Regionalization of Patagonia for Purposes of
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Regionalization of Patagonia for Purposes of Glacier Inventory Trent Technical Note 2009-1 J. Graham Cogley March 2009 Department of Geography TRENT UNIVERSITY PETERBOROUGH ONTARIO CANADA K9J 7B8 Regionalization of Patagonia for Purposes of Glacier Inventory Trent Technical Note 2009-1 J. Graham Cogley March 2009 Copyright (C) J.G.Cogley 2009 Department of Geography TRENT UNIVERSITY PETERBOROUGH ONTARIO CANADA K9J 7B8 Email: gcogley@trentu.ca Telephone: 705-748-1011-ext7686 Fax: 705-742-2131 Regionalization of Patagonia for Purposes of Glacier Inventory Trent Technical Note 2009-1 J. Graham Cogley 1 INTRODUCTION This report documents the subdivision of Patagonia into hydrographic regions which has been adopted for the labelling of glaciers in WGI-XF, an enlarged version of the World Glacier Inventory (hereafter “WGI”) recently described by Cogley (2009). The format and other technical details of WGI-XF are documented by Cogley (2008). 2 GLACIER INVENTORY OF PATAGONIA One of the aims during the assembly of WGI-XF was to collect all of the published inventory information into a single dataset. The standard version of the WGI, accessible at the National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado (http://nsidc.org/data/docs/noaa/g01130 glacier inventory/), lacks a number of recent additions to the literature and also some of the older material which was lost during the 1980s. For Patagonia, the new regional inventories from which it was possible to extract glacier outlines were those of Aniya (1988, South Patagonian Ice Field), Aniya et al. (1996, North Patagonian Ice Field) and Schneider et al. (2005, 2007; Muńoz Gamero Peninsula). Only locations rather than outlines were available from the inventories of Casassa et al. 2002 (Cordova Peninsula, Isla Riesco), Rivera and Casassa 2004 (some glaciers adjacent to the South Patagonian Ice Field) and Fernández et al. 2005 (Minchinmavida volcano). The older inventory of part of Argentinian Patagonia by Bertone (1960) was also a valuable source, although it required a considerable amount of editing. For example several errors of location were detected, and it was necessary to translate Bertone’s glacier descriptions to WGI classification codes. In addition the Bertone inventory had to be matched carefully to that of Aniya et al. (1996) where Bertone included some of the South Patagonian Ice Field. His entries for the glaciers Viedma, Upsala, Agassiz, Onelli, Heim, “Spegazzini C”, Mayo, Ameghino, Moreno and Frı́as were withheld, while those of Aniya et al. for Chico, Viedma and Upsala glaciers were altered to take account of details provided by Bertone. None of the above sources provide hydrographic codes that are consistent with the drainage basin codes of the WGI (Müller et al. 1977, TTS/WGI 1978, Haeberli et al. 1989). The digitization of an internally consistent set of drainage basins is time-consuming, especially under the constraint that it be well-adapted to the purposes of glacier inventory. According to convention, this constraint implies among other things that the basins should not only be arranged hierarchically but numbered in clockwise order at each level in the