Capítulo 6: Gestión de la vegetación arbustiva y herbácea

Anuncio
&DStWXOR
*(67,Ð1'(/$9(*(7$&,Ð1
$5%867,9$<+(5%É&($
0DUtD*yPH]0DQ]DQHGR$QWRQLR8UFKDJD6RQLD5RLJ
\$OIRQVR6DQ0LJXHO
,PSRUWDQFLDGHORVDUEXVWHGRVPDWRUUDOHV\SDVWRV
HQWHUULWRULRRVHUR
&RPR \D VH VHxDOD HQ RWURV FDStWXORV GH HVWH PDQXDO HO KiELWDW
ySWLPRGHORVRSDUGRFDQWiEULFRHVXQPRVDLFRGHERVTXHFDGXFLIROLR
SUDGRV\SDVWRVEUH]RVSLRUQRV\URTXHGRVGHGLItFLODFFHVR3DORPHUR
HWDO(VWHPRVDLFRERVTXHSDVWRDUEXVWHGRURTXHGRSURSRUFLRQD
DORVRDOLPHQWRDORODUJRGHWRGRHODxR\]RQDVHQODVTXHHQFXHQWUD
UHIXJLR\WUDQTXLOLGDG/DGLYHUVLGDGGHKiELWDWVIDYRUDEOHSDUDHORVR
FDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHOSDLVDMHGHOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFDHVUHVXOWDGRGHXQ
ODUJRSURFHVRGHFRHYROXFLyQHQWUHHOKRPEUHODYHJHWDFLyQ\ODIDXQD
$OLJXDOTXHVHFRPHQWDHQHOFDStWXORUHIHUHQWHDOHVWUDWRDUERODGROD
FRQVHUYDFLyQGHORVHVWUDWRVDUEXVWLYR\KHUEiFHRGHSHQGHGHODJHVWLyQ
TXHORVKDFUHDGR\SRUHOORHVDJHVWLyQFRQVWLWX\HXQDLPSRUWDQWHKH
UUDPLHQWDGHFRQVHUYDFLyQ6DQ0LJXHO\3HUHD
/RVPRYLPLHQWRVODGLVWULEXFLyQ\HOXVRGHOKiELWDWSRUSDUWHGH
ORV RVRV HVWiQ UHODFLRQDGRV HQ JUDQ PHGLGD FRQ OD GLVSRQLELOLGDG GH
DOLPHQWR&UDLJKHDGHWDO+DPHU\+HUUHUR&OHYHQJHUHW
DODF6LHPSUHTXHVHDSRVLEOHHVSUHIHULEOHTXHODRIHUWD
WUyILFDYHQJDDFRPSDxDGDGH]RQDVGHUHIXJLRFHUFDQDV\TXHVHIDYR
UH]FDODHVWUXFWXUDGHODYHJHWDFLyQHQPRVDLFR$XQDVtH[LVWHQ]RQDV
HQODVTXHVHSUHWHQGHHVWLPXODUHOPRYLPLHQWRGHODHVSHFLHSHURHQODV
TXHQRHVDFRQVHMDEOHODSHUPDQHQFLDGHORVRVRVFRPRHQORVHQWRUQRV
LQPHGLDWRVGHORVSDVRVH[LVWHQWHVHQODVLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDVOLQHDOHV(Q
)LJXUD
3DLVDMHVDOSLFDGR
GHPDWRUUDOHV\
SDVWL]DOHVFDOL]RV\
VLOtFHRVHQHOFRUUHGRU
LQWHUSREODFLRQDO
)RWR-XDQ&DUORV
%ODQFR
&DStWXOR *HVWLyQGHODYHJHWDFLyQDUEXVWLYD\KHUEiFHD
HVWDVVLWXDFLRQHVHVSUHIHULEOHTXHODGLVSRQLELOLGDGGHFREHUWXUDSURWHF
WRUDRGHHVFDSHSULPHVREUHODGLVSRQLELOLGDGGHDOLPHQWR\HQHOFDVR
GHJUDQGHVPDPtIHURVHVWDSURWHFFLyQODDSRUWDQRVRORODFREHUWXUDGH
ERVTXHVLQRWDPELpQGHDUEXVWHGR\GHPDWRUUDODOWR\GHQVR
(QGHWHUPLQDGDVpSRFDVGHODxRIRUPDFLRQHVDUEXVWLYDVGHPDWR
UUDO\KHUEiFHDVSXHGHQFRQWULEXLUGHIRUPDVLJQLILFDWLYDDDXPHQWDUOD
FDOLGDGGHXQHVSDFLRFRQFUHWRSDUDHORVRSDUGR(VHOFDVRGHODVDUDQ
GDQHUDV9DFFLQLXPVSSVREUHWRGRODVVLWXDGDVHQODVFDEHFHUDVPRQ
WDxRVDVIXHUDGHOERVTXHORVKHUED]DOHVGHPHJDIRUELDVODVDYHOODQHGDV
&RU\OXV DYHOODQD ODV DJUXSDFLRQHV GH HVFXHUQDFDEUDV R SXGLRV
5KDPQXVDOSLQDRGHRWUDVHVSHFLHVDUEXVWLYDVSURGXFWRUDVGHIUXWRV
FDUQRVRV FRPR ORV QLVRV 3UXQXV LQVLWLWLD R ORV PDQ]DQRV VLOYHVWUHV
0DOXVV\OYHVWULVIRUPDFLRQHVPX\EXVFDGDVSRUHORVR
)LJXUD
(QDJRVWR\
VHSWLHPEUHORV
RVRVIUHFXHQWDQ
ODVDUDQGDQHUDV
VXSUDIRUHVWDOHV
\GLDULDPHQWHVH
DOLPHQWDQGHPLOHVGH
VXVED\DVD]XFDUDGDV
\HQHUJpWLFDV
)RWR$QGRQL&DQHOD
9HJHWDFLyQDUEXVWLYDGHLQWHUpVSDUDHORVRSDUGR
3DUDDVHJXUDUODSHUSHWXDFLyQ\HOSDSHOHVWDELOL]DGRU\SURGXFWRU
GHPDWRUUDOHV\DUEXVWHGRVHVLPSRUWDQWHPDQWHQHUXQDDOWDKHWHURJH
QHLGDGHVWUXFWXUDO&RQHOORVHFRQWULEX\HDPDQWHQHUVXELRGLYHUVL
GDGVHJDUDQWL]DXQDDGHFXDGDRIHUWDGHUHIXJLR\DOLPHQWRSDUDHO
JDQDGR GRPpVWLFR \ OD IDXQD VLOYHVWUH \ VH DVHJXUD VX YHUVDWLOLGDG
IUHQWHDODVFDPELDQWHVGHPDQGDVGHODVRFLHGDGKXPDQD6DQ0LJXHO
