E-Prints Complutense - Universidad Complutense de Madrid

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FxLaHLl1^L6?G9<ÀCK<D^9@IK<D^L6?j>89'1^34?j>D^?=;BDJI~;=34?GK_36HB;=9@?f;=HL6?f1JL+FHB9@?=9@1E9@K<K<D|34[ I}?=9'\tA89@?=;=HL6Iy9@I}1^L+;BLa5C1^L .ip/.ip XLªL6K_9<F;BL6ICK<D^LªL 5CL7BL9@I89<HBb[ L 9@?=;Lª[ 1^DJ\)DE;BL6>L F#36H}1^LF9<[ H>DJ>L >89AIL3ªL6\k5CL6?y;=HLau@L6?>9@1sFCLaH K_34IS69<HB;BD^>38cF#36HGHLau34[ Iy>89'1JLlL61E;BLln K<A8HBaLa;BA8HLl>89'?A?;=HL@Y69@K_;=36HrD^L6?<p#M 9@I89<Hbn[ L6?j\tA8YL61^;BL6?<cC1^L+L6K_9<F;BL6IK<DJL K<La9kK<AL6I>83)1^L+H9@?=341ÂK<D@34[ Iz>89@1Pqj£9@?jL61^K<L6I8u@L6>L)Y1^L6?j;=HLau@L6?fLaF#9@IL6?GFxA89@>89@I{>D^?B;BDÎ8b4ADEHr?=96p0!I{K<L6\lF#3 \]Lab4IN9<[ ;BD^K_3lDÎ~;=9@IC?=3'9@Im9@?=;=9K<L6?=3tF#9<H\)DE;=9j?B9<b4ADEH2365x?=9<HBaL6I>83';=HLau@L6??=9<FxLaHL6>L6?gL6?=;BLW\]L@Y636HB9@?g9@I89<HBbn[ L6?8936;=34I9@?g>9<;=9@K_;BL6>834?gFe36HgM!OQPSRUT4Vz69<HK<LaFXn[ ;BA1E3 4,9@?g\kAYl5CL7=LkLWFxLaHB;BDEH >9)o<T6T!9<¿tp XL36Hr\)Lm>9t1^LzL6K_9<F;BL6ICK<D^L;=HL6?1E34?sK_36HB;=9@?>89l?=9@1E9@K<K<D|34[ IFxA89@>89+?=9<HsFCLaHL6\l9<;=HDû@L6>L]9@IQ9@1ZDÎS;=9<HBaL61E3 >9)Ro Qªo<T6T6Ts9<¿ F#36HjAICL+AICK<D@34[ I{>89@1#;BDEF#N3 M , ! ! 5 $# >834I>89C 9@?=;L][ >L6>CL+9@I!9<¿ YM . > * - T5*9T"- T+4 6 > fQ ¦- T:9 "T -/.4 6o<T . > o<T . 5 5 5 5 # # .ip 26 Q 5 C - 5 C - 5 > *K-/:9T"-/4 6 o<T > :o6o5-/:9 T"- ¨4 5 . .ip ¨4 ¦K 2l ! %$( ) Entries 31308 Mean 0.3927 RMS 0.09684 Longitudes de radiacion hasta el STD 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Longitudes de radiacion 576829;:%< "?Bd;Y\{_mSWI2NJFMNiJUXLiN_aLiV_pboY \~2LfFTS]L {UXLNiYfFjNJ oL \ {bIOQYvVZJ\C_mS!LbOts JTFTSW_mK(LiNYK(JZNb_aL\2S]JjOQLnFT_mKIOQLV_poY \ Yb\2S]J.VZLbUTOQYRNiJq2LUTSb| o VIOQLfF`NiJqUTI2JhZLc 9W36H\]LtLaFCHB3@8D^\)L6>Lqc8FxA89@>89>89@K<DEH?B9siA89'1^L+L6K_9<F;BL6ICK<D^L)>89@1XPqf£>89'MsOQPSRUT4V+9@?G>89'T"- 5 T+.l\ 5 ?BHj9@I 9@1ZDÎS;=9<HBaL61E3m>9l¦mLQo<T6T6Ty!9<¿ K_34IC?BD^>89<HL6IC>83];=3q>834?s1E34?sK_36HB;=9@?<c%K_34IvAIw\ªLd[ 8D^\l3m>9tT"- T5*}\ ?=H>89zo<TzL o<T6Tz!9<¿ YACILlK<L8n[ >L+5HrA?BK<LlLl5CL7BL6?G9@I89<Hbn[ L6?£A8[ ;BD^1#9@?1^Ll1^1^L6\)L6>CL ¢ 3 3 *# L)ACIL+>89<;=9<H\)DÎCL6>L+9@I89<HBbn[ L+Y L6[ I8b4AC1E38p C f ! 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K<ACLa;=HB3]9@?=F#9@K<DE9@?f\ªL6[ ?La5xAI>L6IS;=9@?WFHB36;=34I9@?<cx89@1JDE38c89@1E9@K_;=HB34I89@?YzF#34?BDE;=HB34I89@? g?=9W\tA89@?=;=HL6Iy9@Iy1^LlÀCb4A8HL .ipô6oac47=ACI~;=3)K_34I1^LlL6K_9<F;BL6IK<D^L]FCLaHLl1E34?jFHB36FCDE34?b4L6\]\)L6?<cY4L)\)34?=;=HL6>L)L6IS;=9<HDE36Hr\l9@I~;=96p 02I 1^L6?l;BLa5x1^L6,? .ip * L .ip 2v?=9}\kA9@?=;=HL6Iª1^L6?)9<ÀCK<DE9@IK<D^L6?l>9}1E34?)K_36HB;=9@?]9@?=;L6[ I>LaH]\)9@IK<DE34IL6>834?)9@Iª1^L ?B9@K<K<D@34[ 8I .ip Vipôt?=9<bA[ I1^Ll9@?=F#9@K<DE96pC0N?=;BL6?j9<ÀxK<DE9@IK<D^L6??=9'9_qFHB9@?BL6IDEb4AL61^\l9@IS;=9'9@Iy;S9<[ Hr\)DÎ834?>89WL6K_9<F;BL6IK<DJLqp X34?zHB9@?BA1^;BL6>834?;BL6\W5CD 9@[ I ?=9v\kA89@?B;=HL6I¼9@I 1^LÀb4A8HL .ipô@V 9@I¼AIK<D@34[ I¼>89v1^L9@I89<HBbn[ L>89v1^L FCLaH;@n[ K<A1^L b69@I9<HL6>Lqp +( $( ( & ,( ( -( .- ). 2l ! %$( ) 1 -2 -1 Flujo (m s-1GeV ) Flujo (m-2sr -1s-1GeV-1) Flujo de rayos cosmicos 102 -1 10 10-2 ~102 -3 10 10 4 ~10 1 Protones Vela (polar cap) -4 10 -5 10 -1 10 1 10 ~102 10-2 -3 10 10-4 Protones Protones (|θM|<0.2) Helio Electrones Positrones Rayos γ : Galaxia - zona interna Rayos γ : Galaxia - zona externa Rayos γ : Extragalactico -5 10 10-6 10-7 10-8 1 10 102 Energia (GeV/nucleon) 576829;:% < ?A BrDGFWqpJZVSUXYRNJPUXLYFPV oY FZK_aVZYfF}OQY%VZLOq2LU.LMOQLFgJFWqpJZV_aJTF qUXJZNYK_m\"Lb\2S]JTFZs J\vJO,_m\2S]JUT[fLbOQY !*$8"" 7J rc DO"JFq2JZVSWUXYNJ q"U.YS]Y\"JF7~2JOl_aYuqUXY[%_aJ\"J}NJO"L TI FTS!JyLPOQYfF NiLS]YfFNiJ !#" % )cJCLKM_ oJ \jFJ KI2JTFTSWUXLPJO"JFWqpJZVSUXY NiJqUXYS]Y\JTFMKMYhNbIOQLNiYq2YUjJO V.LbK7q2Yj{JZYKML{\goJ S_aVZY J\ OwLSW_mSI2NiJTFjJZVI2LbS!YbUT_aLOQJFZs LzKMYhNiYz_mOlI FTSWUXLSW_m[Yc D O JFWqpJZVSUXY NiJ`JOQJZVSUXYb\"JF7~2L(FT_aNYRL TI FTS]LNY}q2YU CSWUXY\ {jJS LbOQNc % # )Gq2LU.LM[LUT_aYfFPVZY\ TI\2S]YfFgNJPK(JZNb_aNLfFM !#"fsD D! J\2SWUXJ7YbSU.LfF!c DO2JTFWq2J.VSWUXYgNJEq2YfFT_mSU.Y\"JF7JTFI\MK(Y%NJOQY %#)7L TI FTS]LNiYPLyOQYFNiLS]YfF7NJ D 8 ! %" )cdeYFJFWqpJZVSU.YfF NiJ JK_kFZ_pboY \nNb_ ZI FL`NiJ7UXLbYfF {LKK(LgFJ7KI2JTFTSWUXL\q2LU.LgOQL%Y\"Lg_m\2S]JUT\L}PJ iS!JUT\"LgNiJOq"OQLb\"Y{iLbOoL VS_aVZYsrNJyLiVI2JUXNY LPOQYF7K(Y%NJOQYfFyNJ CSWUXYb\{JSELOQc % # ) L TI FTS!LiNYFLgOwYfF NLbS!YFNJD u8 D F% )c2D OJTFWq2J.VSWUXY`Nb_ ZI FYJ iSU.L{LOioL VSW_aVZYJF JO NiJS]JUTK`_m\LNYnLyqpLbUTS_mUPNiJPOwYfFPNLbS!YF`NJ}D uD *J\ %$ )c _m\"LbOlKMJ\CS!Js FJgKI2JFZSWUXLRJ\ÔwL #{bIUXL(FZI%q2JUT_aYU`NiJUXJZVZ~pL OwLVZYbK7q2LUXLbS_m[LnJ\CSU.JJ O I YnJFq2JUXLNiYNiJuq"UXYbS!Yb\"JFq"U.Y[J\C_aJ\CS!JMNiJPI\LU.JW{_poY \Rq2JZHI2J \" Lv NJ ({bUXLiNYnNJU.LN_aYT JO GI YNJU.LYfFy{iLbK`KMLRNiJI\"L ZI2J\CS!J`_m\2S]J\pFLc @JPFYiU.J_mKuqpYb\"J\JOrV.Y%V_aJ\CS!JMLZq"UXY _mKMLNiYzNJ I YfFq2LUXLROQL U.JW{_poY \NJ RL " J #c * W 2 %$ $(n $ '; W !"#%$ Aceptancia (m2sr) Aceptancia: preseleccion 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 Rayos gamma Electrones Protones Positrones Helio -5 10 10-6 10-7 10-1 1 10 102 103 Energia (GeV) 5768p9;:%< ?A"ACB .V J]q"S]L\V_aLRNJq"UXJFJOwJ.VZV_poY \ LOwLfFPN_kFTSW_m\2S]LfFPJTFWq2JZV_aJF}FT_mKÌOQLiNLFc 6¦ 2l ! %$( ) < < ? rB D GV_aJ\"V_aL^NJOQYF(VZYUTS]JFNJFJOQJZVZV_pboY \ LVZJ]q"S]L\V_aLQqUXYS]Y\JTF!fsVZYb\pFT_aNJUXL\NY^VZYbK(YKI2JTFTSWUXLjS!YbS!LbO OwLPq"UXJFJOQJZVZV_aY\"LiNLic deYF(JUTUXYUXJF`_m\N_aVZLNiYfFFY\LO ' # NJM\2_m[JO NJjV.Yb\ L\ %Lic oY S]JTFJMHI2JMJ\OQLKI2JTFTSWUXLnNJ 7J \Y(FJ qUXJTFJOQJZVZV_aYb\`R oY \2_m\ { oI \zFTI2VZJFYic 0!9<¿' 5o - T V - T * -T ¨ - T >o - T .6V - T * -T o@V6¨ - T V6)¦ - T T"- &¦ Qªo<T o<T Q VaT6T 0!9<¿' 5o - T V - T * -T ¨ - T >o - T .6V - T * -T o@V6¨ - T V6)¦ - T "T - &¦ Qªo<T o<T Q VaT6T 02 pK_36HB;=9t\)L6?BL I83)F. 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K%34[ ?B\)D^K_34?Z;BD^9@I89gACIW9@?=F#9@K_;=HB3sF#36;=9@IK<D^L61iK_34Izn[ I>DJK_9gI89<b4La;BD^638caK_34Il1^3!iA89g9@1SL6K_;=36H,9@?,?BDE9@\)FHB9N\)9@I836H SA9mAI838p`34?k9@?=F#9@K_;=HB34?t9@\lFC1E9@L6>834?k?=9mCL6I 365;=9@ICD^>83y>89Q3 2|p0N?=;=9];i9<[ H\]DÎ83?B9mLy9@\lFC1E9@L6>839@I 36;=HL6?j3qK<L6?BDE34I9@?jFCLaHLlK<L61JK<A1^LaHj9@1%L6K_;=36H>9HB9@KLau<3>8936;=HB34?>89<;=9@K_;=36HB9@?+¬Vdp 0IL6K_;=36H+>89]K_36HBH9@K<K<D@34[ I9@IvAIK<D|34[ Iv>89]1^Lz9@I89<Hbn [ L}iA89]K_34I?BDJ>89<HB9l9@1,;BDE9@\)Fe3}iA89lF#9<H\)L6I9@K_9)9@1 >89<;=9@K_;=36H29@I]K<L6>L'1^La;BDE;BAC>kb69<34\]Lab4IN9<[ ;BD^K<Lqp8LaHrL9@1^1E3?=9jL6IlA;BD^1^DEu@L6>83!;BDE9@\lF#34?ZHB9@L61^9@?.>89G9_qFe34?D^K<D@34[ I LK<L6>CLw1JLa;BDE;BA> >91E34?t>La;=34?l>89M!OQPSRUT8oac.\tA8Y?BD^\]D^1^LaHB9@?'LQ1^L?BDE;BAL6K<D|34[ IiA89]9_qF#9<HD^\l9@IS;BLaHCL[ 9@1 >89<;=9@K_;=36HfÀxIL61e9@I{1^Lk0N?=;BL6K<D@34[ I}0N?=FCL6K<D^L61 :I~;=9<HrIL6K<DE34IL61©pq02?B;=9L6K_;=36HjaL61E91^L+AIDJ>L6>m?DeLl1JLW9@I89<Hbn[ L 9@I}K<A89@?=;BD|34[ I}I83)9_8D^?=;=9'K_36HB;=9kb69<34\)Lab4Ig9<[ ;BD^K_38p 021x365q7:9<;BD^63t>89!9@?=;BL6?GK_36HBH9@K<K<DE34I89@?g9@?g;=9@I89<HGAILWDJ>89@LWL6K_9<HK<Ll>9@1CL6K_;=36Hj>89fH9@KLau<3l9<9@K_;BDE63+FCLaHLtAI L6IfL6[ 1^D^?BD^?gHB9@L61JDEu@L6>83)K_34I}9@?B;=34?fK_36HB;=9@?89jH9@KLau<3t9<9@K_;BD^638cS?=9f>9<;=9<H\)DÎj3k[ 1^LISA9<dLF%>8xFCLaHL mL6?BAC\)DE9@I>8M3 ?BAK_9@?B34? 365x?=9<HBaL6>834?G9@I{9@1%5xDÎ N>899@I9<HBbn[ L}L6IjL6[ 1E36b4LmL)1^L+9@K<AL6K<D|34[ I .ipô<T~ M e > o , T .ipô>.4 % 6¨ W 2 %$ $(n $ '; W !"