi sistemis kompleqsuri morfologiuri tipi, romelic
Sedgeboda zmnur fuZeTa da saTanadod fleqsiur formaTa
triqotomiisagan (prezensi-aoristi-perfeqti), Secvlili iKo
awmKo da namKo drois zmnur fuZe da pirian formaTa binaruli paradigmatuli opoziciiT, romlebSic awmKos formebi
fleqsiuria, xolo namKosi _ analitikuri. perifrastuli
32
zmnuri formebis saKovelTao integrireba SeiZleba ganixilebodes saSualo sparsulis (da zogadad, dasavluri saSualo
iranuli enebis) inovaciad.
saSualo sparsuli zmnis aGweriTi gramatikuli formebidan calke kategoriad gamoKofilia `rTuli zmnebi~ (В. С.
Расторгуева, Среднеперсидский Язык, Москва, 1966, стр. 84; (В. С.
Расторгуева, E. K. Moлчанова, Среднеперсидский Язык, Основы
Иранского Языкознания, Москва, стр. 135-136 ; W. Sundermann, Mittelpersisch, pp.151-152) romlebic Sedgeba ori komponentisgan: arsebiTi, zedsarTavi an nazmnari saxelisa da damoukidebeli (umTavresad gardamavali tipis) zmnebisagan, rogoricaa kardan“keTeba”, dādan “micema, boZeba”, burdan“motana” da sxv.
ukve adre saSualo sparsul werilobiT ZeglebSi – maniqeur teqstebiSi (III s. Cv. w.), sasanur warwerebsa da siriuli
fsalmunis saSualo sparsul TargmanSi (IV s. Cv. w.) vlindeba
rTuli zmnebis TvalsaCino modelebi, romlebic konteqstebis
Sesabamisad an gramatikul formas gadmoscems (magaliTad, āfrīn
kardan “xotbis Sesxma~, romelSic āfrīn aris pirdapiri damateba),
an zmnuri frazeologizmebis Sesabamisia.
moxsenebaSi warmodgenilia rTuli zmnebis semantikuri da distribuciuli analizi adre saSualo sparsulis masalis mixedviT.
giorgi
gogolaSvili
kidev erTxel -ia daboloebis Taobaze -ad da -am
TemisniSnian zmnaTa I TurmeobiTis formaTa Soris
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis mixedviT | TurmeobiTSi paralelur formaTagan _ dau
dauxatavs
xatavs º dadauxatia
ia daboloebiani) varianti miCneulia arali
xatia _ meore (ia
aralilitera
teratu
raturu
turulad
rulad (`ukugdebul unda iqneso~).
33
1970-1976 wlebSi prof. z. yumburiZis mier gamoiTqva azri, rom `--av da -am Temis
TemisniS
misniSni
niSnian
nian zmnaTa
zmnaTa I Tur
Turmeo
urmeobi
meobiTis
biTis oriorivegva
vegvari
vari warmoe
warmoeba sali
salite
litera
teratu
raturo
turo enaSi
enaSi dasaS
dasaSve
saSvebad
vebad unda
unda iqiqnes miCne
miCneu
Cneuli~.
li mogvianebiT am sakiTxs SevexeT ramdenime naSromSi (2000, 2001, 2007 wlebSi). Cveni azri aseTi iKo: `ia
ia
daboloebian formebs (daumalia, unaxia... davumalivar, vunaxivar...) unda moexsnas akrZalva da isinic miCneuli unda iqnen
saliteraturo enis kuTvnilebad~. msgavsi Tvalsazrisi gamoTqves d. meliqiSvilma (2001 w.), r. saGinaZem |2007 w.), r. zeqalaSvilma (2008 w.)... warmodgenil naSromebSi aris safuZvliani cda am Tvalsazrisis dasabuTebisa. miuxedavad amisa, normis
cvlilebis sakiTxs oficialuri mxardayera ar hqonia. ufro
metic, axlaxan gamoqveKnda S. afridoniZis werili, romelSic
am azris `oponentebisa Tu kritikosebis~ mimarT sakmaod aramecnieruli, arakoreqtuli damokidebulebis gamomjGavnebiT
aris survili Cveni azris uarKofisa; Tumca avtors aranairi
seriozuli argumenti saamisod ar warmoudgenia.
Cven kidev erTxel vsvamT sakiTxs amgvarad: aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli (da aucilebelic) arsebuli normis Secvla, Tu realuri enobrivi viTareba amis safuZvels iZleva? TiTqmis saukunis winandeli normebi SeiZleba Tu ara dGevandeli viTarebis Sesabamisad gaswordes? qarTulma saenaTmecniero sazogadoebam principuli pozicia unda daiyiros _ norma ar aris
mudmivi da ucvleli fenomeni. gavixsenoT arnold Ciqobavas
Segoneba: `ar unda dagvaviwKdes, rom saliteraturo qarTuli
ena, rogorc Koveli cocxali ena, ucvleli ver iqneba. amocana
isaa, rom cvlis es procesi mizanSewonilad warvmarToT: SevinarCunoT da davicvaT Kvelaferi, rac faseuli Seuqmnia qarTuli enis mravalsaukunovan istorias, erTi mxriT. meorecaa
da saliteraturo qarTul enas SevunarCunoT saTanado kavSiri cocxali xalxuri metKvelebis uSret wKarosTan~.
34
nino
doliZe
ayarul
ayarul da gurul dialeqtTa leqsikis
urTierTmimarTebisaTvis
mimarTebisaTvis
urTierT
(al. Glontis `qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sitKvis
konaSi~ warmodgenili masalebis mixedviT)
Kvela qarTveluri enisTvis, Cveulebriv, leqsikis sami fenaa damaxasiaTebeli:
1. Zireuli (saerToqarTveluri) leqsika;
2. mxolod ama Tu im qarTveluri enisTvis specifikuri
leqsemebi;
3. nasexsebi leqsika:
a) urTierTsesxeba qarTvelur enebs Soris;
b) ucxoenovani sesxeba qarTvelur enebSi.
igive iTqmis dialeqtTa leqsikuri fondis Sesaxebac.
amJerad Cven ganvixilavT qarTuli enis mxolod or kilos:
ayarulsa da guruls, sadac erTmaneTisagan ganirCeva mTisa
(zemoayaruli, zemoguruli) da baris (qvemoayaruli, qvemoguruli) metKveleba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi iZebneba analogiuri viTareba aGmosavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebTan, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi _ dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebTan.
`ayarulis Taviseburebani Seapiroba Jer kolxuri, Semdeg
mesxur-klarJuli da guruli dialeqtebis garemocvam, bolos
ki _ TurqTa asimilatoruli politikis gatarebis Sedegad _
Turqulis Zlierma zegavlenam. aqve SeimCneva zanuris substratis kvalic~ (v. Tofuria).
prof. al. Glontis cnobil naSromSi `qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sitKvis kona~ cal-calkea ilustrirebuli mxolod ayaruli an mxolod guruli leqsemebi, saerTo masala Setanilia
aGniSvniT ayar.
ayar.-gur.
gur an gur.
gur.-ayar.
ayar garda amisa, sakmao raodenobiTaa sxva dialeqtebTan saerTo monacemebi.
gvrCeba STabeydileba, rom qvemoayarulisa da qvemogurulis SemTxvevaSi (anu im metKvelebisa, romlis warmomadgenelic
35
gaxldaT Tavad cnobili leqsikologi) Kvelaferi rigze ar
aris leqsikonSi. magaliTad, mxolod ayaruli dialeqtis kuTvnilebadaa miCneuli iseTi leqsemebi, romlebic imave formiTa
da semantikiT gvxvdeba qvemogurulSi da zogJer zemogurulSic (iSviaTad sxvaganac).
afor
aforva _ obis mokideba, daobeba
afungva _ aSla, areva, awewva
bazi
bazi _ Sxamiani didi mweri
blaCu
blaCuni
Cuni _ blacuni
bloqi
bloqini
qini _ gaJavrebiT, xmamaGla da usiamovno xmiT
laparaki
gadawiw
gadawiwva
wiwva _ gadaweva, gadaGunva
gamobur
gamoburkva
burkva _ xilisTvis kurkis gacla
gapiw
gapiwki
piwkine
kineba
neba _ kargad Sewva, gamocxoba, dabrawva
gapki
gapkia
a
leba
le
ba _ gaprialeba, gawmenda, gasufTaveba
pki
garaw
garawku
rawkune
kuneba
neba _ gawkaruneba
dabi
dabina
binave
naveba
veba _ qalis gaTxoveba, axal oJaxSi moxvedra...
da sxva mravali.
formalurad erTi da igive leqsema ayarulsa da gurulSi
sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiTac SeiZleba ixmarebodes, magram zogJer
arc amis Sesaxebaa miTiTebuli `qarTul kilo-TqmaTa sitKvis konaSi~ (ba
bala
balaga
lagani
gani ayarulad `saTivea~, xolo gurulad _ `yaobi~).
zemoaGniSnuli viTareba, vfiqrobT, gamowveuli unda iKos
imiT, rom ayaruli leqsikonebi gacilebiT metia da mravalmxrivi, xolo guruli, samwuxarod, sul oriodea (s. jGentisa
da g. SaraSiZisa) da isic fragmentuli xasiaTisa.
36
lali
ezugbaia
Tavisebur zmnaTa kompiuteruli
aGwerisaTvis
qarTuli zmnis kompiuteruli damuSavebisas aGmoCnda, rom
Tavisebur zmnaTa raodenoba gacilebiT metia, vidre es aGnusxulia specialur literaturaSi. sicxadisaTvis SevexebiT
uGlebis paradigmebis agebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs erTi
Taviseburi zmnis magaliTze.
h-gavgav-s, mimi-a-gavgav-s, mimi-u-gavgav-s formebSi gamoiKofa gavgav fuZe. formebi statikuria. h-gavgav-s, mimi-a-gavgav-s neitraluri versiis
orpiriani zmnebia, xolo mimi-u-gavgav-s _ sasxviso versiis orpiriani, magram samvalentiani zmna. magaliTad, `bavSvs
bavSvs awiTlebuli cxviri boloks
boloks miugavs~ _ winadadebaSi ori saxeli dgas
micemiT brunvaSi, magram boloks
boloks pirmiumarTavia, anu ubralo
damatebaa.
cxadia, samsave formas sakuTari paradigma aqvs awmKoSi,
uwKvetelsa da awmKos kavSirebiTSi, xolo danarCen mwkrivebSi
sxva fuZeebi gamoiKeneba: msgavs-,
msgavs mgvan-,
mgvan romelTa warmomavloba
h-gav-s formis kauzatiur formebTan unda iKos dakavSirebuli
(T. uTurgaiZe).
kompiuteruli modelirebis dros paradigmis farglebSi
sacnauria erTi fuZe, romelic fuZeTa bazebSia ganTavsebuli.
rogorc ki Tavs iCens gansxvavebuli fuZe, masTan dakavSirebuli formebi damoukidebel paradigmad aGiqmeba. es niSnavs, rom
mravlobiTSi dafiqsirebuli formebic h-gvangvan-an,
an mimi-a-gvangvan-an,
an
mimi-u-gvangvan-an ver gaerTiandeba gavgav fuZis paradigmaSi, radgan
S3P-Si mas enacvleba gvanan elements sxvadagvan fuZe, romelSic -an
sxva kvalifikacia eniyeba: a. SaniZe Temis niSnad miiCnevda,
l. kiknaZe _ mediumTa maaqtivebel elementad, xolo T. uTurgaiZis azriT, -an iseTive makauzebeli elementia, rogoricaa:
-ol, -un, -en da Kvela sufiqsi, v. Tofurias mier gamoKofil
fuZedrekad zmnebSi.
37
gavgav fuZesTan dakavSirebiT sxva problemac iCens Tavs. rogorc iTqva, h-gavgav-s da mimi-a-gav
gav-s neitraluri versiis umaqcevro da maqcevriani formebia, anu orive manqanurad ase Caiwereba 3-1-1, sadac 3 gvaris simboloa, pirveli 1 _ qcevis simbolo, meore 1 _ mwkrivisa. magram Koveli konkretuli cifri
gulisxmobs mxolod erT formas, erT morfemas. paraleluri
formis cneba kompiuterisTvis ucxoa. Sesabamisad h-gavgav-s da
mimi-a-gavgav-s zmnaTa paradigmebis asagebad sayiro xdeba gavgav fuZis
orJer Setana fuZeTa bazaSi, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva numeraciiT. es ukanaskneli gansazGvravs, Tu romel paradigmatul
maxasiaTeblebTan unda moxdes fuZis bma. rac Seexeba mimi-u-gavgav-s
formas, is Caiwereba ase: 3-3-1, sadac meore samiani sasxviso
qcevis simboloa. amJerad, sasxviso qcevis paradigma miebmeba
orJer Setanili gavgav fuZidan erT-erTs, kerZod, maqcevriani
mimi-a-gavgav-s zmnis paradigmas. pirobiTad, gavɑgav fuZe mogvcems
h-gavgav-s zmnis paradigmas, xolo gavɑɑgav fuZe _ mimi-a-gavgav-s ~ mimi-ugavgav-s formaTa paradigmebs.
paradigmatuli sxvaoba amiT ar amoiwureba. mimi-u-gavgav-s
zmnis paradigma pirnaklia, anu dasaSvebia S3O1, S3O2, S3O3 kombinaciebi, magram ara gvaqvs S1O2, S1O3, S2O1, S2O3 kombinaciebi, rogoricaa *mi
mimimirac
mi-m-i-gavgav-xar,
xar *mi
mi-u-gavgav-xar,
xar *mi
mi-v-u-gavgav-{v}ar...
ar
Seexeba mimi-a-gavgav-s zmnas, qarTuli enis orTografiul leqsikonSi Setanilia misi formebi Kvela kombinaciaSi, Tumca mxolod wawa zmniswiniT: wawa-a-gavgav-xar,
xar wawa-v-a-gavar
gavar,
var wawa-m-a-gavxar
gavxar da
a. S. mimi zmniswinianTan mxolod mesame piris formebia miTiTebuli. vfiqrobT, aqac unda davuSvaT msgavsi formebi.
saKuradGeboa zmniswinTa ganawilebis sakiTxic. erTi mxriv,
dasaSvebia: momo-h-gavgav-s, momo-h-gavgav-d-a, momo-h-gavav-d-es formebi, magram momomo zmniswins TiTqos ver hguobs sxva kombinaciebi: *mo
mo-vgavar
mogavar,
var *mo
mo-h-gavgav-xar...
xar aseve dasaSvebia: mimi-a-gavgav-s, mimi-a-gavgav-d-a,
mimi-a-gavgav-d-e-s, magram ara Cans: mimi-v-a-gavar
gavar,
var mimi-a-gavgav-xar formebi, Tumca Cven maT vuSvebT. TavisTavad korelacia mimi-a-gavgav-s ~
mo--h-gav
gav--s, aseve mi
mi--u-gav
gav--s ~ mo
mo--h-gav
gav--s xazs usvams maqcevrisa
mo
da piris niSnis monacvleobis kavSirs orientaciis kategorias38
Tan da ara gezis kategoriasTan, rasac adasturebs wa- zmniswiniani formebi, sadac wawa zmniswins odna
odnao
naobiTo
biTobis
Tobis semantika
Semoaqvs da aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs gezTan.
amdenad, marto am erTi zmnis analizisas Cndeba mTeli rigi formobrivi da semantikuri maxasiaTeblebisa, romelTa gauTvaliswineblad SeuZlebelia zmnis srulKofili manqanuri
aGwera. rac ufro Taviseburia zmna, teqnikurad miT ufro
rTulia zmnuri paradigmebis ageba, amitomac zmnur fuZeTa bazebi amave dros paradigmatul tipTa bazebs warmoadgens, romelTa raodenoba Cvens SemTxvevaSi aTass aGemateba.
gubaz
vaniliSi
100 wlis lazi
lazi Semoqme
Semoqmedi
qmedi
mimdinare wels 100 weli Seusruldeboda mwerals, sazogado moGvawes, publicistsa da mTargmnels muxamed vaniliSs
(1908-1997). igi daibada sof. sarfSi, sadac Turquli dawKebiTi skolis (maSin sarfSi da ayaris sxva zogierT sofelSi
swavla Turqul enaze mimdinareobda) damTavrebis Semdeg swavla ganagrZo q. xofis saSualo skolaSi, romelic daasrula
1927 wels. 1928-1932 wlebSi swavlobda baTumis muSfakSi.
30-ian wlebSi m. vaniliSma gamoaqveKna lazuri folkloris nimuSebi, statiebi lazebis Kofa-cxovrebaze, werilebi sarfeli, oCamCireli da gudauTeli lazebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
1936 wlidan muxamed vaniliSi muSaobda ayaris avtonomiuri respublikis ganaTlebis saxalxo komisris moadgiled,
xolo Semdeg _ xelovnebis saqmeTa sammarTvelos ufrosad da
samxedro saSefo komisiis TavmJdomared, religiis saqmeTa sabyos rwmunebulad, ayaris advokatTa kolegiis prezidiumis
TavmJdomared, mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis direqtorad, ayaris
kulturis saministros saleqcio biuros direqtorad, baTumis
39
pedagogiuri institutis biblioTekis gamged.
muxamed vaniliSi iKo Tavisi qveKnis patrioti. mkacri
rejimis periodSi, roca sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo, sabyoTa kavSirSi xdeboda xalxebis masiuri gasaxlebebi, gadawKda
sazGvrispira sofel sarfidanac gaesaxlebinaT lazebi, muxamed
vaniliSi maSinve Cavida moskovSi da Koveli Gone ixmara, raTa
es sakiTxi moxsniliKo dGis wesrigidan.
60-ze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi muxamed vaniliSi eweoda
aqtiur sazogadoebriv-politikur da saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas. iKo maGalkvalificiuri leqtori, mkvlevari, ganaTlebis, kulturis, xelovnebis, saqarTvelos istoriis dargSi. is
kargad flobda Turqul, arabul da rusul enebs, eweoda
mTargmnelobiT muSaobas. lazur enaze werda leqsebsa da piesebs, romlebic maSin didi mowonebiT sargeblobdnen laz mosaxleobaSi. niyier Semoqmeds gamoqveKnebuli aqvs piesebi `cud
sizmrebs xedaven~ da `muradis loToba~, moTxroba `zeqie~ da
sxva.
Targmanebs Soris gansakuTrebul KuradGebas imsaxurebs
mcire formis Turquli Segonebebi `mamaTa darigebani~. isini
gamoirCeva aforistuli sicxadiTa da azris siGrmiT. magaliTad: `siGaribe sircxvili ar aris, sizarmacea sircxvili~,
`GamiT Gvino, dGisiT nardi _ gelodeba dardi~, `saqmis gayianureba ucodinarobis Sedegia~,
`saymeli ixarSeba wKliT,
sitKva _ mofiqrebiT~.
muxamed vaniliSma mravalwliani samecniero SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis Sedegad moiZia da daamuSava masalebi da ali TandilavasTan erTad moamzada istoriul-eTnografiuli narkvevi
`lazeTi~, romelic daibeyda 1964 wels. naSromis redaqtoria
prof. sergi makalaTia (recenzentebi prof. daviT xaxutaiSvili da prof. rusudan xaraZe). `wigni miznad isaxavs, mkiTxvels
gaacnos lazeTis istoria da eTnografia. amdenad, narkvevi
warmoadgens pirvel cdas da igi qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi udavod win gadadgmuli nabiJia. misasalmebelia is faqtic, rom avtorebi lazebi arian~ (s. makalaTia).
40
narkvevis istoriul mimoxilvaSi xazgasmulia lazebis saxelmwifoebrivi niyi da politikuri gamyriaxoba warsulSi,
agreTve maTi guladoba da samSoblosaTvis Tavdadeba.
eTnografiul nawilSi ganxilulia ekonomikuri mdgomareoba (miwaTmoqmedeba, mebaGeoba, lazuri sakvebi, meTevzeoba,
xelosnoba), sazogadoebrivi Kofa (saoJaxo urTierToba, lazuri saxli, Cacmuloba), xalxuri wes-Cveulebani (mSobiaroba, akvnis qorwili, bavSvis aGzrda, garToba-TamaSobani, qalis daniSvna, qorwili, qalis mdgomareoba, samgloviaro rituali),
rwmena-warmodgenebi (axali wlis Sexvedra, nadiroba, kabis
`gamokoyva~), xalxuri sitKviereba (Sairebi, naduri simGerebi,
satrfialo leqsebi, Tqmulebebi, gamocanebi).
eTnografiul nawilSi saKuradGeboa lazur-megruli
adaT-Cvevebis msgavseba, miuxedavad mosaxleobis saukuneobrivi
gaTiSvisa.
avtorTa gancxadebiT, `lazeTis istoriuli warsuli
myidrod aris dakavSirebuli Zveli kolxeTis istoriasTan.
Zveli kolxeTis samefoSi, ZiriTadad, mosaxleobda qarTveluri modgmis ori monaTesave tomi _ laz-yanebi da manral-megrelebi (egriselebi), romlebic metKvelebdnen zanurad wodebul erT enaze~.
wignSi motanilia inglisis elCis J. palgrevis cnoba imis
Sesaxeb, rom trapizonis mosaxleobis raodenoba, oficialuri
dokumentebiT, 850 aTass aGwevda, maT Soris 56 aTasi qristiani iKo. muslimanuri mosaxleobis umravlesobas lazebi Seadgendnen. `es mSvenieri rasaa, isini arian kargi miwaTmoqmedni
da gamocdili mezGvaurebi~.
saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis Turqi mogzauri osman bei,
romelmac 1864 wels imogzaura lazeTSi.
misi gadmocemiT,
trapizoni lazebis mTavari qalaqia, geografiuli TvalsazrisiT igi lazeTis sataxto qalaqs warmoadgens, romelSic mosaxleoba Sereulia _ umravlesobas Seadgenen lazebi, cxovroben berZnebic.
lazebi SromismoKvareni arian. vayrobasa da zGvaosnoba41
Si isini did metoqeobas uweven sxva tomebs. maTi xomaldebi
Kvela mimarTulebiT dacuraven. isini kargi gemTmSeneblebi
arian, daxelovnebulni arian, agreTve, spilenZisa da TiTbris
yurylis keTebaSi... dasasruls osman-bei aGwers lazebis Cacmulobas, rac, misi azriT, ar gansxvavdeba ayarul-gurulisagan.
giorgi Kazbegi, romelmac lazeTSi imogzaura, wers:
`zGvispira lazebis silamaze adamians TvalSi ecema. isini gonebrivi ganaTlebiTa da garegnuli sifaqiziT gamoirCevian...
aqauri qalebi lamazni, tanadni arian da, Cveulebriv, cisferi
Tvalebi da TeTri pirsaxe aqvT. amasTanave, lazi qalebi araCveulebrivi energiiT, guladobiTa da mtkice xasiaTiT gamoirCevian~.
`lazeTis~ avtorebi warCinebuli sagvareuloebis Sesaxebac weren. magaliTad, makrialsa da limanSi zumbaiebi da maneliSvilebi Kofilan begebi, muradoGli, anu muradiSvili _
buJaGSi, orTaxofasa da sunduraSi. begebi Kofilan agreTve
SalikaSvilebi da jordaniebi.
`lazeTis~ Turqul enaze Targmna da misi `lazebis istoriis~ saxelwodebiT TurqeTSi gamocema 1992 wels did movlenad unda CaiTvalos. am faqtma didi gamoxmaureba hpova sazogadoebaSi. mas mravali statia da kritikuli werili uZGvnes
Turqulma jurnal-gazeTebma. bevri dadebiTad gamoexmaura am
movlenas, zogierTi statiis avtori ki... mTavari is aris, rom
muxamed vaniliSisa da ali Tandilavas wignis Turqul enaze
gamocemis Semdeg Turqma mkiTxvelma gaigo, rom lazi XI saukuneSi Sua aziidan Turq-selJukebTan erTad mosuli Turquli
modgmis erT-erTi tomi ki ara, Savi zGvis aGmosavleT sanapiroze mcxovrebi sakuTari istoriis mqone qarTveluri tomi
Kofila mdidari da Sinaarsiani warsuliT, ris Sesaxebac Jer
kidev Cvens welTaGricxvamde werdnen berZeni da sxva ucxoeli
mkvlevar-mogzaurebi.
42
Tamar vaSakiZe
koor
koordi
ordina
dinaci
naciis
ciis siste
sistemi
temisa
misaTvis
saTvis Tana
Tanamed
namedro
medrove
rove
qarTul
qarTulSi
TulSi
1. martivi winadadebis sintaqsuri meqanizmis axsna koordinaciis safuZvelze (Zveli qarTulis mixedviT) warmogvidgina
arn. Ciqobavam. Semdeg am sakiTxs sxva mkvlevrebic Seexnen.
2. Tanamedrove qarTulSi (iseve, rogorc ZvelSi) martivi winadadebis sami tipi gvaqvs: absolutur-gardauvalzmniani,
relatiur-gardauvalzmniani da relatiur-gardamavalzmniani.
sintaqsuri meqanizmis TvalsazrisiT aGsaniSnavia Semdegi: a)
relatiur-gardamavalzmniani winadadebis zmna da saxelebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba koordinaciis safuZvelze. zmnuri
zmnuri koor
koorordina
dinati
nati (ZiriTadi koordinati) marTavs saxe
saxelur
xelur koor
koordi
ordina
dinanatebs _ morfologiur subieqtsa da morfologiur obieqtebs _
brunvaSi. es ukanasknelni marTaven zmnur koor
koordi
ordinats
dinats piris
mixedviT da iTanxmeben mas ricxvSi (zogi gamonaklisis garda);
b) relatiur-gardauvalzmniani winadadebis saxe
saxelu
xeluri
luri koor
koorordina
dinate
tebi
bi
(morfologiuri
subieqti
da
morfologiuri
obieqnate
ti) aseve marTaven zmnas piris mixedviT da iTanxmeben mas ricxvSi (gamonaklisi aqac gvaqvs). saxelur koordinatTagan morfologiuri subieqti saxelobiTi brunvis formiT warmogvidgeba, xolo morfologiuri obieqti _ micemiTi brgunvis formiT dro-kiloTa samsave JgufSi; g) absolutur-gardauvalzmnian winadadebaSi morfologiuri subieqti marTavs zmnas pirSi
da iTanxmebs mas ricxvis mixedviT, Tavad ki umarTavia.
3. Tanamedrove qarTulSi morfologiuri subieqtisa da
morfologiuri obieqtebis piri Tu ricxvi xan niSnebiTaa
warmodgenili zmnaSi (mm-xatav-s
s is me, m-xatav-en
en isini me, gv-xagv
tav-s
s is Cven, gv-xatav-en
en isini Cven...), xan _ nuliT (g
g-xatav-∅
∅gv
T is Tqven, g-xatav-en-∅
∅ isini Tqven, an kidev: ∅-∅-∅-uxatav Sen
mas mas...). bunebrivia, niSnian da uniSno (nulovan) formebs
sintaqsurad erTi da igive Zala aqvT.