HWDO
0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD
&RQYLHQH VHxDODU OD LQIOXHQFLD SRVLWLYD TXH SXHGHQ WHQHU HVWDV
IRUPDFLRQHVHQHOHVWDEOHFLPLHQWR\GHVDUUROORGHLQGLYLGXRVGHQXPH
URVDVHVSHFLHVGHiUEROHV\RWURVDUEXVWRVHQVXLQWHULRUIDFLOLWDQGRHQ
PXFKDVVLWXDFLRQHVODUHJHQHUDFLyQQDWXUDOGHORVERVTXHV=DPRUDHW
DO1RYRHWDO
/DVSULQFLSDOHVIRUPDFLRQHVGHDUEXVWHGRV\PDWRUUDOHVTXHIRU
PDQSDUWHGHOKiELWDWGHORVRSDUGRHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFDVRQ
‡ $UDQGDQHUDV
‡ %DUGDV
‡ $UEXVWHGRVHVSLQRVRVGH5KDPQR3UXQHWHD
‡ 3LRUQDOHV\HVFRERQDOHV
‡ %UH]DOHV\WRMDOHV
$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHGHVFULELUiQHVWDVIRUPDFLRQHVDVtFRPRVXLQWH
UpVHQHOKiELWDWGHORVRSDUGR\VHSURSRQGUiQVXVSULQFLSDOHVPHGLGDV
GHJHVWLyQ
$5$1'$1(5$6
/DVDUDQGDQHUDVRFRPXQLGDGHVGRPLQDGDVSRUHODUiQGDQRVRQ
PDWRUUDOHVGHDOWRLQWHUpVRVHUR(OIUXWRHVXQDED\DGHJUDQYDORUHQHU
JpWLFRTXHPDGXUDDILQDOHVGHYHUDQRpSRFDHQTXHORVRVRV\DWLHQHQ
TXHHPSH]DUDDFXPXODUJUDVDSDUDODOOHJDGDGHOLQYLHUQR6XLPSRU
WDQFLDDGHPiVVHPDJQLILFDHQDTXHOORVDxRVHQORVTXHODPRQWDQHUDGH
UREOHV4XHUFXVVSS\KD\DV)DJXVV\OYDWLFDHVHVFDVD&XDQGRHVWR
RFXUUHORVDUiQGDQRVDVtFRPRRWURVIUXWRVFRPRDYHOODQDVPDQ]DQDV
SXGLRV\FDVWDxDV&DVWDQHDVDWLYDSXHGHQUHVXOWDUYLWDOHVSDUDODVX
SHUYLYHQFLDGHORVRVRV
3URSXHVWDGHJHVWLyQ
(QJHQHUDOHQODVPHMRUHVDUDQGDQHUDVVLWXDGDVHQODVFDEHFHUDV
PRQWDxRVDV\YLVLWDGDVSRUORVRVRVQRVHUHFRPLHQGDQLQJXQDLQWHUYHQ
FLyQ VLHQGR SUHIHULEOH SRU HO FRQWUDULR HYLWDU FXDOTXLHU DFWXDFLyQ \
DVHJXUDUVXPi[LPDSURWHFFLyQ\WUDQTXLOLGDG
(Q DOJXQRV FDVRV ODV DUDQGDQHUDV VXSUDIRUHVWDOHV FRPSLWHQ FRQ
RWUDV IRUPDFLRQHV DUEXVWLYDV FRPR EUH]DOHV WRMDOHV \ SLRUQDOHV TXH
SXHGHQWHUPLQDU©DKRJiQGRODVªVLQRKD\IDFWRUHVGHSHUWXUEDFLyQTXH
IDYRUH]FDQDODUiQGDQR3RUHOORHQDXVHQFLDGHHVRVIDFWRUHVGHSHUWXU
EDFLyQ\FXDQGRVHKD\DGHWHUPLQDGRXQDSpUGLGDGHVXSHUILFLHRFDOL
GDGGHDUDQGDQHUDVSXHGHEHQHILFLDUVHDODUiQGDQRDSOLFDQGRHQHOODV
ODJHVWLyQQHFHVDULDTXHIDYRUH]FDVXH[SDQVLyQQDWXUDO3DUDHOORSXHGH
SODQWHDUVHODFRQYHQLHQFLDGHHMHFXWDUGHVEURFHVSXQWXDOHVTXHODVSRQ
JDQHQOX]SDUDLQFUHPHQWDUODIORUDFLyQDOHOLPLQDUODFRPSHWHQFLDGL
UHFWD GH RWUDV HVSHFLHV DUEXVWLYDV TXH SHUMXGLTXHQ VX GHVDUUROOR (V
&DStWXOR *HVWLyQGHODYHJHWDFLyQDUEXVWLYD\KHUEiFHD
)LJXUD
$UDQGDQHUD
VXSUDIRUHVWDOFRQXQD
H[FHOHQWHSURGXFFLyQ
GHIUXWR$OWR6LO
/HyQ
)RWR/XLV)HUQiQGH]
)23
SUHFLVRWHQHUVLHPSUHHQFXHQWDORVSRVLEOHVHIHFWRVQHJDWLYRVGHHVWDV
DFWXDFLRQHV\FRQHOORYDORUDUVXHMHFXFLyQ
%$5'$6
/DV EDUGDV GH UHEROOR 4XHUFXV S\UHQDLFD \ RWUDV HVSHFLHV GHO
JpQHUR 4XHUFXV VRQ PRQWHV EDMRV UHJHQHUDGRV SRU EURWHV GH FHSD R
UDt] GH DVSHFWR DUEXVWLYR R VXEDUEXVWLYR FUHDGRV \ PDQWHQLGRV PH
GLDQWH SDVWRUHR R LQFHQGLRV UHSHWLGRV \ UHVXOWDQ PX\ DEXQGDQWHV HQ
FLHUWDV ]RQDV FRPR OD YHUWLHQWH VXU GHO FRUUHGRU LQWHUSREODFLRQDO (Q
HVWD]RQDWLHQHQXQDDOWDLPSRUWDQFLDSDUDODFDOLGDGGHOKiELWDWGHGLFKR
FRUUHGRUDSRUWDQGRFREHUWXUD\SURWHFFLyQGHIRUPDFRQWLQXDHQDP
SOLDV]RQDV
3URSXHVWDGHJHVWLyQ
/DRSFLyQGHJHVWLyQTXHVHSODQWHDHVVXPDQWHQLPLHQWRPiVTXH
VX FRQYHUVLyQ D PRQWH DOWR &RPR VH KD LQGLFDGR HO RULJHQ GH HVDV
IRUPDFLRQHVGHiUEROHVFRQSRUWHDUEXVWLYRVXHOHHVWDUHQSURFHVRVGH
GHJUDGDFLyQ TXH FRQ IUHFXHQFLD KDQ UHGXFLGR PX\ VHQVLEOHPHQWH OD