#%$ Aceptancia: gammas, electrones, positrones Aceptancia (m2sr) Aceptancia (m2sr) Aceptancia: gammas, protones, helio 10-1 10-1 10-2 10-2 Rayos gamma 10-3 10-3 Protones 10-4 10-4 Helio 10-5 10-5 10-6 10-6 10-7 10-7 Rayos gamma 10-8 10-8 Electrones Positrones 10-9 10-1 1 10-9 -1 10 103 102 10 1 10 103 102 Energia (GeV) Energia (GeV) 576829;:%< ?A=,B uVZJ]q"S]L\V_aL SUXLF VZYbUTS!JF JFTS"boL \"NiLURqpLbUXL{LKKMLfFZsyq"UXYbS!Yb\"JF ~2JO_aY!_Q%HI_aJUXNLTJOwJ.VSWUXY\JTF q2YfFT_mSWUXY\JTFM NJUXJZVZ~pLZc 34?jK_34\lF#34I89@IS;=9@?f>9'9@?=;BLlAIK<D@34[ I{?B99@ISA\)9<HL6I}L)K_34IS;BDÎiAL6K<D@34[ I FCLaHrL)K<L6>Ll5CDJI{>899@I89<HBbn[ L : M 0ICLm?BAC\)Lm>9kF%>8? 9@K<AL6K<D@34[ I .ipô<T~!K_34IQAIwIsA[ \l9<H3m>89+?BAK_9@?=34?s365x?=9<HBaL6>834? 9@Iw9@1`5CDÎw>89 9@I89<HBbn[ L K_36HBHB9<b4D^>834?+F#36HlAI L6K_;=36H)b41E365CL61 iA89z;BDE9@I89z9@I K<A89@IS;BLv1E34?tFCAIS;=34?l\l9@IK<DE34ICL6>834? 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Z iA89'?=9WL7BA?=;BL6I}5CDE9@I{L)AI{\)3i>89@1^3)>89@1#;BDEF#N3 M & ( ( % .& G > , -/. 9_qF` Q 5 .ipô*S 2l ! %$( ) K Run 1073749013 Event 652324 576829;:%< ?A "B e_kFTI2LO_QhLiV_pboY \ NiJyI\`q"UXYbS"boY \nFZ_mKIOQLiNY(MVZY\ ZI\N_aNiYVZY\nI\nUXLYg{LKKMLMNJ}_m\ JUT_aYbUgJ\JU{r| o Lfs LbO FTI ZUT_mU}I\L(_m\2S]JU.LVZV_pboY \z~2LNbU oY \2_aVZLnJ\ÔQL}qpLbUTS!JgFTI%qpJUT_aYUPNiJO `c 2dT W 2 %$ $(n $ '; W !"#%$ Factor de rechazo: electrones y positrones 7 10 Factor de rechazo Factor de rechazo Factor de rechazo: protones y helio 106 105 105 104 104 103 3 10 10-1 1 10 FR protones FR electrones FR helio FR positrones 103 102 10-1 1 Energia (GeV) 103 102 10 Energia (GeV) 576829;:%< ?A#B eLiVS]YURNiJUXJZV.~2Lh%YqpYbUj[LUT_aYFRKoJ S]YhNiYfF#qUXYS]Y\JTFR~pJOl_aY*!_Q%HI_aJUXNLT}JOQJZVSWUXYb\"JFMq2YfFT_mSU.Y\"JF NiJUXJZVZ~pLTbc XLÀb4A8HL .ipô@¦ 9@?zAI9§7=9@\lFC1E3 >899@?B;BLAIK<D|34[ I¶>89w>D^?=F#9<H?BD|34[ IªL6I8b4A1^LaHFCLaHL 36;=34I9@?{L .6V !9<¿ DJI~;=9<b6HL6IC>83lLk;=3q>L6?G1^L6?G>CDEHB9@K<K<DE34I89@?K_34IS;=9@ID^>L6?9@Iz9@1%K<L6\)Fe3l>89sqD^?BD@34[ I>89@1Pqjtp802I9@1^1JLt?B9!H9<FHB9@?=9@IS;BL ACIy9@?=;BDJ\)L6>836Hs>89t1JL]HB9@?B341ÂK<D@34[ IwL6I8b4A1^LaHsK_34\l3z9@1tL6[ I8b4A1E3z>89+K_34I~;=9@IK<D|34[ Iv>89@1 6¨ ¤>89+1E34?s?BAK_9@?B34?+ >CL6>LlAILl>89<;=9<Hr\)DÎL6>L+>D^HB9@K<K<D@34[ I{>89b69@I89<HrL6K<D@34[ I%cCL6>89@\¶L6[ ?f>899@1'L6[ Ib4A1E3)>89'K_34IS;=9@IK<D@34[ I>89@1 K6¦ >9'1E34? ?AK_9@?=34?k NFCLaHLl9@?B;BD^\)LaHf1^L+9_q;=9@I?BD|34[ I}>89'1^L6?jK_341JL6?9<;=9<H\)DÎLaHv1^L 1^1^L6\]L6>L 3 1 3 ,¢4 0 h ,¢4 1 1 ¡ ; # 4 ; r1 3 4 CcsP ! m CGX =?B9'L61^1^Ll1^Ll>CD^?=;=HDE5xAK<D@34[ I]>9'FHB365CLa5xD^1^D^>L6>]F#36Hj9@?=;=9<HB9<36HL6>CD@L6[ I}LlFCLaH;BDEHj>89'1^L+AIK<D@34[ I .ipô *NM # # *# ] CG > V C2 GX .ipô@¦4 02IQ1^LÀb4A8HL .ipô>z?=9)\tA89@?=;=HrL1JLmAIK<D|34[ I! 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M #$ ( ! # 2io 2l ! %$( ) Probabilidad/grados Funcion de dispersion angular (32 GeV) 0.16 0.14 σ68(32 GeV) 0.12 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Residuo angular ψ (grados) 576829;:%< ?A "B @I\V_pboY \^NJgNb_kFq2JUZFZ_pboY \vL\ {bIOwLUc J7~pL(FZI%q2JUWq"I2JFZS]Y(JO,L TI FZS]J}LOQL Z I\V_pboY \ ic ^JO"[LOwYUgNJ p Probabilidad/sr Funcion de dispersion puntual (32 GeV) 0.1 P(ψ,32 GeV,todo x) 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 Residuo angular ψ(grados) 576829;:%< "?A 2B ;YUTKMLSb| o q"_aVZLNiJO J\ Z I\V_pboY \NJOoL \{IOQYNiJNb_ JUXJ\"V_aL*J\CSUXJOwLN_mUXJZVZV_poY \ YbUT_{b_m\LO7OQL Nb_mUXJZVZV_pboY \vUXJZVZY\2FTSUTI_aNiLc W 2 %$ $(n $ '; W !"#%$ Resolucion angular Preseleccionados: 68% σ68(grados) 2aV Cortes estandar: 68% Preseleccionados: 95% 1 Cortes estandar: 95% 10-1 10-2 1 102 10 Energia gamma (GeV) 576829e:f< ?A 2 B uJFYbOlI2V_poY \ Lb\{IOQLUPVZYbK(Y oL \{IOQYNJVZY\2S]J\"V_poY \ NiJO NiJgOwYfFyFTI2V.JFYfFc 25. 2l ! %$( ) 0.16 0.14 P(ψ,32 GeV,cos θ < -0.995) 0.12 P(ψ,32 GeV,cos θ < -0.95) 0.1 P(ψ,32 GeV,cos θ > -0.95) 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Residuo angular ψ (grados) 576829;:%< ?A B ;YUTKMLSb| o q_aVZLjNJ J\ Z I\V_pboY \vNJOoL \ {bIOQYjNJgNb_ JUXJ\"V_aLJ\CSUXJ}OQLN_mU.J.VZV_poY \vYbUT_{b_m\LO,(OQL Nb_mUXJZVZV_pboY \vUXJZVZY\2FTSUTI_aNiLc > :o5- ¦K * 9 T"- T6T5*S 6 o<T 5 "T -C2a:¦ 9"T - T4 V .ipô>4 «!;=HB34?.9<9@K_;=34??BD^?=;=9@\¶La[ ;BD^K_34?2FxA89@>89@I)K_34IS;=HDE5CACDEH2LWACIL>89<b6HL6>L6K<D|34[ I]9@Im1^L'>89<;=9<H\]DÎL6K<D@34[ Im>89f1^L'>CDEHB9@K R K<D|34[ I>89tDÎK<D^>9@IK<D^L)>89@1XHL@Y63zb4L6\)\]LmY}>9t1^Lm1E3qK<L61^DEu@L6K<D@34[ I>89t1JL6?fA89@IS;=9@?FxAI~;BACL61E9@?89@1`Pqfkcx9@I~;=H9W9@1,Pqj Y{9@1X?B;BLaH=R;=HL6KB69<H|c#1JL]K<L61^DE5CHL6K<D@34[ I{9_q;=9<HILmK_34I A89@IS;=9@?gFCAIS;BAL61E9@?N5CDE9@I]K_34I3iK<D^>CL6?so *4ciL6?@n[ K_34\l3+9@1x9<HBHB36HGDÎS;=H|n[ I?B9@K_3W>89@1xFHB36FCDE3t?=;BLaH=R;=HL6K69<Hk>D^?B9SIh L6>83 FxLaHLv?=9<HlF#9@SA9SI8h 3vK_34\lFCLaHL6>83K_34Iª1^L6?l>89@\ªL6[ ?]K_34I~;=HD^5CAK<DE34I89@?@cZ>9@136H>89@I >89}1E34?+F#3qK_34?l?=9<b4AI>34?)>89 LaHrK_3Srp 02?XDJ\lF#36HB;BL6I~;=9N>89@?=;BL6K<LaHZSA89N1^LjL6IKrSA8HrLj>89@1~P {I83f>9<;=9<H\)DÎLF#36HX?|[ ?=341^Lj9@149<HBHB36H`9@IW1^LG1^3iK<L61^Dû@L6K<D@34[ I >9!A89@IS;=9@?GFCAIS;BAL61E9@?@pq`L+DÎ~;=9@IC?BD^>L6>z>891^L+A89@IS;=9'\l9§7:36HrLaHCL+[ 9@1#HL6>DE3+>89n 9<HBH36HGFCLaHLlK<L6>LlAICLz69<Hto>d FxLaHLlAILl>DJ?BK<A?BD@34[ I9@I}>9<;BL61^1E9rp ,®Z® Z® · ¹N³8± X²£·C²2· ·8½4± ³qº XL{>D^?B;=HDE5CAK<D|34[ Iy>89)1^Lz9@I9<HBbn[ LzHB9@K_34I?B;=HAD^>Lz>89l1E34?'HL@Y634?Wb4L6\)\)L}?=9lH9<FHB9@?=9@IS;BLz9@I1^LzÀb4AHL .ipô K K_34\)3'9@18K_3iK<D^9@I~;=9f?B365HB9G1^L!9@I89<HBbn[ Lsb69@I9<HL6>Lqc4FCLaHrLaLaHD^L6?Z9@I9<HBbn[ L6?.DÎCD^K<D^L61E9@?<pdZLaHL'K<AL6IS;BDEÀCK<LaH.1^LK<L61JD^>L6> >9+1JL]HB9@K_34IS;=HAK<K<D|34[ Iv9@I89<HBb9<[ ;BD^K<LqcX?B9t9<aL61aA[ Lz1^LzL6IKrSAHLz>89l1^LzL6A?B?BD^L6ICLmFCHDÎK<DEFxL61%9@IvAIQL7=AC?=;=9lL{>834? 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.ip )V lL .ip V Kip L6\k5CDr9@[ I?B9kL6IDÎK<1ÂDJ>83+FCLaHLl9@1`0gM!>89WMsOwPece1E34?jH9@?BA1E;BL6>834?K_36HBHB9@?=F#34I>CDE9@I~;=9@?f5CL6?BL6>834?f9@Iy36;=H34? ;=HrLa5CL7:34??BD^\)DJ1^LaHB9@?¬Vic .p 02?WDJI~;=9<HB9@?L6I~;=9z>89@?=;BL6K<LaHl>89)9@?B;=34?kH9@?BA1E;BL6>834?W1^LyK<L61^DJ>L6>>891^L}DÎ836H\)L6K<D|34[ I>89]1E34?W36;=34I9@?kH9@K_34IqR ?B;=HAD^>834?9@Iw9@12Pqj >89tMsOQPep%02Iw;S9<[ H\)DÎ834?>9kHB9@?B341ÂK<D@34[ IwL6I8b4A1^LaHsY9@I89<HBb`9<[ ;BD^K<Lqc9@?>89@1\)D^?\l3m36Hr>89@I C äT W 2 %$ $(n $ '; W !"#%$ Area efectiva (cm2) Area efectiva (inc. normal): comparativa GLAST 104 AMS02: ECAL EGRET 3 10 AMS02: STD 1 10 102 Energia gamma (GeV) 576829e:f< ?W= 2B E YbK7q2LU.LSW_m[fLnNJ oL U.J.LJ J.VSW_m[fLJ\_m\"V_aNJ\"V_aLj\YUTKMLO;J\ Z I\V_pboY \ NiJPOwLjJ\"JU{r| o Lic Resolucion energetica σ (E)/E (%) Resolucion energetica: comparativa EGRET GLAST 10 AMS02: STD AMS02: ECAL 1 1 10 102 Energia gamma (GeV) 576829;:%< "?W= 2B YKuqpLbUXLSW_m[fLzNiJgU.JTFYOI2V_pboY \J\"JU{oJ SW_aVZLRJ\ Z I\V_pboY \ NJÒQLRJ\JUW{r| o Lic;d;YfF}\oI KMJU.YfF qpLbUXL`D D > d FJy~pL\vS!YbK(LiNYNJ % )c 2 " %%$ ;%$P %%# &() ¨qo Resolucion angular σ 68(grados) Resolucion angular (inc. normal): comparativa 10 AMS02: ECAL 1 EGRET 10-1 GLAST 10-2 AMS02: STD -3 10 1 102 Energia gamma (GeV) 10 576829;:%< ?W="B YbK7q2LUXLbS_m[L N JU.JTFYOI2V_pboY \Lb\{IOQLUnJ\ Z I\"V_poY \ NJROQLJ\"JU{r| o LicGd;YfF$oI K(JUXYfFyq2LU.LD u D8 d FJy~pL\vS!YbK(LiNYNJ % )c Flujo minimo integrado (cm-2s-1) Sensibilidad a fuentes puntuales: comparativa 10-7 5σ, 1 yr, φ=kE-2 EGRET -8 10 AMS02: ECAL AMS02: STD -9 10 GLAST 10-10 1 10 102 Energia gamma (GeV) 576829;:%< ?W= 2B EYbK7q2LU.LSW_m[fL^NiJ`FJ\2FZ_a_mOl_aNiLN^J\ Z I\"V_poY \NJOQLnJ\"JU{r| o LcrdeYFP\oI KMJU.YfFq2LUXLMD u D FJy~pLb\S]YKMLNYNJ % is #bs )c d ¨6V W 2 %$ $(n $ '; W !"