! "##$ ! " # !" $ ! " %" & %" " % ! !" '" (" )% ") () *+ , - ' '" " .)" ) +! " " & " & )% ) % " %) /% ' %" "" " " ! 0 " - # " " % " " " ' " $ 1 " ! '" *+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 35 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 36 37 38 38 45 45 46 47 4< 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 63 64 6: 33 . 34 - " - " 36 / 43 , 433 1 !) 434 " " 44 9 , 46 463 " +'" 464 4: 9 4; /" 47 . " 63 = 64 > 66 " 67 :3 1!" (" * 67 :4 1!" (" * 68 :43 *+ , 68 :44 + CE CP 68 :46 1 1 , 62 ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " # $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;3 . ) +! ' '" :5 :5 ;4 %" ' '" ;6 -'" :4 :4 % &' ( $ # . . . . . . . . . . . :7 :7 :7 ;3 ) # . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;; ;; ;; 73 7: 7: 7; 78 * + # . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 , # &-&. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 73 -" >" 74 ' , 76 ' +)% 83 , 833 " * 834 " * 84 +)% 843 " * 844 " * 86 ! 33 . 33 43 " ! 44 =' ?? " % 37@A ! 37 46 - # 4: % " 4; " % 47 " 48 m = 2 τ = 5 4< x(t) m = 3 τ = 6 42 /" 435 . ! " 3: 63 " 9 64 " 63 66 ;3 A%" " " BmC CEV ;4 A%" " " " BmC CEV ;6 A%" Bτ C CEV ;: A%" " Bτ C CEV 73 + & 74 % 76 / 7: -" 7; % 3; 37 38 44 46 4; 47 42 65 :6 :6 :; :; :8 :2 :2 ;5 ;5 77 / 78 -" )% ;3 ;: 83 / " 75 43 44 46 4: 1 /(") " /(") " " 37 32 45 4; ;3 , . .)" ) +! " " BmC CEV ;4 , . .)" ) +! Bτ C CEV :4 83 / " B 5C 84 / " B 5C 86 / " B 3C 8: / " B 3C 8; / " B 4C 87 / " B 4C 88 / " " B 5C 8< / " " B 5C 82 / " " B 3C 835 / " " B 3C :: ;7 ;7 ;7 ;8 ;8 ;8 ;< ;< ;< ;2 833 / " " B 4C 834 / " " B 4C 836 / " (" *) B 3C 83: / " (" *) B 3C 83; / " * CEV 837 / " * CPV 838 / " * CPV P 83< / " * CEV ! 832 / " * CPV ! 845 / " * CPV P ! 843 / " )% 844 / " )% 846 / " )% * CPD 84: / " )% * CPDP 84; / " * CPV 0 847 / " * CPV P 0 848 / " )% * CPD 0 84< / " )% * CPDP 0 ;2 ;2 75 73 73 74 74 76 76 76 7; 7; 77 77 78 7< 7< 72 % %) * * " "'" #& ! *""'& ' .' % " " '" " & ! " "% %) " # " & % "' %) * " % ) " "" - " ! " " " " " % $ !& " " ' % * ' " $ " ! ! # !" " ' " ! ) " ** 9 ( % %%' , ) " % & ' ) & *+ A * % " * > * "' " )% - % "' " " "% !%' ! ' '" ( *+ " " " "' % !" (" " " % " & .) 1" "' % " " !" ! " " # % % " %# %) %) " !" ) %) () + !" %) ) % " ) %) D " !# " " E43 68 62F *" ' ! !" " " ! & ! " > " " ! # " ' (" !& "' E2F % 33 " & " ! % % " ! ( )" !" ) " & ( ( % " !" " %) " & 9% " " & !" '" " ! 1" % ' ) 1 Formación de la Señal de Excitación Datos sobre tono, ruido y pronunciación Excitación Tracto vocal Señal Verbal Configuración del tracto vocal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v "' & ! Sv : /" → - . " " ! " "" % " " Sv " & * % (" "" " E63F ! ( 1" " % 44 (* * " 37 JA ! 