Manual de buenas prácticas para la gestión de corredores

Alfonso San Miguel, Fernando Ballesteros,
Juan Carlos Blanco y Guillermo Palomero (editores)
Manual de buenas prácticas
para la gestión
de corredores oseros
en la Cordillera Cantábrica
NATURALEZA Y PARQUES NACIONALES
Serie especies amenazadas
Manual de buenas prácticas
para la gestión
de corredores oseros
en la Cordillera Cantábrica
Editores
Alfonso San Miguel, Fernando Ballesteros, Juan Carlos Blanco
y Guillermo Palomero
Autores
Fernando Ballesteros, Juan Carlos Blanco, José Luis García Lorenzo,
María Gómez Manzanedo, Mikel Gurrutxaga, Víctor Gutiérrez,
Beatriz Martín, Carlos Nores, Santiago Palazón, Guillermo Palomero,
Marta Piñuela, Miquel Rafa, José A. Reque, Sonia Roig, Carme Rosell,
Gema Ruiz, Alfonso San Miguel, Santiago Saura,
Miguel Ángel Simón y Antonio Urchaga
El presente manual ha sido elaborado en el marco del proyecto LIFE 07/NAT/E/000735 “Corredores de comunicación para la conservación del oso pardo cantábrico” desarrollado por la Fundación
Oso Pardo (FOP), con el apoyo financiero de la Fundación Biodiversidad y de la Obra Social de
Catalunya Caixa y con la colaboración de la Junta de Castilla y León, el Principado de Asturias y los
ayuntamientos de Los Barrios de Luna, Cármenes, La Pola de Gordón, Sena de Luna, Valdelugueros,
Vegacervera, Villablino y Villamanín (León) y de Aller, Cangas del Narcea, Degaña y Lena (Asturias).
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Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras
Roble albar
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.
Sus nombres vernáculos más usados son
roble albar, carballo albar o roble albero.
Consideraciones generales
Especie de porte arbolado, caducifolio,
de crecimiento relativamente lento, monoico y con fecundación anemófila. Rebrota bien de cepa y mal de raíz.
Hábitat
La distribución natural en España se extiende desde el este de Galicia hasta el
Pirineo Central, resultando más escaso
según se avanza hacia el noreste.
Aunque de manera rara, aparece en zonas de interior de la mitad septentrional peninsular y alcanza su límite meridional en la conquense Sierra
de Valdemeca. Sus dominios limitan con hayedos, pinares de silvestre,
rebollares o carballedas, mezclándose habitualmente con estas especies e
hibridando en ocasiones con otras especies del género Quercus. Forma
masas puras o aparece disperso en laderas y faldas de las montañas en la
transición de ambientes atlánticos y mediterráneos. Sus masas se han visto afectadas en los últimos 2000-3000 años por la invasión del haya que,
por su temperamento más tolerante (de sombra) acaba invadiendo los robledales albares, impidiendo su regeneración (por exceso de sombra).
Interés para el oso pardo
Presenta frutos secos muy energéticos que fructifican a principios de
otoño, momento de hiperfagia de importancia trascendental para la supervivencia de los osos y el éxito reproductor en la temporada siguiente.
Al igual que el roble común, presenta alta productividad por unidad de
superficie, superior a hayas y rebollos. Como inconveniente cabe citar
su carácter vecero, aunque menos marcado que el haya y el rebollo.
Suele tener asociado un abundante sotobosque de interés. En primavera
los osos se alimentan también de sus hojas tiernas, para lo que suben a
los árboles.
Requerimientos ambientales
Prefiere terrenos eutróficos, pero también vive en ácidos oligotróficos. Le
gustan suelos sueltos y algo profundos, pero soporta suelos pobres y secos, pudiendo vivir incluso entre peñas y zonas rocosas si hay precipitaciones abundantes. No tolera suelos compactos ni encharcamientos.
Más xerófilo que el roble común, le gustan zonas de transición entre los
ambientes oceánicos y continentales. Evita las zonas de mucha insola-
0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD
ción, exige un periodo vegetativo mas largo que Quercus robur y sube a
mayor altitud que otros robles.
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Indicaciones para plantaciones
No es una especie muy exigente, aunque prefiere suelos ricos, en los que
adquiere un mejor desarrollo, por lo que la elección del terreno debe
realizarse de manera meticulosa.
