The Politics of Exile in Latin America - Assets

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978-0-521-51735-5 - The Politics of Exile in Latin America
Mario Sznajder and Luis Roniger
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The Politics of Exile in Latin America
The Politics of Exile in Latin America addresses exile as a major mechanism of institutional exclusion used by all types of governments in the
region against their own citizens, while at the same time these governments often provided asylum to aliens fleeing persecution.
The work is the first systematic analysis of Latin American exile on
a continental and transnational basis and on a long-term perspective.
It traces variations in the saliency of exile among different expelling
and receiving countries; across different periods; with different paths
of exile, both elite and massive; and under authoritarian and democratic
contexts.
The project integrates theoretical hindsight and empirical findings,
analyzing the importance of exile as a recent and contemporary phenomenon, while reaching back to its origins and phases of development.
It also addresses presidential exile, the formation of Latin American
communities of exiles worldwide, and the role of exiles in shaping the
collective identities of these countries.
Mario Sznajder holds the Leon Blum Chair in Political Science at the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is also Research Fellow at the
Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace. Among his
works are the books The Birth of Fascist Ideology (with Zeev Sternhell and Maia Asheri), Constructing Collective Identities and Shaping
Public Spheres: Latin American Paths (coedited with Luis Roniger),
and The Legacy of Human Rights Violations in the Southern Cone:
Argentina, Chile and Uruguay (with Luis Roniger). He has also published numerous articles on Fascism, democracy, and human rights.
Luis Roniger is Reynolds Professor of Latin American Studies at Wake
Forest University. A comparative political sociologist, Roniger’s publications include books such as Patrons, Clients and Friends (with Shmuel
N. Eisenstadt), Hierarchy and Trust in Modern Mexico and Brazil, The
Legacy of Human Rights Violations in the Southern Cone (with Mario
Sznajder), The Collective and the Public in Latin America (coedited
with Tamar Herzog), and Globality and Multiple Modernities (coedited
with Carlos Waisman). He is currently completing a book on Transnational Politics in Central America.
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978-0-521-51735-5 - The Politics of Exile in Latin America
Mario Sznajder and Luis Roniger
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The Politics of Exile in Latin America
MARIO SZNAJDER
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
LUIS RONIGER
Wake Forest University
© Cambridge University Press
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Mario Sznajder and Luis Roniger
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cambridge university press
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi
Cambridge University Press
32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, ny 10013-2473, usa
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521517355
© Mario Sznajder and Luis Roniger 2009
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2009
Printed in the United States of America
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data
Sznajder, Mario.
The politics of exile in Latin America / Mario Sznajder, Luis Roniger.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-0-521-51735-5 (hardback)
1. Exile (Punishment) – Latin America. 2. Exiles – Psychology. 3. Exiles – Social
conditions. 4. Statelessness – Latin America. 5. Latin America – Politics and
government. I. Roniger, Luis, 1949– II. Title. III. Series.
hv9310.5.s96 2009
325 .21 – dc22
2009000952
isbn
978-0-521-51735-5 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or
accuracy of urls for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in
this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is,
or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Information regarding prices, travel
timetables, and other factual information given in this work are correct at
the time of first printing, but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee
the accuracy of such information thereafter.
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978-0-521-51735-5 - The Politics of Exile in Latin America
Mario Sznajder and Luis Roniger
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To Shmuel N. Eisenstadt and Zeev Sternhell, in deep appreciation
of their scholarship, intellectual wisdom, and public commitment
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Mario Sznajder and Luis Roniger
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Contents
Acknowledgments
List of Acronyms
Introduction: The Politics of Exile
1
2
3
Defining the Exilic Condition
Prevailing Approaches
Translocation, Displacement
Analytical Dimensions
Forceful Exclusion and the Will to Retain Control
of Life Decisions
Moving into Exile
The Impaired yet Persistent Will to Return
Research Lines
Forceful Displacement, the Construction of Collective
Identities, and State Formation
Banishment as a Portuguese Colonial Practice
Spanish Americas: Practices of Expulsion
Constructing Collective Identities from Afar
Expatriation and the New States
Forceful Translocation as Tactical Movement
Territorial Identities in Undefined Boundaries
Confrontational Politics and Expatriation
Factionalism and Elites
Transregional Political Dynamics
The Format of Early Exile
The Three-Tiered Format of Early Exile
Returning to the Homeland
The Construction of Collective Imageries
page ix
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11
13
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Mario Sznajder and Luis Roniger
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Contents
viii
Exile and New State Identities
Politics of Exit
4
5
6
7
8
Sites of Exile
Selecting Factors
Early Asylum in the Americas: Chile as a Site of Exile
Exiles in the City of Light
Mexico and Its Tradition of Asylum
Conclusion
Widening Exclusion and the Four-Tiered Structure of Exile
Massive Exile: The Counterface of Political Inclusion
Asylum and the Protection of Persecuted Individuals
The Emergence of a Four-Tiered Structure of Exile
Patterns of Exile
Escape and Exile
Serial Exile
Exile Communities, Activism, and Politics
Communities of Exiles
Brazilian Exiles: Between Elite Exile and Revolutionary Activism
The Argentine Diaspora: Debating Political Strategies and
Struggle
The Chilean Diaspora: Political Mobilization and Openness to
Global Trends
The Uruguayan Diaspora: Blending Economic and Political
Motivations
The Exile Communities and the Centrality of the Fourth Tier
Presidents in Exile
The Return of the Dead
Circumstances of Exile
The Impact of Presidential Exile
Timing, Duration, and Trends of Presidential Exile
Exile and Expatriation, Expulsion and Reception
Is Return the End of Exile?