37 K ' D " % B ("" 345 "C & ")" + & !" "" > " & %' " " % " & " $ " " & ) *" * " # * " ' % % & " " " E2F (" % % 46 " " # 3 " B"!C 1 % +% B1+C %# !& % 4 ( &) ' -1. " 105 newtons/m2 # $ % ! Vocal "a" 0.8 0.6 0.4 Amplitud 0.2 0 −0.2 −0.4 −0.6 −0.8 −1 0 100 200 300 400 500 Muestras 600 700 800 900 1000 )*+ , --! ./01'! 2 ( ' ./ 1 -1. " %# - " " 1" ( ! "$ $ ! - " % 44 " 37 JA " " 1/16000 % $ & % %) " " " % < JA 37 JA E34F - " < 34 E:6F Sv !' Vibraciones (Sonido) Señal codificada digitalmente Corriente eléctrica 1 2 x1 Transductor " 010101101001 010101010110 111101101001 u1 CAD + , 3 / ( " !) ' " # E:4F / 43 "% (" " " ! " " " + ! " " % " B !C " B !C " " % % " ! & & ) "' " " E35F , 1 * ! " )" ! ! * # "" * ! % " + !" ! " ! # !) - ( " " " B C % " " & !" Sv Sv [1], Sv [2], ..., Sv [L(Sv )] L(·) " " & ( '" " & " Sv H " " ! ) " % '" " ! ) ! E: 64F A * Sv "% % " " !" %) ℵ " " " " Sv ℵ % E34F$ Voz Procesamiento de la señal Aplicaciones Decodificador Modelos Adaptación 4 + " " ( ) VC L " # %) % "' /" !" " " " !" & " " > " ' % & % % %) ℵ /)" (% " - " / 44 ( Ci & "' % %) ℵ " " ! " ) %) % ! % " " % & # X = C1 C2 ...Cn Ŵ = w1 w2 ...wm " p(W | X)$ Ŵ = argmax p(W | X) = argmax w w p(W )p(X | W ) p(X) B43C - "(" M " BMC " ( p(W ) " !" " & " !" ! - " " % " * % & " ( "' & - p(X | W ) !" ) " " " ! % !" & ! Ci # - ) " %) # " " !" % " " %" E34F . I .J E6; 67F " & " * * E47F I" "' !' - " * ) " & !) " * & ! & " " "' & * (% & ! " " - * & "' "% ! " %" ( " " " ! ( "" %) ")" " " - " " " " & "% !& # " % ! " % " !" ) ! -" "' % % " " - " " " " ! ) ! !" # ! " ' "" D "" ) " 56 + $ ! "# 0' D " " " & # % " E4:F G'" " * !" ) " E45F / 46 (") " E45 4:F ! "! # $ # D " '" K "" " ' " " ' ! " " & " !) ""'"K (" " " " " "' " " " " % !" " - " 56 + " ! & & /" '" & " ! ! " - > +" - "' !) % % " ! E:2F "" " % E46F " '" (* "" & " " " k !) " E4<F ) " k " J" k " " '" /" " %' 9" )" ( % % & & " ' " !) & * % & !" ! ! ) )" " !" dx = ẋ = f (x) dt B44C f ! f : U → k U k % x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xk )T +* " t ∈ % t 1 ! f t " " " " % ! %# ' " " %" ! !& " " E;; ;7F % % * % " !" A & ! E48F$ $ & & A " A & " " " ( U & A & x ∈ U distancia(x, A) → 0 " & t → ∞ A "" $ ( %# A & !% A - " * ' E4;F " " ' '" ' " "! +* " $ dx(t) = σ(y(t) − x(t)) dt dy(t) = −x(t)z(t) + rx(t) − y(t) dt dz(t) = x(t)y(t) − bz(t) dt σ, r, b > 0 B46C " " " x(t)z(t) x(t)y(t) - (" E3F '" σ #" - " r #" %* #" %* ) b % 4; " % " '" σ = 10 b = 8/3 r = 28 (0, 1, 0)T ! ' $ '( ) %"*+", " 1 " ( !" " B% 47C .' ' 4 % ' $ " " ( !" "' !) & E:F " " " B% " !C B% C ' %# " ' ' " " 1" ! " '" " # " E3F > " & " " '" " %) "" " & '" ' " '" B %C E3 :: :8F "' ! & " ) E;4F 1 " !"" # " Sv " " " ) "" BC " "' ! " !" " n k X n = {Sv [n], Sv [n + τ ], ..., Sv [n + (m − 1)τ ]} X n = {Sv [n], Sv [n − τ ], ..., Sv [n − (m − 1)τ ]} X Sv [i] " B"C i " & m !" " " " % "$ 3 " BSv C ' 4 ='" )" - " τ " " " " " /J E:8F & '" " ( & " " '" %" & " ( '" " J" # "% & m τ ( !