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La densidad recomendada es de unos 1100 pies/ha. Es preferible plantar
al tresbolillo o marco irregular frente a marco cuadrado o rectangular, para
su mayor integración en el paisaje.
La presencia de un tapiz herbáceo denso es uno de los factores más
comúnmente citados como limitantes de la regeneración de robles, lo
que es necesario tener en cuenta a la hora de preparar el terreno para la
plantación.
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Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras
Roble común Quercus robur L.
Como nombres vernáculos más habituales destacan roble común, roble
pedunculado, carvallo o carballo.
Consideraciones generales
Es de porte arbóreo y se trata del roble de
mayor talla. Caducifolio, de crecimiento
relativamente lento, monoico y de fecundación anemófila. Rebrota bien de cepa y
mal de raíz.
Hábitat
Su área de distribución natural en España
se extiende principalmente por la mitad
norte, en zonas de influencia atlántica,
desde Galicia hasta Pirineos, resultando
más rara su presencia según se avanza
hacia el NE. Aparece de manera escasa y
esporádica en montañas del interior peninsular.
Forma bosques o bosquetes principalmente en las facies más termófilas del dominio
del bosque caducifolio mesófilo. Suele
presentarse en valles, llanos y laderas de
baja pendiente en suelos profundos, húmedos, frescos y sueltos, preferiblemente
sin cal. Se presenta en bosquetes o incluso
aparecen pies sueltos en hayedos y otros
robledales de Quercus petraea y Quercus
pyrenaica, con los que hibrida con asiduidad, pero también forma parte de castañares y pinares de silvestre.
Interés para el oso pardo
Presenta frutos secos muy energéticos que fructifican a principios de
otoño, momento de hiperfagia de importancia trascendental para la
supervivencia de los osos y el éxito reproductor en la temporada siguiente. Al igual que el roble albar, posee alta productividad por unidad de
superficie, superior a hayas y rebollos. Presenta vecería, aunque menos
marcada que el haya y el rebollo. Suele tener asociado un abundante
sotobosque de interés. En primavera los osos consumen sus hojas
tiernas.
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Requerimientos ambientales
Tiene preferencia por los suelos profundos, sueltos y frescos y sustratos
silíceos, en laderas de moderada pendiente y exposiciones medias de solana.
Requiere humedad edáfica, aguantando incluso inundaciones temporales,
gracias a la poca exigencia en aeración de sus raíces. Presenta exigencias
medias en cuanto a fertilidad. Le gustan los climas oceánicos, donde se
acuse poco la sequía estival y las precipitaciones sean abundantes. Resiste muy bien fríos intensos (hasta –22ºC) tolerando periodos vegetativos
cortos.
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Indicaciones para plantaciones
Su exigencia por buenos suelos hace que la elección del terreno deba
realizarse de manera meticulosa. La presencia de piornales o antiguos
terrenos de cultivos puede ayudar como buenos indicadores de buenos
suelos. Por el contrario, suelos someros, decapitados y erosionados donde
aparecen los brezales bajos, por ejemplo, se deberán excluir.
La densidad recomendada es de
unos 1100 pies/ha. Es preferible
plantar al tresbolillo o marco irregular frente a marco cuadrado o
rectangular, para su mayor integración en el paisaje.
En las primeras fases de su desarrollo es muy exigente en luz, hecho a tener en cuenta a la hora de
decidir la zona de plantación, su
orientación, o las especies acompañantes. La presencia de un tapiz herbáceo denso es uno de los
factores más comúnmente citados
como limitantes de la regeneración de robles, lo que es necesario tener en cuenta a la hora de
preparar el terreno para la plantación.
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Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras
Rebollo Quercus pyrenaica Willd.
Al rebollo también se le conoce como
melojo, roble negro o carballo negro.
Consideraciones generales
Especie de porte arbóreo o arbustivo,
marcescente, de crecimiento medio, monoico y de fecundación anemófila. Rebrota bien de cepa y muy bien de raíz.
Hábitat
En España está presente en todas las provincias peninsulares, con mayor abundancia en el centro, escaseando hacia el
sur y este.
Es una especie característica del clima submediterráneo, donde aparece
formando amplias masas puras o mezclado con otras especies del género
Quercus con los que hibrida con asiduidad. En el área de distribución del
oso en la Cordillera Cantábrica es una especie en clara expansión.