43
4. Tanamedrove qarTulSi relatiurzmniani martivi (gauvrcobeli) winadadebis wevrebi iqneba: zmnuri koordinati,
morfologiuri subieqtis Sesabamisi saxeluri koordinati da
brunvacvalebadi Tu brunvaucvleli morfologiuri obieqtebis Sesabamisi saxeluri koordinatebi. dama
damate
mateba
teba gveqneba mxolod erT SemTxvevaSi _ dro-kiloTa mesame seriis nakvTebTan,
roca samsaxeliani zmnis brunvaucvleli morfologiuri obieqtis Sesabamisi saxeluri koordinati Tandebulian formad moiqceva (miuweria mamas Svilis
SvilisTvis
lisTvis werili). terminologiuri
TvalsazrisiT aGsaniSnavia, rom mas (Svi
Svilis
SvilisTvis
lisTvis)
Tvis SeiZleba ububralo
ralo aGarc ewodos (aramed _ dama
damate
mateba
teba)
ba), radgan pirdapiri
da iribi damatebebis adgils brunvacvalebadi da brunvaucvleli morfologiuri obieqtebis Sesabamisi saxeluri koordinatebi ikaveben.
5. moxsenebaSi ganxiluli iqneba saxeluri koordinatebi
sidide-simciris mixedviT (pirTa kombinaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT).
6. Tanamedrove qarTulSi relatiurzmniani martivi (gauvrcobeli) winadadeba warmoadgens zmnur da saxelur koordinatTa SesitKvebas.
rusudan
ioseliani
ÊÀÖÆÀÔÉÅÉÓ ×ÏÒÌÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÓÀáÄÁ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ
1. ÓÀÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÏ ËÉÔÄÒÀÔÖÒÀÛÉ ÀÙÍÉÛÍÖËÉÀ, ÒÏÌ ÄÍÀÛÉ
ÈÄÏÒÉÖËÀà ÃÀÓÀÛÅÄÁÉÀ ÌÄÏÒÀÃÉ ÊÀÖÆÀÔÉÅÄÁÉÓ ßÀÒÌÏÄÁÉÓ ÂÀÌÄÏÒÄÁÀ (ÌÀÂ: ÀßÄÒÉÍÄÁÓ → ÀßÄÒÉÍÄÁÉÍÄÁÓ). ÀÍÔÏÍÉ ÐÉÒÅÄËÉÓ `ØÀÒÈÖËÉ
ÙÒÀÌÀÔÉÊÉÓÀ" ÃÀ ÈÀÍÀÌÄÃÒÏÅÄ ÃÉÀËÄØÔÄÁÉÓ ÌÏÍÀÝÄÌÈÀ ÌÉáÄÃÅÉÈ
ÀÓÄÈ ×ÏÒÌÄÁÓ ÀÃÀÓÔÖÒÄÁÄÍ ÓÀÛÖÀË ØÀÒÈÖËÛÉ ÃÀ ÈÀÍÀÌÄÃÒÏÅÄ
ÃÉÀËÄØÔÄÁÛÉ (È. ÖÈÖÒÂÀÉÞÄ). ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ÄÍÀÛÉ ÜÅÄÖËÄÁÒÉÅÉ ÌÏÅËÄÍÀÀ
ÏÒÌÀÂÉ ÊÀÖÆÀÝÉÀ, ÌÄÔÉÝ, ÛÄÉÍÉÛÍÄÁÀ ×ÏÒÌÄÁÉ, ÓÀÃÀÝ ÂÅáÅÃÄÁÀ
ÓÀÌÌÀÂÉ ÓÖ×ÉØÓÉÈ ÂÀÌÏáÀÔÖËÉ ÊÀÖÆÀÝÉÀ:
(ÁÆ.) á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÌêÒ-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä|á-ÀÌêÒ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä;
44
á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä (“ÀÌÆÀÃ-ÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÁØ.) á-ÀÌÀÒ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÌÀÒ-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌÀÒ-ÖÍ-ð-æÍ-Ä (“ÀÌÆÀÃ-ÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ËÛá.) á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÌêÒ-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä|á-ÀÌêÒ-êËæÍ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-ê-æÍ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä (“ÀÌÆÀÃ-ÄÁ-ÉÍÄÁ-Ó”).
(ËÍÔ.) á-ÀÌÀÒ-æÍ-Ä|á-ÀÌÀÒ-ðË-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌÀÒ-ÖÍ-ðË-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌÀÒÖÍ-ðË-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀÌÆÀÃ-ÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÜË.) á-ÀÌêÒ-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-êË-Í-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-êË-Í-éÍÄ|á-ÀÌêÒ-ê-æÍ-éÍ-Ä; á-ÀÌêÒ-ÖÍ-êË-Í-éÍ-Ä|á-ÀÌêÒ-êË-Í-éÍ-êË-Í-Ä (“ÀÌÆÀÃÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÁÆ.) á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÓÚ-ð-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍÄ|á-ÀÓÚ-ð-æÍ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä (“ÀÊÄÈ-ÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÁØ.) á-ðÓÚ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÓÚ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä; á-ðÓÚ-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÓÚ-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä
(“ÀÊÄÈ-ÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ËÛá.) á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀÊÄÈÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ËÍÔ.) á-ðÓÚ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ðÓÚ-Ä-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÓÚ-Äæ
æ-ðË-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÓÚ-Äæ-ðËæÍ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÓÚ-Äæ-ðË-Í-ÖÍ-ðË-æÍ-Ä (“ÀÊÄÈ-ÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÜË.) á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÓÚ-ð-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÓÚ-êË-Í-Ä; á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä; á-ÀÓÚÖÍ-êË-Í-Ä|á-ÀÓÚ-êË-Í-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÓÚ-ÖÍ-êË-Í-éÍ-Ä|á-ÀÓÚ-êË-Í-éÍ-êË-Í-Ä|áÀÓÚ-ð-æÍ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä (“ÀÊÄÈ-ÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÁÆ.) á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä;
á-ÀÛÚæÃÎê/ëË-Í-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä (“ÀÒÄÝá-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÁØ.) á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚæÃÄËÀË-Í-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀÒÄÝá-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ËÛá.) á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚæÃ-ÎÄË-êË-Í-ÖÍ-Ä
(“ÀÒÄÝá-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ËÍÔ.) á-ðÛÚæÄÃ-Í-Ä; á-ÀÛÚæÃ-ÎÄË-ÀË-Í-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚæÃ-ÎÄË-ðËæÍ-ÖÍ-ðË-Í-Ä (“ÀÒÄÝá-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÜË.) á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÛÚÃ-êË-Í-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä|á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-êË-ÍÄ; á-ÀÛÚæÃ-ÖÍ-êË-Í-éÍ-Ä|á-ÀÛÚæÃÎëË-êË-Í-éÍ-êË-Í-Ä (“ÀÒÄÝá-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÁÆ.) á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÊÒ-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍÄ (“ÀÙÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó ÊÀÒÓ, ×ÀÍãÀÒÀÓ”).
(ÁØ.) á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀÙÄÁ-ÉÍÄÁ-Ó ÊÀÒÓ, ×ÀÍãÀÒÀÓ”).
(ËÛá.) á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä
(“ÀÙÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó ÊÀÒÓ, ×ÀÍãÀÒÀÓ”).
(ËÍÔ.) á-ÀÊÀÒ-Í-Ä|á-ÀÊÀÒ-æ
æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÀÒ-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÊÀÒ-æÍ-ÖÍ-ðËæÍ-Ä; (“ÀÙÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó ÊÀÒÓ, ×ÀÍãÀÒÀÓ”).
(ÜË.) á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÊÒ-êË-Í-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä; á-ÀÊÒ-ÖÍ-êË-Í-éÍ-Ä
45
(“ÀÙÄÁ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó ÊÀÒÓ, ×ÀÍãÀÒÀÓ”).
(ÁÆ.)
á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä;
á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä;
á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä
(“ÀáÓÄÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÁØ.) á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä; á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-Ä (“ÀáÓÄÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ËÛá.) á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä
(“ÀáÓÄÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ËÍÔ.) á-ÀÛÚæÄÍÃ-Í-Ä; á-ÀÛÚæÄÃ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä; á-ÀÛÚæÄÃ-ÎÄË-ðË-Í-ÖÍ-Ä;
á-ÀÛÚæÄÃ-ÎÄË-ðË-Í-ÖÍ-ðË-Í-Ä (“ÀáÓÄÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÜË.) á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä|á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍ-êË-Í-Ä; á-ÀÛÚÃ-ÖÍêË-Í-éÍ-Ä (“ÀáÓÄÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÁÆ.) á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ðÎÒ-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä (“ÀßÄÒ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÁØ.) á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-Í-Ä|á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-À-æÍÖÍ-Ä (“ÀßÄÒ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ËÛá.) á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ðÎÒ-êË-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÖÍêË-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀßÄÒ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ËÍÔ.) á-ðÎÒ-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÀË-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ÀË-ÖÍ-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-ðËÖÍ-ðË-ÖÍ-æÍ-Ä (“ÀßÄÒ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÜË.) á-ðÎÒ-Í-Ä|á-ðÎÒ-êË-Í-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-Í-éÍ-Ä|á-ðÎÒ-ÄÍ-êË-Í-Ä|áðÎÒ-êË-Í-éÍ-Ä; á-ðÎÒ-êË-Í-éÍ-êË-Í-Ä (“ÀßÄÒ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÁÆ.) á-ðÛá-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ðÛá-ó-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÛá-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä|á-ðÛá-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä; áðÛá-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ðÛá-ó-æÍ-ÖÍ-ó-æÍ-Ä (“ÀßÅ-ÄÅ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÁØ.) á-ðÛá-ÖÍ-Ä; á-ðÛá-ÖÍ-Í-Ä|á-ðÛá-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-Ä; á-ðÛá-ÖÍ-À-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä
(“ÀßÅ-ÄÅ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ËÛá.) á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÛá-êË-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-Ä|á-ÀÛá-êË-æÍÖÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-êË-æÍ-ÖÍ-Ä (“ÀßÅ-ÄÅ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ËÍÔ.) á-ðÛá-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ðÛá-ÉÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-ðË-æÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-ðË-æÍðË-æÍ-Ä (“ÀßÅ-ÄÅ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
(ÜË.) á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-Ä|á-ÀÛá-êË-Í-Ä; á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-Í-Ä|á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-êË-Í-Ä|á-ÀÛáêË-Í-éÍ-Ä; á-ÀÛá-ÖÍ-êË-Í-éÍ-Ä|á-ÀÛá-êË-Í-éÍ-êË-Í-Ä (“ÀßÅ-ÄÅ-ÉÍ-ÄÁ-Ó”).
ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ ÊÀÖÆÀÔÉÅÓ ÀßÀÒÌÏÄÁÓ -ÖÍ ÓÖ×ÉØÓÉ. ÈÖ ÆÌÍÉÓ ×ÖÞÄ
ÄÒÈÌÀÒÝÅËÉÀÍÆÄ ÌÄÔÉÀ ÃÀ ÛÄÊÖÌÛÖËÉÀ, ÌÀÛÉÍ -ÖÍ-Ä’Ó ÒÄÃÖØÝÉÀ
ÌÏÓÃÉÓ ÃÀ ÉØÝÄÅÀ -æÍ-Ä’Ã (Å. ÈÏ×ÖÒÉÀ).
ÏÒÌÀÂÉ ÃÀ ÓÀÌÌÀÂÉ ÊÀÖÆÀÝÉÉÓ ÌÉÆÄÆÉ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÉÚÏÓ
ÊÀÖÆÀÔÉÖÒÉ ÓÖ×ÉØÓÄÁÉÓ ×ÖÍØÝÉÉÓ ÃÀÊÀÒÂÅÀ.
46
guCa
kvaracxelia
axal
axal disciplinaTa saerTo Teoriuli
safuZveli da urTierTmimarTeba
meoce saukunis meore naxevarSi zedized warmoiSva enaTmecnierebis axali mimarTulebebi, romlebmac enis sistemisadmi
imanenturi midgomis arasakmarisoba gamoavlina. isini Kalibdeboda struqturuli enaTmecnierebis erTgvari daZleviTa da
axlo warsulSi farTod gavrcelebuli lingvistikuri koncefciebis kritikiT: a) araadekvaturia enobriv erTeulTa analizis Semofargvla enis mxolod modelebisa da struqturebis TvalsazrisiT; b) calmxrivoba axasiaTebs Teoriebs, romlebic ar iTvaliswineben imas, rom enobrivi urTierToba ormxrivi procesia, sadac monawileoben rogorc molaparake (metKvelebis warmomqmneli), ise msmeneli (metKvelebis aGmqmeli);
g) komunikacia mxolod mza enobrivi formebis realizacia ar
aris, aramed am formaTa warmomqmnelicaa. idea momdinareobs
v. humboldtisagan, romelic enas ganixilavda rogorc `ukve
Seqmnilis, ukve nawarmoebis~ (`ergonis~) da Seqmnis `procesSi
mKofis~, `Semoqmedi Zalis~ (`energeis~) dialeqtikur erTianobas. amasTanave, mTavari roli am ukanasknels (moqmedebas) eniyeboda. humboldtis Teoriis aqtualizeba enis axal gagebaSic
aisaxa _ ena ganisazGvreba ara rogorc niSanTa statikuri sistema, aramed rogorc sistema realur moqmedebaSi, amasTanave,
adamianTan, metKvel subieqtTan myidro kavSirSic.
Tanamedrove komunikaciuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, enis Seswavla unda mimdinareobdes rogorc Sidaenobrivi, ise gareenobrivi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, vinaidan isini arsebiTad
ganapirobeben verbaluri urTierTobis struqturasa da Sinaarss. cxadia, gareenobrivi faqti enobrivi faqti ar aris, magram arc am ukanasknelis ganxilvaa SesaZlebeli pirvelis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. Sesabamisad, enis analizi xdeba kompleqsuri, xolo analizis sagani _ ufro vrceli. mag., sitKvis mniS47
venlobis kvlevisas sakmarisi aGar aris sakuTriv enobrivi konteqsti, aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia pragmatikuli konteqstebi da situacia; sintaqsuri kvlevac scdeba winadadebis
farglebs da inacvlebs metKvelebis aqtTa bmul Tanamimdevrobaze anu diskursze, romelic sxvadasxva aspeqtis (pragmatikuli, semantikuri, referentuli, emociur-Semfasebluri...) gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas iZleva.
enis analizis sferoSi adamianis faqtoris SemoKvanam mniSvenlovnad gaafarTova lingvistikis horizonti da, amasTanave
gamoiwvia enaTmecnierebis daaxloeba adamianis Semswavlel
iseT disciplinebTan, rogoricaa: fsiqologia, sociologia,
eTnologia, istoria, kulturologia, kognitologia, biologia, nevrologia. maT miJnasa da gadakveTaze warmoiSva interdisciplinaruli mecnierebebi, romlebic Tanamedrove humanitaruli codnis komunikaciur paradigmaSi ganixileba.
axal disciplinaTa mecnierebaTaSorisi buneba da statusi
gamoxatulebas poulobs TiToeuli maTganis cnebiT aparatsa
da kompozitur saxelwodebaSi. maTi urTierTmimarTeba sxvadasxvagvaria:
fsiqo
fsiqolin
qolingvis
lingvisti
gvistiki
tikisa
kisa da soci
socio
ciolingvis
lingvisti
gvistikis
tikis warmoSobas
safuZvlad udevs metKvelebis Semdegi ontologiuri daxasiaTeba: metKvelebis aqtis mizani am aqtis gareT Zevs. sametKvelo
qmedeba arasametKvelo qmedebas emsaxureba da amiT aris Sepirobebuli;
fsiqo
fsiqolin
qolingvis
lingvisti
gvistika
tikasa
kasa da nei
neirolin
rolingvis
lingvisti
gvistikas
tikas kvlevis erTi
ubani aqvT saerTo _ fonologiur, gramatikul, leqsikur da
semantikur moSlilobaTa gamovlena. aq fsiqolingvistika qmnis
Teoriul safuZvels, xolo neirolingvistika specialurad
aris orientirebuli sxvadasxva saxis afaziaTa diagnostikasa
da mkurnalobaze;
gansxvavebuli kuTxiTa da aqcentebiT swavloben socialuri da kulturuli faqtorebis zegavlenas enaze soci
socio
ciolinlingvisti
gvistika
tika da eTno
eTnolin
nolingvis
lingvisti
gvistika
tika.
ka es ukanaskneli enobrivi monacemebis meSveobiT Seiswavlis am enaze molaparake xalxis fsi48
qologias, miTologias, istoriasa da kulturas im postulatze daKrdnobiT, rom xalxebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian
samKaros enobrivi suraTiT, msoflxedviT.
eTno
eTnolin
nolingvis
lingvisti
gvistikis
tikis wiaGSi narmoiSva lingvo
lingvokul
gvokultu
kulturo
turolo
rolologia,
gia romelic erovnuli diskursis specifikur erTeulebs avlens da ikvlevs, swavlobs dedaenis rols adamianis SemecnebiT moGvaweobaSi. es sfero mas saerTo aqvs kogni
kogniti
nitiur
tiur linlingvisti
gvistikas
tikasTan
kasTan,
Tan romelsac, Tavsi mxriv, kompi
kompiu
piuteru
teruli
ruli lingvis
lingvisgvistika
tika ukavSirdeba: saerTo aspeqtia sxvadasxva codnis enobrivi
kategorizacia da konceptualizacia.
fsiqo
fsiqolin
qolingvis
lingvisti
gvistikis
tikis,
kis soci
socio
ciolingvis
lingvisti
gvistikis
tikis,
kis eTno
eTnolin
nolingvis
lingvisti
gvistitikis,
kis pragma
pragmalin
malingvis
lingvisti
gvistiki
tikisa
kisa da diskur
diskursis
kursis Teo
Teoriis
riis urTierTgadakveTis erT-erT sferos warmoadgens para
paralin
ralingvis
lingvisti
gvistika
tika.
ka
CamoTvlili Tanamedrove disciplinebTan saerTo problemebi da kvleviTi interesebi aqvs pragma
pragmalin
malingvis
lingvisti
gvistika
tikasac
kasac,
sac romelic CamoKalibebis procesSia.
daskvnisaTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axal interdisciplinarul mimarTulebebs aerTianebs anTropomorfizmze, dinamizmze,
funqcionalizmsa da kognitivizmze damKarebuli Sexedulebebi
da principebi. verc erT axal disciplinas ver eqvemdebareba
tradiciuli lingvistika, romelic axlisa da tradiciulis
dapirispirebaSi aramarkirebulad agrZelebs arsebobas, opoziciis gareT ki ganagrZobs sakuTari problemebisa da konkretuli sakiTxebis kvlevas im dargebis mixedviT, romlebic istoriul procesSi empiriulad CamoKalibda.
49
roman
lolua
kavkasiis albanur warweraTa korpusis
dazustebisaTvis
dazustebisaTvis
1948-52 wlebSi azerbaiJanis teritoriaze, mingeCauris gaTxrebis Sedegad, aGmoCnda ramdenime albanuri warwera da
grafiti. maT erTobliobas dGes albanur warweraTa korpuss
uwodeben; masSi Sedis: 1. Jvris postamentis warwera _ 70 grafema; 2. grafiti Tixis Sandalze # 1-50 grafema; 3. grafiti
Tixis Sandalze # 16/17 grafema; 4. grafiti Tixis Sandalze
# 3-8 grafema; 5. grafiti Tixis Sandalze # 4-24 grafema, 6.
grafiti kramitis natexze # 1-21 grafema; 7. grafiti kramitis natexze # 2-5/6 grafema. mTlianad korpusi Sedgeba 194196 grafemisgan da masSi savaraudod albanuri anbanis 52 grafemidan dadasturebulia 31 grafema.
am korpusSi tradiciulad Kvela mecniers Sehqonda e. w.
derbentis warwera, rac gaugebaria.
zemoxsenebuli warwera aGmoCenilia m. barxudarianis mier,
romelmac gadmoxata igi (barxudariani; 1893).
mis garda es warwera aravis unaxavs, Tu ar CavTvliT
m. smbaTians, romelmac SesaZloa naxa igi, Tumca es saeyvoa, radgan misi cnoba da warweris naxati zustad imeorebs m. barxudarianis cnobas warweris aGmoCenis Sesaxeb (smbaTiani; 1896).
miuxedavad imisa, rom derbentSi Kofnisas s. muraviovma
ver aGmoaCina es warwera, igi mainc axorcielebs cdas misi wakiTxvisa. vinaidan im mdgomareobaSi, ra mdgomareobaSic igi
gvxvdeba m. barxudarianis da m. smbaTianis naSromebSi misi wakiTxva SeuZlebeli iKo, amitom s. muraviovma 180°-iT Seabruna
warwera, aseve Seitana ramodenime Sesworeba, ris Sedegadac
igi waikiTxa rogorc karTa zGude / karis zGude _ transkrifcia goz y´ule´mo {‚} (muraviovi 1981; 281-282).
darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom warweris pirveli grafema ar warmoadgens g- aso-bgeras (miuxedavad imisa, rom es
grafema palimfsestSi ar aris dadasturebuli). aseve eyvs iw50
vevs Kvela danarCeni grafemis identifikacia; warweris # 3
grafema (muraviovis azriT -z) ufro hgavs albanuri anbanis
# 23 (h); warweris # 6 (l) ~ anbanis # 34 (J?); warweris #
8 (m) ~ anbanis # 9 (T). warweris sxva niSnebisTvis ki analogiebis povna albanur anbanSi yirs.
unda iTqvas, rom saeyvoa saerTod derbentis warweris arsebobis faqti da Tu mainc davuSvebT mis arsebobas, Znelad
savaraudoa igi warmoadgendes kavkasiis albanuri damwerlobis
nimuSs.
qeTevan
margiani-subari
mir
mirTva svanur
svanurSi
nurSi
mirTva srulmniSvnelovan sitKvaTa iseTi SekavSirebaa winadadebaSi, roca `wamKvani sitKva damokidebuls Sinaarsobliv
ikavSirebs ise, rom amas raime gramatikuli gamoxatuleba ar axlavs~ (l. kvayaZe).
xSirad rTulia zGvris dadeba marTvasa da mirTvas Soris, gansakuTrebiT Tandebuliani formisa da moqmedebiTi
brunvis SemTxvevaSi; `mokla TofiT~, `wavida fexiT~ tipis wKvilebSi, Tu davuSvebT, rom mxolod es brunvaa SesaZlebeli, maSin marTvaa, magram, `radgan cnobilia, rom erTpiriani zmna marTvis unaris gareSea, mocemul magaliTebSi mirTva daiSvebao~ _
aGniSnavs v. Tofuria. Tandebuliani brunva idiomatur gamoTqmaSic `xelSi aqvs~ SeiZleba Seicvalos formiT `xelT aqvs~...
maSasadame, `qarTulSi mirTulia zmnizeda da Tandebuliani saxeli Kvela SemTxvevaSi, mimrTveli ki, uwinares Kovlisa, _ zmna
(Semasmeneli) da nazmnari saxeli (iqneba is gansazGvreba Tu winadadebis sxva wevri)~ (v. Tofuria).
principi analogiuria svanur enaSic, magram mirTvis areali aq ufro farTo Cans Tanamedrove qarTul saliteraturo
51
enasTan SedarebiT, rac, ZiriTadad, mirTul sitKvaTa mravalferovnebas ukavSirdeba;
1. svanur enaSi, sxva qarTvelur enaTa msgavsad, aris pirveladi (q’m
q’m `gareT~, b‰zi `amaGam~, ldi `dGes~...) da meoreuli, anu nawarmoebi zmnizedebi, sadac gaqvavebuli brunvisniSnianebis (ham
hamham-s `dilas~, l’Tl’T-S… `GamiT~, J…in‰lJ…in‰l-d `Zvelad~) da
TandebulianTa (eS
eSeS-Te `iqiT~, eCeC-xn `iqidan~...) gverdiT gvxvdeba sakuTriv zmnizedaTa mawarmoebliani formebi: jiji-xi `ufro
zeviT~ (Sdr. jib `zeviT~).
2. mdgomareobis an mimarTulebis maCvenebel martiv TandebulTa kombinaciiT miGebuli rTuli Tandebulebi -TŠsga / Tesga,
Tesga, -Teqa
Teqa,
qa, -xnqa / -xenqa
xenqa,
qa, -xnji / - xenji
xenji da sxv. erTdroulad asaxaven Jer moqmedebis mimarTulebas, Semdeg ki mdgomareobas, romelSic aGmoCndeba sagani moqmedebis damTavrebis Semdeg:
qoris
qorisga
risga ri `saxlSi aris~ (SignimKofoba), Sdr. qors ri
`saxlSi (Sin) aris~;
qorTe
qorTe esGri `saxlSi (saxlisken) midis~;
qorTesga
qorTesga esGri `saxlSi (SigniT) Sedis~.
ji,
ji, Cu,
Cu, {i
{i}sga/
sga/ska elementebi, romlebic `zmnasTan windebulia, saxelTan ki _ Tandebuli~ (v. Tofuria), sintagmaSi erTdrouli monawileobisas gavlenas axdenen SesitKvebis semantikaze; Sdr.
lˆcTØ
lˆcTØadski
adskine
skine `wKalSi gadaxta~;
lˆcTesgØ
lˆcTesgØ adski
adskine
skine `wKalSi Caxta~;
lˆcTeis
lˆcTeisga
isga sgaØ
sgaØdskine
dskine `wKalSi (ki) Caxta~.
igive nawilaki Tu damoukidebladac CaerTo, maSin aseTi
SesitKveba qarTulSi paronomaziis saxeliT cnobili gamoTqmis
Sinaarss iZens:
lˆcTesga sga sgÀ
sgÀadsk
adskine,
ine, mare
mare qØ
q؏ntixx `wKalSi CaxtomiT
ki Caxta, magram gamoiKvanes (gamoabrunes)~.
erTi da igive Tandebuli zogJer gansxvavebul semantikas
aniyebs mirTul sitKvebs da qarTuladac sxvadasxva Tandebuls
Seisabamebs:
eJi cxekTe
cxekTe iG…re…da babas
babas `is tKisken itKuebda babuas~;
52
mal… daƒˆlTØ
daƒˆlTØaCd `mela TxasTan wavida~;
eJi lasˆnJ…Te lˆmr meƒde `is dasaTvaliereblad Kofila mosuli~.
-Te
Te Tandebuliani saxeli pirvel winadadebaSi adgilis garemoebaa, meoreSi _ ubralo damateba, mesameSi ki mKofadis
mimGeobaze darTviT miznis garemoeba miviGeT.