#%$ < < " ?B C LOQL}VZYKuq2LUXLbS_m[L}NJ7LbO {I\"YfFNJ OQYF YFJUT[LS]YUT_aYFNiJUXLYF#{LKK(L}NiJTFNJuJOJTFWq2LV_aYQq"UXYbJ.VS]LNYF!bc ,0 qF#9<HD^\l9@IS;=3 g0 6402 Mf[ H9@Ll9<9@K_;B5 D^dLlFxD^K_3 K<\ >o .aT6T §IS;=9<HBaL61E3l9@I89<HBb9<[ ;BD^K_3 !9<¿' Tqp +T .R .aT 4f9@?=341ÂK<D|34[ I{L6I8b4A1^LaH :o<T!9<¿' T"- ¦ 4f9@?=341ÂK<D@34[ I}9@I89<HBb`9<[ ;BD^K<L :o<Tm!9<¿tc 0g d0 o@V L6$Fe3lqD^?BACL61 Tqp/l=? 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"$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 l ÇN HCAH R DLI(= V D R F8DLH>L?K= IZC N =?H V DJ`D NSR DL>A>ADL= V^M Fi h e aF M a M F JGC OM N = N LD >$H8CAH R DLI(= V D V CzHYa5=UF M ²¡ÀB¥`¡Oha5=UF=*>A=c= V @d;CzH8CAJGCLMOK NwV D V = RYM HGtJ M I(a5>EDLIcD NdR = NV^M A> =*HYDN =?> V D> M H V D R DLJ RYM FDLH : DGF D N?M j j?DGFHYDLJGJGCkMOK N l l |O l 1 @:AB3A 3A 1 ( G LPI±L:GJ³ ª( ² ËwÇ ¢É À WÄ¥É'Ä3ËwÇ $ 1 - Ã (! meN >z= ] {O;^F=& lA }HYD I;^DLH R F=x; N DLH8@d;DLI(=xH8CzIca5>AC ] JG= V^M&V D>A=iHYDLJG;^D N JGCz= V D V CAHYa5=UF M a5=UF=xDL>5F8DG{OCzH R F M V D ; N H8;J`DLH M^l =¼J M C N JGC V D N JGCA= V D H8D-N =?>EDLHD N > M H R F8DLH[J`D NdR DL>A>EDL= V^M FDLHJ MON >z= V D\=?I u"M H V D R DLJ RYM F8DLH : DGF8D N?M j V D NdR F MV D; N =¼j?D NdR = N = V D } N HwJ MON H R C R ;?D N DL> R FCE{?{?DGF[aFC N JGCEa5=?> l6 > I(CAH8I M¼R CEDLIca M t DL>H8CAH R DLIZ= V D u DXD N J MONdR F=UFH8DQD N I MBVM V DLH M JG;â5= V^M N^M?R8¶<Ç p&t<C l D l tf> M H V D R DLJ RYM F8DLHQp^qsr_ VMONV D _ ¾ t Bt |Ot"DL> m : r V DLI´?K= HH8; u H8CAH R DLIZ=?H V D u D NQ = u DGF R DGFI(C N = VM J MON DL>H8;J`DLH M = NdR DGFC M F lV DLI´?K= H V DDLH R DsF8DL@B;CAH8C RYM tUH8D V D v =x; N a"DL@d;^DN M R CADLIca M I;^DGF RYMiV D Ä H+a5=UF=@B;^DDL>H;J`DLH M >EDO~ K V^M a M Fe>z=?H R =UF v D R =?H V D&= V @d;5CAH8CAJGCLMOK N L =kO=ZH8C VM J M I(a5>ED R =?IcD NdR DxaF M J`DLH8= VM^l fPgh}iJk%l m!no+p!/s jz ¨ ¡ v;°s5rtsxu, ¨ S_rtsw}v ~ "v u, ¢u ~ jv ¨ | s¢8u xs8 = HYD-N =?> V D V CAHYa5=UF M DLH*DLI(C R C V =Xa M F; N H8CzH R DLI(= ZµYP ? =?> Mv = V^M D N >z=QJG= u C N = V D[>A= RYM I(= V D V = RYM H l^m H R =HYDN =?>"HYD D N j"~ K ==*> M H R FDLHH8; u H8CzH R DLI(=?H V D = V @B;CAHCAJGCLMOK N a5F8DLHYD NdR DLHGB> M H LÄ IgMOK V ;> M H V D HCA>ACAJGC M t DL>hJG=?> M Fk~ K IcD R F Mm : r W; N H8CzH R DLI(= : P : ? hay=UF=Q>A=C N n M FI(=?JGCLMOK N {?D N DGF=?> V DL>hH8;J`DLH M^l6meN DL> JG=?H MV D&> M HIgMOK V ;> M H V DxH8CA>ACzJGC M >z=cHYD-N =?> V D V CAHYa5=UF M DLHF8DLJGC u C V =xa M F>z= R =UF v D R =C NdR DGFIcD V CA=UFCA=bt M(R =UF v D R = µ Z htUD NSR F8Ds>z= = V @d;CzH8CAJGCLMOK N i>A=>EDLJ R ;F= l?m H R = R =UF v D R = V =UF5K= >A= M F V D NcV D V DLH8JG=UF8{O= V D V = RYM He=>A=?H R =UF v D R =?H qr X =?J M ay>A= V =?H*=?> ³¡Y§U½5² 8¥`½y¿ l+mfN >z=?Hiqsr X R CED N D>A;^{O=UF*>A= V CE{OC R =?>zCEoL=?JGCLMOK N V Dw>A=HYDN =?> V D[JG= V =JG= N =?> V D(JG= V =IgMOK V ;> M >A=[F8D V ;5JGJGCLMOK NV D V = RYM Hj?DGFiJG=UaÃ~ K R ;> M O lÃ =C N n M FI(=?JGCLMOK N =?HL~ K FD V ;JGC V =wDLHD N jBCz= V = V D N ;^DGj M =>A=[= V @B;CAHCAJGCLMOK NQV D V = RYM HaFC N JGCEa5=?>Ã= R F=Lj-LKD H V Dc>A= R =UF v D R = 5µ Z ht$;H8= N5V^M ; N aF M?RYM J M > MXV D J M I; N CzJG=?JGC MON DLHDLHYa"DLJ?~ K ] J M P p CEFDTh@d;^D&H8Dx; R CA>ACAoL=UF5K= D N >A=cI(CAHCLMOK Nw]5N =?> l R F McV D> M HH8CAH R DLI(=?H@d;D FDLJGC u D N >A=*HYD N =?> V D V CAHYa5=UF M DLHs; N J MONdR = V^M F : P :@d;D R CED N D>z= R =UFDL= DV V CAH R FC u ;CEF-DL> N 5K; IcDGF McV DH8;J`DLH M = RYMbV^M Hs> M H V D R DLJ RYM F8DLH l : MON DLH RYM a MbV DLI M H=?H M JGCA=UFsC N n M FI(=?JGCLMOK N[V D ; N H8;5J`DLH M J MON J`F8D RYM D N DL>-pbqsr_J MON DL>6I(CAH8I M H8;J`DLH M D N DL> m : r Q>A=wC N n M FI(=?JGCkMOK N F8DG{OCAH R F= V =wD N DL>: P : lm H R =(; N C V = V = V DLIg?K= HF8DG{OCzH R F=c>A=?HsJG;D NSR =?H r&:IcD V C V =?H<D N > M H V D R DLJ RYM F8DLH: DGF8D N ?M jw +N2 % 8 ) +%¥ )K, ¢È T%; Ä DGnDLJ R K; =>A= V D R DLJGJGCkMOK N(V DH8;J`DLH M H V^M?u >EDLH btUDLH V DLJGCAFLt?=?@d;^DL>z> M H D N > M H+@d;D = N ay=?H8= ^V M Ig?K= H V D; N LD >EDLJ R FyMOK N V ;^F= NdR D&>A= RYM I(= V D V = RYM H l 6=UF=cDL>A> M H8D&= u F8D&; N = j?D NdR = N = V D&= V @B;CAH8CAJGCkMOK N D N LD >ÃJ`D NSR DL>A>ADL= V^M F V D È¯^t É Ha5=UF=cI(=UFJG=UF>z=c=Ua5=UFCAJGCLMOK NV D M?R F=(a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A= l 1 ÃDÄ¥ÃQÇTÄ/É Ã É °ÌjË Ã Á - ! *) É"Ç °Ä Á Ç )ËÌ $& # $ )É"Ì}Ã JËwÄ ! *' meN {?D N DGF=?>t> M H V = RYM HsHYD= V @B;CEFCEDGF MON D N ; N =*J MON^] {O;F=?JGCLMOK N D N >A=*@B;^DDL>$JG=?Ica M I(=U{ N KD R CAJ M DLH R = u = ?= J R CAj= V^M (DL>J MON j?DGF R C V^M F<H8C R ;= V^M D N >A=x>~ K N DL= V DL> =Uo lbm H R =iDLHf>z=xJ MON^] {O;F=?JGCLMOK NwV D IZ=L M FC NdR DGFBLKD H<a5=UF= DLH R D(DLH R ; V C M ay;^DLH RYM @B;^DcDLH&D N >z=w@B;^Dca MbV DLI M H M?uR D N DGFH8;J`DLH M H V DcDLI(CAH8CkMOK N V Dcn M?RYMON DLHw\a M H R DGFC M F J MON j?DGFH8CkMOK N D N ; N ay=UF&DL>EDLJ R F5MOK N ¯a M H8C R F5MOK N lÃÇ N =[nF=?JGJGCLMOK NWV D> M H V = RYM HiH8C N DLI u =UF8{ M HYD RYM IgM K D NWM?R F M H I MBV^M HLtJ M I u C N = NV^M >A=cC N JG>A;H8CkMOK NZMZNM(V D V CAJ ^M HDL>EDLIcD NdRYM H l M FD v DLIcay> M t>A=cJ M I u C N =?JGCLMOK N H8C N JG=?Ica M IZ=U{ N KD R CAJ MN C$J MON j?DGF R C VM Fa5=UF=*DL>Ã=?>AC N DL=?I(CAD NSRYM(V D&> M H V D R DLJ RYM F8DLH V DxH8Cz>ACAJGC M^l M F M?R F M >A= V^M t<HYD DLIca5>EDL=UF MON´R F8DLHwJ MON^] {O;F=?JGC MON DLHwD N DGF8{KD R CAJG=?HWI M IcD NSRYMV DL> =Uo V D |Bt Ä É [DG ]Jk l" =*DLH R = V ~ K H R CAJG= RYM?R =?> V D RYMbV =?Hs>A=?HsJ M I u C N =?JGC MON DLHsHYDiIi;^DLH R F=cD N >A= ] {O;^F=* lA?Ul fPghjiJk%lNm!no+o"p/¥s5u,¢; | sxur{5\{z ¨ z ¢¤ s: y8r r¢¢s_s8_r¢ uwr {5 ¢ {zj8v ~ §s5r8ª{ ¨ ~ s5u+-| £ 1 °¦¢ ~ sxry8 xsS{ ~% J¡ zv¢{8r ~ xsYjvuwvs_ 8 v ¡ | s8 Qsrts5uwr u,sY ~ sxr È ~ ¨ ¡¢ 8| ur{ ~ sxu-| {uwr ~ £ D °¦§§s5r8D{ ~ vxuwr ~ v em NRYM?R =?>fHYDcF8DLJ M {OCEDGF MON Ig?K= H V DZ` Ä ¼ } (H8;J`DLH M H&J MON RYM IZ= V D V = RYM H·¡ªb½¥dk V DD NdR F8DxIcD V Cz= ^M F=*; N = ^M F= l meN >A= ] {O;F= lA HYD\I;^DLH R F= N R F8DLHD v DLI(a5> M H V D>z= J MON] {O;^F=?JGC MON DLH V CAH R C NSR =?HGtbD N DL>pbqsr l É ! $&! $& H D N a"DGFC MbV^M H V D R FCE{?{?DGF&j<?K= >AC VM t=U{?F;â5= V^M & n M FI(= V D >z=?H R F=UoL=?H[ay=UF=¼H;J`DLH M w H D´ N R FDLH À ËwÉ ¢ÃWÄ¥É¶ÆÃJÇ¤Ä ¢ÃJÇ ) $ $ ÇN^M(V Dx> M H M?ubv D R CEj M H V DDLH R =?Ha5F;^D u =?H<DLHs>z=c=Ua5>ACAJG=?JGCLMOK N FDL=?>ACAH R = V Di; N =?>E{ M FC R I M(V DF8D V ;JGJGCkMOK NXV D V = RYM Hh@B;^DH8CEF8jbCEDGF= V Da5F M?RYM?R CEa M a5=UF=&DL>aF M {?F=?IZ= ]5N =?>5@B;^D H8D ; R Cz>ACEoL=UF5K= D N[P pB¯°}O lb =xFD V ;JGJGCLMOK NwV D V = RYM HfCAI(a5>ACAJG=>A=iH8;H R F=?JGJGCLMOK NZV D >A=?HhJ MONSR FC u ;JGC MON DLH V D> M Hfa"D V DLH R =?>EDLHecDL>£§U¾*¾c§?½½y§?ÀdL¥ V DL>5J CEa t R =?>+J M I M HYDcD`_Bay>ACAJ$M K D N DL>+JG=UaÃ~ K R ;> M l$m H RYM H&=?>E{ M FC R I M HH MON D v DLJG; R = V^M Ha M F&> M Hr&pb xÀ OÀ²¢?¬+©À O½y¢U¬ ¦¡ §k£%¥ d*d`§U¡O V D>A=?H R =UF v D R =?Hqsr X&l^ ={?F= N I(=k M Fk~ K = V D V = RYM HsF8DG{OCAH R F= VM H<D N DLH R =*aF;^D u = V D =UoDLH R K= N R F= R = V^M H V DDLH R =ZI(= N DGF=*?ta M F R = NSRYM tyD N ¾(§L¿O§[¡8¥8¿?ª^£LÀ¿S§ l Æ ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 Run 870 Event 16544626 A) Sin campo magnetico -- Sin convertidor Run 1462 Event 4441127 Energy 2.956 (GeV) B) Campo magnetico -- Sin convertidor Run 1021 Event 4129038 Energy 6.876 (GeV) C) Campo magnetico -- Convertidor fPghjiJk%l¤m!no °p;"zj{5s ~ sYu | r{ ~ s {5¢S{ ~% J¡ zv¢{8r}~| +1q -£%rts5u,sxz%jvxr ~ v¦ ~ y8u, r ~ s{ ~ z +v ~¡ v ¨ %rtsxzj r % ~ vSsxzj{5xs ~ s35¦§sxr {5 ¨ ~¨ ¡¢ 8| ur{ ~È r{ ~ 8vxur ~ v5P s uwv*%ss ~ s8 {8r s_§v{8u,syK¦ |z r{5 ¨ u,Y{5 ¨ ~?