hierarchy. Compiling the glacier inventory is itself very time-consuming, and many regional investigators have been unable to allocate the time required for hydrographic subdivision of their glacierized regions. The present report is not about a regional inventory but rather about a compilation of existing information. It seemed that a useful contribution could be made by devoting some time to the development of a consistent regionalization of Patagonia. This would serve the aims of WGI-XF as well as being of possible practical use in the actual inventory work. It should be understood, however, that the regionalization presented here was necessarily based on maps and digital sources of small spatial scale. The positions of drainage divides are expected to be insufficiently accurate in many cases for the future assignment of codes to single glaciers. Rather, it is the topology of the whole collection of divides that may be useful, with the geometry of each individual divide subject to improvement when better cartographic information becomes available. 1 3 HYDROGRAPHIC REGIONS OF PATAGONIA The WGI’s hydrographic system assigns a hydrographic code — a set of seven 1-character codes — to each identified hydrographic region. (As will be seen, the term “drainage basin” is a misnomer in places such as Patagonia where the coastline is very complex.) The codes are organized hierarchically, such that a) the region identified by [code 1] contains all of the regions identified by [code 1 plus code 2], and so on; and b) the set of all regions with identifiers of the form [code 1 to code 7] is equal in coverage to the region identified by [code 1]. That is, if the system were complete, every point on the Earth’s land surface would belong to exactly one 7-character hydrographic region. The hydrographic code as just described is a slight extension of the formal definition (TTS/WGI 1978), because it is assumed, following nearly all earlier workers, that the sixth and seventh characters represent sub-basins. Strictly speaking, they may be used at the discretion of the regional compiler. The hydrographic code is followed by a 3-character code to identify each particular glacier, and preceded by a 2-character code to identify the country to which the glacier belongs. Patagonia, in the WGI system, consists of hydrographic regions 1I, 1K and 1L. Code 1 designates the continent, in this case “1” for South America. Code 2 is the “major basin” code, an upper-case Roman letter. Region 1J, the basin of the Colorado, is considered here not to be part of Patagonia. Region 1I is the Atlantic seaboard of Patagonia, region 1K is constituted by all of the South American islands south of the Straits of Magellan, and region 1L is the Pacific coast of Patagonia. Each of these three regions is partly in Chile (WGI country code “RC”) and partly in Argentina (WGI country code “RA”). The assignment of the five higher-order character codes is the responsibility of the compiler. Although the WGI specifications urge adherence to the Horton-Strahler scheme of basin ordering, that scheme has shortcomings which have emerged in several regional inventories in the past. In Patagonia the weaknesses are particularly noticeable because of the large number of islands to be covered. Therefore