3. miuxedavad Tandebulebis siuxvisa da maTi farTo SesaZleblobisa, axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis Tandebulian
formebs svanur enaSi xSirad uTandebulo da ormagbrunviani
formebi Seesabameba, romelTa analogiebi Zvel qarTulSia:
al yem eser CjCj-iSiS-d xakuC
xakuC `es Tiva cxenisTvis (cxen-is-ad)
mindao~.
4. Tandebulebis gamoKenebis farTo SesaZlebloba, meoreuli (nawarmoebi) zmnizedebis mravalferovneba da enis konservatiuloba, gamoxatuli Zveli viTarebis amsaxveli uTandebulo
formebis SemonaxviT, ganapirobebs svanur enaSi semantikuri niuansebis moqnilad gamoxatvis did potencials da afarToebs
mirTvis areals, radganac igi sintagmis wevrTa Soris swored
Sinaarsobliv kavSirs gulisxmobs.
vaxtang
maGraZe
ramde
ramdeni
denime
nime kalkis
kalkis Sesa
Sesaxeb
saxeb
sesxeba enis gamdidrebis erT-erT mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. magram `meore ukiduresobas warmoadgens ganukiTxavad
Semotana ucxo sitKvebisa maSin, roca amis sayiroeba ar aris,
Tu saTanado sitKva SeiZleba davZebnoT sakuTar leqsikur
fondSi anda vawarmooT arsebul sitKvaTagan sesxeba gaumarTlebelia~ (arn. Ciqobava).
amisda miuxedavad, xSiria sintagmuri Tu semantikuri
kalkis gadmoGebisa da damkvidrebis cdebi.
53
a. xasi
xasia
siaTi.
Ti am sitKvas qarTul enaSi sami mniSvneloba
aqvs: 1. adamianis sulier TvisebaTa erToblioba, romlebic mis
qcevebSi vlindeba, 2. sulieri ganwKoba, 3. risame Tviseba.
Cvens SemTxvevaSi xasiaTi aris sulieri mdgomareoba, romelic
mravalgvaria. arsebobs mtkice, Seupovari, kargi, axirebuli,
yirveuli, ujmuri, mZime, autaneli...
rusuli enis meSveobiT enaSi sintagmis _ mtkice º Seupovari xasiaTi _ erTi sitKviT gamoxatvis tendencia mkvidrdeba: `mas hqonda xasi
xasia
siaTi da Girsebac~, `roca pirvelad institutSi ver... Cavabare, mere ukve xasi
xasia
siaTi gamoviCine~, `mas
hqonda fuli da xasi
xasia
siaTi~.
Ti
amgvari SemTxvevebi semantikuri kalkis nimuSebia, Tumca
araiSviaTad marTebul gamoKenebasac vxvdebiT.
b. axalgaz
axalgazrda
gazrda.
rda balaxi º Geroº nargavi º kartofili º
xaxvi... isev evropuli (rusuli, inglisuri, franguli) enebis
gavleniT mkvidrdeba.
daxvewili qarTuliT unda KofiliKo norCi balaxi º
Gero º nargavi º nergi º naTesi º kartofili º xaxvi º yarxali.
g. qarTul enas saSualeba aqvs Koveli sazogado saxeli
or ricxvSi awarmoos. Tumca
isev ucxo enebis `wKalobiT~
iKeneben erTi erTeulis gamosaxatavad mravlobiT ricxvs:
`Semovida mamakaci, mzis Savi saTva
saTvale
Tvalee
leebi ekeTa~, `lindsim Jinse
Jinsesebis ukana Jibisaken waiGo xeli~, `qalma sulelur Calis qudSi,
Sorteb
SortebSi
tebSi da sandlebSi gamowKobili brius uilisi dainaxa~.
Kvela magaliTi aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom saubari exeba
erT konkretul saTvales, Jinssa Tu Sorts da ara mravlobiTSi dasmul nivTebs.
sxvaTa enis brmad miKola da gauazreblad mibaZva enas ki
ar amdidrebs da amravalferovnebs, samwuxarod, mxolod anagvianebs da aGaribebs.
54
nana
mayavariani
anTro
anTropo
Tropomor
pomorful
morful arse
arseba
sebaTa
baTa saxel
saxelwo
xelwode
wodebe
debebis
bebis
warmomav
warmomavlo
mavlobi
lobisa
bisaTvis
saTvis afxazur
afxazurSi
zurSi.
Si.
2. aZˆZlan // aZˆzlan `ali,
ali, feria
feria~
ria~
afxazurSi aZˆZlan // aZˆzlan aGniSnavs `als, ferias~.
moxsenebaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom
aZˆZlan // aZˆzlan leqsema rTuli Sedgenilobisa unda iKos:
aZˆ `wKali~, + -s (gardaqceviTobis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi) +
la (lokaluri preverbi, romelic raimeSi mKofobas gamoxatavs) + -n (namKo ganusazGvreli drois am SemTxvevaSi gaqvavebuli sufiqsi).
*a-aZˆslan > aZˆzlan > aZˆZlan progresuli asimilaciiT:
Tumca, aZˆZlan º aZˆzlan orive cocxali, paralelurad xmarebuli formaa afxazurSi.
sitKvis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba unda KofiliKo
`wKlad Sig mKofi~. aGniSnuli semantika `ali~ leqsemisa arc
qarTul-kavkasiuri folklorisTvisaa ucxo.
koba
miTagvaria
adami
adamia
mianis asakob
asakobriv
kobriv dife
diferen
ferenci
rencia
ciacias
ciasTan dakav
dakavSi
kavSire
Sirebu
rebuli
buli
termi
termine
minebi
nebi Cerqe
Cerqezul
qezul enebSi
enebSi
asakobriv diferenciasTan dakavSirebuli terminebis
daKofa pirobiTad or Jgufad SeiZleba.
pirvel Jgufs Seadgens terminebi, romlebSic ar aris
warmodgenili sqesobrivi gansxvaveba adamianebs Soris. es terminebi Tanabrad SeiZleba gamoKenebuli iqnes rogorc mamakacTa, ise qalTa mimarT.
sitKvebis umravlesoba iwarmoeba adiG. y–l¶ fuZis
gamoKenebiT, romelic aGniSnavda `axals, axal gaCenils~.
55
am
kategorias
ganekuTvneba
adiG.
y–l¶–
l¶–xÀ–
xÀ–r,
Kab.
¬¶al¶aG°
y– `axali (свежий), l¶–
¬¶al¶aG°al¶–
al¶– `axalgazrdebi~ (y
l¶– _ sitKvawarmoebiTi afiqsi, -xÀ
xÀ–
xÀ– _ mravlobiTi ricxvis mawarmoebeli
afiqsi).
Kabardouli sitKva nawarmoebia ¬¶–
¬¶– `axali, axalgazrda~
fuZeze sitKvawarmoebiTi G°al¶–
al¶– sufiqsis darTviT.
adiG. zˆxÀ–
zˆxÀ–xÀ°
xÀ°–G° da Kabard. xˆJ–
xˆJ–bz aGniSnavs `mozards~
rogorc mamrobiTi, ise mdedrobiTi sqesisa.
saKuradGeboa `asakis~ aGmniSvneli sitKvebi. adiGeurSi
`ufrosis~ aGmniSvneli sitKvaa nahˆz¶ (nah
nah(
nah(ˆ) _ SedarebiTi xarisxis morfemas daerTvis z¶(
z¶(ˆ) _ sitKvawarmoebiTi sufiqsi;
KabardoulSi es sitKva gansxvavebulia da aGniSnavs `ufro
Zvels~. aseTive gziTaa miGebuli `umcrosis~ aGmniSvneli termini adiG. nahˆy,
nahˆy, Kabard. n–ha¬¶–
ha¬¶– (adiG. nah º Kabard. n–h + sufiqsi y º ¬¶–
¬¶–).
terminebis meore Jgufs warmoadgens sitKvebi, romlebSic
erTdroulad aGniSnulia adamianebs Soris sqesobrivi gansxvavebac e. i. aq mamakacisa da qalis sqesis sxvadasxva asakobrivi
Jgufis aGmniSvneli terminebi diferencirebuladaa warmodgenili, gamonakliss warmoadgens `Cvili bavSvis~ aGmniSvneli
terminebi sakuTriv adiGeuri nanˆ… da sabˆ
sabˆ; ukanaskneli, a.
Sagirovis azriT, nasesxebia arabulidan: sabiy `biyi~, `Kmawvili~ (Sdr. Turq. sabi `biyi~, `mcirewlovani~) (a. Sagirovi).
KabardoulSi am terminTan erTad (sabˆ
sabˆ)
sabˆ ixmareba sitKva
bˆZa†–
bˆZˆ `ZuZu).
bˆZa†–, romelic niSnavs `ZuZumwovar bavSvs~ (bˆZˆ
(Sdr. afx. aZKˆ da asabi
asabi.
bi am terminebiT aGiniSneba bavSvi dabadebidan erT wlamde.
erTidan
Svid
wlamde
bavSvs
adiG.
y–l–wˆk°
wˆk°ˆ,
skolis asakis bavSvs, romelsac ukve garkveuli socialuri funqcia gaaCnia (7-dan 18 wlamde), adiGelebi eZaxian:
a) `biys~ y–l¶–
l¶– (abZax. ‡½al¶a,
‡½al¶a abZaxurSi adiGeuris SiSina afrikatebs y, y´ gadadis rbil laringalur abruptiv (‡½‡½
Si); KabardoulSi ¬¶al–
¬¶al– (Sdr. afx.-abaz. ayk°
ayk°ˆ¹ `vaji 7 wlidan
18 wlamde~ (T. gvancelaZe), xolo bzifur dialeqtSi ayk°
ayk°ˆn
aGniSnavs rogorc `biys~ aseve `gogonas (k. SaKrili).
b) `gogonas~ amave asakobriv kategoriaSi adiGeurad
fs¶as¶–
fs¶as¶– ewodeba, xolo KabardoulSi _ xÀˆJ–
xÀˆJ–bz.
bz
srulwlovani axalgazrda mamakacis aGsaniSnavad 18-30
wlamde) adiG y– º Kab. ¬– fuZis reduplicirebuli forma
adiG. y–l¶–
l¶–y– º Kab. ¬¶al¶–
¬¶al¶–s¶a
s¶a ixmareba.
adiGeuri «ˆ `mamakacsac~ aGniSnavs da `qmarsac~ (Sdr.
Zvel afxazurSi alˆg `qmari~).
amave kategoriaSi mKof qals adiGeurad bzˆlÀ†ˆG,
bzˆlÀ†ˆG Kabardoulad bzˆlÀx°
bzˆlÀx°ˆG–
ˆG– ewodeba.
Semdeg kategoriaSi ganixileba adiG.-Kab. «ˆz¶ˆ `moxuci
kaci~ (zedmiw. «ˆ `kaci, mamakaci + z¶ `moxuci~).
am kategoriis `moxuci qalis~ aGmniSvneli termini
adiGeurSia: nˆ…az¶ `moxuci qali~ (zedmiw. `qali Zveli~), Sdr.
nˆ…–
nˆ…– `moxuci qali~.
oTxmoc wels gadacilebul adamians adiGelebi eZaxian:
`mamakacs~ adiG. ƒarˆ…ˆflÀ,
ƒarˆ…ˆflÀ Kabard. ƒazÀ,
ƒazÀ xolo qals~ nˆ…–
nˆ…–z¶ d–
d–d
(zedmiw. `moxuci qali didi~).
xolo
KabardoulSi ¬¶al¶–
¬¶al¶–wˆk°
wˆk° ewodeba (zedmiw. adiG. y–l–, Kabard.
¬¶al¶–
¬¶al¶– `biyi~ + wˆk°
wˆk°ˆ `patara~).
amave kategoriaSi mKofi gogonas aGmniSvneli adiGeuri
terminia fs¶–
fs¶–s¶–
s¶–z¶ˆˆ `gogona patara, axalgazrda~, xolo KabardoulSi xÀˆJabzwˆk°
xÀˆJabzwˆk° `gogona~.
56
57
naTela
muzaSvili
termi
termino
minolo
nologi
logiu
giuri sitKvawar
sitKvawarmo
warmoe
moebisa
bisaTvis
saTvis
1. axal terminTa damkvidrebas, romlebic garkveul procesTan aris dakavSirebeli, Tan sdevs axali zmnuri formebisa
da maTgan warmoebuli masdarebis Seqmna.
2. teqnikur terminologiaSi xSiria zmnuri formebi,
romlebSic saxeluri fuZeebi saliteraturo qarTulidanaa
aGebuli, magram zmnis formebi specialuri terminebia.
3. teqnikur terminologiaSi warmodgenilia saxeluri
fuZis masdarebi, romelTac Sesabamisi zmnuri formebi ar
aqvT, Tumca udasturdebaT amosavali aGweriTi warmoeba. es im
tradiciis gagrZelebaa, romelic Zvel qarTulSi SeiniSneboda.
Zveli qarTulis zmnaTa uGvlilebaSi aGweriTi formebisa da
organuli warmoebis Senacvleba sakmaod mniSvnelovani faqtia.
igi istoriuli gramatikis erT-erT saintereso ubans warmoadgens.
4. saintereso suraTs gviCvenebs kompozitebisa da sufiqsoidiani terminebis gaformeba.
lamara
nozaZe
zogi
mniSv
nelo
lobis
bis)
zogi cnebis
cnebis (mniS
vne
lo
bis
) dazus
dazuste
zustebi
tebisa
bisaTvis
saTvis
`qegl~
qegl~-Tan
Tan mimar
mimarTe
TebiT
biT
marTe
Tanamedrove qarTul leqsikologiaSi, rogorc cnobilia,
zmnuri saleqsikono erTeulis problemasTan dakavSirebiT, ZiriTadad, ori sapirispiro mosazreba arsebobs, rac Tavis
mxriv, g a n p i r o b e b u l i a g a n s x v a v e b u l i z o g a d - T e o r i u l i T v a l s a z r i s e b i T , saxeldobr:
a. SaniZis azriT qcevis, gvarisa da misT. formebi warmoqmnili erTeulebia, magram grama
gramati
matiku
tikuli
kuli da ara leqsi
leqsiku
sikuri
kuri
58
mniSvnelobis mixedviT3.
keravs, akerinebs, ikeravs, ukeravs, ikereba, ekereba... e r Tsa da imave moqmedebas gamoxatavs, erTsa da
i m a v e m o v l e n a s asaxavs4 (es
es arse
arsebi
sebiTi
biTi faqto
faqtoria
toria maTi
maTi kvakvalifi
lifika
fikaci
kacii
ciisaTvis
saTvis).
Tvis
aGniSnul formaTa Soris sxvaobas morfologiuri elementebiT _ a. SaniZis mixedviT _ sasitKvaTSoriso mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli afiqsebiT (aa-, i-, i-/u
u-, i-/e
e-...) gadmocemuli
grama
gramati
matiku
tikuli
kuli Sina
Sinaar
naarsi
arsi qmnis (mxedvelobaSia subieqtur da
obieqtur pirTa Soris kuTvnilebiT urTierTobaze miTiTeba,
moqmedebis gadmocema moqmedi piris gamoCeniT an mis gamouCenlad, subieqturi piris moqmedeba pirdapir obieqtze uSualod
an sxva piris SualobiT...).
aGsaniSnavia, rom, umravles SemTxvevaSi xsenebul formaTa (vnebiTis, qcevis variantebis, SualobiTi kontaqtis da
misT). mniSvneloba SeiZleba pirdapir (avtomaturad) gamoKvanili iqnas zmnis Ziris mniSvnelobidan da morfologiuri mawarmoeblebidan.
a. SaniZis azriT, amgvar _ gramatikul erTeulTa _ qcevis, gvaris, kauzativis da misT. piriani formebis miCneva damoukidebel saleqsikono erTeulad umarTebuloa (leqsikoni _
leqsemaTa krebulia).
igi, rogorc cnobilia, am funqciiT _ zmnuri paradigmis meTaur formad _ iKenebs masdars, romlis budeSic warmodgenilia morfologiuri elementebiT warmoqmnili Kvela SesaZlo (piriani) g r a m a t i k u l i f o r m a saTanado ilustraciebiT (Sdr. Kra:
Kra Kris... aKris... iKris... uKris... iKreba... eKreba... Kria... aKria...).
3
aGniSnuli debuleba a. SaniZis `leqsikologiuri koncefciis~ qvakuTxedia.
Sdr. amave zmnuri Zirisagan (martivi fuZisagan) warmoqmnili axali
leqsikuri erTeulebi _ mkeravi (`vinc keravs~), sakeravi (`riTac keraven~ _
sakeravi manqana), _ {ga
ga}}kerili (`rac {ga}keres~, mag. qsovili) da misT.,
romlebic zmnuri ZiriT gamoxatul moqmedebasTan dakavSirebul sxva saganze,
saganze
sxva obieqtze (adamiani, manqana, qsovili...) miuTiTeben.
4
59
a r g u m e n t i : masdari zmnis ZiriTadi leqsikuri mniSvnelobis matarebeli saxelia. igi zmnis Kvelaze ganKenebul mniSvnelobas gadmogvcems, Kvela amgvar pirian formaTa zogadi
`semantikuri warmomadgenelia~, maTi ziari kategoriaa.
a. SaniZis zogad, Cveni azriT, uaGresad mwKobr da Tanmimdevrul koncefcias upirispirdeba arn. Ciqobavas Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac qarTuli zmnis rigi kategoria _
qcevis, gvaris, kauzativis formebi (Slis: iSlis, uSlis, iSleba, eSleba, aSlevinebs...) g a n s x v a v e b u l i l e q s i k u r i
m n i S v n e l o b i s m a t a r e b e l i a . maTi Setana leqsikonebSi
damoukidebel saleqsikono erTeulad isevea gamarTlebuli,
rogorc saxelis nawarmoebi fuZeebisa (guliani, ugulo, sagule...
Zmuri, moZme, saZmo da misT; `gli~-i VIII, 1964, 06; 1986, 06).
Cveni azriT araswori analogiaa _ guliani, ugulo, sagule... samarile, umarilo, mariliani da misT. nawarmoebi
formebi Z i r e u l i s a g a n
gansxvavebuli leqsikuri
m n i S v n e l o b i s m a t a r e b e l i e l e m e n t e b i a . axal obieqts (sagans) aGniSnavs (Sdr. sama
samari
marile
rile _ `mcire y u r y e l i ,
raSic marilia~; umari
umarilo
rilo _ `s a y m e l i , rasac marili ara
aqvs an aklia~...), maSasadame, damoukidebel saleqsikono erTeulebs warmoadgens, rasac, rogorc aGiniSna, ver vitKviT qcevis,
gvaris da misT. formebze (irecxavs, urecxavs, irecxeba...).
amgvar analizs mxars uyers zogi sxva faqtoric. kerZod:
arn. Ciqobavas azriT zmnaTa absolutur umetesobaSi moqmedebis saxelebi nawarmoebia gardamavali zmnis saarviso qcevis
fuZisagan (Tesav-s → Tesva, mki-s → mka, aSeneb-s → Seneba...).
`qce
qcevebs
qcevebs (iTesavs, uTesavs... iSenebs, uSenebs...), vnebi
vnebiTebs
biTebs
(iTeseba, eTeseba... Sendeba, uSendeba...) sakuTari fuZisagan moqmedebis saxeli ar ewarmoeba: amgvar zmnebs S e s a b a m i s i nazmnari saxeli ar gaaCnia...
amisda miuxedavad ara iSvi
iSvia
viaTad (xazi _ l. n.) _ konteqstis Sesabamisad _ gardamavali zmnis saarviso qcevis masdari
SeiZleba iKos gamoKenebuli vnebiTi gvarisTvisac, sasubieqto
qcevaTa Sinaarsis gadmosacemadac~ (`gl~-i, 1950, I, gv. 011-012, 075).
60
winaaGmdegobrivi debulebebia _ es ar iqneboda SesaZlebeli qcevis, gvaris da misT. nawarmoebi formebi a x a l , g a n sxvavebul leqsikur erTeulebs rom warmoadg e n d e s (Sdr. samarile, mariliani, umarilo; gaagonebs, moagonebs, STaagonebs da misT. udaod l e q s i k u r i n i S n i T
warmoqmnili formebi, romelTa mniSvnelobebis ganzogadeba
erT semantikur monacemad SeuZlebelia)5.
zmnur formaTa masdarze ganlagebis erT-erT sawinaaGmdego argumentad saxeldeba is, rom zmnaTa mTel wKebas,
upiratesad upreverbo nasaxelar zmnebs TiTqos ar ewarmoeba
moqmedebis saxeli. ar iTqmis
iTqmis bereba (aberebs zmnisagan), sruleba (asrulebs...), dareba (adarebs...), lamazeba (alamazebs...),
mwvaneba (amwvanebs...), susteba (asustebs...), (re
rea
realuria
luria:
ria dabereba
_ daaberebs zmnisagan, Sesruleba _ Seasrulebs zmnisagan...).
maSasadame, m a s d a r i s u q o n l o b i s g a m o a m g v a r i
z m n e b i l e q s i k o n S i v e r m o x v d e b a (`gl~-i, 1950, 011,
075).
sadao argumentia TviT sanimuSod dasaxelebul `akrZalul~ (ar iTqmis _ a. C.) masdarTagan rigi Setanilia `qegl~Si: bereba, dareba.
am tipis masdarebi mravlad aris warmod g e n i l i `q e g l ~-Si saTanado ilustraciebiT (I) da, rac
mTavaria, ilustraciebis gareSec (II). magaliTad:
I. boleba, braleba, Txeleba, leqsva, mSvideba, oxreba, pareba, rideba, rkineba, suqeba, Kalibeba, Kruveba, Kudeba...
II. badeba, bedeba, bezreba, biJeba, budeba, zvaveba, TeTreba,
kisreba, landeba, laJeba, neleba, fiTreba, Soreba, Stereba...
masdaris aseTi formebi SeaqvT leqsikonebSi (Zv. qarTu-
5 masdari formobrivad ar ganarCevs moqmedebiTs (qcevis variantebs),
vnebiTs. ara gvaqvs: *ikerva (ikeravs), *ukerva (ukeravs), *esxma (esxmis) da misT.
aGniSnul kategoriaTa mawarmoeblebi: i-, u-, e-... morfologiuri
funqciis saderivacio formantebia. bunebrivia, rom isini masdarSi ar Canan
iseve, rogorc sxva am tipis afiqsebi (Sdr. leqsikuri derivaciis nimuSebi:
Sur-ian
ian-i _ Sur-ia
iann-oba
oba, u-gun-ur
ur-i _ u-gun-ur
ur-eba _ si-ug{u}n-ur-e...).
ian
ia
oba
ur
ur
61
li enis leqsikonebi mxolod `masdarul princips~ emKareba)6
da es maT funqcionirebas ar abrkolebs.
martivad asaxsneli faqtia _ T u f o r m a n a w a r m o e b i a e n a S i m o q m e d i m o d e l e b i s S e s a b a m i s a d , specialistisaTvis subieqturad rogoradac ar unda aGiqmebodes
igi, enis matareblisTvis (misi SemoqmedisTvis) bunebrivia _
araxelovnuri (ix. zemoTdasaxelebuli nimuSebi).
es aris o b i e q t u r i k r i t e r i u m i enobriv
erTeulTa kvalifikaciisa.
m a T i b u n e b r i o b i s (realurobis) xarisxis g a r k v e u l e t a p e b z e ganpirobebulia xmarebis sixSiriT, rac
Tavis mxriv damokidebulia sxva faqtorebze.
s u b i e q t u r i _ calkeul pirTa Tvalsazrisze damKarebuli kvalifikacia masdaruli formebisa da saerTod enobrivi erTeulebisa Sedegad iwvevs araTanmimdevrulobas (araerTgvarovnebas), ris araerTi magaliTi gvaqvs `qegl~-Si (ix. n o z a Z e , masdaris warmoebis zogi sakiTxi qarTulSi da `qegl~-i,
`enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi~, 1,2004; SeniSvnebi qarTuli enis
ganmartebiT leqsikonze, `saenaTmecniero Ziebani~, XIII, 2002 da sxv.).
merab
robaqiZe
`afxazi~
afxazi~ da `afxazebi~
afxazebi~ somxur wKaroebSi
1. somxuri istoriuli wKaroebi Seicaven friad mniSvnelovan cnobebs `afxazeTisa~ da `afxazTa~ Sesaxeb. VII s-is somxur `geografiaSi~ afxazTa sacxovrisi lokalizebulia mdinare bzifsa da kodors Soris. amave wKaros cnobiT, es aris
`avazTa~ qveKana, romlis CrdiloeTiT cxovroben svanebi, xolo
samxreTiT megrelebi.
2. VIII s-is bolodan, somxuri wKaroebis mixedviT, xdeba
afxazTa samTavros Zalauflebis gavrcoba da mTeli dasavleTi
saqarTvelo moxsenebulia afxazeTad, amasTan paralelurad es
samefo wodebulia samegrelod.
3. friad sainteresoa X s-is somexi istorikosis
asoGikis cnoba, romelic afxazebs moixseniebs kavkasiis iqiTa
mxaris (imierkavkasiis xalxad).
4. XI-XII saukuneebis somexi istorikosebi `afxazTa~ da
`afxazeTis~ saxelwodebas avrcoben mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze _ `afxazi~ maTTvis qarTvelia, `afxazeTi~ ki _ saqarTvelo.
latavra
6 rogorc cnobilia, arc erTi wesi ar aris ugamonakliso (ara aqvs
arsebiTi mniSvneloba maT ricxovnobas).
bunebrivia isic, rom miGebuli principi Semdgom daxvewas da dazustebas
sayiroebdes.
aqve unda davZinoT: rig enaSi arsebuli wesi zmnur saleqsikono
erTeulad awmKos pirveli piris mx. ricxvis formebis gamotanisa (Sdr.
berZnuli enis zogi leqsikoni), an _ aoristis mesame pirisa (Sdr. arabuli
enis leqsikonebi), vfiqrobT, ver moaxdens gavlenas am da Cven zog sxva
statiaSi warmodgenili analizis Sedegebze (gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom
zemoT xsenebul gamonaklisebs specialistebi aGniSnul enaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri viTarebiT xsnian).
62
sanikiZe
brune
bruneba
nebaTa
baTa Ziri
ZiriTa
riTadi
Tadi tipe
tipebis
pebis Seda
Sedare
darebi
rebiTi
biTi anali
analizi
lizi
naxur
xur da daGestnur
na
daGestnur enebSi
enebSi
1. daGestnur enebSi ZiriTadad dasturdeba brunebis sami tipi: I tipis (`difuzuri~) bruneba _ ergativs, naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiTs saerTo forma aqvs (g. Tofuria), mag.,
sax. hivC `vaSli~, erg./naT. hivC-ul, mic. hivC-un); II tipis (orfuZiani) bruneba _ saxelobiTisagan gansxvavebuli meore sa63
brunebeli fuZea Zveli ergativi (mag., lezg. sax. vaw `mdinare~,
erg. vawvaw-u, naT. v a w - u - n, mic. v a w - u - z) an Zveli naTesaobiTi brunva (mag., ud. sax. faSna `gogra~, naT. faSnfaSn-in,
in erg.
f a S n - i n -en, mic. f a S n - i n -ax). ergativsa da naTesaobiTze
damKarebuli orfuZiani brunebis meore sabrunebeli fuZe
formiT, Cveulebriv, Sesabamisad daGestnur enaTa axlandel
ergativs an naTesaobiTs emTxveva; III tipis (agreTve orfuZiani)
bruneba: meore sabrunebeli fuZe `CanarTiania~ (mag. xunZ. sax.
wer `Kinuli~, erg. wer-da
da-ca,
naT. wer-da
da-l,
mic. wer-da
da-e).
da
da
da
istoriulad `CanarTi~ sxvadasxva (paleoergativis afiqsi, determinanti, fuZis kuTvnileba) warmoSobisaa.