¨ ¡¢ 8| ur{ ~ Q sPuwv%*s3s {8zvx rv5{5{8r}~| J{K¦{ ¨ ~ { ~ 8vxur ~ v5J ~ s ~ u ~ xsY ¨ ruwr ~ s ~ v y8v ¨ s5sxuv%$ z $¡ ur {8rvxu,:v ~ y5¢y8r r¢È?{ ~ 8v5sxr}~| z jv 8 5{uwv1~| ~ s5ruwv1~| ª¢ ¨~ ~ zjjv {5 uvs uwv*%s83¥P{ª~ | r ¡)~ ¢¤{ ~ ~ vxs-xsSv ~ ~ jv s§uwv*%s ¡ uwrsT£K{8uwv ~ xs¦ %8z°jvs? ~ sxruwrs £ ~ sxruwv ~ xs¦¢ , 2 j¶.° ) §+_8 } 8 ) %)° 8 ) & É r D u C V^M =X>z= N DLJ`DLH8C V = V V D(FDL=?>ACEoL=UFxa5F;^D u =?H&H M?u F8D(DL>fJ$MOK V CE{ MV D(F8D V ;JGJGCkMOK N t=Q> M >A=UF8{ MQV D RYMBV^M DL> R CADLIca M\V D =UoQHYDjU=UFCA=UF MON > M H*j=?> M F8DLH HYDLIZCA>A>A= a5=UF=\DL>C N CAJGC M\V DX> M HZJG>A;H R DGFHXD NdR F8D\| Ä j?DLJ`DLH DL>fjU=?> M FiIcD V C MV DL>eF;C VMXV DL>eJG= N =?> Ãt6I(= NSR D N CED NV^M D N | ´DL>ejU=?> M F V DZ> M HJG= N =?>EDLHHYDLJG; NV =UFC M H lÃm > jU=?> M F-DLHJ M {OC V^Mx]yN =?>AIcD NdR Da5=UF=&>z=&HYDLI(CA>z>A=c Ã6aF8D R D N5V D=?>AJG= N oL=UFh; N J M Ica5F M I(CAH M D NdR F8D >A=DLH R = V ~ K H R CAJG= FDLJ M {OC V =[ R D NV CED NVM = u = v =UF<DLH R D;I u F=?>È dZ>A= R =?H8= V D V = RYM H<cDL>F;5C V^M =?J`DGa R = VM R D N5V CED NV^M =iH; u CEF DL>Ã;I u F=?>È l meN >A= R = u >z=* lA HYD V D R =?>A>z= N >A=?HsJG=UF=?J R DGFk~ K H R CAJG=?H V D> M HF; N DLHLt V DLH V DDL>"a5; NdRYM(V DjbCAH R = V D&>A=cJ MON] {U¯ ;F=?JGCLMOK NV Dx>z=*F8D V ;JGJGCLMOK NV D V = RYM H l l lm!no"p;:z x s ¢¢u ~ s 5z { r}~ | ?_s8 ¨ r §z$s8¢¢ !#"%$'&)( 3546578 9: ; 8 9>35729H;1:I JK 4KL; 9>;99T7/9>;-6-U 4 *,+-./"102!+ < M 0/>+= @?BA02CD"-E?B#"F02?)G?"5.2+ "5.2+?ONPQ = PR"G < < 0/>+= 0/P+ = 3 9 ?B#"S0P>?G?"1.P+ ?B#"F02?)G?"5.2+ M H V = RYM Hi; R CA>ACAoL= V^M H a5=UF=> M HFDLH8;> R = V^M HD N DLH R =?H&aF;^D u =?HHYD(J M F8FDLHYa MONV D N => M H&@B;^DcDLIcayCEDGoL= N D N LD >F; N ÉB O=w@d;D> M HaF8DGjbC M HJG=UF8DLJ`D NV Di; N =(j?DGFHCLMOK N FDL=?>AIcD NdR Dij<?K= >AC V = V DL>J$MOK V CE{ MwV DxF8D V ;5JGJGCLMOK N$l ÃM H V D R =?>A>ADLH V D&> M Hs=?>A{ M FC R I M Hay;^D V D N D N J MONdR F=UFH8D&D N DL>JG=UaÃ~ K R ;> M [D N l =[F8D V ;5JGJGCLMOK NV D V = RYM HFDL@d;CADGF8D V DL>+;H MXV Dc; N =?HJG=?>AC u F=?JGC MON DLHa"DGFCLMOK V CAJG=?HLt V DLH=?J R CEj= N5V^MR DLIca M ¯ F=?>AIcD NdR D[>z= RYM IZ= V D V = RYM H l-m H R =?HcJG=?>AC u F=?JGC MON DLH R D N ~ K = N >A;{O=UF(JG= V = Ë I(C N ; RYM HGt+J MON > M @B;^D; N F; N R ~ K a5CAJ M*V DIcD V CA= ^M F=*= u =UFJG= u =(|M K (JG=?>zC u F=?JGC MON DLH lBÃM H V = RYM HF8DG{OCzH R F= V^M HhD N DLH R DaF M J`DLH M ay=UF=*JG= V = JG= N =?>H MON > M Ha"D V DLH R =?>EDLHGtbDL>"j=?> M FIcD V C McV DL>"F;C V^M*V DL>$JG= N =?>e Ãt5DL>"DLH R = R ;H V DL>JG= N =?>$w>z= V DLHYjBCz=?JGCLMOK N DLH R K= NV =UF V Di> M H<j=?> M F8DLH u F; RYM H V D r: L l V VXWVY/Z1[]\ & x# ` >!$4 %c4 9,*= '-98>)-,+.# /1!$4-)+#*95!'*)+)-,-.# 2^ _ F` ba m >H M n R <=UF8D V DH8CzIi;>z=?JGCLMOK N ¼F8DLJ MON H R F;JGJGCLMOK N H8D =\J`F8DL= V^M D`_baF8DLH8=?I(D NSR Da5=UF=\DLH R =\aF;^D u = l6 = HCAIi;5>A=?JGCLMOK N DLH R K= u =?H8= V =D N DL>Ba5=?@B;^D R D V DhH M n R h=UF8D<DLH R K= N5V =UF:[ meZ qs |^@B;^DhH8DfD N JG=UF{O= V DeaF M ay=U{O=UF > M HxDL>EDLJ R F MON DLHc= R F=Lj-LKD H V Dw>z=Q{?D M IcD R FT~ K =\CAIca5>EDLI(D NSR = V = l = n; N JGCLMOK N¼V Dw>z=XF8DLJ MON H R F;JGJGCLMOK N DLH*>EDGDGFc>A= C N n M FI(=?JGCLMOK N D Nu F; RYM H M?u F8D > M HeJG>z;H R DGFHfF8DG{OCAH R F= V^M HeD N JG= V =IgMOK V ;> MxV DL> V D R DLJ RYM Fhcn M FI(=UF<CAIcay=?J RYM HGt R F=UoL=?H?tyD N K; > R CzI(=ZC N H R = N JGCA=btyj-GKD F R CAJ`DLH V DH8;5J`DLH M HIi;> R C R F=UoL=bt"J MON H;HIZ=U{ N C R ; V DLH =?H M JGCA= V =?H l"m H RYM H V = RYM HiHYDZDLH8J`FC u D N D N ; N n M FI(= RYM DLH R K= NV =UFxay=UF=DL>e= N ?K= >ACAH8CAH l"ÃM H V D R =?>z>EDLH V D> M H&a5=?H M HxHYDG{O;C V^M Ha M F DL>ÃJ$MOK V CE{ M HYDa5F M a M FJGC MON = N D N DL> a<KD NV CAJ`D xl pBDF8DGaF MbV ;J`D=?@B;~ K R =?I u CKD N t5J M I M F8DGnDGF8D N JGCA=bt>A= ] {O;^F= lA |BtC N JG>A;5C V =&D NV CAJ ^M( a<KD N5V CAJ`D l @:A@PACDA 4-9"'-9 !>%c#9 c WF® © I°G ®KI © ³ % ( =UF=¼DL> =?>AC N DL=?I(CED NdRYMV D\> M HwIgMOK V ;> M H V \ D H8CA>zCAJGC M YH D DLIca5>EDL=UF MON jU=UFC M H F; N LD HJ OM N R F=UoL=?H[F8DLJ R =?HLt DV H8=?J R CEjU= NV^M DL>JG=?Ica M I(=U{ N KD R CAJ M @B;C R = NV^M LD >ÃJ MON j?GD F R C V^M F V Di>z=(>~ K N DL= V D =Uo l m H R DiaF M J`DLH M HYD = L >z>EDGj= VM =ZJG= uM D N j=UFCA=?HsC R DGF=?JGC MON DLHG Ul meN aFCAI(DGFx>A;^{O=UFLt> M HIgMOK V ;> M H V DL>hp^qsrQHYD = N =?>AC N DL= V^M C NSR DGF N =?IcD NdR DwJ MONR F8DLHia5=UF5?K= IcD R F M H >AC u FDLHG ÃtJÍwX>z=cF M?R =?JGCLMOK N =?>EF8D V D VM F V DL>$D v D´xt ]Uv = N5V^M DL>xK= N {O;> MZV Di>A= R F=UoL==ZC N JGC V D N JGCA=?HIi;^ a"DGF8a"D NV CAJG;>z=UF8DLHe[>A=*a M H8CAJGCkMOK NwV DL>$aFCAI(DGF<I´MOK V ;> M^l l pBD&=?>AC N DM K DL>pbqsr ;H8= N5V^M > M HsI(CzH8I M HJ`FC R DGFC M Hs@B;^DD N DL>$a5=?H M = NSR DGFC M F l ?Ë ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 fPghjiJk%l m;no +p!/s zj ¨ S¢ Sv5{ ~ sxuwvxzj{5{r}~| %¢ }K +) | l Bp DQ=?>AC N DM K H8CAI;> R K= N DL=?I(D NSR DXDL>pbqsr te; R Cz>ACEoL= NV^M\R F=UoL=?HwJ M I; N DLHZJ MON DL> pbqr ]?v = NVM >A=?H a M H8CAJGC MON DLH V DDLH R DK; > R CzI M^l l pBDiJ M I(a5>ED R = N > M H=?>zC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM H V DL>6pbqr V DL>p^qsr(C NdR DGF N =?IcD NdR D*>AC u DGF= NV^M >A=?HF M?R =?JGC MON DLH =?>EF8D V D VM F V D&> M HD v DLH DÍ l ÄBl M F\K; > R CAI M tHYDx=?>AC N DL=iDL>ÃIgMOK V ;> M pbqr|(;H8= NV^M*R F=UoL=?H J M I; N DLHsJ MON DL>pbqsr l M H&FDLH8;> R = V^M H&D N n M FI(= V DZF8DLH8C V ; M H HYDZI;^DLH R F= N D N >A= ] {O;F= lA Qay=UF=X> M H p^qsr l = V CzHYa"DGFH8CLMOK NV D> M Hj=?> M FDLH J`D NdR F=?>EDLH V D> M H IgMOK V ;> M HDLHC N nDGFC M F= I I´MOK V ;> M pbqr|QHYDI;^DLH R F=XD N >A= ] {O;^F= lALÄBl pb; = N J ;F=XDLH V DL> M F V D N¼V D>A=?Hi|U}?} FDL@d;CADGF8Da5=UF=(> M HsDLH R ; V C M H<DLH8aDLJ?~ K ] J M H V DL> m : r l V D R LD J YR M F8DLHcpbqsr lym >F8DL8H C V ; M D N DL> It R =?>hJ M I M HYD Residuos (µm) Residuos: media y error del ajuste Gaussiano 10 8 Alineamiento X 6 Alineamiento Y 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 STD1 STD2 -8 -10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nivel 7 8 9 10 11 fPghjiQk%lm!no¢m!p;:sxrz ~ ? s {5¢ ¨ ~ | z ~ uvsJ r 5 ¨ r u ~ Ãq F=?H6DL>b=?>AC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM t?>A=?H V CAH R FC u ;JGC MON DLH V D> M HF8DLH8C V ; M HD N GJ = V = N CEj?DL>b@d;D V = N J`D NSR F= V ?= H+D N j =?> M F8DLH C N nÈDGFC M F8DLH*= It-H8CAD NV^M >A=IcD V Cz= V DX}+`Å-^ ` É I D N >z= J MBM F V D N = V = ´!$s}+` ^ Ê` } I D N A> = J MBM F V D N = V = Í l @:A@PAB3A U¶I © Y L ® K® I © ³ ( LPIQF_LPI°³$IJH³ (,& H+GDF® & GDH® (ª© I ² meN >A=?H R = u >A=?H l W l |\HYD[Ii;^DLH R F=\; N FDLH8;IcD NV D[> M HF8DLH8;> R = VM H V D[JG=?>AC u F=?JGCLMOK N a5=UF= > M H R FDLH a"DGFC MBV^M HaFC N JGCEa5=?>EDLH V D RYM I(= V D V = RYM H l" =wnF=?JGJGCLMOK N\V DJG= N =?>EDLHI(=UFJG= VM H J M I M F;C V^M H M H M Ii;^DGF RYM H DLH V DL> M F V D NQV DL> a ¯ a D`_^J`DGa RYM a5=UF=cDL>I´MOK V ;> M(Ä @B;^D&JG=?H8C=?>zJG= N oL=cDL> } a[l R F MV = RYM = V DLH R =?JG=UFeDLH+>A==?> R =j=UFCA= u CA>AC V = V&V D> M H6a"D V DLH R =?>ADLH V D; N = JG=?>AC u F=?JGCkMOK N =>z= HCE{O;CED NdR D lm > a5F M?u >EDLI(= V D NM I(= NdR D N DGF<DLH RYM H<jU=?> M F8DLHfD N ; N F= N { M = V DLJG;= VM a M F V D u = vYMV D ; N =iJG;^D NSR =St^J MONV ;J`D !#"%$& #"')(+*,!("-.* /* 01**- 23/* 4 05!"()-, 4 ( 67"()- "8* "-96"$:- 0"-"8 ;, <,!("=* <3> /*!?,-@A 4 ,-B }?} ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 # Entradas Entries 1114 35 Mean 18.91 30 χ2 / ndf 25 Constant 25.65 ± 1.20 RMS 20 # Entradas Residuo [µm] en STD 3, X Residuo [µm] en STD 3, Y 318.4 105.3 / 87 Mean 19.83 ± 9.23 Sigma 264.4 ± 8.6 30 χ2 / ndf 25 Constant 26.28 ± 1.29 20 10 10 5 5 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 0 -1000 -800 1000 7.152 RMS 15 -600 1114 Mean 15 0 -1000 -800 Entries 35 -600 -400 -200 0 200 Residuo ( µ m) 302.4 99.41 / 86 Mean 20.34 ± 8.78 Sigma 241.8 ± 8.5 400 600 800 1000 Residuo ( µ m) fPghjiJk%lWm!no +p¥:sxrz ~ uv v5r{{8r}~| ¢uwv5 ~ ¢{8r}~| ¢811q 11q¤¤/r ¨ j¢{8u ~¤¨ r ~ sxu |z uwr ¨_~ l lÊm;n °p!Yxsxz u,¢ ~ s¢ È{5 ry8v¢{8r}~| ¥¢ ~ ªvxz xs )ª+ ¨ zjsxuv È¢s5%r¢{8r}~| sxu| v ~ s j5¢sxu xs58¥vxzr ~¨ 5r ~ ¢ ~ s{5 xs5 Ê¢sx*r{r}~| sxu| ¢v\r{5 ~ vxzr ~ 5v{{8r}~| ¢\{5 s ¨ v{ ~ s { ~¨_~ ¨ zj8vxu ~ s ~ vxz r ~ s ~ s5 ~ v ¨ ~ | z ~ & + = ?+ & S& 0/"-RR+ = 3 G : J G I; : G J 8 : G :316 8 G J J G I14 : G 3-J : G :31J ; G 6 J G 85I : G J: : G :-43 U G 6 J G U3 : G JU : G :31J I G 8 J G 6-6 : G 3; : G :-43 J G : J G J3 : G J; : G :U-6 U G4 J G 6-U : G 3-J : G :316 3 G J J G ;8 : G 39 : G :39 I 9 G J J G ;9 : G 9>U : G :316 U 3 G 3 J G I8 : G 39 : G :31J J G 6-6 : G ;3 : G :-4U : 9 3 J 4 ; 6 8 G 3 9: 9: 9-9 9>; G J 4 G :-6 : G JJ : G :31U 9>3 U G4 4 G :8 : G J9 : G :J-6 9J I G 3 J G U-6 : G 3-I : G :9I 94 9-9 G U J G I-I : G 4 3 : G :9I 9>; U G ; ; G 9: : G U6 : G :J-U "-02R"-?+ %¢ }K +) } l lm!n p1:s5z u ~ s _ {5 ry8v{r}~| ¢ ~ j¥vxz s_ / ¨ zjsxuv -¢sx*r{r}~| s5u+| ¢v¢ ~ s j5¢sxu xs58¥vxzr ~¨ 5r ~ ¢ ~ s{5 xs5 Ê¢sx*r{r}~| sxu | ¢v\r{5 ~ vxzr ~ 5v{{8r}~| ¢\{5 s ¨ v{ ~ s { ~¨_~ ¨ zj8vxu ~ s ~ vxzr ~ s ~ s5 ~ v ¨ ~ | z ~ % + = ?+ & S& 0/"-RR+ = 9 G U 3 G I; : G 9>6 : G :31: ; G 6 3 G I3 : G 9>6 : G :9-9 ; G I J G :-: : G 38 : G :3-3 J G ; 3 G 63 : G 33 : G :94 ; G 8 3 G 6; : G IU : G :-4I 8 G 8 3 G I8 : G 38 : G :U14 J G 8 3 G 43 : G 94 : G :31: 6 G 3 3 G 813 : G 39 : G :9H8 I : G U 3 G J8 : G 9>J : G ::-6 U 9 G 6 3 G 813 : G 9H; : G :J-: G 8 3 G I3 : G JJ : G :-49 ; G 9 3 G ;16 : G 9H; : G :94 G : 3 G 6-J : G 9H; : G :38 6 G 9 3 G I; : G 3; : G :31J G 8 3 G I3 : G J; : G :3-3 ; G : 3 G I-U : G J; : G :38 : 9 3 J 4 ; 6 8 9: 9-9 4 9>3 9J 4 94 9>; 4 "-02R"-?+ = >A= CAIca M H8C u CA>AC V = V V D<; R CA>ACAoL=UFÃjU=?> M F8DLH6Ig?K= H u = vYM Ha5=UF= >A=HYDLIZCA>A>A=bt=?>B=?;5IcD NSR =UF6DL> N CEj?DL>dDGnDLJ R CEj MV DfF;C V^M D N LD >JG>A;H R DGFsF8DLJ MON H R F;C V^M^lm H RYM(R F=UDJ M I M J MON H8DLJG;^D N JGCA= R =?I u C³KD N ; N =*F8D V ;JGJGCLMOK N D N >A=*D ] JGCED N JGCz=btD N =?@B;^DL>A> M HsJG=?H M HsD N > M Hs@B;^D&>A= M H8JGCz>A=?JGCLMOK N >A>ADGj=c=(>z=?HsHYDLI(CA>z>A=?H<a M F V D u = vYMZV DL>;I u F=?>"DLH R = u >EDLJGC V^M tJ M I M H8Dj?DGF5(K= a M H R DGFC M FIcD NdR D l @:A@PA 3A U¶I © Y L ® K® I © ³ ( LPIQF_LPI°³$IJH³ (,& HF :² ³ I &j² =UF=DLH R DhDLH R ; V C M HYDh; R CA>ACAoL=UF MON jU=UFC M HÃF; N DLH V Df=?>AC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM tkD N > M H@d;^DfDL>Sa5F M J`DLH M V DhJ MON H R F;5JGJGCLMOK N DV R F =UoL=?HDLH6Ig?K= H6HYD N JGCz>A> M^l pbDeD`_^CE{?D NR F=UoL=?H u CED N J MON H R F;C V =?HÃD N pbqr ipbqsrx; N CAIca5=?J RYM D N pbqsr|Bt > M @B;^DJ MONV ;5J`Ds=; N = DLH R = V ~ K H R CAJG= V Ds; N^M H Ä }?}?}&H;J`DLH M HGtOH8; ] JGCED NdR Dhay=UF=> M H6aF M aM K HC RYM H V D<DLH R =&HYDLJGJGCkMOK N$l ÌjÅ - ªÌ"Ë Ä/É Ì ") QÆwÉ"Ç ,")+ meN aFCAIcDGF>A;^{O=UF*HYD[Ii;^DLH R F= N > M H CAH RYM {?F=?IZ=?H V D M JG;â5= N JGCA= V D RYMBV^M H*> M H*JG= N =?>ADLHC N JG>A;C VM HD N JG>z;H R DGFH ] {O;^F=i lA ÆO l : M I M F8DGnDGF8D N JGCA=btBj-LKD =?H8D R =?I u C³KD N >A= ] {O;^F=& lA | lm Hfa M H8C u >ADsj?DGF@d;^D DL> =Uoay=?H8= a M Fo MON =?H u CED N\V D ]5N C V =?H@d;^Dc= u =UFJG= N =UaF M _bCAIZ= V =?IcD NdR D(; N J`D NSR D N =UF V D(JG= N =?>EDLH l = M FCED NdR =?JGCLMOK N a M H8CzJGCLMOK N(V DL> =Uo DLH R =?>"@B;^Da5=UF= R F=UoL=?HhF8DLJ R =?H<ay=?H8= N a5F8D V^M I(C N = NSR DLIcD NdR Da M F<; N^MV D> M Hh>A= V^M H V D > M H N CEj?DL>EDLH V^M?u >ADLHGt^DGjBC R = NV^M =?HL~ K >z= o MON =ZI;^DGF R = cD NdR F8D VM HsIgMOK V ;> M H<D N > M H\K; > R CAI M H N CEj?DL>ADLH V DL>pbqsr l É QÆ ÇÃ )É )Å¥ËwÄ/Ã ) +! =UF=DL>dDLH R ; G J = N ?= >EDLHGtUHYD = ! V C M V Df>A= H8CE{ N C ] JG= N JGCA= V hD >A= HYDN =?> V D<; N =a5=UF R ~ K JG;>z= V D<C MON CEoL=?JGCkMOK N IX~ K N CAI(=btk@B;^D<= V D R DGFIZC N = V^M >z=sF=UoMOK N HYD N =?>BH M?u F8DfF;C VM a5=UF=JG= V =; N^MV Dh> M HJG>z;H R DGFHGtTIcD u U= F@B;^D V CA= NdR D? l O ¾ H8CED NV^M >A=¼JG=UF8{O=D N DL> GJ = N =?> V DL>JG>z;H R DGFw DL> F;C V^M c I D V C V^M D NV CAJ ^M GJ = N =?> V ;^F= NSR D\>A= JG=?>zC u F=?JGCLMOK NlÃ M H CAH RYM {?F=?I(=?H V DZDLH R =\JG= NdR C V = V a5=UF=Q ; N^MV Dw> M Hg I OM K V ;> M HxHYDwI;^DLH R F = N D N A> = ] {O;^F= }O ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 Ocupancia de los clusters: modulo 0 12000 Ocupancia de los clusters: modulo 4 8000 Lado K Lado S 7000 10000 6000 division entre sensores K 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 200 400 600 No.canal 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 800 0 1000 200 Ocupancia de los clusters: modulo 13 400 600 No.canal 800 1000 Ocupancia de los clusters: modulo 14 6000 1000 5000 800 4000 600 3000 400 2000 200 1000 0 200 400 600 No.canal 800 0 1000 200 400 600 No.canal 800 1000 fPghjiJk%l_m;no jp P{8z%} 8{ r {5 s°jvY ~ svxr ¨ v ~ s ¨ ~ | z ~ s3¢8¢1"qYP1"q: ~ s¥ ~ s|z uwr ¨_~ s¥¢8Dq ¢ jvSuwv%*s?v5{u,s8Q3 ¨ ~ | z ~ §s8ej - ~ ¨ ~ swr z ¨ r ¢P ~ v 8j*3¢È §r {8 r {r}~| ¢8 ¨ rts ¨_~ Entries 6357 χ2 / ndf 208.3 / 50 500 0.8326 ± 0.0238 Width 7.678 ± 0.039 MP 400 3200 ± 41.1 Area 1.095 ± 0.045 GSigma 300 ;5> M Q > M HFDLH8;> R = ^V M H C 5N V CAJG= N DV Ë ya =UF=ZDL>6>A= V M pta F M I(D ;N( = F8DL>z=?JGCLMOK N CV A= NV^M =[> M H S/N lado K: modulo 0 Entries 6367 Entradas/bin S/N lado S: modulo 0 Entradas/bin Al kÉdl pbD =w= v ; H R = V^M ; N =Zn; N JGCLMOK N = NV ?= ;a5=UF=wJG= V =[IgMOK V H8-D N =?>¯F;C V^MZV Dc=Ua F M _bCzI(= V =?IcD NdR D(Æ l ^ a5U= F=DL>>z= V^M t LÄ IgMOK V ;> M H l χ2 / ndf 146.1 / 41 600 0.6818 ± 0.0194 Width 6.301 ± 0.030 MP 500 3232 ± 41.2 Area GSigma 400 0.9085 ± 0.0334 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0 0 50 5 10 S/N 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 S/N fPghjiQklm!no j p1+ Qs ~ yv?vxzr ~ jvÈ ¨ ~ | z ~ 1 ~ s T 15 /¢ 1 r¢ s ¡ |z §{8zj¢{8r}~| " $ R F=cI(= N DGF= V D&JGC R =UFDLH R D&F8DLH8;5> R = V^M t ; R CA>zCEoL= V =*=cIcD N ; ^V M D N >A=c>zC R DGF= R ;^F=bt^DLH= R F=kj-LKD H V D? ¾ : OM N DLH R = V D 5] N CAJGCLMOK N bt > M HF8DLH8;> R = ^V M HH MONXV D } l ^ a5=UF =*DL>Ã>A= ^V M L ÄBl Ë ya =UF=cDL>>A= V M p l [ Å Á À É Ã Ä¥É Ì ! QÆwÉ"Ç¤Å/Ç °Ä¥ÃQÇ ,")+ l |O I a MON D N ; N JG>A;H R DGF R F=?H>A=sF8D V ;JGJGCLMOK NxV D V = RYM HGtaF8D VM I(C N = N meN JG;5= NSRYM =?> N K; IcDGF M V DeJG= N =?>EDLH6@B;^DfJ M ( JG>z;H R DGFH V De; N^MMV^M HJG= N =?E> DLHGtJ MON ; N IcD N^M F LÄPa a M FJ`D NSR = v D V DfJG>A;H R DGFHÃJ MONxR F8DLHÃ&JG;5= R F M JG= N =?>ADLH %¢ }K +) }O| NM FI(=?>AIcD NdR D?tJG;= NVM >A=a5=UF R ~ K JG;>z= =*ay=?H8= V^M J`DGFJG= V D&; N = V DJG=UF8{O=[HYDDGnDLJ R K; =[JG=?H8Ca M FCE{O;=?>D NdR F8D>z=?H VM HayCAH R =?H Ig?K= H I´?K= HeH8CE{ N C ] JG= R CEj M H+J MONdR CED N D Ig?K= H V DL> } a V D>z=HYD-N =?> RYM?R =?> l : ay=UF=*DL>IgMOK V ;5> M }cD N >A= ] {O;F=?H lA Ë l Numero de canales lado S: modulo 0 V D>A=?Ha5CzH R =?HGt V DI(= N DGF=c@B;^DDL>"F8DGay=UF RYM aF5M K _^CAI(=?H l =wJG=UF8{O=wD N > M H VM HJG= N =?