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(9,5(0UZ[P[\[V 276 KL -VYTHJP}U 7VSx[PJH 4H`VY 9VILY[V+(\I\PZZVU )V`JL 1HTLZ ¸0U[YVK\JJP}U¹ ,U)V`JL1HTLZ*VVYK$MXV WH KDFLD OD 3D] /D SROtWLFD HFRQyPLFD \ OD UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ GH SRVJXHUUD HQ (O 6DOYDGRU 4t_PJV! 7SHaH `=HSKLa ,KP[V YLZ¶75<+ *VTPZP}U,JVU}TPJHWHYH(TtYPJH 3H[PUH(VWXGLRHFRQyPLFR GH $PpULFD /DWLQD \ HO &DULEH :HU[PHNV KL *OPSL! *,7(35HJPVULZ<UPKHZ ,Z[\KPVZ*LU[YVHTLYPJHUVZ :HS]HKVY5V ,S ,Z[\KPVZ*LU[YVHTLYPJHUVZ,S :HS]HKVY5V ,Z[\KPVZ*LU[YVHTLYPJHUVZ,S :HS]HKVY5V ,SSHJ\YxH0NUHJPV ¸<UHU\L]H MHZLLULSWYVJLZVZHS]HKVYL|V¹ Castillos de ARENA Hegemonía y proyecto de derecha en la posguerra salvadoreña GH OD OLEHUWDG ,Z[HKVZ <UPKVZ! =LYZHS,KP[VYPHS.YV\W .HZWHY;HWPH .HIYPLS (O 6DO YDGRU (O DVFHQVR GH OD QXHYD GHUHFKD:HU:HS]HKVY!*05(: 7LHYJL 1LUU` ¸-YVT *P]PS >HY [V *P]PS :VJPL[`! /HZ [OL LUK VM [OL JVSK ^HY IYV\NO[ WLHJL [V *LU[YHS (TLYPJH&¹ ,U 0U[LYUH[PVUHS (MMHPYL 9V`HS 0UZ[P[\[L VM 0U[LYUH[PVUHS(MMHPYZ 0U[LYUH[PVUHS 9V`HS 0UZ[P[\[L =VS5V .VUamSLa3\PZ(YTHUKV¸+L SHPKLVSVNxHHSWYHNTH[PZTV,U ZH`VZVIYLSHZ[YH`LJ[VYPHZPKLV S}NPJHZ KL(9,5( ` LS -435¹ ,U ,Z[\KPVZ *LU[YVHTLYPJHUVZ ,S:HS]HKVY5V .VYKVU :HYH &ULVLV SROtWLFD \ JXHUUDHQ(O6DOYDGRU4t_PJV+ -!:PNSV??0,KP[VYLZ0UZ[P[\[VKL 0U]LZ[PNHJPVULZ:VJPHSLZ<5(4 3\UNV 4HYPV (O 6DOYDGRU HQ ORV &RQWUDLQVXUJHQFLD \ 5HYROXFLyQ :HU 1VZt! ,+<*( -3(*:6 4HY[xULa*HYSVZ¸,SJVU[LUPKV KL SH KPZ[HUJPH (UmSPZPZ ZVIYL SH WVSHYPaHJP}U ZHS]HKVYL|H¹ 7VULUJPH WYLZLU[HKH LU LS 000 *VUNYLZV *LU[YVHTLYPJHUV KL *PLUJPH7VSx[PJH1\SPV:HU :HS]HKVY 6Y[LNH 4VUJOL 5P]HYPH ¸,S WHY[PKV (SPHUaH 9LW\ISPJHUH 5HJPVUHSPZ[H (9,5( JVTV MHJ[VY KL JVUZVSPKHJP}U KLS U\L]V ZPZ[LTH WVSx[PJV LU ,S :HS]HKVY ¹;LZPZKL +VJ[VYHKV <UP]LYZPKHK *VT WS\[LUZLKL4HKYPK 7HPNL1LMMLY` ¸*VMMLHUK7V^LY PU ,S :HS]HKVY¹ ,U 3H[PU(TLYP JHU9LZLHYJO9L]PL^<UP]LYZP[` VM;L_HZ7YLZZ=VS5V 7HUHTm +H]PK /RV JXHUUHURV Revista Realidad 120, 2009 ,U ,Z[\KPVZ *LU[YVHTLYPJHUVZ ,S:HS]HKVY5V 9HTVZ *HYSVZ .\PSSLYTV ¸,S :HS]HKVY! ;YHUZMVYTHJP}U ` JVUMSPJ[VZVJPHSH M P U K L S ZPNSV¹ ,U(Y[PNH.VUamSLa ÍS ]HYV"9HTVZ*HYSVZ.\PSSLYTV" ;\YJPVZ9VILY[VLKZ0iVDOOi GH ODV HOHFFLRQHV GLH] DxRV GHVSXpVGHORVDFXHUGRVGHSD] :HU:HS]HKVY!<*(,KP[VYLZ :LNV]PH(SL_HUKLY ¸3H(J[\H JP}U ` SHZ WVSx[PJHZ THJYVLJV U}TPJHZHWHY[PY KL ¹ ,U)V`JL1HTLZ*VVYK$MXVWH KDFLD OD 3D] /D SROtWLFD HFR QyPLFD \ OD UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ GH SRVJXHUUDHQ(O6DOYDGRU4t_P JV+-!7SHaH`=HSKLa,KP[VYLZ ¶75<+ :LNV]PH (SL_HUKLY ,QWHJUD FLyQ UHDO \ JUXSRV GH SRGHU HFRQyPLFRHQ$PpULFD&HQWUDO ,PSOLFDFLRQHVSDUDODGHPRFUD FLD\HOGHVDUUROORGHODUHJLyQ :HU 1VZt! -\UKHJP}U -YPLKYPJO ,ILY[ =HU KLY )VYNO *OYPZ ¸;OL WVSP[PJZ VM ULVSPILYHSPZT PU WVZ[^HY ,S :HS]HKVY ,U 0U[LY UH[PVUHS 1V\YUHS VM 7VSP[PJHS ,JVUVT`¹=VS5V Castillos de ARENA Hegemonía y proyecto de derecha en la posguerra salvadoreña 277 Revista Realidad 120, 2009 >VVK ,SPaHIL[O )RUJLQJ GHPRFUDF\ IURP EHORZ ,QVXU JHQWWUDQVLWLRQVHQ6RXWK$IULFD DQG(O6DOYDGRU9LPUV<UPKV! *HTIYPKNL<UP]LYZP[`7YLZZ >HS[LY 2U\[" >PSSPHTZ 7OPSPW ¸;OLTPSP[HY`HUKKLTV JYH[PaH[PVU PU ,S :HS]HKVY¹ ,U 1V\YUHSVM0U[LYHTLYPJHU:[\KPLZ HUK >VYSK (MMHPYLZ =VS 5V AHTVYH 9\ItU (O 6DOYDGRU +HULGDVTXHQRFLHUUDQ/RVSDU WLGRVSROtWLFRVHQODSRVWJXHUUD ,S:HS]HKVY!