the principles guiding regionalization in the present work were, in order of precedence: firstly, to ensure complete “exactlyonce” coverage, so that a randomly-selected point can be assigned unambiguously to a hydrographic region (perhaps automatically); secondly, to observe the clockwise-ordering convention as closely as practicable at each level of the hierarchy; thirdly, to delineate as many as possible of the hydrographic regions as drainage basins in the conventional sense (delivering runoff to a river mouth or in some cases to the entrance to a fiord). The result of applying these principles is illustrated in Figure 1, and is set out in detail in Tables 1, 2 and 3. One of the advantages of the hierarchical WGI scheme is that time and effort do not have to be wasted on subdividing extensive areas with no glaciers. Regions 1I3, 1I5 and 1K1 are examples; in full, their 7-character codes are completed by padding with zeros, as in “1I50000”. On the other hand, glacierized regions which have been inventoried completely can be subdivided to a level of detail which should satisfy most needs. Close inspection of Figure 1 and Table 3 will show, for example, that all seven of the available codes are used on Isla Riesco, region 1L03 (Casassa et al. 2002). Only five characters were required, however, for the inventory of the Muñoz Gamero Peninsula by Schneider et al. (2005, 2007). About 1200 glaciers in the basin of the Negro (region 1I0) appear in the NSIDC version of the WGI. Some of these, in the headwater parts of the Limay sub-basin, can be seen in Figure 1, but region 1I0 has not been subdivided in the present study. In WGI-XF all of these glaciers retain their original codes. About 50 WGI glaciers in the basin of the Puelo/Manso have been recoded in WGI-XF. Their original code has been altered to 1L731 or 1L732. For completeness, the regionalization adopted in WGI-XF for the inventory of Garin (1987) in northern Chile is set out in Tables 4 and 5. WGI-XF may be downloaded from http://www.trentu.ca/geography/glaciology/glaciology.htm. The drainage divides described above are obtainable from the author. 2 -75 -70 -65 I0 (M0) -42 L7 I1 -44 L6 L91 I2 L5 -46 I3 L4 I4 L90 -48 I5 I6 -50 L3 I7 L2 L1 I8 I9 -52 L0 K8 K0 K1 -54 K7 K2 K6 K3 K5 400 km -56 K4 Figure 1. Hydrographic regions of Patagonia. Successively higher-order divides are drawn in purple, red, magenta, yellow and green. 3 Table 1 – Preliminary Subdivision of WGI Zone 1I (Atlantic coast of Patagonia) 1I0 1I1 1I2 1I3 1I4 1I5 1I6 1I7 1I8 1I9 R Negro Coast between R Negro and R Chubut R Chubut Coast between R Chubut and R Deseado R Deseado (L Buenos Aires drains to R Baker) Coast between R Deseado and Puerto Santa Cruz Puerto Santa Cruz 1I60 R Santa Cruz 1I600 Lower R bank 1I601 L Argentino 1I6010 S shore 1I6011 L Argentino: W shore 1I60110 Brazo Sur 1I60111 Canal de los Tempanos 1I60112 Brazo Mayo 1I60113 Brazo Norte to N pt of Bahı́a Onelli 1I60114 Bahı́as Upsala, Cristina 1I6012 L Argentino: N shore 1I6013 N shore 1I602 R Leona (L Viedma) 1I6020 Lower R bank 1I6021 S shore L Viedma 1I60210 R Guanaco 1I60211 S shore, R Guanaco to R Cóndor 1I60212 R Cóndor 1I6022 W shore L Viedma 1I6023 R de las Vueltas 1I60230 Lower R bank 1I60231 R Fitzroy, shore to S pt R Eléctrico 1I60232 R