The Impact of Exile
Exiled Women and Gender
Undoing Institutional Exclusion
Returning from Exile
The Possibility of Undoing Exile
Redressing the Evils of Exile
Present and Future Exile
Conclusions
Bibliography
Index
© Cambridge University Press
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Acknowledgments
We owe a debt of gratitude to many individuals and institutions that contributed in various ways to the completion of this work. We are indebted
to the Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, the Consejo de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas of Spain in Madrid, the Davis Center for
International Relations, the Aims Byudks Research Fund and the Shain Center for Research in the Social Sciences of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
the Social and Behavioral Sciences Fund of Wake Forest University, and the
U.S.-Israel Bi-National Science Foundation for their support at different stages
of the work. Special thanks are due to those who shared their experiences
and hindsight with us, particularly the late Daniel Recanati, Elda González,
Pablo Yankelevich, Clara Obligado, Mempo Giardinelli, Mauricio Frajman,
Laurence Whitehead, Pinchas Avivi, Claudia Garcı́a, Alan Angell, former Israeli
ambassador Benjamin Oron, Yehuda Dominitz, Ran Curiel, Blas Matamoros,
Abrasha Rotemberg, Adriana Muñoz, Arnoldo Liberman, Maria Luiza Tucci
Carneiro, Tulio Halperin Donghi, Nora Bendersky, Ingrid Hecker, Orit Gazit,
Ifat Bachrach, Avital Appel, Yuval Ben-Dov, Esther Lifshitz, Gustavo Silva,
Fanny Muldman, Carlos Fuentes, Batia Siebzehner, Samuel Ouman, Nahum
Solan, Leonardo Senkman, Florinda Goldberg, the late Dr. Mario Cohen, the
late Daniel Moore, and librarians Brenda Golan, Regina Gruzman, and Amnon
Ben-Arieh. Interviews with former president of Brazil Professor Fernando
Henrique Cardoso and former president of Chile Professor Ricardo Lagos
were particularly instructive. We are grateful to the directors and staff of the
following institutions and libraries: the International Institute of Social History
in Amsterdam, the Library of the Iberoamerican Institute of the Prussian
Heritage Foundation in Berlin, the CIEMI-Centre d’Information et d’Etudes
sur les Migrations Internationales in Paris, the Library of Congress in Washington, the National Library of Argentina, the National Library of Santiago de
Chile, the Bodleian Library of the University of Oxford, the National Library
in San José de Costa Rica, Cuba’s National Library in Havana, the National
Archives of Israel in Jerusalem, the library of the Ministry of Interior of Spain
ix
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Acknowledgments
x
in Madrid, the FASIC and the Biblioteca del Congreso in Chile, the Library of
the Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Cambridge, and the
Fondazione Lelio and Lili Basso in Rome, Italy. We are indebted to Tamar Soffer of the Department of Geography of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem for
her elaboration of the maps included in this book, and to Ronit Nirel and Bella
Vakolenko-Lagun, of the Applied Statistics Laboratory of Jerusalem, for their
advice and work on the statistical elaborations of the book. We would also like
to thank Irina Babchenko of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Ronit Sasson
of the Department of Political Science of the Hebrew University. The research
assistance of Haim Portnoy, Nathan Brener, Leandro Kierszenbaum, Yaara
Angres, Deby Babis, Caroline Kaplan, Andrés Lindner, Hillen Meirovich, Peter
Morris, Melissa Velarde, and Orly Haimovich, at various stages of this project,
is kindly acknowledged. We are also grateful to Eric Crahan, Editor of History
and Politics at Cambridge University Press, who invested his talent and energy
in bringing this project to completion. Parts of this work were presented in
several forums and later appeared as articles in Journal of Latin American
Studies, 37 (2005), Soziologia Israelit, 6 (2005), Revista de Ciencia Polı́tica,
27 (2007), Latin American Perspectives, 34 (2007), and Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe, 18 (2007), we gratefully acknowledge
these journals for granting us permission to reproduce parts of them here.1 We
are indebted as well to all those who commented on this work in seminars at