2. brunebis egeve ZiriTadi tipebi gamoiKofa naxur enebSi, sadac ramdenadme gansxvavebuli viTareba gvaqvs:
`di
difu
difuzu
fuzuri
zuri~
ri bruneba SeiniSneba CaCnur-inguSurSi. aq
`difuzuri~ da orfuZiani bruneba erTroulad iCens Tavs erTi paradigmis farglebSic (mag., ing. sax. isxali `maudi~, naT.
isxal
isxalxal-e,
e mic. i s x a l -  e -nna, erg. i s x a l -  e, Sdr. isxale-l, gamsyv. i s x a l -  e -x).
ee afiqsiani forma instrumentalisis funqciiTac aris
gamovlenili CaCn. enis Saroul dialeqtSi.
naklebad sarwmuno Cans, ee afiqsian brunvaTa formebSi
saTanado brunvis (ergativi, moqmedebiTi, naTesaobiTi) formaTa daboloebebSi fonetikuri cvlilebebis SedegTan gvqondes
saqme, Tumca aseTi SesaZleblobac gamoricxuli ar aris.
erga
ergati
gativis
tivis forma (aa- sufiqsiani) romelic orfu
orfuZi
fuZian
Zian
brune
bruneba
nebaSi
baSi meore sabrunebel fuZes warmoadgens, ucxoa Tanamedrove bacburi enisaTvis. igi CaCnur-inguSurSi gvxvdeba sakuTar arsebiT saxelebTan, sazogado arsebiT saxelebSi misi
gavrcelebis are SezGudulia (mag., CaCn. sax. sTag `kaci~, erg.
sTagsTag-a, mic. sTagsTag-a-na).
meore sabrunebeli fuZe naTesa
Tesao
saobiTze
biTze damKarebuli brunebidan Tanamedrove naxuri enebis naTesaobiTis formisagan
gansxvavebulia (mag. bacb. sax. nan `deda~, naT. nan-e¹ < nannan-en,
en
erg. nan-as, mic. n a n - e - n, moqm. n a n - e -v).
64
3. daGestnur enebs erga
ergativ
gativsa
tivsa da naTe
naTesa
Tesao
saobiTze
biTze damKarebuli orfuZiani brunebis ufro arqauli saxe SemounaxavT,
`di
difu
difuzu
fuzuri
zurisa
risa~,
sa savaraudoa _ naxurs.
4. brunebis ZiriTadi tipebis erTgvarobac naxur da
daGestnur enebSi mowmobs, rom rogorc varaudobs zogi
mkvlevari, naxuri da daGestnuri enebi iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa erT Jgufs unda warmoadgendnen.
medea
saGliani
qarTve
qarTvelu
Tveluri
luri etimo
etimolo
mologi
logie
giebi
ÌÏáÓÄÍÄÁÀÛÉ ßÀÒÌÏÃÂÄÍÉËÉ ÉØÍÄÁÀ ÒÀÌÃÄÍÉÌÄ ÀáÀËÉ ÓÀÄÒÈÏØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒÉ ÞÉÒÉÓ ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖË-ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÀÍÀËÉÆÉ:
1. ØÀÒÈ. (áÄÅÓ., ÉÌÄÒ., Æ. ÀàÀÒ.) ÓÀ-ÒÄÊ-ÄË-À `áÉÓ ÐÀÔÀÒÀ ÈÀÅÊÏÌÁËÉÓ ×ÏÒÌÉÓ ÐÀËÏ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÄÒÈÉ ÍÀÐÉÒÉÈ ÃÏËÀÁÆÄ ÃÄÅÓ, áÏËÏ ÌÄÏÒÄÈÉ ÍÀàËÉÊÀÓÈÀÍ ÀÒÉÓ ÛÄÄÒÈÄÁÖËÉ...", (ÉÌÄÒ.) ÓÀ-ÒÀÊ-ÖÍÄ/ÓÀ-ÒÄÊ-ÖË-Ä, (ÂÖÒ.) ÓÀ-ÒÀÊ-ÖÍ-À/Ä, -É; ÛÃÒ. ÞÅ. ØÀÒÈ. ä-ÒÄÊ-Ó
`ÓÝÄÌÓ; ÀÊÀÊÖÍÄÁÓ", ÒÄÊ-À/ÒÄÊ-ÄÁ-À `ÝÄÌÀ; ÊÀÊÖÍÉ" : ËÀÆ. Ï-ÒÀÊ-ÀË-ÏÍÉ `ÓÀÒÄÊÄËÀ", Ï-ÒÀÊ-ÀË-Ö `ÒÄÊÀ" (Â. ÊËÉÌÏÅÉ) : ÓÅÀÍ. (ÁÆ.) ËÀ-ÒÚ-ðÍ,
(ÁØ.) ËÀ-ÒÚ-ÉÍ `ÓÀÒÄÊÄËÀ"; ÛÃÒ. ÁØ. ËÉ-ÒÚ-É/ËÉ-ÒÚ-ÉÍ-Ä `ÃÀÒÔÚÌÀ",
ËÀ-á-ÒÄÚ `ÌÉÀÒÔÚÀ".
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÒÄÚ- `ÝÄÌÀ, ÌÉÒÔÚÌÀ; ÊÀÊÖÍÉ"; ØÀÒÈ. ÒÄÊ- ← ÒÄÚ- :
ËÀÆ. ÒÀÊ- ← *ÒÀÚ- ← *ÒÄÚ- : ÓÅÀÍ. ÒÚ-/ÒÄÚ- ← *ÒÄÚ-.
ÀÖÓËÀÖÔÖÒÉ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÄÁÀ ØÀÒÈ. Ê : ÆÀÍ. (ËÀÆ.) Ê : ÓÅÀÍ. Ú ÀÉáÓÍÄÁÀ ÒÏÂÏÒÝ Ú → Ê ÂÀÃÀÁÂÄÒÄÁÀ ØÀÒÈÖËÛÉ (ÛÃÒ. ØÀÒÈ. ÒÄÊ- `ÂÀÒÄÊÅÀ" : ÆÀÍ. ÒÀè- ← ÒÀÚ- : ÓÅÀÍ. ÒÄÚ-, ØÀÒÈ. ÊÀË- `ÊÅËÀ" : ÆÀÍ.
ÚæÉË- ← ÚÖË-, ØÀÒÈ. ÊÖÍÔ- ← ÚÖÍÔ- : ÓÅÀÍ. ÚÖÍÔ- (Ì. ÜÖáÖÀ)).
ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒÉ ×ÖÞÄÄÁÉ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÀÃ ÉÂÉÅÄÏÁÒÉÅÉÀ.
2. ØÀÒÈ. ÊÏÌÁÀË-É `ÈÀÅÉÀÍÉ ãÏáÉ" : ÆÀÍ. (ËÀÆ.) ÊÏÐÀË-É `ÈÀÅÉÀÍÉ ãÏáÉ" (Ì. ÜÖáÖÀ) : ÓÅÀÍ. (ÁØ.) ÚæÀËðÍ{Â} `ÊÏÌÁÀËÉ", (ËáÌ.)
ÚæÀÒðÍ{Â} `ÃÉÃÈÀÅÀ ÀÃÀÌÉÀÍÉ", ÛÃÒ. (ÁØ.) ÚæÀÌÁÀË-ð `ÃÉÃÈÀÅÀ".
ÛÃÒ. ÁØ. ËÉ-ÚæÄÍÂ-Ä `ãÏáÉÈ ÝÄÌÀ, ÌÉÁÄÂÅÀ", ÜÏË. ÚæêÍÂ-É `ÂÀÃÀáÒÉËÉ ÌÀÙÀËÉ áÄ".
65
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÚÏÌÁÀË- `ÈÀÅÉÀÍÉ ãÏáÉ"; ØÀÒÈ. ÊÏÌÁÀË- : àÀÍ. ÊÏÐÀË- : ÓÅÀÍ. ÚæÀËðÍ{Â}/ÚæÀÒðÍ{Â} ← *ÚæÀËÁðË ← *ÚæÀÌÁðË ←
*ÚÏÌÁðË ← *ÊÏÌÁðË ← ÊÏÌÁÀË-É.
ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ×ÏÒÌÀÈÀ ÀÖÓËÀÖÔÉÓÄÖËÉ Â ÂÀÍÅÉÈÀÒÄÁÖËÉ ÜÀÍÓ,
ÀÌÀÓÈÀÍÀÅÄ ÀÖÓËÀÖÔÛÉÅÄ æ ÀËÏ×ÏÍÉ ÈÉÈØÏÓ ÉÓÌÉÓ. ÒÀÝ ÛÄÄáÄÁÀ Ú/Ê
ÌÏÍÀÝÅËÄÏÁÀÓ, ÉÂÉ ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒÉ ÄÍÄÁÉÓÈÅÉÓ ÃÀÌÀáÀÓÉÀÈÄÁÄËÉ ÄÒÈÄÒÈÉ ×ÏÍÄÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉÀ.
ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖË-ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÉÃÄÍÔÖÒÏÁÀ ÄàÅÓ ÀÒ ÉßÅÄÅÓ.
3. ØÀÒÈ. ßÄÒÏ : ÆÀÍ. (ÌÄÂÒ.) àÀÒÏ `×ÒÉÍÅÄËÉ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ØÏÒÓÀ äÂÀÅÓ, ÈÄÅÆÓ ÀÌÏÉÔÀÝÄÁÓ ßÚËÉÈ ÃÀ ÓàÀÌÓ (ÓÀÁÀ)" (Ì. ÜÖáÖÀ) : ÓÅÀÍ.
(ÁÆ.) àôÒ, (ÁØ.) àæÄÒ|àÄÒ, (ËÍÔ.) àæÄÒ `ÚÅÀÅÉ". ØÀÒÈÖË-ÆÀÍÖÒÛÉ
Ï-Ó ÓÖ×ÉØÓÀà ÂÀÌÏÚÏ×ÀÓ áÄËÓ ÖÛËÉÓ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ ÂÀÌÏÅËÄÍÉËÉ ×ÏÒÌÀ.
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ßÄÒÏ `ßÄÒÏ"; ØÀÒÈ. ßÄÒÏ : ÆÀÍ. àÀÒÏ : ÓÅÀÍ.
àôÒ|àæÄÒ|àÄÒ ← *àÄÒæ.
ÒÀÝ ÛÄÄáÄÁÀ ÓÅÀÍÖÒ (ÁÆ.) ßóæÒ, (ÁØ.) ßðæÒ, (ËÍÔ.) ßÄÒÏ ËÄØÓÄÌÀÓ, ÉÂÉ ØÀÒÈÖËÉÃÀÍÀÀ ÍÀÓÄÓáÄÁÉ (Ì. ØÀËÃÀÍÉ).
ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÓáÅÀÏÁÀ ÀÓÀáÓÍÄËÉÀ.
4. ØÀÒÈ. (ÂÖÒ.) ÁÀÒ-ÁÀË-É `ÝÄÝáËÉÓ ÀËÉÓ ÁÒÉÀËÉ, ÐÒÉÀËÉ",
À-ÁÀÒ-ÁÀË-ÄÁ-À `ÀÐÒÉÀËÄÁÀ" : ÆÀÍ. ÁÀÒ-ÁÀË-É `ÝÄÝáËÉÓ ÀËÉÓ ÌÏÞÒÀÏÁÀ ÃÀ áÌÀÖÒÉ, _ ÁÒÉÀËÉ, ÂÉÆÂÉÆÉ" : ÓÅÀÍ. ËÉ-ÁéÒ-ÁéÍ-É|ÁéÒ-ÁéÍ
`ÝÄÝáËÉÓ ÀÂÖÆÂÖÆÄÁÀ, ÀÐÒÉÀËÄÁÀ; áÌÀÖÒÉ". ÛÃÒ. ÆÀÍ. (ÌÄÂÒ.) ÁÀÒÁÀÜ-É|ÁÀÒ-ÁÀÍÜ-É|ÁÏÒ-ÁÏÜ-É|ÁÏÒ-ÁÏÍÜ-É `ÁÖÒÁÖÒÉ, ÂÉÆÂÉÆÉ, ÁÒÉÀËÉ" ÃÀ ÀÂÒÄÈÅÄ Ò. ÀÁÀÛÉÀÓ ÌÉÄÒ ÂÀÌÏÅËÄÍÉËÉ ÆÀÍ. (ÌÄÂÒ.) ÁÏÒÁÏÍã-É `ÂÉÆÂÉÆÉ, ÁÒÉÀËÉ".
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÁÀÒ-ÁÀÒ- `ÝÄÝáËÉÓ ÁÒÉÀËÉ, ÐÒÉÀËÉ, áÌÀÖÒÉ";
ØÀÒÈ. ÁÀÒ-ÁÀË- ← *ÁÀÒ-ÁÀÒ- : ÆÀÍ. (ÌÄÂÒ.) ÁÀÒ-ÁÀÜ-|ÁÀÒ-ÁÀÍÜ-|ÁÏÒÁÏÜ-|ÁÏÒ-ÁÏÍÜ-|ÁÏÒ-ÁÏÍã- : ÓÅÀÍ. ÁéÒ-ÁéÍ- ← *ÁÀÒ-ÁÀÒ-.
ÒÏÂÏÒÝ ÜÀÍÓ, ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒÉ ×ÖÞÄÄÁÉ ÌÉÙÄÁÖËÉÀ ÒÄÃÖÐËÉÊÀÝÉÉÓ ÂÆÉÈ.
ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÁÉÓ ÌáÒÉÅ ØÀÒÈÖËÉ ÃÀ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ ×ÖÞÄÄÁÉ ÉÃÄÍÔÖÒÉÀ.
5. ØÀÒÈ. ÌÄ-ÊÏÁÒ-Ä `ÆÙÅÉÓ ÚÀÜÀÙÉ" : ÓÅÀÍ. (ÁØ.) ÊæÄÌÁÒ-ð
`ØÖÒÃÁÀÝÀÝÀ; ÚÀÜÀÙÉ", (ÝáÖÌ.) ÊæÄÌÁÒÎðÖ `ÂÀÃÀÔ. _ ÀÌÞÖÅÍÄÁÖËÉ
ÙÏÒÄÁÉ".
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÊÏÁÒ- `ÚÀÜÀÙÉ"; ØÀÒÈ. ÌÄ-ÊÏÁÒ-Ä : ÓÅÀÍ. ÊæÄÌÁÒ- ←
*ÊæÄÁÒ- ← *ÊÏÁÒ- ← ÌÄ-ÊÏÁÒ-Ä. Ì ×ÏÍÄÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÃÀÍÀÈÉÀ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ.
ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖËÀÃÀÝ ÃÀ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÀÃÀÝ ØÀÒÈÖË ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ-×Ö66
ÞÄÄÁÉ ÓÒÖË ÉÃÄÍÔÖÒÏÁÀÓ ÀÌÑÙÀÅÍÄÁÄÍ. ÓÀÊÅËÄÅÉÀ ÆÀÍÖÒÉ ÛÄÓÀÔÚÅÉÓÉ.
6. ØÀÒÈ. (ÌÏá.) ÝÄÂ-ÖÀ-Î `ÁÆÒÉÀËÀ" : ÓÅÀÍ. (ÁØ.) Ýé `ßÉÓØÅÉËÉÓ ÁÏÒÁËÉÓ ÒÊÉÍÉÓ ßÅÄÔÉÀÍÉ ×ÄáÉ, ÒÏÌËÉÈÀÝ ÁÏÒÁÀËÉ ÊÉÁÏÒÜáÀËÀÆÄ ÔÒÉÀËÄÁÓ".
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÝÄÂ- `ÁÆÒÉÀËÀ, ÓÀÔÒÉÀËÄÁÄËÉ" → ØÀÒÈ. ÝÄÂ-ÖÀ-Î
: ÓÅÀÍ. Ýé ← *ÝÄÂ-.
ÀÌÏÓÀÅÀËÉ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÀ ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ ÄÍÄÁÛÉ Ô Ò É À Ë É Ó À ÖÍÃÀ
ÚÏ×ÉËÉÚÏ.
Å. ÀÁÀÄÅÓ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ Ýé ÏÓÖÒ-ÀËÀÍÖÒÉÃÀÍ ÛÄÈÅÉÓÄÁÖËÀà ÌÉÀÜÍÉÀ (ÛÃÒ. ÏÓ. cæg `ÒÊÀËÉ, ÒÂÏËÉ, ÌÀÒÚÖÑÉ").
7. ØÀÒÈ. (ØÉÆÉÚ.) ßÏßÏØ-É, (Æ. ÀàÀÒ.) ßÏßÏØ-À-Î `ÔÚÄÌËÉÓ ÛÄàÀÌÀÃÉ, ÌßÅÀÍÉÈ ÛÄÆÀÅÄÁÖËÉ, àÒÉÀÍÔÄËÉ, ÝÉÅÀà ÉáÅÒÉÐÄÁÀ ÆÀ×áÖËÛÉ, ÂÒÉËÉÀ" : ÓÅÀÍ. (ÁØ.) àÏàÏØ-ð, (ÜÏË.) àÏàÏØ-À-Î `ÂÀÃÀÌÑÀÅÄÁÖËÉ
(ÌÀßÏÍÉ, ÍÀÙÄÁÉ...)".
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ßÏßÏØ- `ÌÑÀÅÄ"; ØÀÒÈ. ßÏßÏØ-É : ÓÅÀÍ. àÏàÏØ-.
ÀÌÏÓÀÅÀËÉ ÌÍÉÛÅÍÄËÏÁÀ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÖËÀà ØÀÒÈÖË-ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ ×ÖÞÄÄÁÉÓÀÈÅÉÓ ÓßÏÒÄÃ Ó É Ì Ñ À Å É Ó À ÖÍÃÀ ÚÏ×ÉËÉÚÏ.
8. ØÀÒÈ. ÈÀÅÈÀ `ÈáÄËÉ ÍÀØÓÏÅÉÀ" (ÓÀÁÀ), (ØÉÆÉÚ.) ÈÀÅÈÀ `ÀÁÒÄÛÖÌÉÓ ÈáÄËÉ ØÓÏÅÉËÉ", ÛÃÒ. ÉÍÂ. ÈÀ×ÔÀ-Î `ÈÀÅÈÀ, ÀÁÒÄÛÖÌÉÓ ØÓÏÅÉËÉ" : ÓÅÀÍ. ÈæÀËÈ `ÌÀÒËÀ; ÈáÄËÉ ÍÀØÓÏÅÉ".
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÈÀæÈÀ; ØÀÒÈ. ÈÀÅÈÀ : ÓÅÀÍ. ÈæÀËÈ ← *ÈæÀÈ ←
*ÈÀæÈ ← ÈÀÅÈÀ.
ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉ ×ÖÞÄ ÌÄÔÀÈÄÆÉÒÄÁÖËÉ ÓÀáÄÏÁÀÀ ÉÓÔÏÒÉÖËÉ
*ÈÀæÈÀ ÀÒØÄÔÉÐÉÓÀ. Ë, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ×ÖÞÄÛÉ ÉÜÄÍÓ ÈÀÅÓ, ×ÏÍÄÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÃÀÍÀÒÈÉÀ.
ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÉÓ ÌáÒÉÅÀÝ ÓÒÖË ÉÃÄÍÔÖÒÏÁÀÓÈÀÍ ÂÅÀØÅÓ ÓÀØÌÄ.
9. ØÀÒÈ. (ÂÖÒ.) ÌÏ-ÔÏË-Å-À ÞÀ×ÉÓÀ `ÞÀ×ÉÓ ÏÒ×Àà ÀáÅÄÅÀ, ÓÀÍÀÌ ÛÄÉÂÒÉáÄÁÏÃÄÓ" : ÓÅÀÍ. (ÁÆ.) ËÉ-Í-Ô-É/ËÉ-Í-ÔæË-É, (ÁØ.) ËÉ-ÍÔæË-É `ÈÏÊÉÓ, ÞÀ×ÉÓ ÀÊÄÝÅÀ (ÃÀáÅÄÅÀ)".
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÔÏË- `ÀÊÄÝÅÀ, ÃÀáÅÄÅÀ"; ØÀÒÈ. ÌÏ-ÔÏË-Å-À : ÓÅÀÍ.
Ô-/ÔæË- ← *ÔÏË.
ÁÀËÓÆÄÌÏÖÒÛÉ ÐÒÏÝÄÓÉ ÊÉÃÄÅ Ö×ÒÏ ÛÏÒÓ ßÀÓÖËÀ ÃÀ ÂÀÌÀÒÔÉÅÄÁÉÓ ÛÄÃÄÂÀà ×ÖÞÄ ÝÀË ÈÀÍáÌÏÅÍÀÌÃÄ ÃÀÓÖËÀ (-Ô-). ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ
ÂÀÌÏÅËÄÍÉËÉ Í ×ÏÍÄÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÃÀÍÀÒÈÉÀ.
ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÄÁÀ ÓÀÅÓÄÁÉÈ ÊÀÍÏÍÆÏÌÉÄÒÉÀ.
10. ØÀÒÈ. (ÉÌÄÒ.) àÉÊÏÒ-É `ÓÀËÀÏÁÀÛÉ ÌÒÂÅÀËÉ ÒÉÚÉÓ ØÅÀÀ,
ÒÏÌÄËÓÀÝ 5-6 ÌÄÔÒÉÃÀÍ ÄÓÒÏÃÍÄÍ ÁÒÔÚÄË ÒÉÚÉÓ ØÅÀÓ, ÓÀÍÉÛÍÏ
67
ÉÚÏ" : ÓÅÀÍ. (ËáÌ.) ßÉÍÀÊÖ `ØÅÀ".
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *àÉÊÏÒ- `ØÅÀ" → ØÀÒÈ. àÉÊÏÒ-É : ÓÅÀÍ. ßÉÍÀÊÖ ←
*ßÉÍÊÖ ← *ßÉÊÖÍ ← *àÉÊÖÍ ← *àÉÊÖÒ ← *àÉÊÏÒ- ← *àÉÊÏÒ-É ÀÍ
ßÉÍÀÊÖ ← *ßÉÍÀÊæÄ- ← *ßÉÍÊæÄ- ← *ßÉÊæÄÍ- ← *ßÉÊæÄÒ- ←
*àÉÊæÄÒ- ← *àÉÊÏÒ-É.
ÚÖÒÀÃÙÄÁÀÓ ÉØÝÄÅÓ ÓÅÀÍÖÒÛÉ Ò/Í ÌÏÍÀÝÅËÄÏÁÀ ÃÀ Í-Ó ÌÄÔÀÈÄÆÉÓÉ.
ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÄÌÀÈÀ ÉÃÄÍÔÖÒÏÁÀ ÍÀÈËÀÃ ÜÀÍÓ.
11. ØÀÒÈ. ßÖÒ-ßÖÒ-, ÌÏ-ßÖÒ-ßÖÒ-ÄÁ-Ó (Ï×ËÉ, ÓÉÓáËÉ...),
ßÖÒ-ßÖÒ-ÉÈ ÓÃÉÓ, ßÖÒ-ßÖÒ-É : ÆÀÍ. (ÌÄÂÒ.) àÖÒ-àÖË-, àÖÒ-àÖË-É
`ßÖÒ-ßÖÒÉ", Ì-À-àÖÒ-àÖË-Ö(Í)|Ì-À-àÅÀÒ-àÅÀË-Ö(Í) `ßÖÒßÖÒÉÈ ÜÀÌÏÓÃÉÓ (Ï×ËÉ, ßÚÀËÉ, ÝÒÄÌËÉ...)" : ÓÅÀÍ. ßæÒ-, á-Ï-ßæÒ-Ä `ÖÃÄÍÓ,
ÀÃÄÍÓ (Ï×ËÓ, ÝÒÄÌËÓ...), ÌÄ-ßæÒ-Ä `ÌÃÄÍÉ, ÈáÄÅÀÃÉ" (Ì. ÜÖáÖÀ),
ÛÃÒ. (ËÄÜá. ← ÓÅÀÍ.) àÅÄÒ-Å-À `ÑÏÍÀ, ÃÄÍÀ" : ÓÅÀÍ. ËÉ-ßæÒ-Ä `ÑÏÍÀ,
ÃÄÍÀ", ÍÀ-ßÖÒ `ÂÀÍÀÑÏÍÉ, ÂÀÌÏÍÀÃÄÍÉ", ÌÖ-ßæÉÒ `ÂÀáÅÒÄÔÉËÉ, ÓÀÉÃÀÍÀÝ ÓÉÈáÄ ÑÏÍÀÅÓ...".
ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ ×ÖÞÄÈÀ ÂÄÍÄÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÄÒÈÉÀÍÏÁÀ ÝÍÏÁÉËÉÀ (Ì. ÜÖáÖÀ). ËÄÜáÖÌÖÒÉ àÅÄÒ-Å-À `ÑÏÍÀ, ÃÄÍÀ" ËÄØÓÄÌÀÝ ÀÃÅÉËÀà ÃÀÖÊÀÅÛÉÒÃÄÁÀ ÓáÅÀ ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ ×ÖÞÄÄÁÓ.
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ßÖÒ-`ÑÏÍÀ, ÃÄÍÀ"; ØÀÒÈ. ßÖÒ-ßÖÒ : ÆÀÍ. àÅÀÒàÅÀË-|àÖÒ-àÖË-: ÓÅÀÍ. ← ßæÒ-/àÅÄÒ-.
ÓÀÄÒÈÏØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ *ßÖÒ-×ÖÞÄÓ Ã Ä Í É Ó, Ñ Ï Í É Ó ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÀ
ÖÍÃÀ äØÏÍÏÃÀ.
12. ÞÅ. ØÀÒÈ. ÂÒÖÆ-É/ÂÒÏÆ-É `áÛÉÒÉ", Àá. ØÀÒÈ. ÂÒÖÆÀ `áÛÉÒÉ
ÃÀ áÖàÖàÉ (ÈÌÀ)", (ÈÖÛ.) ÂÒÖÆ-Àè-É `áÖàÖàÈÌÉÀÍÉ", (ÈÖÛ.) ÂÅÒÄÆÀÎ `ÃÀáÖàÖàÄÁÀ", ÃÀ-ÂÅÒÄÆ-ÉË-É `áÛÉÒÉ ÈÌÀ"; ÛÃÒ. (ØÉÆÉÚ.) ÂÖÒã-ÀËÉ `ÂÀÃÀáÅÄÖËÉ ÌÀÔÚËÉ ÀÍ ÁÀÌÁÀ ÀÍ ÁÖÌÁÖËÉ" : ÓÅÀÍ. ÂæÉÒ{É}Æ `ÂÒÀÂÍÉËÉ, áÅÄÖËÀ", ËÉ-ÂæÒÉÆ-É `ÃÀÂÒÀÂÍÀ, ÃÀáÅÄÅÀ", ËÄ-ÂæÒÉÆ-É `ÃÀÓÀÂÒÀÂÍÉ, ÃÀÓÀáÅÄÅÉ".