-3(*:6 NOTAS 1 2 278 No existe un acuerdo entre los historiadores sobre la cifra exacta de los indígenas y campesinos masacrados en los días posteriores a la Revuelta. Las estimaciones transitan entre 10 mil (Anderson, 2001) y 30 mil (Gordon, 1989). Por otra parte, cabe destacar que a partir de eso se construye un imaginario en torno al comunismo que permeó la política salvadoreña, y que continúa vigente en los discursos políticos hasta la actualidad, aún cuando han pasado más de quince años desde la caída del muro de Berlín y de los países socialistas de la Europa del Este. 2. Se habla de reformas económicas, sociales y políticas, y de gestión ambiental Tal como se señala en el segundo capítulo del presente trabajo, este periodo no constituye una fase homogénea, por lo cual no se puede hablar de una "dictadura militar". Sin embargo, si se pueden observar suficientes elementos de continuidad entre los diferentes gobiernos presididos por los militares (Walter y Williams, 1993), por lo cual permite ubicar dicho periodo como un bloque dentro de la historia salvadoreña. 3 En este marco, el FMLN luego de un proceso de inserción al sistema político como partido legal, se vuelve un actor político clave de oposición, tornándose en la segunda fuerza electoral. No obstante, no ha sido capaz de acceder al poder central o a controlar el poder legislativo, elemento que limita su injerencia sobre las principales políticas que se desarrollan en el país. 4 Entre los que destacan Armando Calderón Sol, presidente de EL Salvador en el periodo 1994 - 1999, y Alfredo Mena Lagos, uno de los principales ideólogos del partido. 5 Los escuadrones de la muerte constituyen estructuras preliminares orientadas a combatir la insurgencia ligada al "consumismo" (Zamora, 1998). 6 Luego de la firma de los Acuerdos de Paz, la Comisión de la Verdad, que se crea como producto del tratado, señala al mayor Roberto D´Aubuisson como el autor intelectual del asesinato de Monseñor Romero. 7 Los reportajes fueron elaborados por Giovanni Galeas y publicados en diez entregas por la Prensa Gráfica, de agosto a octubre del año 2004. Castillos de ARENA Hegemonía y proyecto de derecha en la posguerra salvadoreña 9 Participan por primera vez aquellos actores que habían sido históricamente excluidos del sistema político. De esta forma la antigua fuerza revolucionaria tiene la posibilidad de disputar el poder mediante un proceso electoral dentro de una nueva institucionalidad democrática procedimental. también denominado consenso de Santiago, llevada a cabo en 1998. 10. Esta ideología se caracteriza por la defensa de valores ligados a un nacionalismo decimonónico ya valores cristianos. Esta se expresa en el lema que ARENA retoma del MLN, partido ultra conservador guatemalteco: Dios, Patria y Libertad. Revista Realidad 120, 2009 8 Al respecto véase los resultados de la segunda cumbre de las Américas, Castillos de ARENA Hegemonía y proyecto de derecha en la posguerra salvadoreña 279