Interés para el oso pardo
Presenta frutos secos muy energéticos que fructifican a principios de
otoño, momento de hiperfagia de importancia trascendental para la
supervivencia de los osos y el éxito reproductor en la temporada siguiente. Presenta menores cosechas que hayas y robles y un carácter
vecero más marcado que éstos. Las extensas formaciones de monte
bajo existentes en muchas zonas de la Cordillera Cantábrica, sometidas a incendios repetidos y fuerte pastoreo, no producen frutos abundantes aprovechables por el oso, aunque proporcionan una excelente
cobertura.
Requerimientos ambientales
Habita en pendientes moderadas y suaves, y suelos de muy variada naturaleza, pero es considerada como una especie silicícola o basífuga, aunque puede habitar en raras ocasiones en calizas descalcificadas o dolomíticas, en zonas de grandes precipitaciones.
Está adaptada a los climas continentales, soportando bien la amplitud
térmica diurna o estacional y las heladas, gracias a su foliación tardía y
ciclo corto. Es difícil encontrarlo en zonas de poca humedad, siendo las
sequías prolongadas un verdadero problema debido a la superficialidad
de gran parte de su masa radical.
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Tiene una excepcional capacidad de rebrote, incluso después de incendios.
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Indicaciones para plantaciones
La densidad máxima recomendada es de 1100 pies/ha. Es preferible plantar al tresbolillo o marco irregular frente a marco cuadrado o rectangular,
para su mayor integración en el paisaje.
Los plantones requieren mucha luz para su desarrollo inicial, pero en zonas muy cálidas o muy frías, necesita algo de cobertura que le sirva como
abrigo y protección.
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Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras
Haya Fagus sylvatica L.
Como sinónimos de esta especie se usan
faya o fago.
Consideraciones generales
Especie caducifolia de porte arbóreo, crecimiento relativamente lento, sobre todo
en los primeros años, monoica y de dispersión anemógama. Brota bien de cepa y
mal de raíz.
Hábitat
Forma bosques en fondos de valles y especialmente en laderas con exposición de
umbría en las montañas ibéricas de la
mitad norte.
Falta en Galicia al oeste de la Sierra del Courel. Le suelen acompañar el
acebo, robles, serbales o abedules en sustratos ácidos y avellanos o tejos
sobre calizas. Sin formar bosque, se la puede encontrar en robledales o
abedulares con exposiciones de umbría. Su temperamento tolerante y su
carácter invasor favorece su colonización desplazando a otras especies
más intolerantes como los robles y rosáceas.
Interés para el oso pardo
Al igual que los robles, el haya produce frutos secos muy energéticos que
fructifican a principios de otoño, momento de hiperfagia de importancia
trascendental para la supervivencia de los osos y el éxito reproductor en
la temporada siguiente. Presenta menores productividades por unidad de
superficie que los robles, aunque superiores al rebollo, pero debido a que
su cosecha es más tardía que en robles, permite que la temporada de
montanera se alargue. Presenta una vecería más estricta que los robles
albar y común pero menos que el rebollo.
Requerimientos ambientales
Tanto en sustrato ácido como básico, con algo de preferencia por las calizas, habita en suelos frescos y requiere que sean fértiles.
Considerado mesófilo en cuanto a humedad edáfica, no soporta la sequía
(a no ser con alta humedad ambiental) ni los encharcamientos. Requiere
sombra en verano y un clima suave y húmedo, sin sequía estival ni heladas tardías.
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Indicaciones para plantaciones
Aunque es una especie de sombra y los brinzales pueden avanzar bajo
cierta cobertura, su crecimiento se incrementa a medida que la radiación
incidente va en aumento. No obstante, puede ser interesante la realización de plantaciones mixtas con otras frondosas de crecimiento más rápido, como el abedul.
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La densidad de plantación recomendada es de unos 1100 pies/ha. Es preferible plantar al tresbolillo o marco irregular frente a marco cuadrado o
rectangular, para su mayor integración en el paisaje.
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Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras
Castaño Castanea sativa Mill.
Consideraciones generales
Es un árbol caducifolio, monoico, de crecimiento relativamente rápido y de fecundación anemófila y entomófila. Brota
muy bien de cepa y regular de raíz. Muchas masas de castaño se encuentran
afectadas por dos enfermedades fúngicas:
la tinta y el chancro.
Hábitat
Su presencia en España es abundante en
montañas silíceas, formando bosques o
bosquetes o como árboles aislados en laderas frescas y umbrosas, pero calientes en verano, de la España húmeda
septentrional, desde Galicia a Cataluña (escaseando en Pirineos) y en
montañas del centro y occidente, así como en la Cordillera Bética.