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÂÒÖÆ- `ÂÒÀÂÍÀ, áÅÄÅÀ, ÃÀáÖàÖàÄÁÀ"; ØÀÒÈ. ÂÒÖÆÀ :
ÓÅÀÍ. *ÂæÉÒ{É}Æ/ÂæÒÉÆ- ← *ÂÖÒÆ- ← *ÂÒÖÆ-.
ØÀÒÈÖË-ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ×ÖÞÄÄÁÓ ÀÄÒÈÉÀÍÄÁÓ Ã À Â Ò À Â Í É Ó, Ã À á Å
Ä Å É Ó, à À á Ö à Ö à Ä Á É Ó ÓÀÄÒÈÏ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÀ. ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÂÀÃÀßÄÅÀ ÌÉÍÉÌÀËÖÒÉÀ.
13. ÆÀÍ. (ÌÄÂÒ). ÜÏÒÏÌÀ `ÃÉÃÉ ÌÏÝÖËÏÁÉÓ (ÅÄÄÁÄÒÈÄËÀ) ÓÀÓÌÉÓÉ" : ÓÅÀÍ. ÜÀÒðÍ-É `ÃÉÃÉ ÌÏÝÖËÏÁÉÓ àÖÒàÄËÉ", ÛÃÒ. ØÀÒÈ. ÜÀÒÀ `ÊÀÈáÀÓÀÅÉÈ ÓÀÓÌÉÓÉÀ ÚÖÒÉÀÍÉ" (ÓÀÁÀ).
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÜÀÒÀÍ- → ÌÄÂÒ. ÜÏÒÏÌ-À ← *ÜÏÒÏÍ- : ÓÅÀÍ. ÜÀÒðÍ-É
68
← *ÜÀÒÀÍ-.
ØÀÒÈÖËÛÉ ÌÏÓÀËÏÃÍÄËÉ ÉÚÏ *ÝÀÒÀÍ- ×ÏÒÌÀ.
áÌÏÅÀÍÈÛÄÓÀÔÚÅÉÓÏÁÀ ÏÒÉÅÄ ØÀÒÈÅÄËÖÒ ÄÍÀÛÉ ÃÀÝÖËÉÀ, áÏËÏ ÒÀÝ ÛÄÄáÄÁÀ ÆÀÍÖÒÉ ×ÏÒÌÉÓ ÀÖÓËÀÖÔÛÉ ÂÀÌÏÅËÄÍÉË Ì-Ó, ÉÂÉ Í-Ó
×ÏÍÄÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÅÀÒÉÀÍÔÉÀ.
ÓÔÒÖØÔÖÒÖË-ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÖÒÉ ÌÉÌÀÒÈÄÁÀ ÊÀÍÏÍÆÏÌÉÄÒÉÀ.
14. ØÀÒÈ. ÓáÅÉÒÐ-Ë-|ÓáÕÕÒÐ-Ë-, ÓáÕÕÒÐ-Ë-Å-À `ÔÀÍÈ ÌÖßÖÊÈ
ÓáÌÀ” (ÓÀÁÀ), ØÉÆÉÚ. ÓáÒÖÐ-ÄË-É `ÙÖÃÖÃÉ, ÐÀÔÀÒÀ ÌÖßÖÊÉ" : ÆÀÍ.
ÜáÖÐ-ÖÒ-É `ÌÖßÖÊÉ", Ï-ÜáÖÐ-ÖÒ-Ö|ÜáÖÐ-ÖÒ-Ö-À `ÔÀÍÆÄ ÌÖßÖÊÄÁÉÓ
ÂÀÌÏÚÒÀ", ÜáÖÐ-ÖÒ-ÄË-É `ÃÀßÄÒÔÉËÉ, ÂÀÌÏÚÒÉËÉ" (Ì. ÜÖáÖÀ) : ÓÅÀÍ.
ÛáÀÒÐ-{À}Ë-ð|ÛáÀÒÐ-ÀÔ-ð `àÒÄËÉ ØÓÏÅÉËÉ, ÓÀØÏÍÄËÉ".
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÝáæÉ
æÉÒÐ-(ÀË-)|*ÝáÖÒÐ-(ÀË-)
`ÌÖßÖÊÉ, ÌÖßÖÊÈ ÂÀÌÏæÉ
ÚÒÀ; àÒÄËÉ" → ØÀÒÈ. ÓáÕÕÒÐË-|ÓáÅÉÒÐ-Ë-, ÓáÒÖÐ-ÄË-É : ÆÀÍ. ÜáÖÐÖÒ-É, ÜáÖÐ-ÖÒ- : ÓÅÀÍ. ÛáÀÒÐ- ← *ÜáæÀÒÐ-.
ÓÅÀÍÖÒÉÓ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÀ ÃÉÃÀà ÀÒ ÓáÅÀÏÁÓ ØÀÒÈÖË-ÆÀÍÖÒÉÓÀÂÀÍ.
15. ØÀÒÈ. (ØÀÒÈË.) ÚÖÒÖÈ-É `ÂÀÌáÌÀÒÉ ÃÏÓ ÂÖÍÃÀ". ÛÃÒ.
(ÒÀà.) ãÖÒÔ-É `ÌÀßÅÍÉÓ ÌÓÂÀÅÓÉ ÛÄàÀÌÀÃÉ" ÃÀ ÍÀáÖÒÉ ÄÍÄÁÉÃÀÍ ÍÀÓÄÓáÄÁÉ (áÄÅÓ., ×Û., ÌÈÉÖË., ÂÖÃÀ.-ÌÀÚÒ., ÈÖÛ., ÂÀÒÄÊÀá.) ÊÀËÔ-É `áÀàÏ,
áÀàÏÓ ÊÅÄÒÉ; ÍÀÃÖÙÉ" : ÓÅÀÍ. ÚÖÒðÛà `áÀàÏ; ÍÀÃÖÙÉ".
Ó.-ØÀÒÈÅ. *ÚÖÒÖÈ- `ÂÀÌáÌÀÒÉ ÃÏÓ ÂÖÍÃÀ; áÀàÏ, ÍÀÃÖÙÉ";
ØÀÒÈ. ÚÖÒÖÈ-É : ÓÅÀÍ. ÚÖÒðÛà ← *ÚÖÒÄÛÃ- ← *ÚÖÒæÄÛÃ- ← *ÚÖÒÖÈ-.
ØÀÒÈÖË-ÓÅÀÍÖÒ ×ÖÞÄÄÁÓ ÀÄÒÈÉÀÍÄÁÓ á À à Ï Ó, Í À Ã Ö Ù É Ó,
Ã Ï Ó ÓÀÄÒÈÏ ÓÄÌÀÍÔÉÊÀ.
nargiza
surmava
xmova
xmovani
vani Cana
Canawe
naweris
weris transkrif
transkrifcia
skrifcia qarTul
qarTul
dia
dialeqtur
leqtur korpus
korpusSi
pusSi
1. dialeqturi korpusis momzadebis procesSi mniSvnelovan etaps warmoadgens saTanado Camweri aparaturis gamoKenebiT masalebis velze mopoveba, maTi audio da video failebad
qceva da maTTvis Sesabamisi werilobiTi formis micema anu dialeqturi teqstebis krebulis eleqtronuli versiis Seqmna.
69
2. cnobilia, rom samwerlobo enisagan gansxvavebiT, dialeqturi diskursi warmoadgens kvantebis, pulsaciebisa da biZgebis erTobliobas, ris gamoc misi segmentacia, winadadebebad,
teqstad gardasaxva sakmao siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli.
dialeqturi Canaweris gaSifrvis Sedegad viGebT teqsts,
romlisTvisac Cveulebrivia: eqspresiul-emociuri konstruqciebi, elipsuri konstruqciebi, gaxleCili winadadebebi, falstartebi anu azris CamoKalibebis procesSi sastarto sitKvebze uaris Tqma, Sesabamisi sitKvis moZiebamde misi Camnacvalebeli sitKvebis (isi, imano, iseme...) gamoKeneba da a.S.
martivi rodia teqstis ise miwodeba, rom advilad da
sworad aGsaqmeli iKos da, imavdroulad, _ xmovani Canaweris
adekvaturi, SesaZleblobis farglebSi. am mxriv mniSvnelovania
teqstis sworad danawevreba abzacebad, dialogebis gamoKofa
da saamisod modelis SemuSaveba, pauzebis aGniSvna. diskursebis transkrifciisas KuradGebas amaxvileben pauzis markeris
SemuSavebaze, radgan zepiri metKvelebisaTvis niSandoblivia
sxvadasxva grZliobis pauzebi. teqstebis unificirebisaTvis aucilebelia Cvenive SemuSavebuli wesebis Tanmimdevruli gatareba.
3. audio da video Canawerebis transkrifciis SemuSavebisas gamodian korpusis anotirebis xasiaTidan. Tu korpusi
strategiulad orientirebulia morfologiursa an sintaqsur
aGweraze _ anotirebaze, Grma fonetikuri transkrifciuli
Cawera ar xdeba. Cvens korpusSi miGebulia gamartivebuli
transkrifciuli Cawera qarTuli anbanis bazaze, tradiciuli
punqtuaciuri sistemis meSveobiT. risTvisac gamoKenebuli
gvaqvs 38 aso-–niSani, xmovnebi _ grZliobis, umlautis, siviwrovis, maxvilis niSnebiT.
4. teqstis xmovan CanawerTan dasaaxloeblad mivmarTavT
prosodiul aGniSvnebs. klitikebs (enklitikebsa da proklitikebs), romelnic xSirad meordebian, aGvniSnavT saTanado niSniT À (mo…desØna, axlaØom, arØali, kØar...).
xolo garkveul SemTxvevebSi intonaciis markirebisaTvis
gamoviKenebT maxvils. ase magaliTad, maxviliT aGvniSnavT to70
nalobiT gamoKofil marcvals: a) CamoTvlisas, b) damokidebuli winadadebis (Tema-remuli dapirispireba) bolos, g) da nawilakis bolos, d) zogierTi tipis kiTxviT winadadebaSi.
nimuSebi:
`da Suqrim mo…da da miTxra: _ yo, venera meCxubeba,
raØda vqnao? vuTxar: _ yo, blaKvi xar da imitom, kaci rom daTreb¢, qals zrugi ki arØda muuSviro, xandixan gulic muuSvire, rom Segargos Seni daTroma-meTqi.~
`ise, igi iKo... da Turme ase dad¢s da rom mivediT, dedaCemma lampa aanTo, hoda, ii qna, ra qvian... Turme iq ambavi
CevidaØrume: _ kaciyamia xalxi Camodiso, mohKaveno.. da _ ra
qnas axla? g¡ars _ Grr.. Grinavs, gamears _ Grr.. Grinavs!~
5. prosodiuli aGniSvnebi zogJer asrulebs damatebiT,
omonimiis moxsnis, funqcias. ase magaliTad, ayarul teqstebSi
xSirad gvxvdeba da,
da romelic SeiZleba iKos: a) kavSiri, b) ununda zmnis nawili, razec miTiTebas vaGwevT apostrofis niSnis
meSveobiT _ mo…desØda, g) nawilaki. am dros aGniSnuli nawilakis a xmovani Cveulebriv maxvilis matarebelia da amas dawerilobiT gamovxatavT amgvarad _ mo…desØdÿ!
zemoayarulSi kiTxviTi nawilaki o (<ho) SeerwKmis
sitKvas, ris gamoc SeiZleba airios sxvaTa sitKvis o nawilakSi. warmoTqmaSi diferencireba miiGweva intonaciis saSualebiT _ o nawilakis winamavali xmovani damavali tonalobiT
warmoiTqmis, rasac teqstebSi maxviliTa da apostrofiT gamovxatavT: mod¢sØo?
mocemul SemTxvevebSi omonimiis moxsna xdeba grafemulad, dawerilobis saSualebiT.
71
murman
suxiSvili
pirda
dama
mate
tebis
pirdapi
dapiri
piri da
ma
te
bis saki
sakiTxi
kiTxi Zveli
Zveli
qarTul
Tuli
qar
Tulis rTul zmnebSi
zmnebSi
Zveli qarTuli enis gramatikis kursSi a. SaniZe CamoTvlis ramdenime erTvalentian zmnas, romelTac brunvacvalebadi qvemdebare SeewKobaT (iv
ivnebs
ivnebs k a c i _ ivno
ivno k a c m a n ,
dai
daiZinebs
Zinebs i g i _ dai
daiZina
Zina m a n ; ixare
ixarebs
rebs m a m a  _ ixara
ixara m a m a m a n...) da SeniSnavs: aseT zmnebs SeiZleba pirobiT naxevrad
gardamavali vuwodoTo. amgvari pirobiTobis daSvebiT irGveva
gardamavlobis, rogorc sintaqsuri kategoriis, gansazGvris
Tanmimdevruloba, romelic CvenSi a. SaniZem daamkvidra da rac
zmnur SesitKvebaSi brunvacvalebad qvemdebaresTan erTad aucileblad gulisxmobs brunvacvalebadi pirdapiri damatebis
arsebobasac.
amave `naxevrad gardamaval~ zmnaTa rigSi ganixileba zogi rTuli erT- da orvalentiani zmnac: naTel
naTelTel-iGo m a n , nanaTelTel-sca m a n mas, TavTav-uKo m a n mas... romlebic SesitKvebaSi
pirdapir damatebas ar iCenen.
a. SaniZis mier SemoTavazebuli koreqtivi, marTalia,
arGvevs gardamavlobis sintaqsuri kategoriis gansazGvris erTmniSvnelovnobas, magram ufro adekvaturad aGwers enis
faqts: brunvacvalebadi qvemdebaris, magram pirdapiri damatebis armqone ivnebs
ivnebs i g i _ ivno
ivno m a n da misT. da brunvaucvlelqvemdebariani: dascxre
dascxrebis
scxrebis i g i _ dascxra
dascxra i g i gardmavlobis TvalsazrisiT identuri ver iqnebian.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom a. SaniZis mier dasaxelebuli `naxevrad gardamavali~ zmnebi da msgavsi sintaqsis zogi
sxva zmnac Zvel qarTulSi pirdapir damatebasac igueben: vivvivnoT v n e b a  igi misi (sin. 258, 32-33); dai
daiZines
Zines Z i l i maTi
(fs. 75 a 6); ixara
ixara eg‚pteman g a m o s l v a  maTi (fs. 104 a
6)...
rac Seexeba rTul zmnebs, am zmnaTa warmoeba, Semadgene72
li saxeluri da zmnuri komponentebi, maTi raoba da struqtura, uGleba, saTanado gramatikuli kategoriebi da a. S.
Zvel qarTulSi sakmaod dawvrilebiTaa Seswavlili (e. babunaSvili, y. TevzaZe, i. imnaiSvili, e. osiZe, a. SaniZe, z. sarJvelaZe, k. danelia, T. vaSakiZe...).
ordinaruli rTuli zmna SeiZleba gardamavalic iKos
(SesitKvebaSi pirdapir damatebas afiqsirebdes): wminda
wmindada-Ko man
igi, Seu
Seuracxracx-Ko man igi... da gardauvalic: sircx‚lsircx‚l-uCs mas
igi, ƒelƒel-ewife
ewifebis
febis mas igi... _ rTuli zmnis saxelur komponentad warmodgenilia zedsarTavi saxeli, mimGeoba, zmnizeda, saTanado rTul (gardamaval da gardauval) zmnaTa pirianoba
sruladaa realizebuli.
gansxvavebuli viTareba gvaqvs im SemTxvevebSi, roca
rTul zmnebSi gardmavali da gardauvali zmnuri komponentebis win arsebiTi saxeli an sawKisi dgas; aseT rTul zmnebs SesitKvebaSi ZiriTadad ar uCanT pirdapiri damateba (Tu zmna
gardamavalia): GaGadGaGad-Ko man, TvalTval-uKo man mas, naTel
naTelTel-sca man
mas, lxine
lxineba
nebaba-Ko man... da qvemdebare (Tu zmna gardauvalia):
ƒelƒel-ewife
ewifebis
febis mas, sircx‚l uCs mas, ZalZal-uc mas...
gamonaklisebi, roca dasaxelebuli struqturis (arsebiTi sax; / sawKisi + zmna) rTul zmnebs (gardamavals Tu gardauvals) naklulTan erTad sruli SesitKvebac, an mxolod sruli SesitKveba udasturdebaT, srul da arasrul SesitKvebaTa
uwinaresoba _ Semdgomadobis sakiTxs wamoyrian:
ƒelƒel-vKav aGvsebad / ƒelƒel-Kves g a m o c d a  misi; uvaruvarKo sara da Tqua / varsqen uvaruvar-Ko yeSmariti G m e r T i; Zie
Ziebaba-Ko gulmodgined / Zie
Ziebaba-vKo s i s x l i misi; ZalZal-gic mitevebad codvaTa / ZalZal-mic g a r d a s l v a  sitKvasa uflisasa...
am mniSvnelovani diaqroniuli sakiTxis nebismieri
gadawKvetis SemTxvevaSi asaxsneli rCeba principi, romelic apirobebs sintaqsuri erTeulis, gardamavali zmnis SemTxvevaSi,
pirdapiri damatebis erTgvar funqciur monacvleobas wrfelobiTSi dasmul derivaciuli funqciiT aGyurvil identur
73
fuZesTan rTul zmnaSi:
Ko m a n s i t K u a  / sitKua _ sitKuasitKua-Ko m a n
gardamavali obieqturi intenciis zmna rTul SenaerTSi
pirdapiri damatebis funqciiT warmodgenil fuZesTan odensubieqtur SesitKveebad warmogvidgeba.
analogiisaTvis Sdr. gardamaval zmnasTan namKoSi moqmedebiTi gvaris `subieqturi~ mimGeobis aGweriTi warmoeba:
namKo drois saobieqto (vnebiTi gvaris) mimGeobis amowvdi
amowvdil
wvdili
(xmali) win daismis pirdapiri obieqtis gauformebelui fuZe
da es rTuli warmoeba funqciurad gardamavali zmnis subieqtur mimGeobad, moqmedebiTi gvaris mimGeobad gvevlineba: xmalamowvdili `vinc xmali amoiwvada~ (arn. Ciqobava, 1950; e.
osiZe, 1957).
Tea teteloSvili
erTpi
erTpiri
Tpiria
riani vnebi
vnebiTis
biTis zog forma
formaTa
maTa umarTe
umarTebu
Tebulo
bulo
gamoK
gamoKenebis
enebis gamo
Tanamedrove qarTulis zepir metKvelebaSi gaCnda tendencia erTpiriani vnebiTis zog formaTa araswori gamoKenebisa. es is erTpiriani vnebiTebia, romelTa umravlesobas unari
aqvs subieqtad adamianic moiazros da nivTic. swored es aris
erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom maSin, roca mosaubreebma, konteqstidan gamomdinare, nivTis gamomxatveli subieqtis SesatKvisi
vnebiTi gvaris forma unda gamoiKenon, xSirad SecdomiT iseT
zmnas xmaroben, romelic subieqtad adamians gulisxmobs. mniSvnelovania, rom calke aGebuli es formebi gramatikulad sworia, magram konteqstTan mimarTebiT _ semantikurad umarTebuloa mosaubre subieqtis SeuTavseblobis gamo.
amgvari umarTebulo zmnuri formebia, magaliTad: vkonvkonkretde
kretdebi
debi (me), vmeor
vmeorde
ordebi
debi (me), vfiqsir
vfiqsirde
sirdebi
debi (me) da sxv., miT
74
umetes, rom mosaubreebi gulisxmoben xolme maT mier raGacis
dakon
dakonkre
konkrete
kretebas
tebas,
bas, game
gameo
meorebas
rebas,
bas, dafiq
dafiqsi
fiqsire
sirebas
rebas da a.
a.S.
maga
magali
galiTe
liTebi
Tebi:
bi:
...sxva kanonsawinaaGmdego qmedebebze ar davkon
davkonkret
vkonkretde
kretdebi
debi;
bi;
isev gavme
gavmeor
vmeorde
ordebi
debi...
bi... da a.S.
zemomoKvanil magaliTebSi davkon
davkonkret
vkonkretde
kretdebis
debis nacvlad unda iKos dava
davakon
vakonkre
konkreteb
kreteb,
teb gavme
gavmeor
vmeorde
ordebis
debis nacvlad _ gavi
gavime
vimeo
meoreb
da a. S.
mTqmelebi pasivSi aqtivis araswor konversias axdenen: aqaqtivis
tivis subi
subieqts
bieqts pasiv
pasivSic
sivSic subi
subieq
bieqtad
eqtad tove
toveben
veben,
ben, rac umarTe
umarTebu
Tebubuloa.
loa. unda iKos mag., kanonsawinaaGmdego qmedebebi ar dakon
dakonkonkretde
pasi
kretdeba
deba (Cem mier) (pa
pasivi
sivi);
vi an kanonsawinaaGmdego qmedebebs
ar dava
aqti
davakon
vakonkre
konkreteb
kreteb (aq
aqtivi
tivi).
vi
saKuradGeboa, rom, rogorc zemoT aGvniSneT, erTi da
igive forma sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba swori an araswori
iKos.
maga
magali
galiTad
liTad:
Tad:
axalgazrdebi, rogorc mkvlevrebi, didi xania vKalibde
vKalibdedebiT batoni Tedos daxmarebiT (marTebulia).
me am sakiTxze ar CamovKalibde
CamovKalibdebi
debi (umarTebulo).
erTpiriani pasivis formaTa umarTebulo xmarebis msgavsi
SemTxvevebi arcTu iSviaTad gvxvdeba presisa da televiziis
enaSi. es ki maTi gavrcelebis mizezad SeiZleba iqces. amitomac, Cveni azriT, sasurvelia, am axlad gaCenili tendenciis
uarKofa da KuradGebis gamaxvileba gramatikulad da semantikurad gamarTul formaTa gamoKenebaze.
75
Tedo
uTurgaiZe
qvemde
qvemdeba
debare
barere-dama
damate
matebis
tebis saki
sakiTxe
kiTxebi
Txebi III seri
seriis
riis
zmniT gamoxa
gamoxatul
xatul Semas
Semasme
masmenel
menelTan
nelTan
(aqti
aqtive
tivebi
vebi da medi
medio
dioaqti
aqtive
tivebi
vebi)
bi)
III seriis zmnaTa formebi, miuxedavad koneqciuri kategoriebis saxeobaTa gansxvavebisa, orientirebuli arian Sedegze
da xasiaTdebian perfeqtulobiT.
III seriis formebi gvian CamoKalibebulad aris miCneuli.
enaSi maTi roli TandaTanobiT izrdeba: Zveli qarTulis teqstebSi isini iSviaTad gvxvdebian, Tanamedrove qarTulSi ki sakmaod xSirad ixmarebian.
cnobilia, rom aqtivTa formebi III seriaSi igeba statikur vnebiTTa modeliT. gansxvavebuli interpretacia eZleva am
modelis dinamizacias: zogadad erTi TvalsazrisiT x d e b a
p i r T a i n v e r s i a: aqtantebi maTi rolis mixedviT ver
iGeben Sesabamis niSnebs, romlebic bunebrivad warmodgenilia I
da II seriebSi, konkretulad: (a) statikuri vnebiTis modelSi
warmodgenili subieqti da iribi obieqti ucvlelad gadadis
aqtivTa III seriaSi, oGond aqtantTa statusi aqtivTa paradigmaSi ganisazGvreba maTi funqciis mixedviT, ris Sedegadac xdeba niSanTa inversia: moqmeds
moqmeds g a m o x a t a v s o b i e q t i s
n i S a n i da piriqiT, samoq
samoqme
moqmedo
medo aqtan
aqtant
tants _ s u b i e q t i s
n i S a n i . (b) inversiis meore TeoriiT dinamizaciis procesSi
statikuri vnebiTis subieqti aqtivSi Canacvlebulia pirdapiri
obieqtiT. es aris aqtivebSi inversiis zemoT miTiTebuli (a)
Teoriis naklis gamosworebis cda _ aqtivis paradigmaSi Semovida pirdapiri damateba, romlis gareSec, ra Tqma unda, es
formebi aqtivad ver CaiTvleboda.
meore TvalsazrisSi, sadac isev q m e d e b a S i m o n a w i l e o b i s m i x e d v i T aqtivizaciis procesSi subieqti
xdeba pirdapiri damateba, xolo iribi obieqti _ subieqti, ar
aris miTiTeba am procesis gamomwvev mizezebze da arc niSanTa
76
Senacvlebis (inversiis) damokidebulebaze im viTarebasTan, romelmac gamoiwvia es Senacvleba.