UHVLOLHQFLDRFDSDFLGDGGHUHFXSHUDFLyQGHODYHJHWDFLyQ3RUHOORVX
FRQYHUVLyQDPRQWHDOWRVXHOHVHUQRVyORGLItFLOGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWD
WpFQLFRVLQRWDPELpQFDUD\OHQWD%UDYRHWDO$GHPiVODVEDUGDV
0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD
GHVHPSHxDQFRQIUHFXHQFLDXQDLPSRUWDQWHIXQFLyQHFROyJLFDSRUSR
VHHUXQGHQVR\SURIXQGRVLVWHPDUDGLFDOTXHD\XGDDSURWHJHU\PHMR
UDUODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOVXHOR\SRUTXHRIUHFHQUHIXJLR\SURWHFFLyQD
ODIDXQD\IORUDVLOYHVWUHV0RQWVHUUDW6DQ0LJXHOHWDO\
UDPyQDOJDQDGR\ODIDXQDVLOYHVWUHGHLQWHUpVHVWUDWpJLFRFXDQGRHV
FDVHD OD KLHUED YHUGH &DxHOODV HW DO (O SULQFLSDO REMHWLYR HQ
HVWDVIRUPDFLRQHVGHEHVHUSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHVXFRQVHUYDFLyQ\ODSUR
WHFFLyQIUHQWHDLQFHQGLRV
$5%867('26(63,12626'(5+$0123581(7($
/DVFRPXQLGDGHVGHDUEXVWRVHVSLQRVRVGHODFODVHILWRVRFLROyJLFD
5KDPQR3UXQHWHDTXHQRUPDOPHQWHFRQVWLWX\HQODRUOD\SULPHUDHWD
SDGHVXVWLWXFLyQGHORVERVTXHVFDGXFLIROLRVSURSRUFLRQDQXQUDPyQ
PX\DSHWHFLGRWDQWRSRUHOJDQDGRGRPpVWLFRFRPRSRUODIDXQDVLOYHV
WUH6DQ0LJXHOHWDO7DPELpQRIUHFHQIUXWRVSDODWDEOHV\GHDOWR
FRQWHQLGRHQHUJpWLFRDILQDOHVGHYHUDQR\RWRxRpSRFDGHDOWRLQWHUpV
HVWUDWpJLFRSDUDHORVRSRUTXHFRPLHQ]DVXSUHSDUDFLyQSDUDHOSHULRGR
LQYHUQDO(OSXGLR5KDPQXVDOSLQDHVXQDGHODVHVSHFLHVGHPD\RU
LQWHUpV RVHUR GH HVWD FRPXQLGDG (VWH DUEXVWR HVWDEOHFH IRUPDFLRQHV
PX\FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVHQFDQFKDOHVODGHUDVFDOL]DVRMXQWRDDUUR\RVGH
PRQWDxDTXHHVWiQELHQUHSUHVHQWDGDVHQODSDUWHRULHQWDOGHOD&RUGL
OOHUD&DQWiEULFD\TXHWDPELpQIRUPDDOJXQDVDJUXSDFLRQHVHQODYHU
WLHQWHPHULGLRQDOGHOFRUUHGRULQWHUSREODFLRQDO$GTXLHUHQXQDLPSRU
WDQFLD HQRUPH SDUD HO RVR TXH DFXGH D FRPHU ORV IUXWRV D ILQDOHV GH
YHUDQR6HSXHGHQOOHJDUDUHXQLUYDULRVHMHPSODUHVHQODVPHMRUHVIRU
PDFLRQHVGHSXGLRVDYHFHVPX\DOHMDGDVGHERVTXHV\VXFRQVXPRVH
H[WLHQGHGXUDQWHPiVGHXQPHVJUDFLDVDODPDGXUDFLyQSURJUHVLYDGHO
IUXWRHQORVGLIHUHQWHVSLHV2WUDVHVSHFLHVGHLQWHUpVWUyILFRSDUDHORVR
SDUGRLQFOXLGDVHQHVWDFRPXQLGDGVRQHOPDQ]DQRVLOYHVWUHHODUUDFOiQ
)UDQJXODDOQXVROD]DU]DPRUD5XEXVVSS/DSURWHFFLyQ\HOIR
PHQWRGHHVWDVFRPXQLGDGHVHQHOWHUULWRULRGHORVFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHV
WUDVFHQGHQWDO
3URSXHVWDGHJHVWLyQ
/DVIRUPDFLRQHVGHSXGLRVGHEHQVHUSURWHJLGDVSRUVXJUDQLQWHUpV
SDUDHORVRSDUGR\RWUDVHVSHFLHV+DGHHYLWDUVHVXDIHFFLyQSRUDFWL
YLGDGHVKXPDQDV\HQPXFKRVFDVRVSXHGHUHVXOWDULQWHUHVDQWHIDYRUH
FHUVXH[WHQVLyQPHGLDQWHSODQWDFLyQRIRPHQWRGHODUHJHQHUDFLyQQD
WXUDO/DVIRUPDFLRQHV\SUHERVTXHVGHDUUDFOiQWDPELpQSXHGHQWHQHU
LPSRUWDQFLDHQGHWHUPLQDGDV]RQDVSRUORTXHKDQGHVHUSURWHJLGDV
HYLWDQGRVXDIHFFLyQSRULQFHQGLRVKHUELYRUtDH[FHVLYDRLQWHUYHQFLR
QHVKXPDQDV
6LHQERVTXHVRDUEXVWHGRVDSDUHFHQHVSHFLHVSRFRUHSUHVHQWDGDV
HQHOWHUULWRULRSHURGHDOWRLQWHUpVWUyILFRSDUDHORVRFRPRORVSXGLRV
&DStWXOR *HVWLyQGHODYHJHWDFLyQDUEXVWLYD\KHUEiFHD
RORVPDQ]DQRVVLOYHVWUHVGHEHQVHUFRQVHUYDGRVHVWULFWDPHQWHDODYH]
TXH VH GHEHUiQ HOLPLQDU ORV GLUHFWRV FRPSHWLGRUHV SDUD IDYRUHFHU HO
GHVDUUROORGHVXVFRSDV\DVtD\XGDUDDXPHQWDUODIUXFWLILFDFLyQ\OD
UHJHQHUDFLyQQDWXUDO
/DSUHVHQFLDGH]DU]DPRUDV\RWUDVHVSHFLHVGHLQWHUpVGHEHUHVSH