Eléctrico 1I60233 R Cóndor, R Blanco 1I60234 R Milodón 1I60235 R Toro 1I60236 L del Desierto 1I60237 Middle L bank 1I60238 R Portones 1I60239 Lower L bank 1I6024 N shore L Viedma 1I6025 Lower L bank 1I603 Lower L bank 1I61 R Chico 1I610 R Chico (not further subdivided) Coast between Puerto Santa Cruz and Puerto Gallegos 1I70 Coast S of R Coig 1I71 R Coig 1I72 Coast N of R Coig Puerto Gallegos 1I81 R Gallegos 1I82 R Chico Coast between Puerto Gallegos and S tip of Pena Brunswick 4 Table 2 – Preliminary Subdivision of WGI Zone 1K (Islands south of Straits of Magellan) 1K0 1K1 1K2 1K3 1K4 1K5 1K6 1K7 1K8 Tierra del Fuego: W coast 1K00 I Dawson 1K01 E Straits of Magellan 1K02 Bahı́a Inutil 1K03 N shore Canal Whiteside, Seno Almirantazgo 1K04 Bahı́a Parry 1K05 Bahı́a Ainsworth 1K06 Bahı́a Brooks 1K07 Canal Cascada 1K08 Seno Keats 1K09 N Pena Brecknock Tierra del Fuego: Atlantic coast Tierra del Fuego: Beagle Channel 1K20 N shore Beagle Channel E of Bahı́a Lapataia; I de los Estados 1K21 Bahı́a Lapataia 1K22 Bahı́a Yendegaia 1K23 Central Beagle Channel (Cabo Hyades to E pt Bahı́a Pia) 1K24 Bahı́a Pia to Seno Garibaldi 1K25 Seno Chair, Seno Ventisquero 1K26 Seno Alfred, Seno Searle 1K27 S Pena Brecknock I Nueva, I Navarino, etc. 1K30 I Navarino 1K31 Is Picton, Nueva, Lennox I Hoste, I Gordon, etc. 1K40 I Gordon 1K41 I Hoste: S shore Beagle Channel 1K42 I Hoste: Seno Ponsonby 1K43 I Hoste: Bahı́a Tekenika, N shore Pena Hardy 1K44 I Hoste: S coast 1K45 Is Wollaston 1K46 Is Ildefonso, Is Diego Ramirez I Londonderry, I Stewart, etc. 1K50 I London 1K51 I Londonderry 1K52 I Stewart 1K53 I O’Brien I Capitán Aracena, I Clarence, etc. 1K60 Southern islands 1K61 I Clarence 1K62 I Capitán Aracena I Santa Inés, etc. (maps are very inadequate for 1K76, 1K77) 1K70 Is Rice Trevor 1K71 S shore Canal Abra 1K72 Seno Nevado 1K73 Seno Nieves (to N pt Seno Ballena) 1K74 Seno Ballena, Bahı́a Choiseul (to C Edgeworth) 1K75 E coast 1K76 Bahı́a Dresden 1K77 Seno Langford I Desolación 5 Table 3 – Preliminary Subdivision of WGI Zone 1L (Pacific coast of Patagonia) 1L0 S pt of Pena Brunswick to Estero Obstrucción 1L00 Pena de Muñoz Gamero 1L000 SE Pena de Muñoz Gamero 1L001 W Pena de Muñoz Gamero 1L002 N Pena de Muñoz Gamero 1L01 Shore of Seno Skyring, Seno Otway 1L02 Pena Brunswick 1L03 I Riesco 1L030 Shore of Magellan Straits (Punta San Jerónimo to Punta Havannah) 1L0300 Punta Havannah to W pt of Estero Playa Parola 1L0301 W pt of Estero Playa Parola to S pt of Caleta Ginn 1L0302 S pt of Caleta Ginn to Cabo Notch 1L0303 Cabo Notch to Bahı́a Arce 1L0304 Bahı́a Arce to Punta San Jerónimo 1L031 Shore of Golfo Xaultegua and Canal Gajardo 1L0310 NE shore of Canal Gajardo 1L0311 SE shore of Canal Gajardo (to Punta Spoerer) 1L0312 NE shore of Golfo Xaultegua (Punta Spoerer to Lago Titus) 1L0313 SW shore of Golfo Xaultegua (Lago Titus to Punta Havannah) 1L03130 Punta Havannah to Punta Aberreuter 1L03131 Ensenada Tucapel 1L03132 Ensenada Colocolo 1L03133 to Punta Rivera 1L03134 Punta Rivera to Cerro Desmontado 1L03135 Cerro Desmontado to Lago Titus 1L032 Shore of Seno Skyring 1L033 Shore of Seno Otway (to Punta Solitaria) 1L034 Shore of Canal Jerónimo (to Punta San Jerónimo) 1L0340 Estero Bending (to Punta Manning) 1L0341 Estero Sullivan (to Cabo One) 1L0342 Brazo Nuñez (to