Tu aqtantTa subieqtad da obieqtad daJgufebis kriteriumad miviCnevT aqtantTa mier iniciativis qona-arqonas, pirvelad da meored kauzativebSi subi
subieq
bieqti
eqti moqme
moqmede
qmedebis
debis Semsru
Semsrumsrulebe
lebeli
beli (pirvelad kauzativebSi _ pirdapiri obieqti, meorad
kauzativebSi _ iribi obieqti) ki ar iqne
iqneba
neba,
ba aramed _ inici
inicia
ciatori
tori,
ri v i n c q m e d e b a d a G Z r a v s p i r d a p i r i da
iribi obieqtebis niSnebiT warmodgenil
a q t a n t e b s.
rac Seexeba, statikur vnebiTebsa da orpirian mediopasivebs, isini Tavisi bunebiT perfeqtuli formebia _ warsuli
qmedebis Sedegs gviCveneben awmKoSi (mikavia is,
is miyiravs is,
is miweria is...),
aq Sedegia iniciatoris rolSi, ris gamoc subieqis
tis niSans iGebs, iribi obieqti (me
me mikavia, me miyiravs, me miweria...) mxolod Semsrulebelia qmedebisa, rogorc meorad kauzativebSi, sadac subieqti SeiZleba samoqmedoc ki iKos (is
is
ecemina mas): mTava
mTavaria
varia qmede
qmedebis
debis inici
inicia
ciatoro
toroba
roba imisTvis
imisTvis,
Tvis, rom
aqtant
aqtantma
tantma subi
subieq
bieqtis
eqtis niSa
niSani
Sani miiGos.
miiGos. qmede
qmedebis
debis Semsru
Semsrule
msrulebe
lebeli
beli
ecemi
ecemina
mina f o r m a S i i r i b i o b i e q t i a , i n i c i a t o r i (Tumca samoqmedo) ki _ subieqti.
aqtivTa III seriis formebSic s t a t i k u r v n e b i T Ta modeliT gadadis orientacia warsul i q m e d e b i s S e d e g z e da es Sedegi, romelic I da II
seriebis pirdapiri obieqtiT xdeba sacnauri, subieqtis statuss iGebs aqac da, bunebrivia, saTanado niSansac is iCens.
d a m i w e r i a formaSi m i w e r i a formis aqtivacia
moxda gezis zmniswinTa darTviT (gad
gada
Segadamiweria, Camiweria...),
Ca
degze orientacia modelSi SenarCunebuli iqna da subieqtis
niSanic aq aqtantma miiGo, Sesabamisad saxelobiT brunvaSi
qvemdebarea warmodgenili, micemiTSi _ Semsrulebeli pirdapiri damateba, e. i. moxda ara inversia, aramed enaSi moqmedi
saKovelTao wesis realizacia: iniciatori subieqtis niSniT
aGiniSna (perfeqtul formebSi es warsuli qmedebis Sedegia),
77
qmedebis Semsrulebeli ki im obieqtis niSniT, romelic Semasmenels gadmohKva I seriidan. moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebs iribi
obieqti ar gadahKveba III seriaSi, radgan es seria Sedegzea
orientirebuli.
medioaqtiuri zmnebi erTpirianebicaa da orpirianebic.
isini aqtivTa formawarmoebis models iKeneben, ris gamoc iribi obieqti ar gadahKveba III seriaSi. formaSi mxolod Semsrulebeli aqtanti rCeba pirad (mmiKaraulia saxlisTvis, midaraJia ezosTvis, mieqimia davrdomilTaTvis...). formebSi, garda am
markirebuli realuri aqtantisa (me
me miKaraulia...),
aris subim
eqtis niSanic (miKarauliaa), romlis Sesabamisi aqtanti Semasmenels ar moepoveba pirad. aseTi Semasmenlebi uqvemdebaroa, iseve rogorc m Z i n a v s da m c i v a tipis Semasmenlebi.
nentis Secvla rotacizmis wesiT megrulSi moqmedi fonotaqtikis sxva wesis
wesis analogiad CavTvaloT.
ar aris gamoricxuli megrulSi moqmedi rotacizmis tendenciis Careva _ fonetikuri tendenciebis moqmedeba arasamwerlo enebis sivrceSi SeuzGudavia.
ra SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rodesac fonotaqtikis wesi erTi morfemis farglebSi irGveva. is, rom mocemul fonemaTa
SeerTeba kanonikuri sqemis gareT darCa, Tu SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom pirveli komponentis Secvla rotaciis gziT analogiaa, romelic arakanonikuri Jgufis pirveli komponentis
Secvlas gulisxmobs. ar aris gamoricxuli rotacizmis Zlieri
tendenciis Careva, vinaidan fonetikuri tendenciebis moqmedeba arasamwerlo enebis sivrceSi SeuzGudavia.
naTela
vaja
quTelia
Sengelia
irGveva
irGveva Tu ara fone
fonema
nemaTa
maTa Seer
SeerTe
erTebis
Tebis
sintag
sintagma
tagmatu
maturi
turi kanon
kanonzo
nonzomi
zomie
miereba
rebani
bani
fragmen
fragmente
mentebi
tebi mogo
mogone
gonebi
nebidan
bidan akade
akademi
demikos
mikos
arnold
arnold Ciqo
Ciqoba
qobava
bavaze
vaze.
ze. XXIII_
XXIII_XXVIII
magaliTebi cxadKofen, rom KovelTvis ar realizdeba
fonemaTa SeerTebis sintagmaturi kanonzomierebani.
ismis kiTxva, ratom arGvevs fono
fonotaq
notaqti
taqtika
tika,
ka romelic erTi mxriv fonemaTa Segueba-Seugueblobis garkveul wesebs
emKareba, xolo meore mxriv, enis Sinagani organizaciiT aris
nakarnaxevi da realurad arsebuli struqturebSi vlindeba,
Tavissave gamomuSavebul wess.
aseT darGvevasTan gvaqvs saqme megrulSi harmoniul kompleqsTa B sistemis labio-velarul aspirirebul JgufSi: megrulisaTvis kanonikuri fx>rx
fx rx.
rx
ra SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rodesac fonotaqtikis wesi erTi morfemis farglebSi irGveva? is rom fonemaTa SeerTeba kanonikuri sqemis gareT darCa, Tu SesaZlebelia pirveli kompo-
23.
23. arn. Ciqobava Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi
swavlobda 1918-1922 wlebSi. misi Tanakurselebi, sxvebTan erTad, Kofilan adamianebi, romlebsac umaGlesi ganaTleba ruseTsa Tu evropis qveKnebSi hqondaT miGebuli, magram qarTul
enaze leqciebis mosmenis survili imdenad didi iKo, rom Cveni
universitetis msmenelebi gamxdaran. erTi maTgani iKo Tamar
lomouri, cnobili qarTveli mwerlis niko lomouris qaliSvili, numizmatikuri mecnierebis fuZemdebeli saqarTveloSi,
SemdgomSi _ `qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis~ mTavari
redaqciis wevri.
qarTlSi erT-erTi mivlinebis dros T. lomours Tanakurselebi _ arn. Ciqobava da v. Tofuria, saxlSi miuwvevia.
sufra niko lomouris meuGles gauSlia...
78
79
24.
24. prof. a. SaniZes gadauwKvetia: v. Tofuria qarTlSi
unda wavides mivlinebiT, arn. Ciqobava _ mTiuleTSio...
maSin b-ni arnoldi universitetTan axlos cxovrobda,
patara naqiravebi oTaxi ekava iq, sadac axla samkurnalo kombinati mdebareobs... dilas im adgils miakiTxa (daaxloebiT axlandeli sportis sasaxlis teritoriaze), sadac Cveulebriv
meurmeebi ikribebodnen, soflebidan Camosuli adamianebi, romlebmac raGac gaKides da ukan apirebdnen gamgzavrebas...
pirvelad nabdisqudianebi gamoelaparaknen: sam saaTSi CagiKvanTo, uTxres, Tanac Zviri daufases... naTqvami araseriozulad eCvena. maT rom daSorda, bewvisqudiani mTiulebi gamoCndnen da TavianTi samsaxuri SemosTavazes, Tan uTxres: imaT
(nabdisqudianebs) ar endoT, magaT qriste GmerTs uzangi Saayres! aseTi gamonaTqvami manamde ar gamegoo, _ GimiliT igonebda b-ni arnoldi.
meurmeebma SesTavazes: dilaadrian gavalT, amitom Game
CvenTan gaaTie, Torem ver mogviswrebTo. axlos vcxovrobo
rom uTxra, ar dagagviandeso, daabares...
meore dilas rom mivida, urmebi mariliT daetvirTaT.
marilian tomaraze daJda sxvebTan erTad... maSin samxedro gzaze KaCaGoba iKo da meurmeebs eSinodaT, amitom ramdenime uremi erTad midioda...
pirvel dGes mcxeTas gascdnen da Game bulaCaurSi gaaTies... mesame dGes fasanaurs miaGwies, meoTxe dGes _ qveSeTs...
arn. Ciqobavam mivlinebis baraTi waradgina, romelSic
ewera: esa da es piri saprofesorod mosamzadeblad aris datovebuli da xeli SeuwKveTo... profesori vegoneT da iqve, duqnis
Tavze gamomiKves patara oTaxio... Semdeg, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis xelSewKobiT, mTiuleTis ramdenime sofels ewvia...
25.
25. stalins pirveli Sexvedrisas magidaze, `qarTuli
enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis~ pirveli tomi edo, magram ara
is, romelsac misTvis specialurad amzadebdnen (tKavis KdaSi
Casmuls), aramed Cveulebrivi, masobrivi tirajiT gamocemuli...
stalini: Kvela asea gamocemuli?
80
Ciqobava: Kvela, amxanago stalino!
stalini: rigiani gamocemaa... Tqven aq werT, rom bluza
bluza,
za,
frangulidan aris SeTvisebuli, gana rusulidan ar aris?
Ciqobava: wignSi weria, rom bluza
bluza frangulidan aris
rusuli enis meSveobiT.
stalinma uxmod gadaSala wigni, Caxeda da daxura. saxeze
araviTari emocia! ver gaigebdi, ra naxa leqsikonSi da ra moiwona, Tu ar moiwona...
kidev ramdenime SekiTxva dasva, isev Seamowma da wigni uxmod daxura... isev araviTari reaqcia!
Sexvedridan rom modiodnen, respublikis xelmZGvanelma
k. Carkvianma b-n arnolds SeSfoTebiT hkiTxa: xom araferi SegeSalaT?
b-ma arnoldma upasuxa, rom tomis redaqtoria, ramdenJerme aqvs wakiTxuli da Secdoma gamoricxuliao...
26.
26. stalins Tavis did misaGeb oTaxSi ramdenime taxti
edga, romlebzec muTaqebi elaga... omis dros Turme cota
xniT Tu waiZinebda, isic ZiriTadad dGisiT...
arn. Ciqobava: dGe eZina, Game fxizlobda, mTeli qveKana
fxizlad iKo...
27.
27. b-n arnolds ar uKvarda mravalsitKvaoba, lakoniuroba misi stilis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi Tviseba iKo. amis
damadasturebelia nawKveti rekomendaciidan, romelic 1968
wlis 29 maiss aris dawerili da saTanado piris pirad saqmeSi
inaxeba: `...vaja Sengelias, rogorc axalgazrda specialists,
aqvs dakvirvebis niyi da enobrivi analizis unari; sistemuri
muSaobis Cvevac moepoveba. mTis iberiu-kavkasiur enaTa
ganKofilebaSi misi Caricxva saqmis interesebs Seefereba...~
28.
28. b-n arnoldTan TaTbirze viKaviT: q. lomTaTiZe, g.
rogava, al. mahometovi da me. rogorGac sitKva Cemze Camoagdes da ramdenime Tbili sitKva iTqva. q-ma qeTevanma, sxvaTa Soris, aGniSna: vaja Kvelas uKvars...
arn. Ciqobava: ara mgonia, ase iKos... magram, Tu Kvelas
uKvars, ar Kofila kargi kaci.
81
revaz Serozia
qarTv
qarTve
Tveluri
luri sali
salite
litera
teratu
raturo
turo enisa
enisa da sulxan
sulxanxan-sabas
sabas
`sitKvis kon
konis~
is~ zogi
zogi saki
sakiTxi
kiTxisa
TxisaTvis
saTvis
1. qarTveluri enobrivi sistemis ZiriTadi varinti, _
qarTveluri saliteraturo ena _ qristianobis gavrcelebamde
bevrad adre rom aris Seqmnili, dGes eyvs ar unda iwvevdes.
amasTan, xazgasmulia is unikaluri faqtic, rom istoriulad
mis `ganviTarebaSi wKveta ar momxdara, axali enobrivi sistema,
anu `axali ena~, ZvelTan mimarTebiT, ar CamoKalibebula~ (avT.
arabuli).
qarTvelurma enobrivma sistemam Tavisi ganviTarebis gzaze _ garda saliteraturo variantisa _ warmoSva mravalferovani dialeqturi saxesxvaobani, _ sistemis `SesaZleblobaTa~ (b. foCxua) nairgvari variantuli Jgufebi. maTSi `am `SesaZleblobaTa~ realizaciis Sedegebi saukuneebis manZilze saliteraturo enaSi akumulirdeboda. es procesi kargad Cans
`vefxistKaosanSi~, ufro naTlad _ sulxan-sabas `sitKvis konaSi~.
2. KuradGebas iqcevs sulxan-sabas mier aramarto Setanili formebi, aramed maTi ganmartebebic, romlebic saliteraturo variantisa da dialeqtebis urTierTmimarTebisadmi avtoris pozicias naTlad warmoaCens.
sitKva-niSanTa ganmartebebisas sulxan-saba xSirad iKenebs
winadadeba-terminebs: `sxvaTa enaa~ (zogJer miTiTebulia, Tu
romeli enidan aris nasesxebi: `berZnuli~,...), `glexurad...~
(`glexuri~ ganmartebulia rogorc `mdabiuri~), `glexni... uwodeben~, `msoflioni... uwodeben~.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, cxadia,ucxo ena igulisxmeba:
`aqi
aqimi
aqimi sxvaTa enaa,. qarTulad m k u r n a l i hqvian~.
`kuti sxvaTa enaa, qarTulad s a p K a r i hqvian~. sxva redaqciaSi zogJer wKaro saxeldeba: `es kuti
kuti TaTarTa enaa, jamTa viTarebiT SemouGiaT, qarTulad s a p K a r i a~.
qarTveluri enobrivi samKarodan moxmobili formebi,
82
romlebic sulxan-sabas azriT literaturuli ar aris, ganmartebulia rogorc `glexuri~ an `msoflioni~:
`ma
maTe
maTe mcire foso glexurad~.
`be
bebia
bebia glexni KrmaT amqmels uwodeben~.
`ku
kudu
kuduri
duri kudiani, amas msoflioni grZneuls uwodeben...~
iSviaTad, magram zog SemTxvevaSi dakonkretebulia, Tu
romeli kuTxis (dialeqtis) `glexuria~ sitKva:
`das
dasti
dasti yanni k o k a s uƒmoben; saGvinea didi~.
`ko
koxu
koxun
koxuJi
xuJi (ko
koxunJi
xunJi)
Ji imeruli qalamani~.
`ki
ki,
ki,
eseni
ki, mi,
mi, Ke,
Ke, que (ki
ki, mi,
mi, Ke,
Ke, qve,
qve, qe,
qe, wen,
wen, ken...)
ken
sitKvaTa gemoTa arTronni arian, xolo romelnime imerelni
amaTda nacvlad sitKvaTa Sina atanen: qe,
qe, wen;
wen cudi ars da
amao...~
`oJi
oJiJi
oJiJi bade megrulad. mgrgvali badea qorT Tav(s) dasacmeli~.
`ja
jare
jare iare mesxurad.
Tumca sulxan-saba asaxelebs mxolod yanebs, megrelebs,
imerlebsa da mesxebs, magram leqsikonSi Setanili aqvs mravali
dialeqturi sitKva-forma. cxadia, rom avtori, marTalia,
upirvelesad saliteraturo enis siwmindes icavda, magram qarTveluri enobrivi sistemis variantTa masaliT ZiriTadi, saliteraturo variantis gamdidreba rom aucilebeli iKo, kargad esmoda.
iza
CantlaZe
jurjˆr-- ZirTa
jur-/ jirjir-/ jˆr
ZirTa urTi
urTier
TierTmi
erTmimar
TmimarTe
marTebi
Tebisa
bisaTvis
saTvis
qarTve
Tvelur
qar
Tvelur enebSi
enebSi
specialur literaturaSi (Cuxua 2000-2003, gv. 183)
`sisvelisa~ da `wKalobis~ aGmniSvneli svanuri -jir
jir/-jˆr
jir jˆrjˆr Ziri
dakavSirebulia qarTuli enis fSauri dialeqtis leqsemasTan
zala
zala (`Kvelis Sesanaxi mariliani, mlaSe wKali; waTxi~), magram
83
is ar dasturdeba Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi, rac arTulebs mis CaTvlas saerToqarTveluri donis monacemad.
sulxan-saba orbelianisTvis zala
zala igive walaa
walaa (`Saravi,
viTa wKali~), romelic gvxvdeba rogorc Zvel qarTulSi, ise
Tanamedrove qarTul dialeqtebsa da svanurSi `gawKalebuli
Cirqis~ mniSvnelobiT. aqve SeiZleboda gagvxseneboda leqsema
mo-wal
wal-vac
(`dasaZmaravi mxaleulis cxel wKalSi moTuTqva~).
wal
am Ziris ugulebelKofa, vfiqrobT, uxerxulia maSin, roca
`sisvelis, siTxis~ aGmniSvnel sitKvaTa etimologiaze vmsJelobT. wal nasesxebi unda iKos svanur enaSi Zveli qarTulidanve (gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisisaTvis ix. Fähnrich 1991, 17) da
gamoiKeneba mxolod lentexur dialeqtSi. aqac da svanuris danarCen kiloebSic ufro gavrcelebulia imave mniSvnelobis T’r.
T’r
Cveni azriT, saanalizo ZirTa Sepirispirebisas aucilebeli ar aris, amovideT Tanxmovnis maincadamainc sisina variantidan, radganac Kvela qarTvelur enaSi `sisvelisa~ Tu raime
`siTxis~ aGmniSvnel leqsemebSi swored j fonema figurirebs,
ZiriTadad, sonor bgeraTa da uZveles sufiqsTa garemocvaSi:
qarTuli
nij-i
niji
nij (Zv. q.) `cvari, sisvele~; `ni
niji aris cvaris umciresi
nawili~ (saba); Sdr. jin-jl
jon-v-a,
m-jon
jon-av-i,
ga-jon
jon-il-i,
jin jl-v-a,
jl
jon
jon
jon
na-jon
jon-i,
na-jur
jur-i,
jvan-i
(Zv. q.).
jon
jur
jvan (qarTl.) `najuri~, jGm-ut-i
jGm
`wvimis saxeoba~, jGv-ik-i
(gur.) `wvimiani amindi~, jin-jGl
jGv
jin jGl-i
jGl
(saba) `wvrili Tqori~, jvan-q-i
(gur.) `cvari, wveTi~, joq-o
jvan
joq
(gur.) `wKalwKala Gvino~, jan-t-i
(saba) `mcire ram sisuele~,
jan
ja-tK-i
(saba) `wKliani Tovli~, jal-t-am-i
(gur.) `TovlyKapi~,
ja
jal
jaj-un-i
(qiziK.) `sxma wvimisa, sma Gvinisa~, jgleT-i
(imer.,
jaj
jgleT
gur.), jeT-q-i
(leCx.) `kokispiruli wvima~, jv-av-i
(gur.) `nami,
jeT
jv
cvari~, jv-ip-in-i
-leCx.) `sisvele~, Sdr. imer. jv-ep-o
`siTxis
jv
jv
qafi; ofli~, jvrin-t-i
jvrin
(TuS.), jrin-t-i
jrin
(mTiul., qiziK.) `wveTi~, jiT-q-i
`wvrili wvima~, jm-or-i
(ray.) `Tqori~, mo-jr
jr-ob-a
jiT
jm
jr
(gur.) `Kvelis amoKvanis Semdeg darCenili siTxis _ svelis
wamoduGeba da Tavze moKenebuli xayosebri masis gawurva~,
jon-t-or-o
(gur.) `sveli SeSa~, jrin-v-a
(fS.) `CuxCuxi, rakrajon
jrin
84
ki~, j‘n-t-a-
(ingil.) `surdo~, jujG-o
(qiziK.) `wKlulis naj‘n
jujG
deni~, jujG-n-a
(imer.) `uxeirod recxva~...
jujG
megruli
jver-i
º jvar-jval
jver `sveli, wKliani~, jvar-u-a
jvar
jvar jval-i
jval `wveTeba,
wKlis sxma~, i-jvar
jvar-jval
`sveldeba~...
jvar jval-u-{n}
jval
vfiqrobT, rom saerToqarTveluri enis doneze unda
aGvadginoT *jur
jur`wveTi~, na-jur
jur-i
jur Ziri (Sdr. qiziK. jur-i
jur
jur
`nawveTi, wveT-wveTad gamodenili~; gur. jur-i
jur `saaraKe masala _
roca wKals daamateben, itKvian: juri
jur-i
juri mivecio~; ayar-jur
jur
`mkvaxe KurZnis wveni~), saidanac svanur enaSi umlautis Sedegad warmoqmnili delabializaciis procesiTa da reduqciis
(Tofuria, 1931, gv. 155-156; 1979, gv. 167) gziT (*jur
jur+i
>
jur
*j‘r
j‘r > *j…ir
j…ir > jir > jˆr)
jˆr miviGebdiT Tanamedrove metKvelebaSi dadasturebul leqsemebs: mˆ-jir
jir `sveli~, li-jr
jr-e
jr (< lnt.
lˆ-jir
jir-e)
`sveleba~,
na-m-jir
jir-i
`sisvele~,
lˆ-jr
jr-e
jir
jir
jr (< lnt. lˆjir-e)
`dasvelebuli~, bz. l-n-jir
jir,
jir `notio adgijir
jir bq. l-m-jir
li; sawvimari Gari~, na-jr
jr-e
jir-e)
`odnav sdis~, ma-jˆr
jˆr
jr (Col. na-jir
jir
`mowKaleba~, li-j
j'r-e `wKalobis qmna~, na-l-jˆr
jˆr `nawKalobevi~,
Secodebuli~, le-jr
jr-i
jˆr-i)
`sawKalobeli, sacodavi;
jr (< lnt. le-jˆr
jˆr
mˆ-jir
jir `SemwKalebeli, Semcodebeli~, mˆ-jr
jr-i
(< lnt. mˆ-jˆr
jˆr-i)
jr
jˆr
`mowKale~,... _ rogorc vxedavT, sxvadasxva fonetikuri procesi
(-jir
jir-,
jˆr-,
jir erTi mxriv, da -jˆr
jˆr meore mxriv) safuZvelia erTi da imave -j
jurur Ziris semantikuri diferencirebisa.
qarTvelur enebSi gamovlenili regularuli fonemaTSesatKvisobebis sistemidan amosvliT zanur-svanurSi mosalodneli iKo -jG
jGjG kompleqsi, miTumetes, Tu SevudarebT erTmaneTs
qarTuli enis aGmosavlur da dasavlur dialeqtTa zog monacems: TuSur-fSaur-qiziKuri jin-jl
erTi mxriv, da guruli
jin jl-i,
jl
jin-jGl
meore mxriv (`wvrili wvima~); TuSuri jvrin-t-i,
jin jGl-i,
jGl
jvrin
mTiul-qiziKuri jrin-t-i,
erTi mxriv, da qarTluri jGin-t-i,
jrin
jGin
meore mxriv (`wKlis wveTi~). sagulisxmoa, rom svanuri enis
erT-erT dialeqtSi swored mTiulur-qiziKuri formaa Sesuli
(Sdr. lSx. jrint `wveTi, Klupi~). iqve gvaqvs -jG
jGjG kompleqsis
Semcveli monacemic (lSx. jGer `TqeSi~). es ukanaskneli leCxu85
mur dialeqtSic gamoiKeneba `Zlieri wvimis~ aGsaniSnavad, rac
svanuris (laSxuris) anareklia. logikurad sulac ar iqneba
gasakviri, rom saanalizo formebisaTvis (-jir
jir-,
jˆr-,
jGer-)
jir -j
ˆr -jGer
jGer
sakuTriv svanurSi amosavlad vivaraudoT *-jGur
jGur-,
jGur romelSic
TandaTanobiT daiSala bgeraTkompleqsi. leqsemebi, romlebic
gadmogvcemen `sisvelisa~ da `wKaloba > Secodebis~ semantikas,
SeiZleboda migveGo rogorc -jur
jur-,
jerjur ise -jer
jer Ziridan, Tu megrul masalasac gaviTvaliswinebT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom saerToqarTveluri enis donezeve am ZirSi unda davuSvaT -u
u/e
exmovanTmonacvleoba.
qarTvelur enebSi dGesac SeiniSneba bgeraTkompleqsebis
gamartivebis procesi:
guruli: jGvep-i
jGvep i > Gvep-i
Gvep i > Gvip-i
Gvip i > Kvip-i
Kvip i (`odnav wvimiani, nisliani amindi~);
svanuri: li-jGam
li jGam-ur
li-jam
li j…m-ur
…m ur-’l
jGam ur-’l
ur ’l > *li
li jam-ur
jam ur-’
ur ’l > li-j
ur ’l
(`jGavili > aSliloba, areuloba~);
svanuri (bq., lnt.): bjGer (`Cvili, Krma~), imer.-gur.leCx. bjGarti
bjGarti > bGarti
bGarti,
ti ay. bGaSti
bGaSti (`bartKi, bavSvi, Svili,
ususuri~).
imerul-guruli: jgleT-i
(`kokispijgleT > leCxumuri jeT-q-i
jeT
ruli wvima~); bjGil (Col.) _ mCute, unaKofo TavTavi, Sdr.
bjir-i
bjir _ `ugulo fetvi da misTanani~ (saba);
saba: jatK-i
atK > jant-i
jant `wKliani Tovli~...
xom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom somxuri Jur (`wKali~)
saerToqarTveluri *-jur
jurjur Ziris gaafrikatebuli variantia?