WDUVHHQORVOLQGHURV\YDJXDGDV&XDQGRDSDUH]FDQIRUPDQGRDPSOLDV
VXSHUILFLHV\UHVXOWHQH[FHVLYDPHQWHLPSHQHWUDEOHVRIUHQHQODUHJHQH
UDFLyQQDWXUDOGHODVPDVDVDUERODGDVSXHGHQVHUGHVEUR]DGDVFRQXQD
LQWHQVLGDGDFRUGHDORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVHFROyJLFRVGHODHVSHFLHDUEyUHD
DIDYRUHFHUFRPR\DVHFRPHQWyHQHOFDStWXOR
3,251$/(6\(6&2%21$/(6
6RQIRUPDFLRQHVGHDOWRQLYHOHYROXWLYRLQGLFDGRUDVGHVXHORVUH
ODWLYDPHQWHELHQFRQVHUYDGRV7LHQHQXQDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQVLJQLILFDWLYD
HQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFDGRQGHGHVWDFDQODVHVFREDV&\WLVXVVFRSD
ULXV&\WLVXVFDQWDEULFXV&\WLVXVPXOWLIORUXV\&\WLVXVRURPHGLWHUUD
QHXV\ORVSLRUQRV*HQLVWDSRO\JDOLSK\OOD\*HQLVWDREWXVLUDPHD
/RV EHQHILFLRV TXH HVWDV FRPXQLGDGHV GH SRUWH PHGLR SXHGHQ
RIUHFHUDORVRVRQEiVLFDPHQWHGHSURWHFFLyQ\UHIXJLR\DTXHHQVtQR
DSRUWDQDOLPHQWRDO SODQWtJUDGR(Q DOJXQRV FDVRV HVWDV IRUPDFLRQHV
SXHGHQPDQWHQHUXQHVWUDWRKHUEiFHRFRQXQFLHUWRLQWHUpVWUyILFRSDUD
HO RVR (Q WRGR FDVR OD LPSRUWDQFLD GH OD FREHUWXUD \ UHVJXDUGR TXH
SURSRUFLRQDQDORVRMXQWRFRQHOSRWHQFLDOSURGXFWLYRGHHVWDVIRUPD
FLRQHVJDQDGHUtDFD]DDUWHVDQtDDSLFXOWXUDHWFUHTXLHUHTXHGHEDQ
VHUYDORUDGDV\UHVSHWDGDVSRUORVJHVWRUHVIRUHVWDOHV6DQ0LJXHOHWDO
3URSXHVWDGHJHVWLyQ
&XDQGRHVWDVIRUPDFLRQHVFRQVWLWX\DQJUDQGHVH[WHQVLRQHVXQLIRU
PHVVHSXHGHQUHDOL]DUGHVEURFHVSDUFLDOHVGHERUGHVLUUHJXODUHVSDUD
FUHDUGLVFRQWLQXLGDGHVTXHIDYRUH]FDQHOSDLVDMHHQPRVDLFRDODYH]
TXHVHGLVPLQX\HHOULHVJRGHSURSDJDFLyQGHOIXHJR/DVXVWLWXFLyQGH
ODV KDELWXDOHV TXHPDV HQ HVWH WLSR GH PDVDV SRU HVWRV GHVEURFHV D OD
KRUD GH FUHDU SDVWRV KHUEiFHRV VHUtD RWUR IDFWRU EHQHILFLRVR GH HVWDV
DFWXDFLRQHV 7DPELpQ SXHGHQ OOHYDUVH D FDER HVWH WLSR GH GHVEURFHV
FXDQGRHOSLRUQDORHOHVFRERQDOSHUMXGLTXHQDODUHJHQHUDFLyQQDWXUDO
\DOySWLPRGHVDUUROORGHPDVDVDUERODGDVFROLQGDQWHV\GHRWUDVHVSH
FLHVDUEXVWLYDVGHPD\RULQWHUpV(QHVWHFDVRODLQWHQVLGDGGHOGHVEURFH
GHSHQGHUiGHOWHPSHUDPHQWRGHHVDVHVSHFLHVDODVTXHVHTXLHUHIDYR
UHFHU
/DVHVSHFLHVGHHVWDVFRPXQLGDGHVVXHOHQWHQHUUHSURGXFFLyQYH
JHWDWLYDSRUORTXHVHUHFRPLHQGDGHVEUR]DUHQYHUDQR\DTXHDODFWXDU
HQSOHQRSHULRGRYHJHWDWLYRVHSHUMXGLFDHOUHEURWHTXHHVORTXHVH
0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD
SHUVLJXHFRQHOGHVEURFHVLVHFRUWDDVDYLDSDUDGDPRPHQWRHQHOTXH
ODFHSDWLHQHODPD\RUFDQWLGDGGHVXVWDQFLDVGHUHVHUYDVHGDUiOXJDUD
XQUHEURWHLQWHQVRHQFXDQWRHPSLHFHODVDYLDDFLUFXODU%UDYRHWDO
ORTXHSURYRFDUtDHOIUDFDVRGHOWUDWDPLHQWR
(QORVHQWRUQRVGHORVSDVRVGHODVSULQFLSDOHVYtDVGHFRPXQLFD
FLyQFRPROD$3HQHOWUDPRTXHDWUDYLHVDHOFRUUHGRULQWHUSREODFLR
QDOHVWDVIRUPDFLRQHVSXHGHQFREUDUXQHVSHFLDOLQWHUpV6XSUHVHQFLD
VLHPSUHTXHRIUH]FDQVXILFLHQWHFREHUWXUD\H[WHQVLyQSXHGHDSRUWDUDO
RVRODSURWHFFLyQQHFHVDULDSDUDHVWLPXODUOHDXWLOL]DUORVSDVRVH[LVWHQ
WHVHQGLFKDDXWRSLVWD\TXHQRVHYHDIUHQDGDVXGLVSHUVLyQ
%5(=$/(6<72-$/(6
)LJXUD
3LRUQDOÁRULGR
GHODDVRFLDFLyQ
&\WLVRFDQWDEULFL
*HQLVWHWXP
SRO\JDOLSK\OODH
HQODFRPDUFD
OHRQHVDGH%DELD
HQSOHQRFRUUHGRU
LQWHUSREODFLRQDO
TXHDSRUWDDORVR
UHIXJLR\VXÀFLHQWH
FREHUWXUDHQVXV
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRV
)RWR$OIRQVR6DQ
0LJXHO
(VWDVIRUPDFLRQHVHVWiQFRQVWLWXLGDVSRUHVSHFLHVGHFDUiFWHUSLR