* " " " " & % ' *) (" ") E:F "% " ) ! E<F " m τ " ' % & '" , !" % 48 (* " & %' " & i → ∞ "% " " " *' m > 3 # ! 4 % 7 , ! m = 2 2 τ = 5 & % " " " -1 E;:F N 9 I.- E;5F % ' m τ 1 % & " 35 x(t) 46$ 5 55553 55553 55554 55554 5555; 55558 55535 55534 5554; % m = 4 τ = 1 " % B/ 4:C %&' %&()' %&(*' %&(+' 55555 55553 55553 55554 55554 5555; 55558 55553 55553 55554 55554 5555; 55558 55535 55553 55554 55554 5555; 55558 55535 55534 55554 55554 5555; 55558 55535 55534 5554; 48 4 % " * 46 " " $ # %' % & x(t) "$ Sv # !" " ! - !" '" " % 4< (* ! m = 3 " τ = 5 4 % 7 x(t) '! 2 τ = 6 m=3 > & y(t) z(t) " % 47$ "" + " % !" '" $ ! "# ( " ' ") % "% * & ' )% * 9" E;:F % !" /9.9/ " % )" " *%" " " " "' m = 2 & " ! B;<2: OC B6655 O 3778 O "C > " & ) & # ( " " " D E43F & ) m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vR (n) = Sv (n) + e(n) e(n) = >B53C ( " "% &) ' 0 Sv (* " " E42F & % " & 0 " " E4 6 8F I " & " ) ! " ' E7F D 0 !" !" " " & " E42F ' " ! . SvR (n) $ $ ' 0 % " ' 0 " 0 % 9" " % ) " 0 % & ' & ' D ) % ! " ! " B )% C %$ " % " CE % % CP & " " CE E34F % " " D " " " % " " " CE " & " " CP * " " % CP " " " !" !" " ! !" BC ! E38F " " ! ) !"$ Matriz de Confusión Bidimensional Categorías Correctas Categorías Predichas a e i o u a aa ea ... e ae ee ... i ... ... ... o u ' ( ) & & ! " & ! " " " "' ' ' " ' %) * " " " " %) " " " (" " ' & ' " ;5 O ! " " % " ! (" "' " "! + - ( ( " & !" 1" % 63 " * % " 1 Corpus de Entrenamiento Constituir corpus de voces Corpus de Prueba 2 Tratamiento de la señal 3 Cálculo de parámetros de reconstrucción 4 Representación en el Espacio de Fase Reconstruido 5 Extracción de características 6 Entrenamiento del clasificador 7 Prueba del clasificador " 4 9+ " % & " " " D % " 0 "" - ) ' '" " %$ ! # " ) ! # " " % (" " * )% % " % (" " '! (" " %" % 63 1) : 7 (" %" " * " ' / % & "' " " ""' % " " - * ! ! " " " " )# " ""' % " ' ( % "" ' " E36F 1 ( " "" % " " * 1 )" " % " - " " ( % 64 " " : 4 " " ai " " ( ai = f j Wj,i aj B63C " % & E1 Conexiones E2 E3 O1 Toda conexión tiene asociado un valor numérico denominado peso. " O2 S E4 "" Capa de Entrada Capa Oculta Capa de Salida 7 f ! Wj,i ( j i aj j I ) & " (% " % * " & % "" + !" % (Entrada, SalidaDeseada) " Entrada SalidaDeseada " 6 ' " ) % * n " ' n - " ! 355 & B 1) 7C ) ' 355 " - ; + - " - - " $ . / & " % & " 1" ! " %" %.& E:;F " " " ./G L %" " % ")" "' '" & % ' & " "" " %" ! " " ")" # ")" & "' " # K % "" * % " ' " " ./G " * 10−3 %" %)" " ! % % " & ' " (" % 1 '" %" %.& * " & ./G 343 !# n = cardinalidad(ℵ) %) % (" % [R1 R2 ...Rn ] n Ri D CE " %" 3 G'" Ri B1 ≤ i ≤ nC j B1 ≤ j ≤ cardinalidad(CE )C CE " & & %)(j) = %)(i) % 3K 5 63 !" " & % ! salida Ri " # Ri salida (Ri , Entrada) = asalida & Entrada % * -" "" SvE " n "' " %) & %" 4 !" n = 5 $ n = 10 " % & "! , ) " B[R1 R2 ...Rn ] CE C ∀Ri (1 ≤ i ≤ n) ∀CE [j] B1 ≤ j ≤ cardinalidad(CE )C %)BCE [j]C P %)BRi C + $P 3 + $P 5 %.