86
iza
CantlaZe
Cemi
Cemi moZGvarTmoZGva
moZGvarTmoZGvari
TmoZGvari
Tuki sadme akademikos arnold Ciqobavaze miwevs msJeloba, me mas Kvelgan `moZGvarTmoZGvars~ vuwodeb, radganac Kvela, vinc ki maswavlida universitetSi, asistentidan dawKebuli akademikosiT damTavrebuli, misi namowafari Tu mowafe
iKo; asobiT specialisti hKavda gawvrTnili _ `me
meo
meores vera
veravis
ravis
dava
davasa
vasaxe
saxelebT
xelebT,
lebT, romel
romelsac
melsac amde
amdeni
deni Zvirfa
Zvirfasi
fasi dro gaeGos Tao
TaobabaTa aGzrdisa
aGzrdisaTvis
saTvis~
Tvis (akad. qeTevan lomTaTiZe).
ra didebulad Tqva misma usaKvarlesma mowafem, SesaniSnavma momGeralma da aranaklebma enaTmecnierma profesorma nodar andGulaZem! _ brZeni
brZeni osta
ostatis
tatis gakve
gakveTi
kveTileb
Tilebze
lebze Segird
SegirdgirdmwvrTnelis
vrTnelis para
paradig
radigma
digma icvle
icvlebo
vleboda
boda maZi
maZie
Ziebelbel-moZGvris para
pararadigma
digmado
mado.
do odesGac misTvis da givi mayavarianisTvis, roca isini
batoni arnoldis aspirantebi iKvnen, albaT sevdanarevi tkiviliT maswavlebels isic ki uTqvams: ra Zneli iqneboda uTqvenod sicocxleo.
zGaprad dagvrCa mis mowafeebs saTaKvanebel moZGvarTan
urTierTobis wlebi... dGemde gvesizmreba es saocrad keTilSobili adamiani, tanmorCili qaTqaTa kaci, magram imavdroulad bumberazi pirovneba da mecnieri-filosofosi, vinc
KovelTvis ise Girseulad gelaparakeboda urTules problemebze, rogorc Tanatols...
aseT kacs memkvidre ar darCenia _ sul mgonia, rom misi
mravalricxovani mowafeebi mTel kavkasiaSi misi GviZli Svilebi viKaviT...
aseTi kaci ratomGac mkacri egonaT viGac-viGaceebs, anu
imaT, vinc mas axlos ar icnobda, Cven ki KovelTvis vaGmerTebdiT baton arnolds!
roca didi mecnieris 100 wlisTavze `xsovnis wigni~ momzadda, samwuxarod, me TbilisSi ar viKavi da, bunebrivia, aranairi monawileoba ar mimiGia mis SeqmnaSi (aravin izruna Cem87
Tvis SeetKobinebina es ambavi); vaiTu veGar moveswro moZGvris
120 wlis iubiles da amitomac axla gadavwKvite, mogiTxroT
ramdenime epizodi misi `simkacris~ Sesaxeb:
mexuTe kursze rom gadavedi, zafxulSi kubaSi imarTeboda axalgazrdobis saerTaSoriso festivali, romelSic Cveni
delegaciac monawileobda. sakmaod Zviri Girda es siamovneba,
magram mSoblebi Sempirdnen, rom `welebze fexs daidgamdnen~
da guls ar damwKvetdnen. sayiro iKo dokumentaciis Sekreba.
bunebrivia, rom kavkasiur enaTa ganKofilebis studenti veaxeli kavkasiur enaTa kaTedris gamges. wina wels, saxelobiTi
stipendiis moniyebis dros, ukve mqonda amis gamocdileba (batoni arnoldis xeliT daweril daxasiaTebas dGemde mowiwebiTa da siamaKiT vinaxav). roca gaigo saqmis viTareba, ise, rom
erTi SekiTxvac ki ar dausvams, saocrad Gimilnarevi sidinJiT
miTxra: `pativcemulo iza, kubaSi KovelTvis waxvalT momavalSi (xom gaxsovT, ra dro iKo maSin? TiTqmis naxevari saukunis
win axalgazrda ki ara, buzic ver Sefrindeboda amerikis kontinentze!), axla ki svaneTSi unda wabrZandeT, radganac Tqveni
sadiplomo naSromi sruliad daumuSavebel sakiTxs exebao~.
marTlac ase iKo da, rasakvirvelia, xmac ar gamiGia. dGemde
damcinis Kvela, visac es faqti axsovs, Tumca sulac ar vnanob,
rom maSin kubis nacvlad svaneTSi wavedi, saidanac or kviraSi
erTxel samecniero xelmZGvanels werilebs vwerdi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras vsaqmianobdi _ es batoni arnoldis davaleba iKo.
martis TveSi damacvevina sadiplomo naSromi kaTedris
sxdomaze _ gagigoniaT sadme amgvari ram?! maSinac da axlac
msgavsi sxdomebi imarTeba xolme ivnisSi. rogorc mogvianebiT
SevitKve, fakultetis samecniero sabyos aprilis TveSi unda
ganexila im studentebis sakiTxi, visac rekomendacias aZlevdnen aspiranturaSi.
davamTavreT universiteti da moxda saocari ram _ mecnierebis sakavSiro ministrma gamosca brZaneba imis Sesaxeb,
rom apiranturaSi Cabarebis ufleba eZleodaT mxolod im pirebs, visac universitetisa Tu institutis damTavrebis Semdeg
88
hqonda ori wlis muSaobis staji. Zalian vinerviuleT _ gauqmda samecniero sabyos rekomendaciebi, magram liana sturuas,
damana meliqiSvilsa da me es wesi ratomGac ar Segvexo. CavTvaleT, rom maSin sakmaod vCandiT universitetSi da albaT
amitom gamogvarCies. mxolod xuTi wlis Semdeg (roca sakandidato disertacias vicavdi) miTxra enaTmecnierebis institutis maSindelma direqtorma, rom Turme ministr i. eliutinisTvis miuweria baton arnolds Cem Sesaxeb axsna-ganmartebiTi
baraTi da dausabuTebia, rom aucilebeli iKo kadrebis momzadeba svanur enaSi samuSaod (mavanni ki dGemde abraleben mas,
rom svanurSi arc Tavad muSaobda da arc sxvas amuSavebda _
enadac ki ar miaCnda, qarTul-megrulis konglomerats eZaxdao;
netar arian morwmuneni!..).
CemTvis arc ukiTxavs, ise Seuvsia aspirantis samuSao gegma, romelSic aGniSnuli iKo sadisertacio Temis saTauri `saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi qarTvelur enebSi~ da
adlerSi gamgzavrebula. kinaGam guli gamiskda _ maSin moskovSi sul axali gamosuli iKo prof. giorgi klimovis wigni
`Склонение имён в картвельских языках в сравнительно-историческом
аспекте~ da me, 22 wlis gogonas, raGa unda mekvlia?!
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi mamuSavebinebda aTasgvar referats (gansakuTrebiT akad. n. maris moGvaweobidan) sadisertacio problemasTan dakavSirebiT. bolos, rogorc iqna, Sevkadre _ sakandidatosTvis Zalian rTuli Temaa da Tu SeiZleba,
amas momavalSi gavakeTeb, axla ki rame martivi SemirCieT-meTqi.
axlac Tvalwin midgas batoni arnoldis momnusxveli mzera _
mivxvdi, ar moewona, rom SevSindi, magram ukan ar dauxevia.
`kargiTo, _ miTxra, Tavis droze sagangebod vmuSaobdi
svanuri orfuZiani brunebis Seswavlaze (am mizniT svaneTSic
araerTxel vKofilvar), magram Semdeg aucilebeli gaxda xunZur enaze muSaoba da daGestanSi gadavinacvle. miuxedavad imisa, rom araerTi naSromi Seiqmna, bevri ram mainc gaurkvevelia,
radganac sakiTxia Zalian rTuli, Tanac mTis kavkasiur enaTa
orfuZiani brunebis sistemasTan konteqstSi gansaxilveli. ami89
tom mindoda dainteresebuliKaviT misi kvleviT, magram ra gaewKoba? davelaparakebi varlam Tofurias (batoni varlami Cemi
disertaciis konsultanti iKo) da mere gadavwKvitoT, rogor
moviqceTo~.
erT kviraSi SemTxveviT Semxvda batoni varlami universitetis foieSi. mivxvdi, rom ukve Kvelaferi icoda, radganac
Soridanve iGimeboda (albaT, gaocebuli iKo, batoni arnoldis SerCeul Temaze uari rom vTqvi). vTxove, Tu SeiZleba Zveli svanuri xalxuri sagaloblebis enas Seviswavli-meTqi. Zalian gaukvirda _ ki, magram, es ufro rTuli araa, vidre saxelTa brunebao?
ise gavTavxeddi, rom arc erT genioss ar davuJere da mainc Cemi arCeuli Tema warmovadgine dasacavad _ sxvaTaSoris
vadaze adre, ris gamoc premia davimsaxure.
rogorc Kvela disertanti, Zalian vnerviulobdi dacvis
dGes da samecniero sabyos sxdomaze damagvianda. batoni arnoldi Semosula Cvens ganKofilebaSi, albaT SeeSinda, kidev
rame ucnauri ar Camedina. erTianad SeZrulni damxvdnen TanamSromlebi _ sxdomaTa darbazSi Sesvlamde xelmZGvaneli aucileblad naxeo. vifiqre, tKavs gamaZrobs-meTqi, magram iciT, ra
miTxra?
_ Sesavali sitKva gind waikiTxeT, gind zepirad TqviT,
oGond oponentebs pasuxi sadme Cauxedavad gaeciT. saerTod ki
imaze nu ifiqrebT, rom disertanti xarTo.
TiTqos arc araferi icoda Cemi dagvianebis Sesaxeb _ am
mxriv araferi uTqvams.
rogorc Cans, dacvis procesma normalurad Caiara, rac
SeetKo kidec samecniero xelmZGvanelis gamosvlas:
_ pativcemul izas Cven saxelTa brunebis damuSaveba davavaleT, magram amJerad man ratomGac sxva Tema irCia. es sakiTxi Zalze rTulia _ sadoqtoro disertaciis Tema SeiZleba
iKos da aucileblad unda gakeTdes. Tu Cveni disentanti poeziis tKveobaSi ar moeqceva, misi mecnieruli keTilsindisiereba da dGevandeli naSromi safuZvels gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom
90
misgan rigiani enaTmecnieri dadgebao.
maSin samecniero sabyos swavluli mdivani iKo prof. guram Tofuria da, bunebrivia, mas unda gaegzavna Sesabamisi oqmi
umaGles saatestacio komisiaSi. xumrobda: `xelmZGvanelis
sitKvebs cotaTi Sevamokleb; aba rusebs rogor mivwero amdeni
ram qalis sindis-namusis Sesaxebo~.
aspiranturaSi swavlis dros SemeZina qaliSvili. JanmrTelobis mxriv mZime mdgomareoba mqonda (erTi Tve viweqi
saavadmKofoSi) da batoni arnoldis seminarebze didxans ar
mivsulvar. roca bolosdabolos gamovcxaddi enaTmecnierebis
institutSi, saSinlad Sewuxda, iseTi gaKviTlebuli da gamxdari viKavi. samkurnalod `fitini~ daminiSna, romelic dGesac ki
farTo satelevizio reklamiT gamoirCeva. samecadinodac Sin
damibara. mkiTxa, ra SualedSi aymevT Tqvens pawia moqalaqeso,
da im periodSi vmuSaobdiT xolme erTad Zvel qarTulSi, palimfsestur teqstebze. KovelTvis saaTi hqonda daniSnuli.
ise gaverTobodi saseminaro saqmianobiT, rom erTaderTi Svili zogJer aGarc maxsovda, baton arnolds ki Cemi Tamriko
arasdros daviwKebia _ axla Cqara gaiqeciT Sin, Torem Tqveni
patara moqalaqe tirils daiwKebso.
sul mekiTxeboda bavSvis ambebs. erTxel mamamiszec mkiTxa, Tumca Zalze delikaturad, magram ise Sevwuxdi, rom veraferi vupasuxe (Cemi Svilis mamasTan seriozuli problemebi
mqonda) da saSinlad avqviTindi. uceb momesma magidaze muStis
dartKmis xma.
_ Tqven Jer Zalian axalgazrda xarT da arc ki iciT, Tu
ra rTulia cxovreba! cremlebiT verafers gaxdebiT! mTavaria
far-xmali ar daKaroT!
saubris Tema sruliad Secvala da miambo imis Sesaxeb,
Tu 1941 wlis 22 ivniss rogor iJda dalaqTan daGestnis erTerT miuval aulSi da araferi icoda omis dawKebaze. ukanaskneli groSebic iq datova da ris vai-vaglaxiT (fexiT, cxeniT,
urmiT...), baqodan SemovliT, ramdenime dGis mSier-mwKurvalma
Zlivs CamoaGwia TbilisSi. bolos ikiTxa:
91
_ rame materialuri gayirveba xom ar gqoniaT odesme?
_ ara-meTqi _ vupasuxe.
_ hoda, nu geSiniaT, arc momavalSi gagiyirdebaTo.
Zalze merideba, amden adgils rom vikaveb `arnold Ciqobavas XIX sakiTxavebSi~, magram ar SemiZlia ar gavixseno Cveni
bolo Sexvedra:
batoni arnoldi Zalian avad gaxda _ im mitklisferi
edo, romelSic iwva _ hemoglobini daeca. ratomGac maSin
gawKda C vitamini da `ferumleki~. me da Cemma dam _ prof.
greta CantlaZem mTeli Tbilisi SemovirbineT da raGac saswaulad viSoveT wamlebi. prof. vaja Sengelias uTqvams misTvis
Kvelaferi.
SewuxebulxarTo _ Zlivs miTxra saTaKvanebelma maswavlebelma.
vgrZnobdi, rom veGar vnaxavdi baton arnolds da
gadavwKvite, sikvdilis win mainc meTqva madloba im amagisTvis,
rac man Kvela Tavis mowafeze gaswia.
_ Tqven rom wuxdebodiT xolme CvenTvis-meTqi?
_ es vali iKo, didi vali maswavleblisao...
eh, kidev ramdeni sikeTis gaxseneba SeiZleba am TiTqosda
mkacri adamianis Sesaxeb, magram amaze sxva dros...
manana CaCaniZe
eqstra
eqstralin
stralingvis
lingvistu
gvisturi
turi infor
informa
formacia
macia leqsi
leqsikon
sikoneb
konebSi
ebSi
eqstralingvisturi
informacia leqsikonSi SeiZleba
warmodgenili iKos orgvarad:
I. sitKva-statiis gansakuTrebul zonaSi,
II. TviT sitKva-statiis korpusSi.
es informacia SeiZleba mocemuli iKos (1) frCilebSi, an
(2) SeiZleba warmoadgendes gansazGvrebis nawils mniSvneloba92
Ta ganmartebisas, an (3) SeiZleba sailustracio masalaSi
gvxvdebodes.
eqstralingvisturi (enciklopediuri) informaciis mimarTeba lingvisturTan mravalmxriv sainteresoa. erTi mxriv, amgvari informacia gamoiKeneba sitKvis mniSvnelobis ukeTesad
axsnisaTvis, meore mxriv, igi afarToebs adresatis enciklopediur codnas obieqtur garesamKaroze. eqstralingvisturi informaciis moculoba da xasiaTi ganisazGvreba leqsikonis tipiT. amgvari informaciis CarTvas ganmartebiT, TargmniT Tu
ideografiul leqsikonebSi ganapirobebs Semdegi faqtorebi:
a) nacionaluri da socialuri realiebi:
b) `samKaros danawevreba~ sxvadasxvagvarad sxvadasxva enis
matarebelTa mier;
g) naklebadcnobili cnebebi (samecn., ist., egzot. da
misT.), romlebic sayiroebs axsnas.
eqstralingvistur informaciaSi gansakuTrebiT yarbobs
denotatiuri tipis sitKvebi (obieqtTa saxelebi), romelTa semantikuri komponentebi asaxaven aGsaniSni obieqtis Taviseburebebs, Tumca aseve xSiria leqsika, romelic miiswrafvis signifikaturi mniSvnelobisken (zmnebi, zedsarTavi da abstraqtuli saxelebi da sxv.). TiTqmis Kovelgvari obieqti SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc diaqroniul, ise sinqroniul planSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT eqstralingvisturi informacia leqsikonSi
SeiZleba asaxavdes obieqtis Semdeg aspeqtebs: istorias, saxesxvaobebs, agebulebasa da Tvisebebs, daniSnulebasa da funqcionirebas. am niSnebis mixedviT sitKvebis `Semowmeba~ leqsikografs ubiZgebs moiZios da leqsikonSi CarTos Sesabamisi SesitKvebebi, axsnebi, citatebi. cxadia, amgvari samuSaoebis Casatareblad didi mniSvneloba aqvs im masalebs, rac SeiZleba
gamodges leqsikografiul wKarod.
93
merab
Cuxua
◊ s.-daG. *w
w(…
…)ar
arwara
axv. yari
yari-qo
`saxar `saxli~ (xunZ. wara-qi,
ri
li; oJaxi (Sinaurebi)~; lak. wa `saxli~; xin. w…a `saxli~);
saer
saerTo
erTokav
Tokavka
kavkasi
kasiu
siuri same
sameur
meurneo
urneo Kofa
(Seno
Senoba
nobaba-nage
nagebo
gebobe
bobebi
bebi)
bi)
◊ s.-sind. *c…ˆ
c…ˆcʾu `soc…ˆ `saxli; sofeli~ (afx. (bzif.) -c
feli~, ubix. c…ˆa
c…ˆ `saxli, oTaxi~).
◊ s.-qarTv. *beG
beG-o/beG
`beGeli~ (qarT. beG-o,
beG-el-i,
beG beG-elbeG
beG
beG
zan. baG
baG-u `beGeli~, svan. bGbG-…
bG ←*bG
bG `beGeli; pureulis Sesanaxi didi kidobani~);
◊ s.-qarTv. *w…ed
w…ed-en`sveti; kedeli~ (qarT. wvd-en-i
`svew…ed
wvd
tis gverdis mTliani qva~, zan. (megr.) yid-a
yud-a
yid º yˆd-a
yˆd ←*yud
yud
`tixari~, svan. y…
y…d `kedeli~);
◊ s.-nax. *b„
b„-o…
`sabrZolo koSki~ (iCq. b„-ou,
ing. v„-o…
b„
b„
v„
←*b„
b„-o…,
bacb. {b„
b„-ov});
b„
b„
◊ s.-daG. *bet
bet¾
bet¾-o `farduli~ (xunZ. bot¾
bot¾, and. bet¾
bet¾i, axv.
bet¾
bet¾o, yam. bet¾
bet¾, tind. bet¾
bet¾i, kar. bet¾
bet¾e, boTl. bet¾
bet¾i, bagv.
bet¾
bet¾, God. bet¾
bet¾i; hin. bul¶
bul¶e, xvarS. bul¶
bul¶u, inx. bul¶
bul¶u, bej.
bul¶
bul¶o; lak. f´al,
al darg. biG);
biG
◊ s.-sind. *ba„
ba„-a
baa
ba„a,
ba„ `cixe-simagre, farduli~ (afx. a-ba
ba ←*a-ba
ba
abaz. ba„a
ba„ `cixe-simagre~, Kab. baƒ `farduli~);
◊ hur.-urart. *burG
burG`koSki~);
burG `koSki~ (urart. burG-ana
burG
◊ s.-qarTv. *cx…en
cx…encx…en `sxveni; yeri~ (qarT. sx…en-i
sx…en º sxven-i,
sxven
zan. cxvin-i
cxvin º cxven-i
cxven º cxon-i
cxon `sxveni, yeri~, svan. cx…en `sxveni~);
◊ s.-nax. *cxar
cxarcxar `farduli (Senobisa)~ (iCq. cxar,
cxar ing. cx–
cx–r,
bacb. {cxar
cxar});
cxar
◊ s.-daG. *c
caƒ…iraƒ…ir `beGeli; farduli~ (xunZ. caG…r
`beGeli~, xin. cuƒa `farduli (saqonlis)~, ƒ-sTvis Sdr. Zv.
qarT. sƒ
ƒuen-i);
◊ hur.-urart. *cxar
cxar-ˆ
cxarˆ
cxar ˆ `damxmare Senoba~ (hurit. i-cxarˆ
`damxmare Senoba, samzareulo~).
◊ s.-qarTv. *wal
walwal-o `ganJina~;
wal `walo, ganJina~ (qarT. wal
`mTxreblis saxeoba~ (saba), zan. yaya `ya~, svan.
ya sitKvaSi in-ya
yar-r
`yebi~);
yar
◊ s.-nax. *wan
wanwa mr. wen-oS,
wen
ing. w– _
wan `saxli, oTaxi~ (iCq. wa,
wen-–S,
bacb. wa _ wen-bu);
wen
wen
94
◊ s.daG. *w…e
w…e(r
d- `koSki; qvis figura~ (did. cili
w…e r)d
cili `koSki~; lak. yu´
yu´ "id"; darg. weld-a
ld `saflavis qva~; Tab. yurd,
yurd
aG. wud,
wud ruT. wud,
wud arC. wuT `koSki; qvis figura; qvis anZa/sveti~).
◊ s.-qarTv. *agur
aguragur
zan. (megr.)
agur `aguri~ (qarT. agur-i,
ogur-i,
sitKvaSi ogur-xinJ-i
`agur-xidi~ (top.), laz. engur
gur
ogur
engur-i
gur
←*on
ongur
gur-i `aguri~);
on
gur
◊ s.-nax. *ang
ang(…
ar-i
`faifuri~ (iCq. anga
ang …)ar
ar
angali
gali,
li ing. angal‹
angal‹
`sarke, faifuri~, bacb. ankr-a‡o
←*an
angar
"id");
ankr
angar-a‡o
gar
◊ s.-daG. *amg…a
amg…aamg…a `faifuri~ (lezg. hamga
hamga `broli~, Tab.
hamg, aG. „agu-g
hamg
„agu `faifuri, sarke~);
◊ s.-sind. *am
amga
fq Kab. abJ ←*aabg
amgaga `sarke~ (ad. afC ←*aafq,
`sarke, mina~).
◊ s.-qarTv. *qal
qal-a
`mcire nageboba; karavi~ (qarT. qala
qal
qala
`kar-fanJris CarCo~, zan. (megr.) qolo
qolo `kasri~, svan. (z. sv.)
qel `karavi~);
◊ s.-daG. *qol
qol-a
qol `kar-midamo nagebobebiT~ (xunZ. quli
quli º
qolo
qolo,
lo and. quli
quli,
li axv. qila
qila,
la tind. q½ila,
ila kar. qile
qile,
le bagv.
q½ila `kar-midamo nagebobebiT~);
◊ s.-sind. *qq½al-a
la abaz. q½ala,
ala ad. C–l½
al `qoxi~ (afx. a-qq½la,
←*qq½alˆ,
alˆ Kab. Cˆl½
Cˆl½ ←*qq½ˆlˆ `qoxi~).
95
◊ s.-qarTv. *xal
xalxl-i
xal `cxovreba, saxloba~ (qarT. sa-xl
xl º saxel-i
xor-i
xor-
xel `saxli~, zan. o-xor
xor `saxli~, xorxor `saxloba~, ma-xor
xor
`mosaxle~);
◊ s.-nax. *-lx
lxlx `saxloba~ (iCq.
`gadasaxleba~, bacb. ƒa-lx
lx-ar
"id");
lx
ƒa-lx
lx-ar,
ing.
lx
ƒa-lx
lx-ar
lx
◊ s.-daG. *xal
xalxal `saxli; farduli~ (xunZ. hor `farduli~,
yam. xal `saxli~; lezg. xal,
xal Tab. xal `saxli~, aG. xal,
xal ruT.
xal,
xal,
xal wax. xa… ←*xal
xal kriw. xal,
xal bud. xal `saxuravi, sxveni~,
arC. xal `bude~, xali
xali `oJaxi~).
◊ s.-qarTv. *Kasr
KasrKasr `cixe-simagre; samefo saxli~ (Zv. qarT.
kasr-i, zan. (megr.) ‡orS-i
kasr
‡orS º KorS-i
KorS `cixe-simagre, koSki~, svan.
KarS (top.));
◊ s.-daG. *Kas
Kas-i
Kas `sawoli, Taro~ (darg. Kasi `sawoli~, aG.
Kas, wax. Kas,
Kas
Kas arC. Kas `Taro~);
◊ s.-sind. *K…aS
K…aSK…aS `mcire nageboba (karviseburi)~ (ad. ƒ…aS,
…aS,
Kab. K…aS).
K…aS
◊ s.-qarTv. *buZ
buZbuZ `Taro; adgili Zirdadgmuli saxlis karebTan~ (qarT. buZ-o
º buZ-u
º buZ-e,
zan. (laz.) buJ-eJ-i,
svan.
buZ
buZ
buZ
buJ
buJ-er
º bˆJ-er
`Taro~);
buJ
bˆJ
◊ s.-nax. *boJ
boJ-al`saJinibo, gomi~ (iCq. buo
boJ
buojal º buo
buoJal
`Tavla~, ing. bej–
b÷Jal `saJinibo~, bacb. {bo
boJal
bej–l º beJ–
beJ–l ←*b÷Jal
boJal});
Jal
◊ s.-daG. *boJ
boJ-en`beGeli~ (xunZ. bejen
boJ
bejen `beGeli~; hin. bej,
bej
bej. bej,
bej hunz. bej `Semokavebuli adgil-nageboba cxvarTaTvis~).
◊ s.-qarTv. *lanZ…
lanZ…lanZ… `fanJara, urduli~ (Zv. qarT. lanZ…-i
lanZ…
`fanJara~, svan. leJ…r
←*l
lerJ…-n-i
`urduli~);
leJ…r-n-i
…r
J…
◊ s.-daG. *naZ…
naZ…naZ… `kari; fanJara~ (xunZ. nuw´
nuw´a, and. hinw´
hinw´u,
axv. i¹w´o, yam. hi¹
hi¹¬…, tind. hinc´
hinc´u, kar. hinw´
hinw´u, boTl. hinw´
hinw´u,
bagv. hu¹
hu¹w´, God. hinc´
hinc´u; did. ac,
ac hin. ac,
ac xvarS. ac,
ac bej. a¹c,
hunz. ˆ¹cu;
cu lak. nuz,
nuz darg. unc
unc´a º unZa
unZa `kari~; Tab. uny…
`fanJara~).
96
◊ s.-qarTv. *Sen
Sen-/*Sin
Sen
Sen-i,
Sen
Sen SinSin `Seneba; Senoba~ (qarT. Sen-eb-a,
Sin-a
Sin `xevsuruli saxlis qvemo sarTuli~, svan. sgir-i
sgir º skir-i
skir
`svanuri saxlis qveda sarTuli~);
◊ s.-daG. *sin
sinsin `miwebeba, dadeba, daxurva, daketva~ (xunZ.
sede
kar. sin-,
sede-,
de axv. Sin-,
Sin yam. sin-,
sin tind. sin-ih-,
sin
sin bagv. sin…-,
sin…
God. sini
sn-i;
wax. ga-s
s´an,
sn-,
sini;
ni lak. sina
sina,
na darg. da-sn
sn
an kriw. ƒ´i-sn
sn
arC. s´´us´
us´ˆ-bos).
nugzar
cecxlaZe
floro
floroni
ronime
nimebi
mebi SavSe
SavSeTis
SeTis
topo
poni
to
ponimi
nimia
miaSi
SavSeTis toponimiaSi TvalsaCino adgili uyiravs mcenareTa saxelebisagan momdinare toponimebs.