>ADLH M I M D v DLIca5> M tSHYDI;^DLH R F=x>A= V CAH R FC u ;JGCLMOK N Entradas Entradas Numero de canales lado K: modulo 0 3000 2500 2500 2000 2000 1500 1500 1000 1000 500 500 0 0 1 2 0 3 4 5 6 No. de canales >3σ fPghjiQklm!no-+pJ |z ¨ 8 v ~ _{ xs{ ~T¨ | s¢ J & 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 No. de canales >3σ !{ z$s5u,8v5"jv§8 ¨ ~ | z ~ 1 ¢ ~ s T H D`_Ba"DGFCzIcD NSRYM H LÄ V LD Ii;DLH R F=Z@B;^Dia5=UF=Z> M {?F=UF =(D`_ba"DGFCED N JGCz= V Dxa5F;^D u =?Hs= NdR DGFC M FDLH S M?R F M FDLH8;> R = V^M HM K a R CAI M HfD N FDLH M >A;JGCLMOK N DLHYa5=?JGCA=?>yDLHfaF8DGnDGFC u E> D>A=i; R CA>ACAoL=?JGCLMOK N(V D V^M HfGJ = N =?>EDLHGtd=?; N @d;D>A=xH8D-N =?> V DL>$HYDG{O; NV^M H8DL=(=?>E{ M C N nÈDGFC M F<=?>ÃJ M F R DxF8DL@B;^DGFC V^M^l Å /ÌjË Ã Á +) *) meNdR F8DX>A=?Hca5CzH R =?H V DX>EDLJ R ;^F=D`_bCzH R D N a5CAH R =?H\b M?R = NSR DLH @B;^DXIcD vYM F= N >A=J M >EDLJGJGCkMOK N´V DXJG=UF8{O= =W> M >z=UF8{ MWV D>A= o MON = V D>EDLJ R ;F=IcD V CA= NdR DX>A=\J M F8F8DLJ R = J MON^] {O;^F=?JGCkMOK NV DXH8;H*a M?R D N JGCA=?>ADLH l+ =?H(>A>z=?I(= V =?H V CAH R FC u ;JGC MON DLH F8D b5D v = N >A= V DGa"D NV D N JGCA= V D>A=ZJ M >EDLJGJGCkMOK NV DJG=UF8{O=[J MON >z=(a M H8CAJGCLMOK NQV DL>ÃCAI(a5=?J RYMV D>A= ay=UF R ~ K JG;>A=*C MON CEoL= NSR DD N >A=*o MON =cD NdR F8D VM Ha5CAH R =?H V Dx>EDLJ R ;^F= lm H R =cjU=UFCA= u >ADH8D V D ]5N DJ M I M ½ l d V^MONV D ½ H OM N >A=?H-JG=UF8{O=?HfD N >z=?H+a5CAH R =?Hf=&>A= V DGFDLJ =xDCEoL@B;CEDGF V = F8DLH8aDLJ R CAj=?IcD NdR D V DL>IgK= _^CAI M DV L>$JG>A;H R DGF l H b M?R = NdR DLH&DLHjbCAH8C u >EDxD N >z=?H ] {O;^F=w lA l q MBVM H> M HIgMOK V ;> M HIi;^DLH R F= N m >6DGnDLJ RYMQV Dc>A=?H R F8DLHayCAH R =?_ ; N J M Ica M F R =?I(CED NdRYM I;^wHCAI(CA>A=UFktB@B;^DO= =cH8C V^M jbCAH RYM D N a5F;^D u =?H= NdR DGFC M F8DLH |T l ÌjËwÉ /ÌjË ) meN >A= ] {O;^F=& l U}cH8D I;^DLH R F=>A=xD ] JGCED N JGCA=ia M F N CEj?DL>5a M F R F=UoL=*F8DLJ MON H R F;C V =btdDLH V DLJGCEFLtd@B;hKD nÈF=?JGJGCLMOK N DV j?DLJ`DLH*; NWN CEj?DL> V D R DGFI(C N = V^MX =Qa5=UF R CAJGCEay= V^M D N >A= R F=UoL= l qwKD N {O=?HYDD N JG;^D NdR =@B;^D(DL> }?} a V DZ>A= ( I;^DLH R F=WH MON > M HZH8;J`DLH M HJ MON ; N = R F=UoL=F8DLJ MON H R F;C V =gDLH R =?I M HJ MON HC V DGF= NVM > M HcF; N DLHcHC N JG=?Ica M IZ=U{ N KD R CAJ MWN C<J MON j?DGF R C V^M FLt+>A=?H R F=UoL=?HcH MON FDLJ R =?H* K; N CAJG=?H³ l6 V DLIg?K= H V D[DLH R = D ] JGCAD N JGCA=bt6HYDIi;^DLH R F= @B;hcKD nF=?JGJGCLMOK NV D(JG=?H M H&aF8DLHYD NdR = N ; N JG>A;H R DGFip$ J M Ica5= R C u >EDJ MON >A=waF8D V CAJGJGCkMOK N V D*>z= R F=UoL= V D NdR F M V DX; N DGF8F M F V DQ|\j?DLJ`DLHZDL>sDGF8F M F V DL>= v ;H R DT*HC N J MONSR F=Uay=UF R C V =D N DL>s>A= V^M p5t V D N^M?R = NVM ; N = C N D ] JGCED N JGCz= lO =xIZ=L M FC N D ] JGCAD N JGCA= V DL>y>A= V^M R CED N DH; M FCE{?D N D N DL>IcD N^M Ffj=?> M F V DHYD-N =?>5H M?u F8DF;C V^M^l m H R =Xa<GKD F V C V =[DLHIg?K= Hx=?JG;5H8= V = V DZ> M DLHYa"DGF= VM D N >A=QH8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N t V = N5V^M >A;^{O=UF=X; N =XD ] JGCED N JGCA= RYM?R =?> C N nÈDGFC M FLtBD NSR F8D Ä } a HYDG{<K; N DL> N CEj?DL> l }U ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 Entradas/bin Distribucion η lado K: modulo 0 Entradas/bin Distribucion η lado S: modulo 0 400 600 350 500 300 400 250 300 200 200 150 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 η= Q /(Q +Qdcha) dcha 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 η= Q /(Q +Qdcha) izq dcha izq fPghjiJk%l¶m;no "p¥q?rtsxuwvxryzj{8r}~| }v¤8 ¨ ~ | z ~ ~ s ~ vs -s8§{ ~ vxvxsw ~ ¤ ~ s rtsxu,s§ 5{8uzv { ~ s85{zuwrs8}¥j5{8u ~ ¢: ~ s:{ ~ ~ sY{5j¢{8rur ~ sPr u8v ¨ 5r ~ s:xs%rtsxry sxuvxzj{8uwzv ¢Dr{ ~ s8 J?s5r ¨ 8uv | 8¢ ~ s8?¢%y5? {8u ~ s?¢euwv s v {8r£K{8v ~ s5s ,u ¦_ uwv {5 s ? ~ vS¢ v r %ve 5{8uzv s8 ËwÇÌ"ÅªÇ¢Ë Ã Á ) meN a5FCAIcDGFs>A;{O=UFLt5>A=?HJG=?>AC u F=?JGC MON DLHC N5V CAJG= N ; NXN K; IcDGF M(u = v MwV DxJG= N =?>EDLH C V D NdR C ] JG= VM HsJ M I M I(=¯ > M H | a Zt6=?HL~ K J M I M ; N J M I(a M F R =?I(CED NdRYM DLH R = u >ED V DL>eF;C V^M^lm H RYM F8DLH8;5> R =Xn; NV =?I(D NSR =?>fa5=UF= >A= C V D NSR C ] JG=?JGCLMOK NV D&JG>A;5H R DGFH[>A= V D R DGFIZC N =?JGCLMOK NV DL>a5; NdRYM(V D&CAIca5=?J RYM(V Dx>A=*a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A= l = M JG;â5= N JGCA= V DX> M H(IgMOK V ;5> M H*D N JG;= NdRYM =WCAI(a5=?J RYM HcDLH(=UaF M _^CAI(= V =?IcD NdR DQ>A=@B;^DXHYDQDLHYa"DGF= u = DV w; N =Uo V DwDLH R =?HcJG=UF=?J R DGFk~ K H R CAJG=?H l-m >fa"DGF ] >e M FCED NdR =?JGCLMOK NV DL> =Uo = N H8C V^M CAIca5>EDLI(D NSR = V^M HiD N >A= >z=H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N$l"Ç NWV = RYM = V DLH R =?JG=UFxDLH&@B;^D(>A=I(=k M Fxa5=UF R D V D(> M HJG>A;H R DGFH&I;> R CAJG= N =?> ÆJG= N =?>ADLH =Uay=UF8DLJ`D N D N o MON =?HxD`_ R DGF N =?H&=?>+a5; NSRYMXV D(CzIca5=?J RYMXV DL> =Uo?tJ M I(a M F R =?I(CED NdRYM @d;DcDLH&J M Ica5= R C u >EDcJ MON F;C V^M^lÃ =H8-D N =?>fH M?u F8DZF;C V^MXM?u HYDGF8jU= V =QDLH*J M Icay= R C u >EDwJ MON FDLH8;> R = V^M Hi= NSR DGFC M F8DLH ? l6m > N K; IcDGF M V D ayCAH R =?H RYM JG= V =?H *a M FhJG>A;H R DGF<F8D V ;JGC V^M DLHhDL>yDLHYa"DGF= V^M t R D N CED NVM D N JG;^D NdR = R =?I u C³KD N DL>=?> RYM j=?> M F V D>A= H8DLI(CA>A>A=;H8= V = l pBD = M?u HYDGFj= V^M ; N =JGCEDGF R =XC N D ] JGCED N JGCz=ZD N DL>e>A= V^M Ä $ } a D N >A=[n M FI(=?JGCkMOK NWV D(JG>A;H R DGFHGt J M I M HYDXa5;D V D=UaF8DLJGCA=UF(D N >A= ] {O;^F= l U} lhm H RYM R D NV F5 K= ; N DGnÈDLJ RYM DGjBC V D NSR DXJ M I M ; NV KD ] JGC R D N DL> K;N IcDGF M&V DCAIca5=?J RYM *H ] R F=UoL=?HeF8DLJ MON H R F;C V =?H6?tSD N K; > R CAI(=C N H R = N JGCA=bt?D N >z=DLH R = V ~ K H R CzJG= V DH8;5J`DLH M H V D R FDLH R F=UoL=?HGt^@d;^D H MON > M Hf@B;^D C NSR DGFDLH8= N =&aFC M FCa5=UF=&DL>yDLH R ; V C MV Dn M?RYMON DLH lb =?H<JG=?;H=?Hh@B;^D HYDFDLJ M {?D N a5=UF= LKD H R =H MONXV^M HL º¢X$§ d`£GÀ¬E¢O£GÀ §U ½¼¿S¥*¬)§ ds«^¥8¿S¥ d³²¢U¬A%¥ d³t$@d;^Dia5;^D V D u = v =UFDL> N CAj?DL> V Di>z=(HYDLI(CA>z>A=*a M F V D u = vYMZV DL>;I u F=?> D`_bCA{OC V^M t M =?;IcD NdR =UFsDL> N K; IcDGF MV Da5CzH R =?HhD N DL>$JG>A;H R DGFF8DLJ MON H R F;C VM t V DI(= N DGF=*@d;^DHYDDL>zCAI(C N = D N >A=*F8DLJ MON H R F;JGJGCLMOK N J M I M F;5C V^M^l º ¢ U¥G8¡ d³À §? ½À½ÀÁ£GÀÁ¢U¬f¿S¥G¬f £ §S ¿UÀ d§\¿S¥¡Y¥¿Uª££LÀ §U ½gJ MONdR = u ==fK; N J MON jU=UFC M H&aF M?u >EDLIZ=?HD N >A= IcDLI M ¯ FCEoL=?JGCLMOK N V D>A=ca M H8CAJGCLMOK NQV DiJG>A;5H R DGFH lmeN >z= N^M?R = R LKD J N CAJG= HYD V D R =?>A>A= N t V CAHJG; R D N F8DLH8;DL>Ej?D N DLH RYM H=?H8aDLJ RYM H V DL>$J$MOK V CA{ MZV DF8D V ;5JGJGCLMOK N$l H8CzI(CAH8I M t^; N = N ?K= >ACAH8CAH<a M H R DGFC M F V D&>A= u"M F= RYM FC M n;^DGF= V DDLH R D&DLH R ; V C M H M?u FDDL>$F;C VM a"DGFIZC R CLM K F8D`¯ J MONM J`DGF; N a5= R F5MOK N MONV ;5>A= RYM FC M D N DL>>A= V^M =¼> M >A=UF8{ MV D\JG= V = ÁÆJG= N =?>ADLH lhm H RYM = HC V^M C V D NSR C ] JG= V^M J M I M ; N aF M?u >EDLIZ= V D&=?CAH8>A=?I(CAD NSRYM F8DLH;^DL> RYM a5=UF=Z>A=cCAIca5>ADLIcD NSR =?JGCkMOK N[]5N =?> l m Ha M FDL>A> M @d;^DHYD = V DLJGC V C V^M DLI(a5>EDL=UF; N = R LKD J N CAJG=wD N >A=w@d;^DHYDi= N = V D N JG>z;H R DGFH jbCEF R ;5=?>EDLH ay=UF=>A=J MON H R F;5JGJGCLMOK N(V DCAIcay=?J RYM H-J MON JG>A;H R DGFHepD`_^CAH R D NdR DLH+J M I(a5= R C u >EDLH+J MON >A= R F=UoL= lSm H RYM H-JG>A;H R DGFH %¢ }K +) }Ä STD1 Eficiencia Total Eficiencia suma: simulacion Eficiencia suma: datos Nivel en la traza Nivel con cluster S compatible Nivel con cluster K compatible 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 3 Nivel del STD1 STD2 Eficiencia Total Eficiencia suma: simulacion Eficiencia suma: datos Nivel en la traza Nivel con cluster S compatible Nivel con cluster K compatible 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nivel del STD2 fPghjiJk%l\m!n pQ {8r {rÈ£K ª r¢S +u, u ~ ¦ e ~ e s ¢8u5{8u ~ vxs:DqDq)°+ ¨ zjsxuvu, ¨ 8y r)| xs z ¨ ? ~ s?uwvxs:$rtsxu ~¡ v ¨ s3}v ~ s¢u ~ s?S8°vsxz u,¢ ~ _sxr ¨ z ¢{8r}~| }OÆ ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 8H D&JG=UF=?J R DGFCEoL= N a M F<a M HYDGDGFs; NM H<j=?