& Ri % $ B)BCE [j]C +C ) maxi " " %) & SvE , * I -BSvE C maxi "( $P BR1 )BSvE CC maxi $P 3 ∀Ri (2 ≤ i ≤ n) " $P BRi )BSvE CC " Q"( "( $P " maxi $P D " " & " ' " % " CE " & (' ) " - CP & "' "" " ) % & CE ) & !" & & " " +* &" ' " % % & " %) !" $ (" * $ *+ # , - " & )% - (" * $ B " C B !"C V CE−hblA $ 1 " B15 × 5 = 75C CPV −hblA $ 1 B10 × 5 = 50C D CE−hblA $ 1 " )% B15 × 10 = 150C CPD−hblA $ 1 )% B10 × 10 = 100C + 0! 1 1 ! - '( ') * V CE−hblB $ 1 " B15 × 5 = 75C CPV −hblB $ 1 B10 × 5 = 50C D CE−hblB $ 1 " )% B15 × 10 = 150C CPD−hblB $ 1 )% B10 × 10 = 100C "# V - " CE−hblA 8; " 15 5 %) / ! % -1. 37 JA ! 37 $ *+ # , - # 10 !2 CE CP ( % " " ( & !$ *+ , ( " * * % *+ %%'" & & ) - % & % ) "' !) "" " % * % ) " " ) !" '" & " % R6? " " * + , ! D . , E65F " ::555 % 3555 * - * % ) ! :: " <JA ! < 9!" "' E65F &" " *+ µ 0 E;3F "# ! +* &" " %)" ) *" 0 CE + CP + :: *+ , % )% !" $ - # $ '( ') * " )% "% * & * " % * % ( !%" % ! !" + !" ' !) '" ! - )% " & !" * ) & ' )% ! " & " % & %' " "' " # " " " % & "' " " $ " " % ) " " " " ") " " & "" (% ) " " - % " * "" &) " ! $ % * *' "' "" * " * " " !" "' % "' !" '" " ! 1 " 45 35 " CP P !" 35 *+ , " " " 1 )% " CE CP " 35 % %# " ' 7 $ CEV $ 1 " B20 × 5 = 100C CPV $ 1 B10 × 5 = 50C CPV P $ % B *+C B10 × 5 = 50C )1( $ - '( ') * CED $ 1 " )% B30 × 10 = 300C CPD $ 1 )% B20 × 10 = 200C CPDP $ "$ % B *+C )% B10 × 10 = 100C ! " * !" µ 0 B< JA < C -1. B37 JA 37 C + " " ! - " " ! " "' " ' - # " CP P * % " '" ! "! ' * )% " (" " # ! 1 1 23 4 - 24 234 - 24 ) " '" ! ) ! * ' & )% "' " " '" " & " " & % " )% * " & ) " " " ") ' " " )% * " " " "' " " ("" 4 * ' '" )% ") " 1" ' ') % )% " & " - "' " "' ** & !" " & ) 3555 " B74; "C ) '" & % + !" " " & '" % ' . /+ 0# 0 ! "# " " m τ ! " =" . , A E<F 1 # $ ! % ! + %) " " m τ ) " " τ " ")" !" " " τ K ' #& 2 D τ " " " " " & ! "' & # " " & % m " ! " ! " B C ' τ - " ) ! ' " '" " " " % ! p(x) %# ) ! $ H(x) = − +∞ −∞ p(x) ln (p(x))dx B;3C E<F " ;3 " @*JJ$ H(x) = N ln (N pj ) + ln 2 + CE B;4C j=1 N #" " pj " "' CE B≈ 0,5572C % H(x, m, τ ) ) ! " ! ( '" m τ + !" " '" & & "" H(x) - ' H(x, m, τ ) % " x ) xs,i i = 1, 2, ..., Ns " "" H(x) I(m, τ ) $ I(m, τ ) = H(x, m, τ ) H(xs,i , m, τ )i B;6C ·i " i B1 ≤ i ≤ Ns C ) ! + %) % 12 0# 0 " ) ./G & " " ' '" E<F ! 1) 2 B'% 88 8< "C * ) " " m τ % 0 %" * " "' '" " - " CEV & " '" " B% & CPV C %" 25 CEV B3< C % " " !" B/ ;3C %' B% ;3 ;4C ! : 7 2 6 8 42 6 7 3 8 8 4: 7 6 8 7 4 4: : 6 3 4 4 34 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 : 6 46 ( ;m< , CEV 1 m (2 ≤ m ≤ 9) $ P 64::: P 4 "! P 35<:4 " " m " % & ") " E43F ! 1 5 16 ! + %) " " " " " ) m = 2 (" % ! ! 