Es una especie ampliamente cultivada por su aprovechamiento para madera, en monte bajo y alta densidad, o para fruto en monte alto y con
amplio espaciamiento. Existen interesantes formaciones, llamadas soutos
en Galicia, formadas por grandes castaños seleccionados o injertados, que
mantenidos de forma tradicional para la producción de fruto, y que actualmente tienen un alto valor cultural, además de ambiental, económico
y social.
Interés para el oso pardo
Presenta frutos secos muy energéticos que fructifican a principios de otoño, momento de hiperfagia de importancia trascendental para la supervivencia de los osos y el éxito reproductor de la temporada siguiente. Produce abundantes cosechas prácticamente todos los años, por lo que su
importancia trófica para el oso pardo es máxima. Sin embargo su rango
altitudinal no le permite una amplia representación en el área de distribución del oso.
Requerimientos ambientales
Prefiere sustratos sueltos, profundos y silíceos, aunque podría aparecer
sobre calizas cuando se produce un lavado de bases. Tiene requerimientos
medios de humedad edáfica.
Elige laderas de montañas frescas y umbrosas, en lugares con veranos
calientes, pero sin fuertes sequías estivales, resiste medianamente bien el
frío, pero le dañan las heladas tardías.
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Indicaciones para plantaciones
Su exigencia por suelos profundos y de calidad implica una cuidadosa
planificación de los lugares de plantación de la especie.
La densidad de plantación adecuada varía desde 400 pies/ha hasta un
máximo de 625 pies/ha, pudiendo llegarse incluso a 1000 pies/ha. Es
preferible plantar al tresbolillo frente a marco cuadrado o rectangular, para
su mayor integración en el paisaje, y las plantaciones pueden ser puras o
mixtas. Puede propagar por estacas e injerto.
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No le gusta recibir mucha insolación directa en los primeros años, favoreciendo su crecimiento inicial la existencia de matorral, pero no podrá
prosperar bajo cubierta excesiva.
Es muy importante tener
en cuenta el riesgo de
afección por tinta y chancro, por lo que el material
a utilizar debería venir
acompañado de su certificado de origen libre de
estas enfermedades, y se
debería intentar utilizar
ejemplares resistentes.
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Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras
Cerezo Prunus avium L.
Consideraciones generales
Árbol caducifolio, monoico, de crecimiento rápido, sobre todo en su juventud,
y de fecundación entomófila. Brota bien
de cepa y frecuentemente de raíz, formando grupos clonales. Tiene una gran
facilidad para la hibridación, por lo que
existe un alto intercambio genético con
las variedades cultivadas para fruto.
Hábitat
Puede llegar a formar masas puras formando bosquetes, pero principalmente
aparece como especie acompañante en
las montañas húmedas de suelo fresco y
profundo de la mitad septentrional. Salpica los dominios de los bosques caducifolios mesófilos, incluso aparece intercalado en los subesclerófilos más frescos y
bosques de ribera, así como en barrancos,
bordes de ríos y otros lugares frescos.
Hacia el sur su presencia es menos habitual. En el área de distribución del oso
pardo cantábrico es especie frecuente
acompañante de hayedos, robledales y
bosques mixtos y existen también abundantes formaciones asilvestradas procedentes de antiguas huertas o cultivos.
Interés para el oso pardo
Su fruto, la cereza, es una drupa muy apetecida por el oso. Resulta de gran
valor debido a su fructificación a principios de verano e incluso finales de
primavera, cuando escasean otros recursos tróficos tan energéticos. Es una
especie de crecimiento relativamente rápido que enseguida puede aportar
alimento para el oso.
Requerimientos ambientales
Puede vivir en todo tipo de suelos siempre que no sean muy secos y sean
profundos, prefiriendo los silíceos, no excesivamente ácidos, o calizos
bien lavados. No tolera suelos encharcados.
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Soporta mal la sombra y las heladas tardías, aunque es relativamente resistente a adversidades. Necesita adecuada fertilidad para producir madera de calidad.
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Indicaciones para plantaciones
Si está comprobado que la calidad del material forestal de reproducción es alta, con sus
regiones de procedencia identificadas, se
pueden plantar con una densidad de 625
pies/ha, pero si no existe esta seguridad puede ser recomendable una densidad mayor,
máximo de 1100 pies/ha. Es preferible plantar al tresbolillo frente a marco cuadrado o
rectangular, para su mayor integración en el
paisaje.