QHURFRORQL]DGRU\KHOLyILORTXHQRWROHUDQODVRPEUDQLODFRPSHWHQFLD
SURORQJDGD 6DQ 0LJXHO HW DO (Q OD &RUGLOOHUD &DQWiEULFD HV
KDELWXDOTXHVXSUHVHQFLDHVWpUHODFLRQDGDFRQODUHLWHUDGDH[LVWHQFLDGH
LQFHQGLRV \D TXH JHUPLQDQ \ VH GHVDUUROODQ FRQ IDFLOLGDG HQ VXHORV
GHVQXGRV6XSUHVHQFLDHQHVWDV]RQDVVRPHWLGDVDFRQWLQXDGRVLQFHQ
GLRVD\XGDDHYLWDUODGHJUDGDFLyQ\HURVLyQGHOVXHOR
&DStWXOR *HVWLyQGHODYHJHWDFLyQDUEXVWLYD\KHUEiFHD
)LJXUD
$VSHFWRGHXQDODGHUD
GHEUH]DO\EDUGDV
GHUHEROORHQXQD
VRODQDGHORFFLGHQWH
FDQWiEULFRGHVSXpV
GHXQLQFHQGLR
)RWR)23
(VWRVPDWRUUDOHVFRQVWLWX\HQUHFXUVRVWUyILFRVGHLQWHUpVHVWUDWpJL
FRSDUDHOJDQDGR\ODIDXQDVLOYHVWUHHQPRPHQWRVGHHVFDVDRIHUWDGH
DOLPHQWR DXQTXH GH EDMD FDOLGDG SDVWRUDO 7DPELpQ RIUHFHQ XQ EXHQ
UHIXJLRSDUDODIDXQDVLOYHVWUH\HQWUHHOORVHORVRFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDQ
HVSHFLHV(ULFDVSSGHWDOODDOWD\VRQPX\YDORUDGRVHQODDSLFXOWXUD
&RPR\DVHKDVHxDODGRSXHGHQDGHPiVMXJDUXQSDSHOWUDVFHQGHQWDO
HQHOUHJHQHUDGRGHDOJXQDVHVSHFLHVDUEyUHDV\DTXHDXQFUHiQGROHV
FLHUWDFRPSHWHQFLDHOUHJHQHUDGRVHEHQHILFLDGHVXSURWHFFLyQIUHQWHD
ODVLQFOHPHQFLDVPHWHRUROyJLFDV\HVSHFLDOPHQWHIUHQWHDOUDPRQHRDO
DSURYHFKDUVHGHODODERUIDFLOLWDGRUDGHOSRFRSDODWDEOHPDWRUUDOFROR
QL]DGRUHQFX\RLQWHULRUVHHQFXHQWUD
&DEHGHVWDFDUTXHORVEUH]DOHVHVWiQSURWHJLGRVSRUDSDUHFHULQ
FOXLGRVHQHO$QH[R,GHOD'LUHFWLYD&((+iELWDWV
3URSXHVWDGHJHVWLyQ
'DGDVXHVWUHFKDUHODFLyQFRQORVLQFHQGLRVEUH]DOHV\WRMDOHVVRQ
FRPXQLGDGHVTXHRFXSDQVXSHUILFLHVPX\DPSOLDVHQHOKiELWDWGHORVR
SDUGR FDQWiEULFR$OOt SURSRUFLRQDQ UHIXJLR DO SODQWtJUDGR \ D RWUDV
PXFKDVHVSHFLHVGHIDXQDVLOYHVWUH6LQHPEDUJRSUHFLVDPHQWHSRUHVR
\SRUODUHJUHVLyQGHODJDQDGHUtDH[WHQVLYDHQODDOWDPRQWDxDHQODV
0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD
~OWLPDVGpFDGDVQRVyORKDQDPSOLDGRVXVXSHUILFLHLQYDGLHQGRDPHQX
GRFDPSDVEUDxDV\SUDGRVVLQRTXHKDQDGTXLULGRXQDELRPDVD\XQD
FRQWLQXLGDGTXHLQFUHPHQWDQSHOLJURVDPHQWHHOULHVJRGHLQFHQGLRVGH
JUDQPDJQLWXG
(VLQWHUHVDQWHPDQWHQHUPDQFKDVGHHVWDVIRUPDFLRQHVSDUDTXH
SURSRUFLRQHQUHIXJLRDODIDXQD\DSRUWHQSURWHFFLyQDOVXHORDGHPiV
GHVXSURSLRYDORUFRPRFRPXQLGDGHVYHJHWDOHVSURWHJLGDV3HURWDP
ELpQ HV FRQYHQLHQWH FUHDU GLVFRQWLQXLGDGHV \ IRPHQWDU KiELWDWV HQ
PRVDLFRFRQERVTXHVFDPSDVEUDxDV\RWUDVIRUPDFLRQHVDUEXVWLYDV
\KHUEiFHDVTXHDSDUWHGHUHGXFLUQRWDEOHPHQWHHOULHVJRGHJUDQGHV
LQFHQGLRVVXVWHQWHQQLYHOHVPiVDOWRVGHELRGLYHUVLGDG\UHVXOWHQPiV
YDOLRVRVSDUDODJDQDGHUtDH[WHQVLYDODIDXQDVLOYHVWUHHQJHQHUDO\HO
RVR SDUGR HQ SDUWLFXODU /D PHMRU RSFLyQ GH JHVWLyQ HQ EUH]DOHV GH
JUDQGHV VXSHUILFLHV FRQWLQXDV VRQ GHVEURFHV D KHFKR GH WDPDxR SH
TXHxRDPRGHUDGR\GHFRQWRUQRVLUUHJXODUHVVLHPSUHTXHVHDSRVLEOH
DODUJDGRVVHJ~QODVFXUYDVGHQLYHO\TXHFUHHQHVWUXFWXUDVHQPR
VDLFR
)LJXUD
&RQORVGHVEURFHV
GHMDQGRLQWHUFDODGDV
PDQFKDVGHPDWRUUDO
FRPRUHIXJLRVVH
YHQIDYRUHFLGDV
HVSHFLHVGHODIDXQD
FDQWiEULFDFRPR
ODOLHEUHGHSLRUQDO
/HSXVFDVWURYLHMRL
RODSHUGL]SDUGLOOD
3HUGL[SHUGL[
)RWRV/XLV
)HUQiQGH])23
(OGHVEURFHVHSXHGHOOHYDUDFDERFRQGHVEUR]DGRUDVGHFDGHQDV
RPDUWLOORVRLQFOXVRFRQPRWRGHVEUR]DGRUDVLUHVXOWDFRQYHQLHQWH/D
H[LVWHQFLD GH SLVWDV IRUHVWDOHV \ OD SHQGLHQWH GHO WHUUHQR MXVWLILFDUiQ
XQDODERUPDQXDORPHFDQL]DGD\DXQTXHHOGHVEURFHPHFDQL]DGRVHD
PiVUiSLGR\FRQHOORVHFUHHQPHQRVPROHVWLDVDODIDXQDVHHYLWDUi