1 ;m< , CEV 1 ;m< , CEV ! + %) $ ! τ 6 6 7 7 : 44 τ 3 5 3 3 3 : τ 6 6 3 5 5 8 τ 4 5 5 3 5 6 τ 5 6 4 5 5 ; τ 3 3 3 5 5 6 τ 5 5 3 3 5 4 τ 4 3 6 4 3 2 τ 6 3 3 4 6 35 τ 3 5 5 5 6 : τ 4 4 4 3 4 2 τ 5 : 5 : : 34 : 6 46 ( ;τ < , CEV > & * % "' " τ (1 ≤ τ ≤ 12) " $ P 8;555 P 3 "! P ;;<:3 + " τ = 1 1 " "" /J E:8F % " m = 2 τ = 1 & "' " " H ' " " ! "% B ; %)C '" ) # ! 7 /8 τ = 12 τ = 1 ! + %) !" ! ! 1 ;τ < , CEV 1 ;τ < , CEV D " %" ( VC = [C1 C2 ...Cn ] ) Sv % %) ℵ + %) %" ! " %# )% > " " ! " "" ! % ! & ) 1 & " " * 4 Bm = 2C % " $ 3 .$ " 0 ' - " % B"C Sv " % 1 Sv = Sv − Sv desviacionEstandar(Sv ) Sv " " 4 , [−1, +1]$ - " " " & !" Sv " " & 10 ℵ = {a, e, i, o, u} - " % " [−1, +1] r r + 1 −1 + 2r ∗ i 0 ≤ i ≤ r ,- &. %) + # r2 ! " % 73 r = 10 VCV ) + = 4 % 7 " ! " % * % " & " N - ! Bi & & Pk (xk , yk ) " & % " "' Pk % " $ 3 " Bi G'" " Bi $ densidadEspacial(Bi ) = 4 cardinalidad ({Pk /Pk ∈ Bi }) L(Sv ) Bi " & Bi PCi Bi % " compactacion(Bi ) = distancia(Pk , PCi ) ∀Pk ∈ Bi k D " ' " " " " "% ,- &. %) + 6 % / #& " " !& 1 & " ' " ! C(Sv ) & " " ) % C r2 " - !& *) ) 2r2 " " ) " (" " ! /" * % ! " (" ! ! 1 "' " " " VCV % $ $ 0$ VCV r2 " " ' " " VCV = [C(Sv )] . $ )$ "' " VCV r 2 " "' " Sv (n) − Sv (n − 1) ) " 2r 2 $ % ' y1 (n) = VCV = [C(Sv ) C(y1 )] . $ *$ "' " VCV % " "' " ' y2 (n) = y1 (n) − y1 (n − 1) + !" VC 3r 2 "$ r2 VCV = [C(Sv ) C(y1 ) C(y2 )] . % 73 " & # "' B% 74 76C & ( " / τ = 3 ) "' %' ,- &. %) + " $ & % 73 74 76 & " (* % % !) 1" " ,- &. %) + ! ! ,- &. %) + ! >" * % " "" "' " # ! " % 7; ( & " !" τ = 3 & (" ' " ) ! τ = 1 % 7; " "" & % '" & 10 /.2 &) ℵ = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} )% % " & ( " " " % & )% " ! " ' D " " & (* ! & " % %) "' " K E;6F " & "* 1" ) " " " $ τ - - # - ,- &. %) + ! ") "* " " " & ) " & Sv %# )% % &) ' " ns %" Sv % %" le = L(Sv )/ns / %" SSv [s] (1 ≤ s ≤ ns) " 1 + le × (s − 1) Sv % " ' ! ' &$ desviacionEstandar(C(SSv [s])) " %" /" " ) )% VCD " % I > + %) /% E3; 37F$ B73C %) " & % %) ) "" & %) " "" )% ! )% "% " & ΨD % Sv (t)2 < Sv (t + 1)Sv (t − 1) %) E32F - ! ΨD [Sv ] " 80 * % % !" & % " J= 3 % " % 199 % !' " SG " " % ) & ' "% " " L(Sv ) ' " " " SG )% "" % Lf & ) % " " % - " X % L(X) ΨD [Sv (t)] = Sv (t)2 − Sv (t + 1)Sv (t − 1) . + C 1 + 1 * - ! ) 98:; ) ! 9<<; ,- &. %) + !" Y Lf " & 1 ! transf orma(X, Lf ) " X(1), X(2), ..., X(L(X)) Y (1), Y (2), ..., Y (Lf ) " 74 76 Y (j) = X(i) + [X(i + 1) − X(i)] (rj − i) (j − 1)(L(X) − 1) +1 rj = Lf − 1 B74C B76C i % rj " & " " % " % "$ VCSeg = [desviacionEstandar((SSv [s]))], ∀s (1 ≤ s ≤ ns) VCD = [transf orma(VCSeg , Lf 1 ) transf orma(SG, Lf 2 )] B7:C % 78 " " )% ! C " 0 ) % 1 transf orma(VCSeg , 100) transf orma(SG, 100) " - # " VCD ,- &. %) + ! 