Se pueden realizar plantaciones puras o mixtas. En plantaciones de conectividad y mejora del hábitat osero es muy recomendable
intercalar golpes de cerezos en los lugares
más adecuados. La fructificación suele comenzar a los cinco años, aunque no es abundante hasta los 12, siempre que la copa esté
soleada.
Su carácter heliófilo y, consecuentemente, su
escasa tolerancia a la competencia, hace que
soporte mal la sombra en su juventud, por lo
que requiere superficies rasas y soleadas para
su desarrollo inicial.
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Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras
Avellano Corylus avellana L.
Consideraciones generales
Es un arbusto caducifolio, monoico y de
fecundación anemófila. Presenta crecimiento inicial lento cuando procede de
semilla. Brota bien de cepa y sobre todo
de raíz.
Hábitat
En la Península Ibérica abunda en pequeños grupos o individuos aislado en laderas, canchales, bosques de ribera, valles y
barrancos, orlas e interior de bosques caducifolios, habitualmente en sitios umbrosos, de suelos húmedos y frescos de la mitad septentrional, siendo rara
en el centro y sur. Puede formar pequeños bosquetes. Por su aprovechamiento para frutos o madera es habitual en setos y bordes de fincas y
prados.
Interés para el oso pardo
Es una especie de alto interés para el oso. Produce frutos secos muy energéticos que fructifican a finales de verano y principios de otoño, antes del
inicio de la cosecha de bellotas o hayucos. Son muy apetecidos y buscados por los osos y pueden tener una especial importancia en los años en
los que robles y hayas producen escasas cosechas de frutos a causa de la
vecería.
Requerimientos ambientales
Gusta de suelos frescos y sueltos y aparece indistintamente en silíceos o
calizos. Precisa humedad media o abundante, faltando en sitios de precipitaciones estivales escasas. No le gustan los veranos cálidos y es capaz
de resistir fríos muy intensos de hasta –25ºC.
En cuanto a su temperamento, se le puede considerar de media luz, ya
que aunque soporta muy bien la sombra, también es capaz de vivir a pleno sol, prefiriendo las solanas en el norte peninsular, y las umbrías en el
sur.
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Indicaciones para plantaciones
Para tratar de obtener la máxima producción de frutos, puede ser recomendable plantar con una separación entre pies de hasta 6 m, aceptándose una densidad máxima de 625 pies/ha. Es preferible plantar en bosquetes, al tresbolillo o en marco irregular frente a marco cuadrado o
rectangular, para su mayor integración en el paisaje. También puede plantearse la multiplicación por injerto.
Los avellanos procedentes de semilla empiezan a dar buenas cosechas a
los 10 años.
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Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras
Pudio Rhamnus alpina L.
También conocido en Asturias y León
como escuernacabras o escornacabras.
Consideraciones generales
Arbusto caducifolio, polígamo y dioico,
de polinización por insectos y dispersión
de las semillas por mamíferos y aves. En
general, las especies del género Rhamnus
se consideran fijadoras de taludes y protectoras de la erosión del suelo. Es una
especie de gran vitalidad y resistencia,
poco afectada en caso de incendios.
Hábitat
Es frecuente en montañas del norte y este de la Península Ibérica aunque
no aparece de manera abundante. Se presenta en torrenteras, orillas de
arroyos, canchales o repisas rocosas; a veces surge en claros soleados o
linderos de bosques. Forma bosquetes puros o mezclado en diversas formaciones, mientras no falte iluminación.
En zonas calizas de la montaña palentina y leonesa existen algunas formaciones de pudio de enorme importancia para el oso pardo.
Interés para el oso pardo
Sus frutos drupáceos empiezan a madurar a finales de agosto. Durante un
mes, más o menos, constituyen un recurso muy buscado por los osos, que
acuden a las formaciones de estos arbustos, a veces lejos de masas arboladas, llegando a juntarse varios ejemplares durante varios días. La maduración se produce de forma escalonada entre diferentes pies de la misma
formación, por lo que el recurso está disponible durante un periodo amplio de tiempo.
Requerimientos ambientales
Ocupa lugares soleados de sustrato calizo, de pH básico o neutro. No
requiere suelos profundos y es muy resistente al frío. Puede vivir tanto en
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zonas con una considerable humedad en el suelo como tolerar cierta sequía estacional edáfica. Es heliófila y pionera.