VLHPSUHODDSHUWXUDRDPSOLDFLyQGHQXHYDVSLVWDVSDUDHVWDVODERUHV6L
HVSRVLEOHHOGHVEURFHGHEHVHUPDQWHQLGRPHGLDQWHSDVWRUHRFRQDOWDV
FDUJDV LQVWDQWiQHDV \D TXH HQ FDVR FRQWUDULR OD YHJHWDFLyQ OHxRVD
YXHOYHDFHUUDUVHFRQJUDQUDSLGH]3UHFLVDPHQWHSRUHOORVLH[LVWHHVH
SDVWRUHRHOWUDWDPLHQWRVHSXHGHYHUIDYRUHFLGRPHGLDQWHIHUWLOL]DFLyQ
&DStWXOR *HVWLyQGHODYHJHWDFLyQDUEXVWLYD\KHUEiFHD
)LJXUD
7UDEDMRVGHGHVEURFH
SDUDFUHDFLyQGH
SDVWRVKHUEiFHRV
\WDPELpQSDUDOD
OLPSLH]DGHOtQHDVGH
WLURFRQHOREMHWRGH
HYLWDUFRQIXVLRQHV
HQWUHRVRV\MDEDOtHV
GXUDQWHODVEDWLGDVGH
FD]D)RWR)23
IRVIyULFDSDUDTXHODVSODQWDVKHUEiFHDVFRPSLWDQPHMRUFRQODVOHxR
VDV6DQ0LJXHOHWDO2WUDDOWHUQDWLYDLQWHUHVDQWHHQSHTXHxDV
SDUFHODV GH SHQGLHQWH HVFDVD D PRGHUDGD HV HO GHVEURFH FRQ JUDGDV
SHVDGDVGHGHVIRQGH\ODVLHPEUDGHFHUHDOFHQWHQRWULWLFDOHDYHQDR
SUDGHUDVGHFDOLGDG6RQWUDWDPLHQWRVTXHSXHGHQIDYRUHFHUDHVSHFLHV
FRPRODSHUGL]SDUGLOOD3HUGL[SHUGL[ODSHUGL]URMD$OHFWRULVUXID
ODOLHEUHGHSLRUQDO/HSXVFDVWURYLHMRLRHOXURJDOOR7HWUDRXURJD
OOXV\TXHSHUPLWHQPDQWHQHUODVFDUJDVJDQDGHUDVLQVWDQWiQHDVQHFH
VDULDVSDUDUHWUDVDURHYLWDUHOFHUUDPLHQWRGHOPDWRUUDO6DQ0LJXHOHW
DO
(VWDVFRPXQLGDGHVQRVRQUHFRPHQGDEOHVHQORVHQWRUQRVGHODV
YtDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQDXQSXGLHQGRRIUHFHUFREHUWXUDDORVRDVXSDVR
6XDOWDLQIODPDELOLGDGRIDFLOLGDGSDUDHQWUDUHQFRPEXVWLyQWRGRHODxR
(OYLUD\+HUQDQGRPRWLYDTXHGHEDQHVWDUDOHMDGRVGH]RQDVFRQ
ULHVJRGHLQFHQGLRV
/DVHVSHFLHVGHHVWDVFRPXQLGDGHVVXHOHQUHSURGXFLUVHSRUVHPL
OODDXQTXHWDPELpQUHEURWDQPX\ELHQGHUDt]SRUORTXHVHUHFRPLHQ
GDQGHVEUR]DUMXVWRWUDVODIORUDFLyQSHURDQWHVGHODPDGXUDFLyQGHVXV
IUXWRVSDUDHYLWDUVXUHVLHPEUD\UHGXFLUHQODPD\RUPHGLGDSRVLEOHOD
YLWDOLGDGGHOUHEURWH
0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD
3DVWRVKHUEiFHRVQDWXUDOHVGHLQWHUpVSDUDHORVRSDUGR
$SULQFLSLRVGHSULPDYHUDORVRVRVFRPHQEURWHVWLHUQRVGHJUDPt
QHDV\RWUDVSODQWDVKHUEiFHDVTXHWLHQHQXQEXHQFRQWHQLGRHQSURWHt
QD\XQDDOWDGLJHVWLELOLGDG3RUVXFRQGLFLyQGHFDUQtYRURVDGDSWDGRVD
XQDGLHWDRPQtYRUDORVRVRVVRQSRFRHILFLHQWHVHQODDVLPLODFLyQGH
YHJHWDOHVSRUORTXHQHFHVLWDQ\VHOHFFLRQDQPDWHULDOHVMyYHQHV\IiFLO
PHQWHGLJHULEOHV(QHVWDpSRFDORVRVRVSDVWDQHQFDOYHURVHQWUHSLRU
QDOHVEUH]DOHV\FDQFKDOHVDYHFHVHQH[SRVLFLRQHVGHVRODQD7DPELpQ
ORKDFHQHQUHSLVDVEDUUDQFRVILVXUDVGHODVURFDV\FRUWDGRVDYHFHV
DSDUHQWHPHQWHLQDFFHVLEOHV$ILQDOHVGHODSULPDYHUDHPSLH]DQDFR
PHUXPEHOtIHUDVGHKRMDDQFKDSURSLDVGHERUGHVGHDUUR\RV\SUDGRV
K~PHGRV
)LJXUD
3UDGRVGHVLHJD
GH0DOYR
$UUKHQDWKHUHWXP
FRQDEXQGDQWHV
PHJDIRUELDVHQ6DQ
(PLOLDQR/HyQ
)RWR$OIRQVR6DQ
0LJXHO
(QODGLHWDGHORVRFDQWiEULFRVHKDQGHWHFWDGRKDVWDHVSHFLHV
KHUEiFHDV3DORPHURHWDOETXHOOHJDQDUHSUHVHQWDUPiVGHXQ
GHVXGLHWDHQSULPDYHUD&OHYHQJHU/DVHVSHFLHVKHUEiFHDV
PiVDSHWHFLGDVSRUHORVRFDQWiEULFRVRQ/X]XODVS'DFW\OLVJORPHUD
WD$YHQXODPDUJLQDWD$YHQDVS+ROFXVODQDWXV)HVWXFDUXEUD)HV
WXFDRYLQD3ODQWDJRVS'HVFKDPSVLD$YHQHOODIOH[XRVD3RDVSS
%UDFK\SRGLXPUXSHVWUHSLQQDWXP%URPXVVS0HXPDWKDPDQWLFXP
+HUDFOHXP VSKRQG\OLXP &KDHURSK\OOXP KLUVXWXP 3LPSLQHOOD VS
-XQFXV VS $ORSHFXUXV SUDWHQVLV 7ULIROLXP VS \ /LWKRGRUD GLIIXVD
%UDxDHWDO
(Q OD &RUGLOOHUD &DQWiEULFD ORV SDVWRV PHVRItWLFRV GH HVSHFLHV
SHUHQQHV\K~PHGRVVRQORVPiVDEXQGDQWHV\ORVTXHSRVHHQPD\RU