1 A 0 −1 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 0.2 B 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.1 0.05 0 C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.2 D 0 0 20 40 60 # 80 100 120 140 160 ' 6 180 200 ) H "" " " % % )% " * " & "" H (" % / %" " * ./G 1) 2 ) B'% 86C ! ! ! %# (" & 3 1 47 %) !" " & & ! * " 355 O " " CE * " ! 1 " * " " B C * %) ) # 1 -"" " " % " " 74 - " "" * '" r 35 B r = 10C (" ) 355 & # % + # 3 8 : 5 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 6 5 < 3 5 5 5 3 2 O L 2555 8 5555:67<52 8555 47 5555453272 7555 2 5555644558 <555 33 55553228;: 2555 36 5555387253 8<55 < 5 5 3 5 5 35 5 5 5 5 5 35 5 3 4 5 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 2 O L <555 8 5555;6;66: 35555 46 555526343; 35555 2 55553:558: 2555 < 5555<5;:8: 2555 ; 55557;<;26 2455 ; #< #" 2 5 5 3 5 ; #< # ! 7 5 5 3 5 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 35 5 5 : 5 5 2 5 5 3 5 5 35 O L 7555 2 5555:542<8 2555 3: 5555687522 35555 7 5555:38238 2555 35 55553<7838 35555 8 55553;<78: <<55 ; .< # % + # 5 2 3 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 35 5 5 5 5 5 35 O L 35555 8 55554:47:; 2555 45 555538665; 2555 7 5555:46;8; 35555 < 5555;;3<:2 35555 < 555588;8:4 2755 7 5 5 3 5 5 8 3 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 : 6 5 2 5 5 5 5 5 35 O L 7555 < 55553:6;54 8555 38 55554<8287 2555 7 5555233378 2555 2 55557<8:<3 35555 8 555547222; <455 ; "< # ; .< #! 35 3 5 5 5 !# 35 5 5 4 5 5 35 5 5 5 5 5 35 5 5 5 5 5 < 5 5 5 5 5 35 O L 35555 44 5555<763:; 35555 34 555547;;;; 35555 8 5555<32748 <555 2 555563784: 35555 < 55554;:7<; 2755 ; "< * " " r = 10 # % + ## #$ 4 7 : 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 3 3 4 7 5 5 5 5 : 35 O L 8555 2 55557:736 7555 < 5555883828 6555 2 555547:457 7555 < 55554;::36 35555 7 5555:66:7; 7:55 ; 4 5 5 5 : : 8 5 5 3 6 3 5 5 5 5 5 35 5 5 3 4 5 35 O L ;555 < 55553:876< :555 7 5555;65:27 3555 3; 55553;7688 35555 8 5555374853 35555 7 55554<:26: 7555 ; #< 8 5 3 5 5 ; #< # 8 5 4 5 5 5 7 3 5 5 5 4 ; 5 5 6 4 4 35 3 5 5 5 5 2 O L 8555 8 55553;678: 7555 7 55557:5<2; ;555 8 55553;46<4 35555 < 5555446;76 2555 7 55553<;;<7 8:55 ; .< ! # % + # # 3 6 8 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 35 5 3 3 5 5 35 O L 7555 8 55554::78; 6555 7 555548465; 4555 2 555566:2<: 35555 ; 5555847587 35555 8 5555828234 7455 < 3 3 3 5 5 ; 6 5 5 5 6 7 5 5 4 5 5 2 5 5 3 5 5 35 O L <555 7 5555;;47;8 ;555 3< 55554<;224 7555 7 55558;3638 2555 7 555562<33: 35555 8 5555662372 8755 ; "< 7 : 3 5 5 ; .< # !$ 2 ; 4 5 5 3 6 3 5 5 5 4 8 5 5 5 5 5 35 5 5 5 5 5 35 O L 2555 2 555556:252 6555 7 55556<;:34 8555 < 5555476646 35555 8 55553;;885 35555 8 5555666:38 8<55 ; "< " " * % 83 !" %' " % 3 % 4 !" ** (" " 3 "' & 4 ) 3 × r2 = 3 × 100 = 300 " " ! # % + # - 5 & " B100 "C " 3 ! " * " 3 (" * " ! (" *) ) :55 " %% )$ 200 3 ' 3 " % " $ #" 8 3 5 4 5 4 8 3 4 5 5 3 8 5 3 3 3 5 7 6 5 5 4 5 7 O L 8555 8 55556:43;: 8555 3: 55554;:8;< 8555 < 5555;<4<;6 7555 8 5555733575 7555 34 5555444785 7755 5 >6 ; .