SavSeTi tKeebiTa da mcenareuli safariT mdidari regionia. Jer kidev XIX saukunis bolos z. yiyinaZe aGniSnavda, rom
`SavSeTSi izrdeba mravalnairi xe, balaxi, Kvavilebi, xexili. aq
xili kargi icis, nametur joli (bjoli) ... modis puri, simindi, qeri, Gomi, lobio (metad kargi scodnia), kartofili, yarxali, mwvanileuloba, erTi sitKviT, aqeT kaci rasac dargavs
da daTesavs, Kvelaferi xeirobs, garda brinJisa~. (z. yiyinaZe,
musulmani qarTveloba da maTi soflebi saqarTveloSi, tf.,
1993, 265, 267). ufro adre, 1874 wels, g. Kazbegi werda: `SavSeTis buneba gacilebiT mdidaria. mesaqonleoba da mexorbleoba aq SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad ganviTardes. SavSeTi awarmoebs
xorbals, romelic baTumis bazarze Karsisas sJobnis. miwis
zGapruli naKofierebis pirobebSi SavSeTi SesaZloa gaxdes
xorblis warmoebis centri~ (g. Kazbegi, sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 1995, 97).
regionis mravalsaxeobiani mcenareuli saxelebi aisaxa
97
toponimebSi. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac toponimad warmodgenilia pirdapir mcenaris saxeli. e. i. adgilis saxeldeba moxda
metonimiis gziT mag; murKani tKe (kuyeni), lerwa
lerwami
wami saTibi (miqeleTi)...
toponimis fuZed aGebulia xe-mcenareuli, kulturuli
da balax-mcenareuli saxelebi:
arKieTi,
Ti sofl. ubani (zeda sulisi), arKnali
arKnali tKe
arKi : arKieTi
(weTileTi)...; as
aski
kili
bali
askilu
kilua
luani saTibi (manatba)...; ba
ki
li : aski
li :
balva
balvana
na
(←
balovana)
sofeli
(SavSeTi)...;
balsu
bal
suka
kana
na
saTibi
va
suka
(maCxateTi), balTa
balTaxevGele
TaxevGele Gele (Cixori), didbli
didblizi
bliziri
ziri (←
didi blis Ziri) saTesi (xevwruli)...; bza : bzaTa
bzaTa sofl. ubani
(wKalsimeri); Sdr. zvani _ sofeli vanis raionSi. vaS
vaSli
li :
vaSlaT
vena
na-vaSlaT saTibi (yuarebi), vaSlTaKana
vaSlTaKana saTesi (axaldaba)...; ve
na
venaxe
naxebi
xebi saTesi (svirevani)... amjamad vazi gaSenebulia Savxi : vena
SeT-imerxevis dablob adgilebSi, umetesad mdinareTa gaswriv
mdebare soflebSi. muslimanuri religiis gavrcelebamde es
kultura erT-erTi wamKvani dargi iKo. amas adasturebs sxvadasxva soflebSi (tbeTi, wiTveTi, ifxreveli...) dGesac SemorCenili qvis sawnaxlebi. ver
verxvi
verxvina
xvinali
nali sof. (SavSeTi),
xvi: verxvi
verxvna
Tela
verxvnal
xvnala tKe (xevwruli)...; Te
TelawKaro wKaro (ube)...;
la : TelawKaro
TuTa
Tu
Ta, igive bjoli º bjola (SavSeTis soflebi cnobilia am
kulturiT `kulturuli mcenareulobidan aq kargad xarobs
TuTis xe~ _ werda g. Kazbegi) : TuTiGele
TuTiGele Gele (CixvTa)...;
kata
tari
katarT saTibi (Jinali), katruani tKe (wKalsimeri),
ka
ta
ri : katarT
kate
lekis
katero
terova
rovani
vani tKe (svirevani)...; le
leknarTi
narTi saTibi (zakis xe : leknar
msxali
qieTi), lekTu
lekTuka
Tukana
kana tKe (ube)...; msxa
msxlobani
bani sofeli
li : msxloba
(SavSeTi), sxalfi
sxalfila
fila sof. ubani (svirevani), msxalna
msxalnari
nari saTibi
(xevwruli), msxalna
msxalnariGele
nariGele Gele (xevwruli), sxalTnam
sxalTnamw
Tnamwuri
saTibi (ifxevli)...; adgilobriv msxlis mravali JiSi xarobs,
maTgan erT-erTi kutala msxalia, romelic fuZed udevs ramdenime geografiul saxels: kuta
kutale
taleTi
leTi sof. ubani (svirevani),
kuta
tali
lizi
ziri
ku
ta
li
zi
ri (← kutaliZiri, kutalis Ziri) saTesi (manatba),
kuta
kutale
talebi
lebi saTesi (xevwruli). velur anu tKis msxals aq, rogorc saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, panta hqvia. dasturdeba
98
toponimi pantis
muxa
pantis seri
seri mTa (iveTi)...; mu
muxner (← muxnari)
xa : muxner
tKe (z. sulisi), muxo
nigo
gozi
nigogomuxoba
xobani
bani sofeli (SavSeTi)...; ni
go
zi : nigo
zira
zira (← nigozizira ← nigozis Zira ← nigozis Ziri) saTibi (wKalsimeri)...; tKema
tKemali
tKimli
lizi
ziri
li
zi
ri (← tKimliZiri ←
li : tKim
tKimlis Ziri ← tKemlis Ziri) saTibi (xevwruli)...; as
asli
li _
`arc erT sxva enaSi xorbleulis am JiSs aseTi saxeli ar ewodeba da amis gamo es termini namdvil qarTul sitKvad unda
vcnaT~ _ wers iv. JavaxiSvili (saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoria, I, tf., 1930, 338). naas
naasle
aslevi
levi saTi
saTibi
Tibi (diobani)...; ifqli
ifqli:
qli
`SavSeTis friad momcem barSi uxvad modis simindi da xorbali (ifqli)~ _ werda gazeTi `iveria~ 1877 wels, #18, gv. 8
(avtori petre umikaSvili). SavSeTSi, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos sxva danarCen kuTxeebSi naTes xorbleuls (purs, qers,
yvavs) ZvalTeslurs eZaxian, xolo Semodgomaze naTess _
ifqls, romelic aseTive mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda Zvel qarTulSi da aGniSnavda Semodgomis xorbleuls, an saerTod pureuls. sakvlev regionSi ifql-i Zirisgan ramdenime geografiuli saxeli aris nawarmoebi, rac migvaniSnebs imas, rom pureulis es JiSi aq sakmaod gavrcelebuli iKo. ifxra
ifxrana
na (← ifxriana) saTibi (maCxateTi), ifxrevli
ifxreveli erT-erTi didi
ifxrevli...;
li
sofelia imerxevSi. `ifxreuli~ º `ifxreveli~ `imerxeulis~
(iqiTa mxaris) saxenacval formad miaCnia i. sixaruliZes (i. sixaruliZe, SavSeT-imerxevi, baTumi, 1988# 51). vfiqrobT, toponimis amosavali fuZe aris igive ifqli. analogiuri Zirisaa
toponimi ifxrevani saZovari (sinkoTi)...; se
seli
selavri
lavri saTili : selav
svili
bi (ifxrevli), nasel
naselva
selvari
vari saTesi (bazgireTi), svi
svireva
revavali : svire
ni (← svilevani) sofeli (imerxevi)...; qe
qeri
qerevla
revla saTibi
ri : qerev
yili
(weTileTi), qeriKana
qeriKana tKe (morGeli)...; yi
yilie
lieTi sazamli : yili
Tro sadgomi (tbeTi), yila
yilau
lauri saZovari (sxlobani)...
floronimebia sakvlevi regionis geografiuli saxelebi:
barde
bardeTi
deTi saTibi (yinali), brinJva
brinJvali
Jvali saTesi (weTileTi), bazgi
bazgigireTi
reTi (← baZgireTi) sofeli (imerxevi), naos
naospa
pari
ri
saTesi
(xevospa
wruli) da a. S.
rogorc vxedavT, mcenareuli saxelebi farTod aris
99
warmodgenili regionis geografiul nomenklaturaSi. gvxvdeba
rogorc xe-mcenareuli, aseve kulturuli da balaxeuli mcenareebisagan momdinare toponimebi.
nineli
yoxoneliZe
futkfutk-, funkfunk- fuZe
fuZeTa
ZeTa
warmomav
warmomavlo
mavlobi
lobisa
bisaTvis
saTvis
1. `dawvis~ mniSvnelobiT Zvel qarTulsa da qarTulis
enis rig dialeqtSi dasturdeba sxvadasxvafuZiani sitKvebi:
futK-:
futK ganfutKva `dawva~ nuukue mexistexaman gangkafos,
anu elvaman g a n g f u t K o s [A=92 222r, 21-22).
funtkl-:
funtkl gadafuntklavs `gadabugavs, gadawvavs, cecxls
waukidebs~ (rayuli).
futkr-:
futkr gadafutkravs `gadawvavs~ (imeruli).
zemoaGniSnuli fuZeebis amosavlad migvaCnia futk-,
futk romelic, Cveni azriT, saerToqarTveluri warmomavlobisaa da Seesabameba svanuris futkº fuTkfuZes. fuTk…‹rd,
futk
fuTk
fuTk…‹rd
futk…‹rd liCed
liCed _ gadabugva, ferflad qceva. eJ Jor
f u t k … ‹ r d a C a d (lSx.) _ is saxli daiferfla).
Zveli qarTulis futK-,
futK dialeqturi funtkl-,
funtkl futkrfutkr
variantebi ki futkfutk fuZis fonetikuri cvlilebis Sedegad
unda migveGo.
2. qarTuli enis rig dialeqtSi (qiziKuri, ingilouri,
ayaruli, imerx.) funkfunk º fung-fuZiani
fung
sitKvebi niSnavs `daSlas, gafuyebas, arev-darevas~. CvenebianT xuroi urem xan agebs
da xana f u n k a v s (qiziKuri). vin a f u n g a aqa…roba ra
giqnian es, sul tarmataGini gigixdian! (ayaruli).
vfiqrobT, rom fungfung (← funk-)
funk k-s gamjGerebis Sedegia.
funk-s ki SeesatKviseba u → i palataluri umlautis Sedegad
funk
100
miGebuli svanuris Semdeg gamoTqmaSi dadasturebuli finkfink
fink{
fink{…}ild ligne
ligne _ nangrevebad qceva; daqucmaceba, damsxvreva. f i n k … i l d i l ˆ g  n d a icxrSi (poez. 224) _ mtveri idga msxlis fqvilisa (namcecebad eKara msxlis fqvilisagan
gakeTebuli namcxvari).
nino
xarCilava
saqor
saqorwi
qorwil
wilo sufra
sufra da masTan
masTan dakav
dakavSi
kavSire
Sirebu
rebuli
buli
zogi
gier
zo
gierTi
erTi termi
termini
mini samur
samurzaKano
murzaKanoSi
zaKanoSi
samurzaKanoSi erTdGiani qorwili icodnen. GamiT imarTeboda nadimi, romelic gamTeniisas unda dasrulebuliKo. saqorwilo sufras emsaxureboda dudko
dudkoCi
koCi (Tavkaci), romelsac
oJaxi irCevda. mis movaleobas sufrisTvis Tvalis devneba
warmoadgenda. igi pasuxs agebda Kovelgvar wvrilmanze (sufris
gawKoba-galamazebiT dawKebuli stumar-maspinZlebis mier sufrasTan adgilis dakavebiT damTavrebuli). mas emorCileboda
sufris Kvela
mosamsaxure, mimtani da meriqife. nadimis
dawKebamde stumar-maspinZels igi iaraGs CamoarTmevda da oJaxis ufross Caabarebda. warsulSi sufrasTan iaraGiT Jdoma
miuGeblad iTvleboda. es wesi XX saukunis II naxevramde moqmedebda. Kvela stumari da maspinZeli valdebuli iKo Tavisi iaraGi oJaxis ufrosisTvis Caebarebina, rasac igi sufris dasasrulamde inaxavda. iaraGis CamorTmeva stumarmaspinZlobis uZveles tradicias warmoadgenda, romelic saqarTvelos TiTqmis
Kvela kuTxeSi fiqsirdeba (mowerelia 1984, gv. 26).
samurzaKanoSi sufrasTan daculi iKo sqesobriv-asakobrivi diferenciaciis principi. sufris erT mxares, marcxniv,
isxdnen qalebi, meore mxares ki, marJvniv, _ mamakacebi. sufrasTan Jdomis msgavsi principebi saqarTveloSi arsebobda V saukuneSic, roca dedakacs ar hqonda mamakacTan `puris yamis~
101
ufleba (curtaveli 1964, gv. 37). arqanJelo lambertis cnobiT, `qalebi da kacebi sufrasTan cal-calke sxedan~ (lamberti 1938, gv. 48). rogorc Cans, saqme gvaqvs patriarqaluri
oJaxisaTvis damaxasiaTebel wesTan, romelmac droTa ganmavlobaSi transformacia ganicada.
sufraze lxinis dawKebisas or-sam sadGegrZelos arKiT
dalevdnen. amas gilax
gilaxva
laxvama
vama (urTierTgacnobis sadGegrZelo)
ewodeboda. gilax
gilaxva
laxvama
vama ori sitKvisagan Semdgari zmnaa. gila
gila
rTuli zmniswinia da aGniSnavs mimarTulebas (`mimo~), xolo
xvama
xvama aris locva (qaJaia 2001, gv. 329). amdenad, gilax
gilaxva
laxvama
vama niSnavs `mimolocvas~. am dros maspinZeli stumarTan alaverds
gadadioda.
Tamadad irCevdnen sufris wesrigis kargad mcodnes da
nadimis xelmZGvanelobis unaris mqone gamocdil adamians, romelsac sasmelis garkveuli raodenobis miGeba da atana SeeZlo. Tamada airCevda qalis mSoblebisa da maKrebis ufrosis
mier SerCeul moadgiles, romelic aucileblad qalis maKrebidan unda KofiliKo. Tamadis mier arCeul pirovnebas saqorwilo sufraze mopa
mopasu
pasuxe
suxe || bilba
bilbaSi
baSi ewodeboda.
termini Tama
Tamada
mada qarTul KofaSi dGes saKovelTaodaa gavrcelebuli da niSnavs sufris ufross, sadGegrZeloebis
mTqmels. s. JanaSias azriT, es sitKva kavkasiur enebSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba da niSnavs mamasaxliss, amorCeuls,
sufris ufross (JanaSia 1968, gv. 136). T. ivelaSvilis dakvirvebiT, Tamada sufris ufrosi iKo. am sitKvis damkvidrebis
drod saqarTveloSi mas XIX saukune miaCnia (ivelaSvili 1995,
gv. 13). n. abakelia wers: `Tamada, cnobili qarTvelologis
k. Smidtis azriT, Cerqezuli sitKvaa da niSnavs `mama ufals~
(abakelia 1997, gv. 146). termin `Tamadis~ sadaurobisa da qarTul KofaSi misi damkvidrebis Sesaxeb saintereso Sexedulebas
aviTarebs g. gociriZe, romelic am sitKvas sparsulidan Semosulad miiCnevs. Tamadobis instituti Zvelia da warsulidan
modis (gociriZe 1999, gv. 65).
Tamadis paralelurad samurzaKanoSi gamoiKeneba termini
102
tolba
tolbaSi
baSi,
Si romelsac igive azrobrivi da funqcionaluri datvirTva aqvs. `tolumbaSi Turquli sitKvaa da tikis ufross
niSnavs. igi imave mniSvnelobisaa, rac Tamada~ (qarTuli enis
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 1960, gv. 316). Tamadisa da tolumbaSis Sesaxeb Tavisi mosazreba hqonda z. yiyinaZes. `Tamada da
tolumbaSi erekle II-is dros damkvidrebulia. masTan xSirad
modiodnen stumrebi _ Kaenis Svilebi da maT sapativcemulod
imarTeboda sufra. Sekrebili warCinebulni amoirCevdnen sufraze Kvelaze karg msmels, dasvamdnen muTaqaze. pirvelad mas
unda daelia azarfeSa da saymlis gemoc mas unda gaesinJa. aqedan aris warmomdgari Tavi
Tavi-ma
vi mada
mada.
da tolumbaSic imitom daerqva,
rom aseve zemoxsenebuli piri iKo tole
tolebis
lebis Tavi
Tavi,
vi anu sparsulad `baSi~. (mTawmindeli 1878, #19). termini tolum
tolumba
lumbaSi
baSi
mTel saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli, Tumca igi ufro metad
dominirebs megrulSi.
bilba
bilbaSi
baSi mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos KofaSi dasturdeba. igi Turquli sitKvaa da niSnavs Tamadis moadgiles, Semwes (Магазаник 1945:76). samegreloSi tolum
tolumba
lumbaSis
baSisa
Sisa da bilba
bilbabaSis gavrcelebis mizezi TurqeTis gavleniT aixsneba.
tolumbaSsa da bilbaSs erTi kviriT adre afrTxilebda
oJaxis ufrosi. Tamada mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi marilian
myads yamda, rom mowKureboda da bevri Gvino daelia. tolumbaSs sufraze naxva
naxvawa
xvawa-s
wa (`Gomis qerqs~) daudebdnen, romelic,
respodentTa gadmocemiT, xels uwKobda msmels Gvinis dalevaSi. Tu vinme droze adre, lxinis damTavrebamde, adgeboda
sufridan, mas aJarimebdnen da erTi sasmisiT mets asmevdnen,
rasac ontKolaSur
ontKolaSur-s
Sur (`natalaxars~) uwodebdnen. tolumbaSisa
da bilbaSis lxinidan adre wasvla darCenilis gamarJvebas niSnavda. rogorc vxedavT, megrul sufraze Gvinis smaSi namdvili
paeqroba imarTeboda. Kvelaze meti Gvinis daleva gmirobis
tolfasi iKo. tolumbaSi, qarTuli sufris tradiciisamebr,
or-sam sadGegrZelos warmoTqvamda, romlis Semdeg nefe-patarZali unda edGegrZelebina. am dros igi moiTxovda sefaSi
SemoeKvanaT axaldaqorwinebulebi, raTa TavianTi kuTvnili ad103
gili _ saxa
saxaTe
xaTeco
Teco kunTxu
kunTxu daekavebinaT.
sufraze sadGegrZeloebis sami wKeba icodnen. erT wKebaSi ramdenime yiqa Sedioda, xolo meore da mesame wKebas
sadGegrZeloebis raodenoba emateboda. tolumbaSi Tu ver
SemorCeboda lxins, maSin sufras bilbaSi gauZGveboda, magram
es iSviaTad xdeboda. tradiciulad tolumbaSi misTvis gankuTvnil Kvela sadGegrZelos warmoTqvamda da dalevda. Semdeg
bilbaSic ramdenime sadGegrZelos itKoda da bolo yiqiT pativiscemisa da sufris kargad gaZGolisaTvis Tamadas adGegrZelebda. Tu Tamada da bilbaSi funqciebs Tavs kargad gaarTmevdnen, maSin Tamadas, saqorwilo sufris tradiciisamebr,
qorwilSi dakluli saqonlis Tavi, xolo bilbaSs _ beyi
ekuTvnoda. erT-erTis damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi gamarJvebuls
rCeboda saqonlis Tavic da beyic. dasavleT saqarTveloSi wesad iKo sufraze saqonlis moxarSuli beyis mitana, rasac Tan
axlda Sesabamisi sawebelic, romelic sufris xelmZGvanelebisaTvis sagangebod mzaddeboda (caiSeli 1884, gv. 156). lamazad
morTuli saqonlis moxarSuli Tavi da beyi Tamadisa da bilbaSis win ido.
sufra sruldeboda olur-ku
anu `wasasvleli Taolur kula
kula-Ti,
la
siT~. olu zanurSi niSnavs gzas (Кипшидзе 1914:429). ku
kula
la
xis patara Tasi iKo, cotaTi gansxvavebuli im sasmisisagan,
romliTac Gvinos miirTmevdnen. `olur kulas~ simGeras qalis
maKrebi wamoiwKebdnen. am dros sadGegrZelos Seusmeloba sircxvilad iTvleboda.
samurzaKanoSi saqorwilo sufra gamTeniisas unda dasrulebuliKo. bilba
bilbaSi
baSi sadGegrZeloebs dilamde daamTavrebda,
radgan mas Jer kidev xis totze mJdari dedali Tofis erTi
gasroliT unda Camoegdo da oJaxis diasaxlisisaTvis mierTmia.
104
cira
JanJGava
megru
megruli
gruli Suri
Suri `suli
suli~
li~ deri
deriva
rivateb
vatebsa
tebsa
da kompo
kompozi
poziteb
zitebSi
tebSi
Suri
Suri `suli~ megrulSi farTod aris gamoKenebuli derivatebsa da kompozitebSi.
aGniSnuli sitKvisagan gvaqvs rogorc prefiqsuli, ise
sufiqsuri da prefiqsul-sufiqsuri warmoebis nimuSebi.
prefiqsad nono º nana gamoiKeneba:
no-Suri
º na-Suri
`dasunTquli (gvelis pirSexebuli)~
no
na
sufiqsur warmoebaSi gvxvdeba -am
am,
eT,
el,
o sufiqsiaam -eT
eT -el
el -o
ni devrivatebi.
-am
am:
am-i
`suniani~ (aqedan -ia
ia sufiqsiT: Suram-ia
ia
am Sur-am
am
`xemKrali~)
-eT
eT:
eT-i
eT Sur-eT
eT `saiqio~
-el
el:
el-i
el Sur-el
el `dasunTquli~
-o
o Sur-o
o `sula(c)ar...~
sakmaod xSiria SurSur fuZisagan prefiqsul-sufiqsuri
warmoeba.
o _ e º o _ eT:
e º o-Sur-eT
eT-i
eT o-Sur-e
eT `saiqio~
ma _ al : ma-Sur-al
al-i
ma
al `damsunTqveli~
na _ a º na _ e: na-Sur-a
º na-Sur-e `dasunTquli~
na
u _ e: u-Sur-e
e `usulo; usuno~
KuradGebas iqcevs SurSur fuZisagan sxvadasxva afiqsebiT
nawarmoebi erTi mniSvnelobis mqone sitKvebi (sinonimebi): noSuri º naSuri º Sureli º naSura º naSure `dasunTquli~ da
SureTi º oSure º oSureTi `saiqio~.
roca SurSur fuZe kompozitis pirveli komponentia, meore
komponenti SeiZleba iKos arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxelebi,
ufro xSirad _ nazmnari saxelebi:
Sur-guri
`suli da guli~ (Sur
Sur-guriT
`suliT da guSur
Sur
liT~); u _ e cirkumfiqsiT: uSurgur
uSurgure
gure `usulgulo~).
Sur-kunta
`sulmokle~
Sur
105
Sur-gotebuli
`sulwasuli~
Sur
Sur-malafu
`momakvlavi~
Sur
Sur-sanTxo
`sunamo~
Sur
Sur-ubumu
`sulgakmedili~ da sxva.
Sur
sainteresoa, rom megrul dialeqtSi, sakuTriv megruli
Sur-is
gverdiT, qarTuli dialeqturi wridan SeTvisebuli
Sur
sun-ic
gvxvdeba sitKvaSi sunTo
sun
sunToba
Toba º sunTa
sunTao
Taoba `micvalebulis
moxseniebis dGe~: Sdr. dial. sulTa
sulTao
Taoba imave mniSvnelobiT (megrulSi l → n arabunebrivi lT kompleqsis superaciis Sedegad).
Cvenc unda gavCerdeT? (unda iKos: amitom
amitom da sxva);
•
Cven bevri ram unda CagvetvirTa, iqidan
iqidan gamomdi
gamomdina
mdinare
nare,
re
rom manqana mxolod ori saaTiT gvaTxoves; (unda iKos:
vina
vinai
naidan da sxva);
•
iqidan
iqidan gamomdi
gamomdina
mdinare
nare,
re rom anabeydebi ver aGmovaCineT...
(unda iKos: radga
radganac
ganac da sxva);
moxsenebaSi warmodgenilia rekomendaciebi aGniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
marina
nino
JorbenaZe
`aqedan
aqedan/
dan/ iqidan
iqidan gamomdi
gamomdina
mdinare
nare~
re~ forma
formaTa
maTa
umarTe
umarTebu
Tebulo
bulo xmare
xmarebis
rebis gamo qarTul
qarTulSi
TulSi
Tanamedrove qarTul zepir metKvelebasa (kerZo saubari,
tele da radiogadacemebi) Tu beydviT mediaSi xSirad gvxvdeba
`aqe
aqedan
aqedan/
dan/ iqidan
iqidan gamomdi
gamomdina
mdinare
nare~
re formebi, romlebmac xmarebidan
gamodevna:
1. amis/imis gamo;
2. ase rom;
3. amitom/imitom, (rom);
4. radgan, radganac;
5. vinaidan;
6. maSasadame da sxva;
magaliTebi:
106
•
es sakiTxi iqi
iqidan
dan gamomdi
gamomdina
mdinare
nare aris mniSvnelovani...
(unda iKos: imis gamo;
gamo; imitom
imitom da sxva);
•
mas moZGvars veZaxdiT, iqidan
iqidan gamomdi
gamomdina
mdinare
nare,
re rom... (unda
iKos: imitom
imitom,
tom, rom da sxva );
•
mas rom amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia, aqedan
aqedan gamomdi
gamomdina
mdinare
nare
JGarkava
o_u afiqse
afiqsebi
sebi megrul
megrulsa
grulsa
da lazur
lazurSi
zurSi
megrulSic da lazurSic o_u
u afiqsebiT gaformebuli
zmnuri Zirebi gvxvdeba. megrulSi o_u
u vnebiTis mawarmoeblebia, sadac o- sakuTriv vnebiTi gvaris niSania (qarTuli e-s SesatKvisi), -u
u ki _ Temis niSani.
o-Cqar
Cqar-u
_ e-Cqar-eb-a
Cqar u
o-natr
natr-u
_ e-natr-eb-a
natr
o-nd
nd-u
_ e-nd-ob-a
nd u
aseTi warmoebis vnebiTi lazurSic aris (mag., o-xvew-u-n _
exveweba), Tumca o- prefiqsiani pasivis formebi aq Zalze cotaa.
o_u
u afiqsebi lazurSi masdars awarmoebs:
o-tkoC
tkoC-u
_ srola
tkoC u
o-qaC
qaC-u
_ dayera
qaC u
o-GarGal
GarGal-u
GarGal u _ laparaki, saubari
o_u
u-Ti nawarmoebi masdarebi megrulSic gvxvdeba. arn.
Ciqobava aGniSnavs, rom yanurisebur masdarebs megruli iKenebs
garkveul gamoTqmebSi: voxvaruq TeSi oyarus
oyarus,
rus oqimi
oqiminus
minus,
nus oyki
oykikirus _ vSveli amis wera
weraSi
raSi,
Si qmnaSi
qmnaSi,
Si yraSi
yraSi...
Si midarTu ogoruSa _
wavida saZebrad (`Zebnad~).
107
megrulSi o- qarTuli sasa prefiqsis SesatKvisia: awarmoebs daniSnulebis saxelebs (o
o-qoTom-e _ sa-qaTm-e,
o-rz-ol-i
sa
_ sa-gz-al-i)
da momavali drois mimGeobas (o
o-yar-al-i _ dasa
sa-wer-i
º sa-wer-i,
o-Zir-af-al-i _ sa-nax-av-i...).
sa
sa
o- prefiqsis igive funqcia lazurSic dasturdeba:
o-nJie
_ sa-wol-i
sa
o-nciru
_ sa-cer-i
sa
o-nCinamu
_ sacexveli
iseve, rogorc qarTulSi s-, si-, sa-, megrulsa da lazurSi o- awarmoebs saxelzmnebs.
rac Seexeba -u
u sufiqss, is Temis niSania (Sdr., keT-eb-a,
tkb-ob-a, Tr-ev-a...), romelic megrulSi masdaris mawarmoebel a-s dairTavs, lazurSi ki _ ara. Sdr.:
megr.
laz.
qarT.
qos-u-a
o-qos-u
cocxv-a
Gar-u-a
o-Gar-u
Gar-v-a (da-Gar-v-a)
‡in-u-a
o-Kin-u
Kin-v-a
masdaris mawarmoebeli -aa sufiqsi, _ aGniSnavs arn. Ciqobava, _ megruls qarTulidan aqvs SeTvisebuli da aqa-iq yanurSic gvxvdeba (Tqual-aa _ Tqma, Surin-aa _ SiSi, Tanaf-aa _
Teneba).
megrulSic da lazurSic o_u
u afiqsebs warmoSoba erTnairi aqvT, miuxedavad imisa, rom dGes ZiriTadad sxvadasxva
morfologiur erTeulebs awarmoeben (megrulSi _ vnebiTs,
lazurSi _ masdars).
108
Descargar