&DStWXOR *HVWLyQGHODYHJHWDFLyQDUEXVWLYD\KHUEiFHD
SRWHQFLDOLGDGSURGXFWLYDHQ(VSDxD'HHQWUHHOORVORVGHPi[LPDFD
OLGDGSDVWRUDOVRQORVTXHHVWiQVRPHWLGRVDXQDSURYHFKDPLHQWRLQWHQ
VR SHUR UDFLRQDO HO FXDO IDYRUHFH D ODV HVSHFLHV PiV DGDSWDGDV D pO
SUHFLVDPHQWHODVPiVYDOLRVDVGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGHODSURGXFFLyQ
6DQ0LJXHO&RPRDILUPD0RQWVHUUDWORVVLVWHPDVPiV
HILFLHQWHVVRQORVTXHHVWiQVRPHWLGRVDXQHVWUpVPRGHUDGRHQQXHVWUR
FDVRORVSUDGRVGHGLHQWHGHORUGHQ$UUKHQDWKHUHWDOLDTXHLQFOX\HOD
DOLDQ]D $UUKHQDWKHULRQ LQFOXLGD HQ OD 'LUHFWLYD &(( +iELWDWV
/RVFHUYXQDOHVSDVWRVGHDOWDPRQWDxDGHODFODVH1DUGHWHDWDPELpQ
HVWiQ SUHVHQWHV H LQFOXLGRV HQ OD 'LUHFWLYD &(( +iELWDWV SHUR
VRQGHSHRUFDOLGDG
)LJXUD
(QSULPDYHUDORV
RVRVYLVLWDQODV
PiUJHQHVGHORV
DUUR\RVGHPRQWDxDR
ORVSUDGRVK~PHGRV
SDUDDOLPHQWDUVH
FRQORVWDOORVRODV
KRMDVFDUQRVDVGHODV
XPEHOtIHUDV\RWUDV
KHUEiFHDV
)RWR$QGRQL&DQHOD
(QODV~OWLPDVFLQFRGpFDGDVVHKDQSURGXFLGRFDPELRVVRFLRHFR
QyPLFRVPX\EUXVFRVHQUHODFLyQFRQHODSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHORVSDVWRV
FDQWiEULFRV6DQ0LJXHO\3HUHD
‡ 5HGXFFLyQGHODFDEDxDJDQDGHUDTXHDSURYHFKDORVSDVWRVGH
SXHUWR
‡ &DPELRVHQODJHVWLyQ\GHGLFDFLyQGHXQFRPSURPLVRLQWHQVR
SRUSDUWHGHSDVWRUHV\YDTXHURVDODFDVLWRWDOGHVDSDULFLyQGH
HVWRV\XQDGUiVWLFDUHGXFFLyQGHODLPSOLFDFLyQ6HUUDQR\0DQ
WHFyQ
‡ 'H XQ JDQDGR RYLQR DXWyFWRQR DQGDGRU DGDSWDGR DO PHGLR
HILFLHQWHSURGXFWLYR\FDSD]GHDOFDQ]DUODVFXPEUHVPiVDOWDV
0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD
DH[SORWDFLRQHVSURGXFWLYLVWDVGHERYLQRGHFDUQHDPHQXGRFRQ
UD]DVDOyFWRQDVRKtEULGRVPHQRVHILFLHQWHVPiVGHSHQGLHQWHV
GHODVXSOHPHQWDFLyQ\PiVOLJDGDVDSXQWRVGHDJXDHLQIUDHV
WUXFWXUDVKXPDQDV
‡ 'H XQ DSURYHFKDPLHQWR H[WHQVLYR HILFLHQWH \ UHODWLYDPHQWH
XQLIRUPHGHOWHUULWRULRDXQDEDQGRQRGHODV]RQDVPiVLQDFFH
VLEOHV\DOHMDGDV\DXQDFRQFHQWUDFLyQGHOJDQDGRHQODVSUR[L
PLGDGHVGHQ~FOHRVXUEDQRV\YtDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ
(VWRVFDPELRVSXHGHQSURYRFDUDPHQXGRSUREOHPDVGHVREUHSDV
WRUHRHQODV]RQDVPiVSDVWDGDVFHUFDGHORVSXHEORV\FDUUHWHUDV\GH
LQIUDSDVWRUHRHQODVPiVDOHMDGDVFRQODFRQVHFXHQWHSpUGLGDGHFDOLGDG
GHORVSDVWRV\PDWRUUDOL]DFLyQ
/DV SURSXHVWDV GH JHVWLyQ HQ HO HVWUDWR KHUEiFHR WHQGUiQ FRPR
REMHWLYRV
‡ $XPHQWDUODFDOLGDGGHOSDVWRSDUDPHMRUDUODQXWULFLyQGHORV
KHUEtYRURVIRPHQWDUVXSURSLRFRQVXPR\GHHVHPRGRVXSHU
VLVWHQFLD\UHGXFLUHQORSRVLEOHODSUHVLyQGHORVILWyIDJRVVREUH
HODUERODGR
‡ )RPHQWDUODSUHVHQFLDGHPHJDIRUELDVPX\DSHWHFLEOHVSDUDHO
RVR
‡ )DYRUHFHUHODXPHQWRGHODELRGLYHUVLGDGHQHOWHUULWRULR
‡ &RQWURODUODH[SDQVLyQGHOPDWRUUDO
)LJXUD
8QDFDUJDJDQDGHUD
DGHFXDGDHVQHFHVDULD
SDUDPDQWHQHUR
PHMRUDUODFDOLGDG
GHORVSDVWRV
9DFD$VWXULDQDGH
ORV9DOOHVHQORV
SXHUWRVGHPRQWDxD
GHOFRUUHGRU
LQWHUSREODFLRQDO
)RWR$OIRQVR6DQ
0LJXHO
8QDGHODVSULQFLSDOHVKHUUDPLHQWDVGHJHVWLyQSDUDFRQVHJXLUHV
WRVILQHVHVIRPHQWDURDOPHQRVFRQVHUYDUODJDQDGHUtDH[WHQVLYDHQ
ORVSDVWRVGHORVSXHUWRVFDQWiEULFRVSULQFLSDOPHQWHFRQJDQDGRRYLQR
&DStWXOR *HVWLyQGHODYHJHWDFLyQDUEXVWLYD\KHUEiFHD
SRUVHUSRFRUDPRQHDGRUSUHVHQWDUJUDQDSWLWXGSDUDHODSURYHFKDPLHQ
WRVHOHFWLYRGHHVSHFLHVKHUEiFHDV\WHQHUFRUWRVSHULRGRVGHJHVWDFLyQ
\ODFWDFLyQORTXHUHGXFHODVXSOHPHQWDFLyQ