> M FDLHaF8D ]Uv = V^M HhD N JG;= NdRYM =cH8;[a M H8CAJGCkMOK N tda"DGF M DL>$CAI(a5=?J RYM D N DL> @B;^Da5=UF R CAJGCAa5= NXR D NV F5K= ; N DGF8F M F I;^Q=?> RYM a5=UF=DGjbC R =UF V DLHYjbCEF R ;=UF>A=?HaF8D V CAJGJGC MON DLH@B;^D*HYD =U{O= N J MON V CAJ = R F=UoL= l r DDLH R DsI MbV^M tUHYD<F8DLJG;â"DGF= N {?F= N JG= NdR C V = V*V DH8;J`DLH M H+=?>^H8;â"DGF=UFHYDfDL>b;I u F=?> V Dh> M H+JGC N J M CzIca5=?J RYM HIX~ K N CzI M H lymfN >z= ] {O;F=Z l H8DFDbD v =DL>6C N J`F8DLI(D NSRYMV D N K; IcDGF MwV D R F=UoL=?HF8DLJ MON H R F;C V =?H V D&CAIca5=?J RYM Ha M F R F=UoL=(;H8= NVM DLH R D&aF M J`D V CAIZCED NSRYM^l Numero de impactos reconstruidos en la traza 50000 Sin impactos virtuales 45000 40000 Usando impactos virtuales 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 5 6 7 8 No. de impactos fPghjiJk%l m!n Jo"p {v ¨ u ~ Êxsxu,¢; | s5uwr{5Ê¢ |z ¨ 8v ~ ¢-uv%%sS |z ¨ v ~ r ¨ j¢{8u ~ ? s ~ vÈuwv*%? ~ s vxz xs?¢{5 ry8v{r}~| P°zuwr r %v wr ¨ j¢{8u ~ s?%rvxuzj xs * @:A@PA@PA U¶I ² ( F H®°(ª¯ © I ² GDH®G!F Å ¢Ã Ä/É¶Ë À °Ì Ã +) - $ $ >A=¼jBCAH R = V D\> M HF8DLH8;> R = VM H= NdR DGFC M F8DLHLthay=UF= ay=UF R ~ K JG;>A=?H V D\C MON CEoL=?JGCLMOK N IX~ K N CAI(= R F=k?DLJ RYM FCA=?H C N JGC V D NdR DLH(J`DGFJG= N =?H= >A= NM FI(=?>Át->A=\FDLJ MON H R F;JGJGCkMOK N´V DQ>z=\a M HCAJGCLMOK NV DXay=?H M V DX>A=Wa5=UF R ~ K JG;>z=ay;^D V D M?u5R D N DGFHYD=a5=UF R CEF V D\>A=JG=UF8{O= V D>A=?H V^M Hwa5CzH R =?H[C N IcD V Cz= R =?IcD NSR D= V O=?J`D NdR DLH¼ayCAH R =?H[J MON I(=L M F JG=UF{O=S l m >6=?>E{ M FC R I M ; R CA>ACEoL= VM a5=UF=[>A= V D R DGFI(C N =?JGCLMOK N\V D*DLH R DZa5; NdRYM DLH; N HCAIca5>EDI¼KD RYMBVMQV DcJ`D NSR F MQV D {?F=Lj?D V = V =Ua5>ACzJG= V^M = >A=QJG=UF{O= V Dw=?I u =?HiayCAH R =?H l =?H V CEnDGF8D N JGCA=?HxD NSR F8DwDLH R D[=?>E{ M FC R I M W; N I¼KD RYMBVM u =?H8= V^M D N >z=*n; N JGCLMOK N Æ N^M H MON CAIca M F R = NdR DLHa5=UF=Z> M H M?ubv D R CEj M H V DL>$aF8DLHYD NdR D&DLH R ; V C M t V D&=?JG;^DGF V^M =Z> M jBCzH RYM D N ?Ãay=UF=cIgMOK V ;> M HH8CAI(CA>z=UF8DLHJ M F8F8DLJGJGC MON DLH V DL> M F V D NXV D }+` Iw l É ¢É À Ë QÌjË Ã Á $ ! ) *) Ä¥É¶Æ ÉÇÃJÆÅ/ÌjË Ã Á ! *) ÉÇ QÌjË QÆ À É Á ¢ÃDÄ¥Ã Ä/ÉNÌ QÆË °ÌjË Ã Á - $ , +! ) ÌjÃ Å *) +)+ Ç¢Ë À Å¥Æ °ÌjË Ã Á *) =*F8DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N DLHYa5=?JGCA=?> V DL> V D R DLJ RYM F V D R F=UoL=?Hsay;^D V D V D R DGFI(C N =UFHYD =?JGCED NVM ;H M*V D>z=HCAIi;5>A=?JGCLMOK N PQMONdR DLJG=UF> M t;H8= N5V^MwV D R DLJ RYM F8DLHjbCEF R ;=?>EDLH V DF8DLH M >A;5JGCLMOK N C NSR Fk~ K N HYDLJG=wJ MON^M JGC V =btyDLH R ; V Cz= NV^M > M HFDLH8C V ¯ ; M HZ@B;^DXF8DLH8;5> R =UFk~ K = N J MONV CAJ =F8DLH M >A;5JGCLMOK N$l-M HZF8DLH8C V ; M H*F8DL=?>EDLH M?u HYDGF8jU= V^M HZH8DQJ M Ica5=UF= N J MON DLH RYM H FDLH8;> R = V^M H l pBD =WaF M J`D V C V^M = j=UFCA=UF>A=WF8DLH M >A;JGCkMOK N C NdR Fk~ K N H8DLJG=H8CAI;>A= V = V DL> V D R DLJ RYM F V D Ä =¼U} I D N DL> >z= V^M pt V D Ä =cO} I D N >z= V^M t5=?H;I(CED NVM >A=cI(CAH8IZ=ca5=UF= RYMbV^M > M HIgMOK V ;5> M H l rCAJ =(F8DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N t H8DWC NSR F MBV ;5J`D\J M I M ; N = V CAH8aDGFH8CLMOK N [=?;H8H8CA= N = V DL>a5; NdRYMV DWCAIca5=?J RYM^lsÃM HF8DLH8C V ; M H M?uR D N C V^M H[D N JG= V =WIgMOK V ;> M M?uR D N C V^M J MON ; N = v ;H R ¶ D [=?;H8H8Cz= N^M HYDF8DL>A=?JGC MON = N >AC N DL=?>zIcD NSR DJ MON >z=?HcF8DLH M >A;5JGC MON DLH C NSR F MbV ;JGC V =?HeD N DL>"F= N { M J MON H8C V DGF= V^M t^J M I M a5;^D V D M?u HYDGF8jU=UFHYDD N >A= ] {O;^F=i l ? lyM Hs= v ;H R DLH>AC N DL=?>EDLH =DLH RYM Hsa5; NdRYM HhH8D = N FDL=?>ACEoL= V^M a M FhH8DGa5=UF= V^M a5=UF=*> M H<>A= VM Hp (a5=UF=*JG= V =c; NMV D> M H<IgMOK V ;5> M H l ÃM Ha5=UF5?K= I(D R F M H V D V CAJ ^M = v ;H R Di=Ua5=UF8DLJ`D N D N >A= R = u >A=* l l %¢ }K +) }É l l !m nm!p¥v1| ¨ 8uv ~ sS¢8/xz$sxu,vsxrz ~ Yvs ~ zj{8r}~| ¢S Èsxr ¨ z ¢{8r}~| { ~ vxvs ~ r u, s_v5{8us ;¡ z v " ) Ès ~ v¢ ¢ ~ vxr ¡ _ j r u,* + = ?+ A J-:U 9L;548 9 4I-4 J 9UI : $ : J 9 3 J "-?+ ( A : :81I : :88 : 9>3; : 9>3; 6856 99-96 9 9>39 9 6-I-U 9 A 9 :9>J : :-:I : :-:I : :9>J : X"?+ $ : : 63-3 : 46-I 9 9-9>3 : L3-31: ( A J-68 : 8 9: : 6-U-U 9 J14I 9 IU-I 9 39J 9 339 9 I6-U 9 9 :-46 : :3-3 : :3-3 : :-4; : Residuo (µ m) Resolucion vs. residuo 100 Simulacion electrones 7 GeV: niveles externos (0 y 3) Simulacion electrones 7 GeV: niveles internos (1 y 2) Datos lado S Datos lado K 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 fPghjiJk%l§m!n °p+:8 ¢{8r}~| xz$sxu¢s51s8e} sxruzj 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Resolucion (µ m) wu vvs ~ zj{8r}~| ?vsxrz ~ s ! uwv; | ~ Y s ¢Yz esxr ¨ z¢{8r}~| \~ u,5{vx ~ ~ yv: sPv5{u,s ¥ s + z u s { x v v w s r u , ? s s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u ~ s8 }Ë ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 =UF=> M H V = RYM HLtBHYD =iDLIca5>EDL= VM DL> V D R DLJ RYM Fpbqsr t =?JGCED NVM ;H MV D F; N DLHf= É [ DG l^m H RYM a"DGFI(C R D IZC N CAI(CAoL=UF-> M H-DGnDLJ RYM H V D>A= V CAHYa"DGFHCLMOK N : M ;> M I u CA= N =@B;^D =?;IcD NdR = N J MON DL>5DLH8aDLH M F V DL>yI(= R DGFCA=?>5(H MON I´?K= HDGjBC V D NSR DLH= u = v =?HsD N DGF8{~ K =?H l : M I M J M F R DLH V DxJG=?>zC V = V t^HYD =*F8DL@d;DGFC V^M =ca5F8DLHYD N JGCA= V DiJG;= R F M CAI(a5=?J RYM HD N >A= R F=UoL= l ÇN U}Za5=UF=c>A= R F=UoL=H8C N >A=*a5=UF R CAJGCEa5=?JGCLMOK NV DL>CAIca5=?J RYM D N JG;^DLH R CLMOK N$l =UF=ZI(C N CAI(CEoL=UFa M H8C u >EDLH<DGnÈDLJ RYM H R DLI(a M F=?>EDLHsD N DL>Ã=?>AC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM ty>A=(I;^DLH R F= RYM?R =?>HYD = V CEjbC V C VM D N j =UFC M H6aDGFC MBVM H+J MON a5=UF5?K= IcD R F M H V D=?>AC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM jh?K= >AC V^M H6a5=UF=JG= V =&aDGFC MBVM D N JG;DLH R CLMOK N$l : MON JG= V = H; u I;^DLH R F=&H8D =a5F M J`D V C V^M = M?uR D N DGFf>z=&F8DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N C NdR Fk~ K N HYDLJG=a M FeIgMOK V ;5> M tS;H8= N5V^M >A=FDL>A=?JGCLMOK N >zC N DL=?> V D R DGFI(C N = V =Qa M Fc>A= H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N J MON > M Ha5=UF5?K= IcD R F M H V D>A= R = u >A= l l-meN >A=?H ] {O;^F=?H l ?| ¼ l WHYD D N HY-D N = N > M HsF8DLH8C V ; M Hfay=UF=(> M Hs>z= V^M Hpw V D&; N = V DDLH R =?HH; u I;^DLH R F=?HGtJ M I M D v DLI(a5> M^l 1000 800 600 400 200 Residuo posicional lado S (µ m): modulo 1 Entries 11476 χ 2 / ndf 68.72 / 57 p0 818 ± 14.3 p1 -2.525 ± 0.286 p2 19.44 ± 0.36 p3 130.2 ± 9.3 p4 -1.16 ± 1.02 p5 52.78 ± 1.24 Entradas/bin Entradas/bin Residuo posicional lado S (µ m): modulo 0 1600 Entries 11491 1400 χ 2 / ndf 62.95 / 34 1200 p0 1393 ± 20.6 1000 p1 1.541 ± 0.163 p2 12.97 ± 0.19 800 p3 116.3 ± 10.0 p4 0.5962 ± 0.9762 p5 41.01 ± 1.48 600 400 200 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 -250-200-150-100 -50 Residuo (µ m) Residuo posicional lado S (µ m): modulo 2 Entries 11489 1400 χ 2 / ndf 36.28 / 34 1200 p0 1393 ± 21.3 1000 p1 0.5324 ± 0.1637 p2 12.5 ± 0.2 p3 149.1 ± 11.6 p4 -1.407 ± 0.805 p5 36.46 ± 1.04 Entradas/bin 1600 800 600 400 0 50 100 150 200 250 Residuo (µ m) Residuo posicional lado S (µ m): modulo 3 Entradas/bin 0 -250-200-150-100 -50 1000 800 600 400 200 Entries 11624 χ 2 / ndf 61.07 / 57 p0 849.5 ± 14.4 p1 -1.664 ± 0.292 p2 19.82 ± 0.36 p3 116.7 ± 9.7 p4 0.291 ± 1.092 p5 53.58 ± 1.49 200 0 -250-200-150-100 -50 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 -250-200-150-100 -50 Residuo (µ m) 0 50 100 150 200 250 fPghjiQk%l m!n p;qrtsxuvxry8zj{r}~| vxsxrz ~ 8s Q ~ +/ ; Residuo (µ m) rDDLH R DWI MBVM H8D M?u5R CED N D N > M HwF8DLH8;5> R = V^M H[a5=UF=JG= V =I´MOK V ;> MV D>A= R = u >A= l ÄBl pBDHYDN =?