< # % + # 8 5 3 5 5 4 < 6 5 5 5 3 : 5 5 3 3 4 < 3 5 5 5 4 2 O L 8555 7 555536:748 <555 < 55553;5656 :555 8 5555;8487; <555 34 555546;473 2555 2 5555:33482 8555 5 >6 ; .< " 66,00 % 70,00 % " " " VCV ) !& " " !& "' ! " ' 3 ) # 1 - () * * 3 + " / 83; 837 838 (* " CEV CPV CPV P -" "$ #! 45 5 5 5 5 5 45 5 5 5 5 5 45 5 5 5 5 5 45 3 5 5 5 5 32 O L 35555 34 5555477777 35555 38 55553<8:58 35555 3; 5555:647;2 35555 3; 55554<7;:7 2555 42 3555555555 2<55 > CEV & * !* 98,00 % 1 $ # % + # < 5 5 5 5 3 7 4 5 3 3 6 8 5 3 5 3 5 2 7 5 5 3 3 4 O <555 7555 8555 2555 4555 7:55 > CPV ## : 5 5 5 5 4 : 5 6 3 6 ; 35 5 3 3 3 5 8 < 5 5 5 5 5 O :555 :555 35555 8555 555 ;555 > CPV P 1" " ! * ) & " * " !" * % E;:F & 33,00 % S " E44F & ) " "* "' " & ' D / 838 ! ") " -" " " " %) % " #& " ! ! ! ! !" " " " ! " & * (% %"*+", & ! & # % + " "* " 10−5 (" ) " % * CEV CPV CPV P $ # 45 5 5 5 5 5 45 5 5 5 5 5 45 5 5 5 5 5 45 5 O L 35555 64 837:6:557 35555 635 228724557 35555 88 23:2;8557 35555 6< 2;<2:557 35555 332 2238;4557 35555 5 5 5 5 45 7 5 5 3 5 5 : 6 5 3 5 6 : 5 5 : 6 3 8 4 5 5 4 4 8 O 7555 :555 :555 8555 8555 ;755 > CPV ! ( # > CEV ! ( #$ 4 5 5 3 5 4 : 3 4 5 4 7 < 5 6 : 5 3 8 3 5 5 5 5 7 O 4555 :555 <555 8555 7555 ;:55 > CPV P ! ( & * % " CPV CPV P "' # % + ) " % + ** " > " " " S " !" ! E:5 :3F ) " 100 % * " B C - "' ' % * " " 88,00 % B C 96,00 % B C 100,00 % 3 /.2 * " "' " & !" # (* % "" * 76 & VCD & '" ns Lf 1 Lf 2 % " ns = 100 Lf 1 = Lf 2 = 100 S ! ' C 5 1" 355 %" 5 C ) + !" L(VCD ) = 200 " ) " 3 & )% & "* "' " % (" * ) # 1 " ! 355 O * / 843 844 '% % 1" ! " + & " 68,00 % 84,00 % " " & ( " # % + 0 ) * + 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 ) * + 2 3 4 5 6 7 ; 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 2 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 ; < 5 5 4 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 < 5 5 3 5 5 # 0 ) * + 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 5 5 3 5 8 5 3 5 5 6 5 4 5 5 5 8 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 : 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 5 5 2 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 5 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 < 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 2 5 5 5 3 5 5 35 5 5 5 5 5 5 < 5 5 5 5 5 5 35 5 5 6 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 35 # ) O L 7555 64 <4476;557 2555 42 28:28<557 4555 44 434:87557 <555 36 736256557 <555 432 <;:;73557 8555 36 <6:75;557 8555 ;2 <<646:557 :555 466 22::42557 2555 35 :<3:<8557 2555 333 2<<43;557 7<55 6 0 ) * + 2 3 4 5 6 7 35 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ! O L 35555 :3 <37<27557 7555 35 