)LJXUD
/DÀJXUDGHO
SDVWRU\VXVSHUURV
FRQGXFLHQGRXQ
UHEDxRGHRYHMDV
GHEHVHUYDORUDGD
FRPRXQDLPSRUWDQWH
KHUUDPLHQWDSDUD
HOPDQWHQLPLHQWR
GHODHVWUXFWXUDHQ
PRVDLFRFDUDFWHUtVWLFD
GHOKiELWDWGHORVR
FDQWiEULFR
)RWR/XLV)HUQiQGH]
)23
(OJDQDGRRYLQROOHYDFRQVLJRODQHFHVLGDGGHXQSDVWRUHOSUREOH
PD HV TXH HVWRV VRQ FDGD YH] PiV HVFDVRV VREUH WRGR SRU ODV GXUDV
FRQGLFLRQHVGHWUDEDMR\SRUODVLQFLHUWDVSHUVSHFWLYDVHFRQyPLFDV3DUD
IRPHQWDUODILJXUDGHOSDVWRUKD\TXHSURSRUFLRQDUFLHUWDGLJQLGDGID
FLOLGDG\FRPRGLGDGHQHOWUDEDMRTXHSRUGHVJUDFLDVXHOHQHVWDUXQLGDV
D ODV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV 6RQ QHFHVDULRV DFFHVRV PHGLDQDPHQWH UiSLGRV
TXHIDFLOLWHQODVXELGDGHOJDQDGHURDORVSXHUWRVSHURTXHGHEHUiQWH
QHUXQDHVWULFWDUHJXODFLyQGHXVRSURFXUDQGRTXHHVWDUHFXSHUDFLyQGH
SDVWRVGHSXHUWRVHUHDOLFHHQ]RQDVGRQGHQRVHDQHFHVDULRDPSOLDUR
PHMRUDUGHPDQHUDLQVRVWHQLEOHODDFWXDOUHGGHSLVWDV5HVXOWDLQGLVSHQ
VDEOH TXH ORV SDVWRUHV GLVSRQJDQ GH LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDV FRPR FDEDxDV
GLJQDVDSULVFRVSXQWRVGHDJXDHVWUDWpJLFDPHQWHGLVWULEXLGRVSRUORV
SXHUWRV SDUD SHUPLWLU VX DSURYHFKDPLHQWR UDFLRQDO SRU ORV UHEDxRV
'HEHIRPHQWDUVHWDPELpQHOXVRGHPDVWLQHV\ODSURWHFFLyQFRQSDVWR
UHVHOpFWULFRVORTXHUHGXFHORVDWDTXHVGHOORERDOJDQDGR\GDWUDQTXL
OLGDGDOJDQDGHUR
/RVUHEDxRVGHRYLQRRLQFOXVRGHFDSULQRVRQORVPiVDGHFXDGRV
HQODV]RQDVGHDOWDPRQWDxD(QORVFHUYXQDOHVHOYDFXQRSDUHFHVHUHO
TXHPHMRUFRQWUROHMHUFHVREUHHOFHUYXQR1DUGXVVWULFWD\PiVPHMR
UDHVWRVSDVWRV2VRURHWDO
0DQXDOGHEXHQDVSUiFWLFDVSDUDODJHVWLyQGHFRUUHGRUHVRVHURVHQOD&RUGLOOHUD&DQWiEULFD
3DUD FRQVHJXLU TXH OD JDQDGHUtD UHVXOWH PtQLPDPHQWH UHQWDEOH
SXHGH VHU FRQYHQLHQWH XQ DSURYHFKDPLHQWR FRRUGLQDGR GH GRV R WUHV
HVSHFLHVGHKHUEtYRURVGRPpVWLFRV\DTXHHQiUHDVGRQGHGRPLQDHO
PDWRUUDOSXHGHLQFUHPHQWDUODSURGXFWLYLGDGSRUXQLGDGGHVXSHUILFLH
DVtFRPRODHILFLHQFLD\UHQWDELOLGDGGHOVLVWHPD\FRQHOORODVRVWHQL
ELOLGDG\ODELRGLYHUVLGDG2VRURHWDO$GHPiVGHEHUtDIRPHQ
WDUVHODHODERUDFLyQGHSURGXFWRVGHFDOLGDGFRQGHQRPLQDFLyQGHRUL
JHQ(VWHKHFKRSRGUtDHVWDUVXMHWRDD\XGDVTXHSRQJDQHQYDORUHVWRV
SURGXFWRV HODERUDGRV HQ WHUULWRULRV GH FDOLGDG TXH DOEHUJDQ HVSHFLHV
SURWHJLGDV&RQHOORVHFRQVHJXLUtDIDYRUHFHUHOHVFHQDULRVRFLDO\UH
DO]DUVXLPSRUWDQWHODERUHQODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHORVRSDUGR
6HKDLQGLFDGRDQWHULRUPHQWHTXHORVGHVEURFHVUHVXOWDQXQDDGH
FXDGDPHGLGDSDUDFUHDUSDVWRVGHFDOLGDG\ODLPSRUWDQFLDGHTXHYD
\DQDFRPSDxDGRVGHDFWXDFLRQHVGHDSR\RDOSDVWRKHUEiFHRFRPRHO
SDVWRUHRLQWHQVR\RUGHQDGR\ODVHQPLHQGDV\IHUWLOL]DFLRQHVVLODVFD
UDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOVXHORORUHTXLHUHQ2WUDVPHGLGDVGHLQWHUpVSXHGHQVHU
ODFRORFDFLyQGHSLHGUDVGHVDOFHUFDGRVPDQJDVVXSOHPHQWDFLyQ\OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQGHSXQWRVGHDJXD3DUDFRQFHQWUDUDOJDQDGRIXHUDGHODV
]RQDVDUERODGDVWDQWRDFWXDOHVFRPRIXWXUDV]RQDVUHSREODGDVSXHGH
D\XGDUODXELFDFLyQGHORVSXQWRVGHVDO\ODVXSOHPHQWDFLyQOHMRVGH
HVWDV]RQDV
/RVKHUED]DOHVK~PHGRV\ODVIRUPDFLRQHVGHXPEHOtIHUDV\PHJD
IRUELDVSUHVHQWHVHQPXFKDVFDEHFHUDVGHDUUR\RV\ODGHUDVXPEUtDVGH
JUDQLQWHUpVSDUDHORVRSHURHVFDVDPHQWHDSURYHFKDGRVSRUHOJDQDGR
GHEHQVHUSURWHJLGRV\KDGHHYLWDUVHVXDOWHUDFLyQ
Descargar