the Department of Sociology and Anthropology of the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem in 2003, the Department of Political Science of Wake Forest University in 2004, and the University of São Paulo in 2005; at the conference of
the Centro de Documentación e Investigación de la Cultura de Izquierdas in
Buenos Aires, Argentina, in August 2005; at the International Political Science
World Congress in Fukuoka, Japan, in July 2006; at the Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México in Mexico in August–September 2006; at the annual
meetings of the Chilean Association of Political Science at the Catholic University of Santiago in November 2006; at the MACLAS annual meetings in
Reading in March 2007; at the Social Sciences Seminar of WFU in September
2007; at the Latin American Studies Association Conference in Montreal in
September 2007; and at the Second International Congress on the Analysis of
Genocidal Social Practices, held at the Universidad Tres de Febrero in Buenos
Aires in November 2007.
1
Thanks are due to the following: Cambridge University Press, for using materials from “From
Argentina to Israel: Escape, Evacuation and Exile.” Journal of Latin American Studies, 37, 2
(2005): 351–377; the Israeli Sociological Association, for using “Israel and the Escape of the
Victims of Military Repression in Argentina (1976–1983).” Israeli Sociology, 6, 2 (2005): 233–
263; Sage Publications, for “Political Exile in Latin America.” Latin American Perspectives, 34,
4 (2007): 7–30; the Instituto de Historia y Cultura de América Latina of the School of History
of Tel Aviv University, for “Los antecedentes coloniales del exilio polı́tico y su proyección en el
siglo 19.” Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe, 18, 2 (2007): 31–51; and
the Catholic University of Chile, for “Exile Communities and Their Differential Institutional
Dynamics: A Comparative Analysis of the Chilean and Uruguayan Political Diasporas.” Revista
de Ciencia Polı́tica (Chile), 27, 1 (2007): 43–66.
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List of Acronyms
AAA
ACHA
ACNUR
AD
AGELA
AHSDREM
ALN
APE
APEC
APRA
ARDI
CADHU
CAFRA
CAIS
CAS
CBA
Alianza Anticomunista Argentina/Argentine Anti-Communist
Alliance
Acción Chilena Anticomunista/Chilean Anti-Communist
Action
Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los
Refugiados; Spanish acronym for UNHCR: Office of the
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Acción Democrática/Democratic Action (Social Democratic
Party of Venezuela)
Asociación General de Estudiantes Latinoamericanos/General
Association of Latin American Students
Archives of the Foreign Affairs Ministry of Mexico
Ação Libertadora Nacional/National Liberation Organization
(Brazil)
Acuerdo Paraguayo en el Exilio/Paraguayan Accord in Exile
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana/American Popular
Revolutionary Alliance (Peru)
Alianza Revolucionaria de Izquierda/Revolutionary Alliance
of the Left (Colombia and Venezuela)
Centro de Abogados por los Derechos Humanos/Lawyers’
Center for Human Rights (Argentina)
Comité Anti-Fascista contra la Represión en
Argentina/Anti-Fascist Committee against Repression in
Argentina (Italy)
Centre Argentine d’Information et Solidarité/Argentinean
Center of Information and Solidarity (France)
Comisión Argentina de Solidaridad/Argentinian Solidarity
Commission (Mexico)
Comitê Brasil pela Anistia/Brazilian Committee for Amnesty
(Brazil)
xi
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xii
List of Acronyms
CCHR
CDPPU
Chile Committee for Human Rights (United Kindgdom)
Comité de Défense de Prisonniers Politiques en
Uruguay/Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners
in Uruguay (France)
CELS
Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales/Center of Legal and
Social Studies (Argentina)
CEP
Conferencia Episcopal Paraguaya/Assembly of Paraguayan
Bishops (Paraguay)
CEPAL
Comisión Económica para América Latina/Economic
Commission for Latin America (ECLA)
CEPAR
Center for Psykosocialt Arbejde med Flygtninge og
Indvandrere/Centre for Psychosocial Assistance to Refugees
and Immigrants (Denmark)
CIDE
Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica/Center of
Economic Research and Teaching (Mexico)