Indicaciones para plantaciones
De manera natural suele aparecer aislada o formando pequeños rodales,
lo que unido a su alta necesidad de luz, motiva que las plantaciones se
realicen a muy bajas densidades y en bosquetes. Una distancia apta entre
pies podría ser de unos 6 m. Es muy importante seleccionar adecuadamente los lugares de plantación.
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Se están desarrollando en la Cordillera Cantábrica algunas experiencias
interesantes de siembra en vivero de semillas procedentes de excrementos
de oso.
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Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras
Arraclán Frangula alnus L.
También llamado sanguiño o hidionda.
Consideraciones generales
Arbusto caducifolio, monoico y de fecundación por insectos. Brota bien de cepa y
de raíz. Tradicionalmente se ha usado
como forraje para el ganado.
Hábitat
En España se encuentra en bosques húmedos de la mitad septentrional y occidental. Aparece en lugares soleados,
como claros u orlas, siendo habitual en
orillas de arroyos, valles fluviales y barrancos húmedos. Puede formar
pequeños rodales en laderas silíceas, a menudo acompañado de peral
silvestre y otras arbustivas, aunque generalmente aparece en mezcla con
diversas especies en sotobosques o en orla forestales.
Interés para el oso pardo
Sus frutos drupáceos empiezan a madurar a finales de agosto y aunque
son de menor interés osero que otras especies que maduran en esta época,
como los pudios o los arándanos, proporcionan alimento en hábitats muy
diferentes. Algunas formaciones de cierta extensión son visitadas por los
osos y pueden constituir enclaves de interés trófico considerable.
Requerimientos ambientales
Prefiere sustratos silíceos, habitualmente graníticos. Es muy exigente en
humedad y frescura, por lo que es frecuente encontrarla en lugares umbrosos, y aparece de manera abundante en valles fluviales y regiones con
precipitaciones elevadas. También habita en terrenos turbosos o con periodos de saturación de agua.
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Indicaciones para plantaciones
Puede multiplicarse por estaquilla, aunque lo habitual es hacerlo por semilla. La densidad de plantación adecuada es de unos 600 pies/ha, aunque lo preferible es usarla como especie de enriquecimiento en plantaciones mixtas. Debería plantarse en bosquetes con marco irregular y puede
mezclarse con otras especies de requerimientos similares.
Es una especie calificada como de baja combustibilidad, lo que puede ser
interesente para considerar su plantación en aquellas zonas más susceptibles de incendios, siempre que las condiciones de estación sean las adecuadas para la especie.
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Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras
Mostajo común
Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz
También se conoce como mostajo blanco, mostellar o mostayal.
Consideraciones generales
Árbol caducifolio, de crecimiento lento,
monoico y de fecundación entomófila.
Brota bien de cepa y escasamente de raíz.
Hábitat
Aparece salpicando bosques de variada
naturaleza y diferente altitud en la mayoría de las regiones españolas, también en
laderas pedregosas, canchales e incluso
entre rocas. Escasea hacia el suroeste y en zonas bajas semiáridas o áridas.
Es abundante en las montañas cantábricas y pirenaicas y en los sistemas
Ibérico y Central, mezclándose, habitualmente en claros y márgenes, con
hayedos, robledales, quejigares, bosquetes de arces, encinares y pinares,
así como con diversos matorrales y arbustos, pudiendo llegar a formar en
raras ocasiones pequeños bosquetes arbóreos.
Interés para el oso pardo
Sus pomos son de bastante interés trófico para el oso y otras muchas especies. Es una especie muy apetecida y mucho más apreciada que el serbal
de cazadores. Fructifica con bastante regularidad a finales de verano y
otoño y adquiere un valor trascendental como complemento trófico en
años con mala cosecha de especies veceras. El fruto aguanta bastante en
el árbol, estando disponible durante todo el otoño y parte del invierno
Requerimientos ambientales
Es especie heliófila y pionera que puede vivir en toda clase de sustratos,
siempre que sean frescos, incluso en roquedos y canchales, pero parece
preferir los suelos calizos no demasiado húmedos.
Resistente a inclemencias y extremos térmicos, aunque no tanto a las sequías.