Punta Cóndor) 1L0343 Estero Cóndor (to Punta El Morro) 1L03430 Estero Cóndor 1L03431 Seno Henry 1L0344 NE coast of Canal Jerónimo (to Punta San Jerónimo) 1L1 Estero Obstrucción to S pt of Pena Roca 1L10 W shore of Golfo Almirante Montt (to S pt of Pena Roca) 1L11 Estero Última Esperanza 1L110 E coast of Pena Antonio Varas 1L111 R Serrano 1L1110 Lower R bank 1L1111 Grey-Paine interfluve 1L1112 R Paine above L del Toro 1L1113 L del Toro and lower R Paine 1L1114 Lower L bank 1L112 E shore of Estero Última Esperanza 1L12 E shore of Estero Obstrucción (to E pt of Estero Última Esperanza) 6 Table 3 – Preliminary Subdivision of WGI Zone 1L (Pacific coast of Patagonia), cont. 1L2 S pt of 1L20 1L21 1L22 Pena Roca to S pt of Pena Wilcock Estero de las Montañas Seno Taraba (to N pt of Pena Staines) N pt of Pena Staines to S pt of Estero Peel 1L220 E coast of Pena Staines 1L221 E shore Canal Camero 1L222 E shore Canal Sarmiento 1L23 Estero Peel (to S pt of Pena Wilcock) 1L230 Estero Asia: E coast of Pena Wilcock 1L231 Estero Asia: NE shore 1L232 Estero Asia: Estero Calvo 1L233 Estero Asia: SE shore 1L234 Estero Amalia 1L235 S shore of Estero Peel 1L3 S pt of Pena Wilcock to N pt of Pena Swett 1L30 S pt of Pena Wilcock to Punta Conolly (W pt of Seno Europa) 1L300 W coast of Pena Wilcock 1L301 Bahı́a San Andrés 1L3010 Seno San Andrés 1L3011 Seno Guilardi 1L302 Seno Capitán Fuentes 1L303 to W pt of Seno Europa 1L31 W pt of Seno Europa to S pt of Seno Falcón 1L310 Seno Europa 1L311 Seno Penguin 1L312 Estero de la Ringdove 1L32 Seno Eyre 1L320 Seno Eyre (S pt of Promontorio Exmouth to N pt of Seno Falcón)) 1L321 Seno Falcón 1L33 W coast of Promontorio Exmouth (to W pt of Seno Iceberg) 1L34 Seno Témpano (W pt of Seno Iceberg to Estero Bernardo) 1L340 Seno Iceberg 1L341 S pt of Seno Témpano to Estero Bernardo 1L35 Estero Bernardo to N pt of Pena Swett 1L350 Estero Bernardo (to S pt of Seno Horacio) 1L351 Seno Horacio to N pt of Pena Swett 7 Table 3 – Preliminary Subdivision of WGI Zone 1L (Pacific coast of Patagonia), cont. 1L4 Canal Baker 1L40 Punta Oscar (N pt of Canal Baker) to W pt of Estero Steffen 1L41 Estero Steffen (W pt to E pt) 1L410 W shore 1L411 R Huemules 1L412 E shore 1L42 R Baker (E pt of Estero Steffen to E pt of Estero Michell) 1L420 Lower R bank 1L421 R Ventisqueros 1L422 Middle R bank 1L423 R Colonia 1L424 R Baker, upper R bank 1L4240 R Nef/R Soler 1L4241 W shore L Bertrand 1L4242 R de las Deltas 1L4243 Brazo Murta 1L4244 E pt Brazo Murta to W pt Bahı́a Ibañez 1L4245 R Ibañez 1L4246 Upper L Buenos Aires 1L425 R Baker, upper L bank (S shore L Buenos Aires) 1L426 R Chacabuco 1L427 R Cochrane 1L4270 Lower R bank 1L4271 L Posadas 1L4272 R Platten 1L4273 SW shore L Pueyrredón (R Brown) 1L4274 Lower L bank 1L4275 R de los Saltos 1L428 Lower L bank 1L43 R Bravo (E pt to W pt of Estero Michell) 1L44 R Pascua (W pt Estero Michell to E pt Estero Cálen) 1L440 W pt Estero Michell to R Pascua 1L441 R Pascua, lower R bank (E shore Brazo Noroeste) 1L442 L San Martı́n: Brazo Noreste 1L4420 W shore Brazo Noreste 1L4421 Brazo Noroeste: R Mayer 1L44210 Lower R bank 1L44211 R Carrera 1L44212 Upper R Mayer 1L4422 E shore Brazo Noreste 1L443 L San Martı́n: upper lake 1L444 L San Martı́n: Brazo Sur, Brazo Oeste 1L445 L San Martı́n: W shore Brazo Noroeste (lower L bank R Pascua) 1L45 E pt Estero Cálen to N pt Pena Swett 8 Table 3 – Preliminary Subdivision of WGI Zone 1L (Pacific coast of Patagonia), cont. 1L5 Punta Oscar (N pt Canal Baker) to N pt Estero Aisén 1L50 Boca de Canales (Punta Oscar to Cabo Machado) 1L51 Seno Jesuitas 1L52 Golfo de San Estebán (N pt Seno Jesuitas to W of R San Tadeo) 1L53 Pena de Taitao 1L54 SE Golfo Elefantes 1L540 R Témpano (L San Rafael) to S pt R Gualas 1L541 R Gualas 1L542 E shore Golfo Elefantes between R Gualas and R Exploradores 1L543 R Exploradores 1L55 Estero Cupquelan (N pt Bahı́a Exploradores to Punta Garrau) 1L56 Punta Garrau to R Aisén (R Huemules) 1L560 Punta Garrau to S pt R Huemules 1L561 R Huemules 1L562 N pt R Huemules to N shore Estero Aisén 1L562 L Cóndor to S pt R Aisén 1L57 R Aisén 1L570 Lower R bank 1L571 R Mañiguales 1L572 R Simpson 1L573 R Blanco and lower L bank 1L58 N shore Estero Aisén 1L6 R Cisnes, R Palena 1L60 SE shore Canal Puyuguapi 1L61 R Cisnes 1L610 Entire R bank 1L611 L bank above Laguna Escondida 1L612 Laguna Escondida 1L613 Lower L bank 1L62 Canal Jacaf 1L620 NE shore Canal Puyuguapi 1L621 N shore Canal Jacaf 1L622 W pt Canal Jacaf to S pt R Palena (M Melimoyu) 1L63 R Palena 1L630 Lower R bank 1L631 Upper R Palena 1L632 R Claro 1L634 R Figueroa (L Rosselot) 1L635 Lower L bank 9 Table 3 – Preliminary Subdivision of WGI Zone 1L (Pacific coast of Patagonia), cont. 1L7 R Yelcho, R Puelo 1L70 SE shore Golfo Corcovado 1L700 R Tictoc 1L701 SE shore Golfo Corcovado 1L702 R Corcovado 1L703 NE shore Golfo Corcovado (Ensenada Palbitad) 1L71 R Yelcho 1L710 Lower R bank (R Amarillo, N shore L Yelcho) 1L711 R Futaleufú 1L7110 Lower R bank 1L7111 Upper R Futaleufú 1L7112 R Percey 1L7113 Lower L bank 1L712 Lower L bank (S shore L Yelcho) 1L72 E shore Golfo de Ancud 1L720 E shore Canal Desertores (R Rayas) 1L721 Estero Reñihue 1L722 Pena Huequi 1L723 Estero Gomau 1L724 E shore Seno Reloncavı́ 1L73 R Puelo 1L730 Lower R bank 1L731 R Manso 1L732 Upper R Puelo 1L733 Lower L bank 1L74 NE shore Estero de Reloncavı́ 1L75 R Petrohué 1L750 Lower R bank 1L751 N shore L Todos Los Santos 1L752 R Negro 1L753 SE shore L Todos Los Santos (R La Esperanza) 1L754 SW shore L Todos Los Santos (Estero Calbutué) 1L76 W shore Estero de Reloncavı́ 1L8 Not assigned 1L9 Most islands except Isla Riesco 1L90 Islands S of Pena de Taitao 1L91 Islands N of Pena de Taitao 10 Table 4 – Preliminary Subdivision of WGI Zone 1N (Northern Chile, Garin 1987) 1N1 Limarı́ 1N2 Elqui 1N20 1N200 1N202 1N203 1N3 Huasco 1N30 1N301 1N303 1N4 Copiapo 1N40 1N401 1N402 1N403 1N5 Ojos del Salado 1N50 1N500 1N506 1N507 1N6 Salar Punta Negra 1N60 1N600 1N7 Salar de Atacama 1N70 1N700 1N703 1N8 Chile (Pacific and internal) 22.5◦ S to 20.0◦ S 1N80 Loa 1N800 1N81 Salar de Ascotán 1N810 1N82 Salar de Carcote 1N820 1N83 Salar de Chiguana 1N830 1N84 Salares de Coposa, Empexa 1N9 Chile (Pacific) 20.0◦ S to 17.5◦ S 11 Table 5 – Preliminary Subdivision of WGI Zone 1O (Altiplano, Garin 1987) 1O7 Salar de Coipasa 1O70 1O701 1O702 1O703 1O704 1O8 Salar de Uyuni 1O9 Lake Poopó 12 4 REFERENCES Aniya, M., 1988, Glacier inventory for the Northern Patagonia Icefield, Chile, and variations 1944/45 to 1985/86, Arctic and Alpine Research, 20(2), 179-187. 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