CIMADE
Comité inter-mouvements auprès des evacués/Comité
Inter-Movimientos por los Evacuados/Inter-Movements
Committee for Refugees (France)
CIPAE
Comité de Iglesias para Ayudas de Emergencias/Council of
Churches for Emergency Help
CNR
Comisión Nacional de Repatriación/National Commission of
Repatriation (Uruguay)
CNRAE
Comisión Nacional de Retorno de Argentinos en el
Exterior/National Commission for the Return of Argentines
Abroad (Argentina)
CODEPU
Corporación de Promoción y Defensa de los Derechos del
Pueblo/Corporation for the Promotion and Defense of
People’s Rights (Chile)
COLAT
Colectivo Latinoamericano de Trabajo Psicosocial/Latin
American Collective of Psychosocial Work (Belgium)
COMAR
Comisión Mexicana de Ayuda a Refugiados/Mexican
Commission of Aid to Refugees (Mexico)
CONADEP
Comisión Nacional Sobre la Desaparición de
Personas/National Commission of Inquiry on the Disappeared
(Argentina)
CONAR
Comisión National de Ayuda a Refugiados/National
Commission of Aid to Refugees (Chile)
COPEI
Comité de Organización Polı́tica Electoral
Independiente/Committee of Independent Electoral Political
Organization (Venezuela)
CORFO
Corporación de Fomento/Development Corporation (Chile)
CO.SO.FAM Comision de Solidaridad con Familiares de Presos y
Desaparecidos en la Argentina/Commission of Solidarity with
Family Members of Prisoners and Disappeared Persons in
Argentina
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List of Acronyms
COSPA
CUT
DAS
DC
DIEX
DINA
DOPS
ERP
ESMA
FASIC
FLACSO
GAAEF
GDR
ICJ
IGO
IISG
ILO
ILPES
INE
INSEE
JA
MAPAM
MAPU
MAPU-OC
MDP
xiii
Comité Argentino de Solidaridad con el Pueblo
Argentino/Argentinean Committee of Solidarity with the
Argentinean People (Mexico)
Central Única de Trabajadores/Workers’ Union Organization
(Chile)
Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad/Administrative
Department of Security (Colombia)
Democracia Cristiana/Christian Democracy (Chile, Italy)
Dirección Nacional de Identificación y Extranjerı́a/National
Directorate of Foreigners and Identification (Venezuela)
Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia/National Intelligence
Directorate (Chile)
Delegacia de Ordem Polı́tica e Social/Department of Political
and Social Order (Brazil)
Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo/People’s Revolutionary
Army (Argentina)
Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada/Navy Mechanics School
(Argentina)
Fundación de Ayuda Social de las Iglesias Cristianas/Social
Aid Foundation of the Christian Churches (Chile)
Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales/Latin
American Faculty of Social Sciences
Groupe d’avocats argentines exiles en France/Group of
Argentinean Lawyers Exiled in France
German Democratic Republic (also known popularly as East
Germany, 1949–1990)
Institute of Contemporary Jewry of Jerusalem (Israel)
international governmental organization
International Institute of Social History (Netherlands)
UN International Labor Organization
Instituto Latinoamericano de Planificación Económica y
Social/Latin American Institute of Social and Economic
Plannning attached to CEPAL-ECLA
Instituto Nacional de Estadı́stica/National Institute of
Statistics (Spain and other countries)
Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques/
National Institute for Statistics and Economics (France)
Jewish Agency
Mifleguet Poalim Meuhedet/United Workers Party (Israel)
Movimiento de Acción Popular Unitaria/Movement of United
Popular Action (Chile)
Movimiento de Acción Popular Unitaria Obrero
Campesino/Workers-Farmers MAPU (Chile)
Movimiento Democrático Popular/Popular Democratic
Movement
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xiv
MFA
MIDA
MIR
MNRI
MOPOCO
MPL
MR-8
NGO
NKVD
OAS
OBAN
OEA
OFPRA
OIM
ONR
ORVEX
OSEA
PADR
PASOK
PCC
PCU
PDC
PIT-CNT
PLRA
PMDB
PPC
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Movimiento de Izquierda Democrático Allendista/Pro-Allende
Leftist Democratic Movement (Chile)
Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionario/Revolutionary
Leftist Movement (Chile)
Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario de
Izquierda/National Revolutionary Leftist Movement (Bolivia)
Movimiento Popular Colorado/Red Popular Movement
(Paraguay)
Movimiento Patria Libre/Free Fatherland Movement