65<;6<557 8555 3:; 287236557 <555 364 2::32557 2555 3; :35377557 35555 34 86;863557 <555 34 :75<74557 35555 43 222:<3557 7555 < ;7;562557 35555 3: ;58;4:557 <:55 6 # 1 >" 355 O " " CED / 846 84: (* (" * CPD CPDP # % + 0 ) * + 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 ) * + 2 3 4 5 6 7 34 4 3 5 5 5 ; 3 3 4 #" 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 4 7 3 5 5 4 3 4 ; 3 6 35 3 5 3 4 5 5 4 4 4 33 5 6 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 33 4 3 ; 3 5 5 5 3 3 38 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 33 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 4 5 36 4 3 5 5 5 3 : 5 5 3: 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 36 O L 7555 68 277556557 6555 325 22275:557 ;555 46 375373557 ;;55 43 267456557 ;;55 43 :<:5:8557 <;55 ;5 2<:364557 ;;55 4: ;<25;2557 7;55 43 <34:22557 8555 657 2;:;72557 7;55 88 2874;8557 ;255 6 > CPD 0 ) * + 2 3 4 5 6 7 # 0 ) * + 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 5 5 35 5 5 3 : 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 3 < 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 2 5 5 5 3 5 5 4 3 5 5 7 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 < 5 6 5 4 5 5 5 3 3 5 7 O 8555 35555 :555 <555 2555 2555 7555 8555 <555 7555 8:55 6 > CPDP + !" " * /" ( ! % (" CP CP P B 3; O "C % " - # " " & " ! )% % "' # ( / 843 H & ( %" ' * # % + # 3 + # # " " ! " %" - ( " * ")" * " " * " 0 % - " CEV 355 & 0 " 355 & % " > " "" " 0 & " $ " " % " 355 O % (* #! < 5 5 6 5 3 4 7 5 3 3 6 4 5 3 5 : 5 7 ; 5 3 4 3 6 O L <555 46 3:363:557 4555 22 668<77557 4555 72 ;568;:557 7555 87 <:6535557 6555 8< 6378:2557 :455 > CPV ? 5CPV - CPV P 6 - 5CPD - CPV P 6 = %"*+", > # % + # 0 ) * + 2 3 4 5 6 7 6 : 5 3 5 4 5 5 4 5 : : 4 : 3 3 5 5 5 5 O 5 6555 4 555 < 4555 6 555 2 2555 4<55 > CPV P & ? 0 ) * + 2 3 4 5 6 7 36 5 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 ## 5 3 6 3 5 5 5 5 4 6 4 4 6 6 3 5 ; 3 5 34 3 5 5 6 5 3 4 5 5 3: 5 3 5 5 5 : 3 3 4 35 : 5 5 4 5 5 5 3 3 34 3 3 3 6 3 3 4 3 5 33 5 4 3 5 5 5 3 6 3 35 4 6 4 5 5 8 6 5 5 < 5 3 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 3; O L 7;55 43 8526::557 3;55 <4 8;:::3557 7555 363 222:87557 8555 64 2264;2557 ;555 34 <43<5;557 7555 4; 38<:8:557 ;;55 4< :54;27557 ;555 43 27688<557 :555 3: <52:2;557 8;55 32 4:4;36557 ;:55 6 > CPD & ? # % + 0 ) * + 2 3 4 5 6 7 # $ 0 ) * + 2 3 4 5 6 7 < 5 3 5 35 5 5 5 : 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 3 ; 5 3 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 < 4 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 < 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 < 5 O 5 <555 5 35555 6 :555 4 ;555 5 <555 5 8555 4 7555 3 <555 3 <555 7 7555 8555 6 > CPDP & ? & ! 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