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Indicaciones para plantaciones
Se reproduce bien por semilla o esqueje. Es recomendable su utilización
en plantaciones mixtas, como especie de enriquecimiento, en bosquetes
con una separación aproximada entre plantones de 3 m. Su elevada apetencia para cérvidos requiere el uso de tubos protectores, que además
aceleran el crecimiento de la especie. En los primeros estadios de desarrollo soportan la sombra, pero muy pronto requerirán plena luz para crecer
bien.
Es una especie muy útil como fijadora del terreno en laderas de fuertes
pendientes.
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Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras
Serbal de cazadores
Sorbus aucuparia L.
También se denomina capudre o cafresno
Consideraciones generales
Es un árbol caducifolio de crecimiento
rápido, monoico y de fecundación entomófila. Brota bien de cepa y de raíz.
Hábitat
Aparece en la Península Ibérica como
especie boreo-subalpina en las montañas
septentrionales, cantábricas y pirenaicas,
así como en el Sistema Ibérico septentrional, escaseando más en el Sistema Central y existiendo puntualmente en Sierra Nevada. Salpica claros y márgenes de pinares frescos, así como bosques húmedos caducifolios, como
hayedos, abedulares y robledales, pudiendo presentarse incluso en la orla
supraforestal con porte subarbustivo. Forma parte de los abedulares montanos cantábricos y puede llegar a constituir formaciones monoespecíficas, y compitiendo con el abedul por la apetencia para colonizar espacios abiertos.
Interés para el oso pardo
Sus pomos son de interés trófico para el oso, pero de menor importancia
y apetencia que los del mostajo común. Fructifica con bastante regularidad, con algunos años de altas producciones, y suministra alimento en
otoño e invierno. Su característico sabor amargo se dulcifica después de
las primeras heladas, momento en el que pueden ser más buscados por el
plantígrado. Permanece en el árbol disponible durante parte del invierno.
Requerimientos ambientales
Es indiferente edáfico y aunque prefiere suelos ácidos, sueltos y frescos,
puede llegar a vivir en calizas muy estables.
Prefiere sitios bien luminosos por su temperamento robusto, pero tolera la
semisombra. Requiere abundantes precipitaciones, asociándose a zonas
de lluvias estivales medias o altas. Soporta bien el frío y el viento.
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Indicaciones para Plantaciones
Se reproduce fácilmente por semilla. Es recomendable su uso, para enriquecimiento, en plantaciones mixtas, en bosquetes con una separación
aproximada entre plantones de 3 m. Por su buen comportamiento y crecimiento, puede utilizarse junto con el abedul para la plantación en zonas
oseras degradadas.
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que es aconsejable la protección de los plantones.
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Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras
Manzano silvestre
Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.
También conocido como maíllo, manzano bravío, manzano montés o manzanera.
Consideraciones generales
Arbolillo caducifolio, de crecimiento lento, monoico y de fecundación entomófila.
Brota poco de cepa.
Hábitat
En España se encuentra diseminada en
setos, claros y orlas de bosques caducifolios o mixtos en las montañas bajas y
medias de la mitad septentrional. En el área de distribución del oso pardo
cantábrico es una especie de presencia dispersa por orlas forestales.
Interés para el oso pardo
Sus pomos son de importante interés trófico para el oso en otoño. Al coincidir la época de maduración de los frutos con los hayucos y bellotas, las
manzanas adquieren un valor significativo en aquellos años de escasas
cosechas a causa de la vecería. Además, el otoño corresponde con el
momento de hiperfagia de los osos.
Requerimientos ambientales
Especie de sustratos variados, pero con preferencia por los silíceos. Habita en regiones templadas con cierta humedad, de climas submediterráneos, con escasas apariciones en mesomediterráneos.
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Indicaciones para plantaciones
Se aceptan densidades adecuadas entre 600 y 800 pies/ha. Es preferible su
uso en plantaciones mixtas, como enriquecimiento, en pequeños bosquetes. Los cérvidos sienten gran atracción por sus plantones, por lo que es
recomendable el uso de tubos protectores.
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Además de los manzanos silvestres, los osos también visitan en busca de
alimento los manzanos cultivados o asilvestrados en fincas y huertos, a
menudo próximos a los pueblos. Muchos de estos manzanos se encuentran desatendidos o abandonados y son muchas las variedades locales que
se están perdiendo por falta de interés en su cultivo. La recuperación de
algunas de estas variedades tradicionales, rústicas y bien adaptadas, y su
plantación en zonas adecuadas, puede ser una experiencia interesante
para mejorar la disponibilidad de alimento para el oso.