(Paraguay)
Movimiento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro/Revolutionary
Movement 8th October (Brazil)
non-govermental organization
Narodniy komissariat vnutrennikh del/People’s Commissariat
of Internal Affairs (USSR)
Organization of American States
Operação Bandeirantes/Operation Bandeirantes (Brazil)
Organización de Estados Americanos (Spanish-Portuguese
acronym for OAS)
Office Français de protection des réfugiées et des
apatrides/French Office of Protection of Refugees and
Stateless Persons (France)
Organización Internacional de Migración/International
Organization of Migration, or IOM
Oficina Nacional de Retorno/National Office of Return
(Chile)
Organización de Venezolanos en el Exilio/Organization of
Venezuelans in Exile
Oficina de Solidaridad para Exiliados Argentinos/Office of
Solidarity with Argentine Exiles (Argentina)
personal archive of Dany Recanati (Israel)
Panhellenic Socialist Movement (Greece)
Partido Comunista de Chile/Communist Party of Chile
Partido Comunista de Uruguay/Communist Party of Uruguay
Partido Demócrata Cristiano/Christian Democratic Party
(Chile)
Plenario Intersindical de Trabajadores–Convención Nacional
de Trabajadores/Inter-syndical Plenary of Workers–National
Convention of Workers (General Trade Union) (Uruguay)
Partido Liberal Radical Auténtico/Authentic Liberal Radical
Party (Paraguay)
Partido Movimento Democrático Brasileiro/Brazilian
Democratic Movement Party (Brazil)
Partido del Pueblo Cubano/Cuban Popular Party (Cuba)
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List of Acronyms
PPD
PRD
PRD
PREALC
PRI
PRIN
PRN
PRT
PRV
PSDP
PSI
PSIUP
PTB
RCTV
REDHER
ROE
SCB
SD
SER
SERPAJ
SIJAU
SIN
TYSAE
UAL
xv
Partido por la Democracia/Party for Democracy (Chile)
Partido Revolucionario Dominicano/Dominican
Revolutionary Party (Dominican Republic)
Partido Revolucionario Democrático/Democratic
Revolutionary Party (Mexico, Panama)
Programa Regional de Empleo para América Latina y el
Caribe/Employment Regional Program for Latin America and
the Caribbean
Partido Revolucionario Institucional/Revolutionary
Institutional Party (Mexico)
Partido Revolucionario de Izquierda Nacionalista/National
Leftist Revolutionary Party (Bolivia)
Proceso de Reorganización Nacional/National Reorganization
Process (Argentina)
Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores/Workers
Revolutionary Party (Argentina)
Partido Revolucionario Venezolano/Venezuelan
Revolutionary Party (Venezuela)
Panamanian Social Democratic Party (Panama)
Partito Socialista Italiano/Italian Socialist Party (Italy)
Partito Socialista Italiano di Unità Proletaria/Italian Socialist
Party of Proletarian Unity (Italy)
Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro/Brazilian Workers’ Party
(Brazil)
Radio Caracas Televisión/TV-Radio Caracas (Venezuela)
Red de Hermandad y Solidaridad/Network of Brotherhood
and Solidarity (Colombia)
Resistencia Obrero-Estudiantil/Workers’ and Students’
Resistance (Uruguay)
Central Bureau of Statistics (Sweden)
Social Democracy organizations
Servicio Ecuménico de Reintegración/Ecumenical
Reintegration Service (Uruguay)
Servicio de Paz y Justicia/Peace and Justice Service (Uruguay,
Chile)
Secretariado Internacional de Juristas por la Amnistı́a en
Uruguay/International Secretary of Jurists for Amnesty in
Uruguay (France)
Servicio de Inteligencia Nacional/National Intelligence Service
(Peru)
Travailleurs et syndicalistes Argentines en Exil/Trabajadores y
sindicalistas argentinos en el exilio/Argentinean Workers and
Syndicalists in Exile (France)
Unión Artiguista de Liberación/Artigas Liberation Union
(Uruguay)
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xvi
UN
UNAM
UNCHR
UNESCO
UNHCR
UP
UPARF
UT
WHO
United Nations
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/National
Autonomous University of Mexico
United Nations Commission for Human Rights
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organization
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Unidad Popular/Popular Unity coalition (Chile)
Unión de Periodistas Argentinos Residentes en
Francia/Association of Argentinean Journalists Living in
France
Unidad Técnica para la Reinserción Laboral/Technical Agency
for Labor Reinsertion (Uruguzy)
World Health Organization
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