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Árboles y arbustos a utilizar en plantaciones en áreas oseras
Niso Prunus insititia L.
Como sinónimos se reconocen Prunus
domestica L. ssp. insititia (L.) Bonnier &
layens, Prunus domestica L. cv. Insititia, o
Prunus domestica L. ssp. insititia (L.) C.K.
Schneid.
También se conoce como nisal, ciruelo
silvestre o endrino real.
Consideraciones generales
Es un arbolillo caducifolio, monoico y de
fecundación entomófila. Brota bien de
cepa y de raíz.
Hábitat
En España es más frecuente en la mitad
septentrional, siendo habitual encontrarlo asilvestrado en barrancos, setos,
espinares, bosques aclarados y frescos y sus orlas, y en taludes y laderas
con mucha humedad. En el área de distribución del oso pardo cantábrico
se ha cultivado tradicionalmente por su fruto o para usar en injertos de
ciruelos comunes, por lo que existen pies y pequeños bosquetes asilvestrados cerca de pueblos y en setos y huertos.
Interés para el oso pardo
Sus frutos son drupas que maduran a finales de agosto y son comidas por
los oso con gran avidez. Al ser escasa su presencia, su importancia es más
localizada que en otras especies.
Requerimientos ambientales
Es indiferente edáfico, hallándose presente tanto en suelos ácidos como
básicos, generalmente en zonas altas y húmedas.
En climas atlánticos prefiere sitios soleados y en zonas de clima mediterráneo busca enclaves más frescos.
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Indicaciones para plantaciones
Se reproduce bien de semilla. Para su plantación se podrían aceptar densidades en torno a los 600 u 800 pies/ha. De todas formas, y teniendo en
cuenta su presencia dispersa y su importancia local, es preferible su uso
aislado o en pequeños bosquetes para enriquecimiento dentro de plantaciones mixtas. También puede ser interesante para plantaciones en fincas
agropecuarias abandonadas.
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AUTORES DEL MANUAL
Fernando Ballesteros
Fundación Oso Pardo
fop@fundacionosopardo.org
Juan Carlos Blanco
Fundación Oso Pardo
fop@fundacionosopardo.org
José Luis García Lorenzo
Fundación Oso Pardo
fop@fundacionosopardo.org
María Gómez
Fundación Oso Pardo
fop@fundacionosopardo.org
Mikel Gurrutxaga
Área de Análisis Geográfico
Universidad del País Vasco
mikel.gurrutxaga@ehu.es
Regional,
Víctor Gutiérrez
Área de Proyectos, Fundación Biodiversidad
vgutierrez@fundacion-biodiversidad.es
Beatriz Martín
Fundación Migres
bmorcuende@yahoo.es
Carlos Nores
Dpto. de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas,
Universidad de Oviedo. Fundación Oso Pardo
cnores@uniovi.es
Santiago Palazón
Servicio de Biodiversidad y Protección de
los Animales, Generalitat de Catalunya
santiago.palazon@gencat.cat
Guillermo Palomero
Fundación Oso Pardo
fop@fundacionosopardo.org
Marta Piñuela
D.G. de Calidad y Evaluación Ambiental y
Medio Natural, Ministerio de Agricultura
Alimentación y Medio Ambiente
MPRubio@magrama.es
Miquel Rafa
Área de territorio y medioambiente, Obra Social
Catalunya Caixa
miquel.rafa.fos@catalunyacaixa.com
José A. Reque
Dpto. de Producción Vegetal y Recursos
Forestales.
ETSI
Agrarias
(Palencia),
Universidad de Valladolid
requekch@pvs.uva.es
Sonia Roig
Dpto. de Silvopascicultura. Escuela de Ingeniería
Forestal y del Medio Natural, ETSI Montes
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
sonia.roig@upm.es
Carme Rosell
Minuartia Consultoría Ambiental
crosell@minuartia.com
Gema Ruiz Jiménez
Life Lince, Junta de Andalucía
gruiz@egmasa.es
Alfonso San Miguel
Dpto. de Silvopascicultura, ETSI Montes,
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
alfonso.sanmiguel@upm.es
Santiago Saura
Dpto. de Economía y Gestión Forestal, ETSI
Montes, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
santiago.saura@upm.es
Miguel Ángel Simón
Life Lince, Junta de Andalucía
miguelangel.simon@juntadeandalucia.es
Antonio Urchaga
Ingeniero de Montes
aurchaga@montesymaderas.com
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