>z= N > M H DGFF M F8DLH V D u C V^M H*=?>= v ;H R Da M Fc; N >A= VM DGFF M F(DLH R = V ~ K H R CAJ M i DL>HCAH R DLIgK= R CAJ M a M F M?R F M^l-mfN DL>>A= V^M p a5F8D V^M I(C N =DL>DGF8F M FhH8CAH R DLI´K= R CAJ MxV D u C V^M =x>A=xH8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N O; N =j=UFCA=?JGCLMOK NZV DL> ÄPa D N DL>DLHYa"DLH M F V DL>5HCA>ACAJGC M =Ua5F M _^CAI(= V =?I(D NSR D>A=xC N J`DGF R C V ;5I u FD<C NSR Fk~ K N HYDLJG=D N >A=&n= u FCzJG=?JGCLMOK NZV D > M HhHYD N H M F8DLH³+J MON >A>ADGj=i} l I V D C N J`DGF R C V ;5I u FDiH8CED N5V^MV DLHYaF8DLJGCz= u >EDDL> V D u C VM =?>+=?>AC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM^lmeN >A= VM =?I u"M HDGF8F M F8DLHF8DLH8;5> R =UF MON H8DGF V DL>yI(CAH8I M&M F V D N +} ` $[+} ` | Iw+H8;IZ= NV^M ; N DGF8F M F RYM?R =?> V D }+`Å $[}+` Ä I ldmfN >A= ] {O;^F=& l Ä H8D&Ii;^DLH R F=c>A= V CAHYa"DGFHCLMOK NV D>z=?H<F8DLH M >A;JGC MON DLH M?uR D N C V =?H<a5=UF=cJG= V =cIgMOK V ;> M >A= VM tJ MON > M H É a"DGFC MbV^M H V DX=?>AC N DL=?I(CAD NSRYM J MON HC V DGF= V^M H l-meN ? HYD =jbCAH RYM @B;^DD`_^CAH R DQ; N = V DGa"D NV D N JGCA= V DDLH R =WF8DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N J MON >A= R DLIca"DGF= R ;^F=bt$ay; NSRYM @B;^D(HYD(J M I(aF M?u M K CE{O;5=?>AIcD NdR DcD N DL>6jB;DL> MXV DL>6aF M?RYM?R CAa MXP pd¯°} UlÃm H RYM H FDLH8;> R = V^M H = N H8C V^M C N J M F8a M F= V^M H=?>H8CAH R DLIgK= R CAJ M =?H8;I(CAD NV^M ; N =j=UFCz=?JGCLMOK NV D; N^M H*JG;= R F M {?F= VM H J`D NdR ~ K {?F= VM HsD N >A=*o MON =QK ^+} ` Iwt=ca5=UF R CEF V DD`_Ba"DGFCED N JGCA=?H<aF8DGjbCA=?H l m >aF M IcD V C M DLH R = V ~ K H R CAJ M[V D> M HjU=?> M F8DLH V D*>A= R = u >A=Z l Ä t$=?H8;5I(CED NV^M DGF8F M F8DLH [=?;5H ¯ HCA= N^M HGtF8DLH8;> R =D N > M HjU=?> M F8DLH V DhFDLH M >A;JGCLMOK N DLHYa5 =?JGCz=?>^C NSR FT~ K N HYDLJG= V D N ;^DLH R F M H V D R DLJ RYM F8DLHGtd@d;^DHYD<D`_ba MON D N D N >A= R = u >z=Z l Æ l >6DGF8F M FH8CAH R DLIgK= R CAJ MV DDLH R DcaF M IcD V C M H8D*>AD =w= N = V C V^M DL> V D u C V^M =w>z=?H V CEnÈDGFD N JGCA=?H [ [ %¢ }K +) } Residuo posicional lado K (µ m): modulo 1 Entries 11476 700 χ2 / ndf 58.41 / 62 600 p0 662.5 ± 15.2 500 p1 -3.32 ± 0.77 400 300 200 p2 58.03 ± 1.18 p3 61.49 ± 15.88 p4 9.136 ± 4.599 p5 115.6 ± 7.2 Entradas/bin Entradas/bin Residuo posicional lado K (µ m): modulo 0 1200 1000 800 400 200 0 200 919.1 ± 74.6 p1 1.293 ± 0.555 p2 33.6 ± 1.6 p3 250.1 ± 84.5 p4 2.518 ± 1.365 p5 58.4 ± 3.9 Residuo posicional lado K (µ m): modulo 3 Entries 11489 χ 2 / ndf 85.22 / 48 p0 1002 ± 44.1 p1 -2.607 ± 0.548 p2 35.91 ± 1.00 p3 151.2 ± 47.3 p4 3.934 ± 2.262 p5 62.93 ± 3.77 Entradas/bin Entradas/bin 400 p0 Residuo (µ m) Residuo posicional lado K (µ m): modulo 2 600 88.14 / 46 -500-400-300-200-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 Residuo (µ m) 800 11491 χ2 / ndf 0 -500-400-300-200-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 1000 Entries 600 100 1200 Entries 11624 700 χ2 / ndf 71.71 / 61 600 p0 657.8 ± 20.8 500 p1 -0.6406 ± 0.8064 p2 57.22 ± 1.30 400 p3 79.6 ± 22.0 p4 5.182 ± 3.443 p5 104.9 ± 6.1 300 200 100 0 0 -500-400-300-200-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 -500-400-300-200-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 Residuo (µ m) Residuo (µ m) ¥ P ; fPghjiQklm!n }m!p;q?rtsxuwvxryzj{8r}~| ¢vxsxrz ~ 8s J¢ ~ l l m!n +p Yxsxz u,¢ ~ s v s ~ zj{8r}~| sj¢{8r ~ v ¨ ~ | z ~ e 8Y ~ " W{ ~ uwvxryzj{8r}~| sxrtsxu ¨ | uwr{Ws xsw+v5{ry % + = ?!+ : & S& 314 U 4J UL 81U UL 81: U 9 3 J S& :I : :I : :I : :I : J : J : J : J : $ ( & S& 8 J9 4 J: 8 : J 3 : 3 : J 3-U J: 9 : S& 4 : L; : L ; : 4 : $ ( ? } ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 9.6 10.4 9.8 9.4 Lado S Modulo 3 Resolucion (µ m) Lado S Modulo 2 Resolucion (µ m) Lado S Modulo 1 9.8 Resolucion (µ m) Resolucion (µ m) Lado S Modulo 0 10.2 9.6 10 10 9.8 9.8 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.6 9 9.2 9.4 9.4 8.8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9.2 1 2 3 4 Numero de periodo 6 9.2 7 1 2 3 4 Numero de periodo 31 30 6 7 1 2 3 4 33 32 31 5 6 7 Numero de periodo Lado K Modulo 2 Resolucion (µ m) 32 5 Numero de periodo Lado K Modulo 1 Resolucion (µ m) Lado K Modulo 0 Resolucion (µ m) 5 Lado K Modulo 3 Resolucion (µ m) 8.6 33 32 33 32 31 29 31 30 30 28 29 30 29 27 28 29 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 Numero de periodo 5 6 28 7 1 2 3 4 Numero de periodo 5 6 7 1 2 Numero de periodo 3 4 5 6 7 Numero de periodo fPghjiJk%lÊm!n +p!qrtsw}8v5sxr}~| ¢ svs ~ zj{8r ~ xs ~ yu, r¢s rts5uwr u ~ s3j8vxr ~ ~ s ¨ 5r u, ¨ 8| u ~ ~ y5s8 ~ z sxr ¨ z ¢{8r}~| Qs J¡ zvs sxz%jvxr ~ vs?s8{ ~ vxvs ~ ¢ ; ¢ ~ ÊS sr 8vxr ~ vs_! ¢ ~ Q }v§ ~ s{zjuv ~ ¨ ~ | z ~ s8 = V = V^M fH a M Fh>A=?H V CEnÈDGFD N JGCA=?H M?u H8DGF8j= V =?H ~ K NSR FC N YH DLJG=?H-D NdR F8D > M HeJG;= R F M IgMOK V ; > M H+(H8;ZDL>EDLJ R 5F OM K N CzJG=x=?H M GJ CA= V w D N >A= R = u >A=* l Ä D NSR F8Di> M HsJG;= R F M IgMOK V ;> M H³ l l lm!njp;:s ~ zj{8r}~| xswj¢{8rD¢ ~ s ¨ ~ | z ~ s¢8°1q ~ v 8 ¨ | u ~ ~ y5s8 ~ z S{5 ryv¢{8r}~| ^ I ^ = V^M p ` Ä ^}+`Ê}U_^}+ ` |U}+` É ^ }+` ^ }+` Æ [ % [ [ =?H R =´= ^M F=HYD =J MON HC V DGF= V^M K; N CzJG=?IcD NSR DW>z== N J ;^F= V D>A= [=?;HH8CA= N =J`D NdR F=?>a5=UF= R F=UoL=UF DL@B;CEjU=?>ED N JGCz=?HfJ MON ; N =iF8DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N$l pbC N DLI u =UF8{ M ; N =xCAI(a M F R = NSR D nÈF=?JGJGCLMOK N[V D >z= V CzH R FC u ;5JGCLMOK N HYD= v ;5H R = I(D v M Fw= ; N = HYDG{O; NV = [=?;H8H8Cz= N =WIg?K= Hw= N J = J M I M HYD M?u H8DGF8j= u =WD N >z=?H ] {O;^F=?H( l ?| l lhm H R D a M FJ`D NdR = v DxDLH V Di ÄPa $ |U} a a5=UF=cDL>>A= V^M p V D } a a5=UF=cDL>>A= V^M cl pbCJ MON HC V DGF=?I M H; N F8DLHC V ; M a MONV DGF= V^M J MON DL>&UK= FDL= V D&>A=?H VM H [=?;H8HCA= N =?HGtHYD M?uR CED N D N > M H<F8DLH8;> R = VM H V D&>A= R = u >z=* l®Édl / É ¢É À Ë QÌjË Ã Á $ ! ) *) ÉÇ QÌjË QÆ À É Á ¢ÃDÄ¥Ã Ä/É Æ Ä/É É ªÄ¥É ªÌjË )ÉÇ¢ËwÄ¥Å/Ã À Ã À É Ã Ä¥É¶Æ ÉÇÃJÆÅ/ÌjË Ã Á ! - *) $ - ) ) ! ) $ =&FDLH M >A;JGCLMOK N DLH8a5=?JGCA=?>5C NSR Fk~ K N HYDLJG= R =?I u CKD N ay;^D V DsD`_ R F=UDGFHYD =&a5=UF R CEF V D>z=F8DL>A=?JGCLMOK NV DL>^F8DLHC V ; M LKD > lm >F8DLH8C V ; M[V DGa"D NV DGF5bK= t N^M HM K > MV D > M HDGFF M F8DLH@B;^DcJ MONSR FC u ;^?D N =g tH8C N^MwR =?I u CKD NV DL> DGFF M FfD N DL>5= v ;H R D V DDLH R = R F=UoL=[ zt V Dn=?J RYM F8DLHh{?D M I¼KD R FCAJ M H F8DL>A=?JGC MON = V^M HfJ MON >A=xa M HCAJGCLMOK N FDL>A= R CEjU= V D > M HfI´MOK V ;> M Hf@d;^DaF M a M FJGC MON = N >A=&a5F8D V CAJGJGCLMOK N =xay=UF R CEF V D= ^ M F=bt$¿S¥L²°¥8£L²§?¡Y¥d¿S¥¡Y¥ G¥G¡Y¥G½y£GÀÁ¢b V D>A= V CAHYa"DGFHCLMOK N : M ;> M I u CA= N = D`_Ba"DGFCzIcD NSR = V =a M Fc>A= a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A=D N JG= V =; N^M\V DX>A=?HcJG=Uay=?H V D IZ= R DGFCA=?>= R F=kj?DLH8= V^M Y J MON [ % V Z [ Y ¾ [ Y [ TZ [ meN >A=c=Ua5F M _^CAI(=?JGCLMOK NQV D&>A= R D M kF ~ K = V D X P M >zCDG F8D kÉ Y l Ä %¢ }K +) ?? l l§m!njp:s ~ zj{8r}~| sw}{r"r uv| s8{5 ¢: ~ s ¨ ~ | z ~ sY¢81"q?J{ ~ s5rv ~ ~ s3sxzj{5xs ~ s: z$s5s5r ¨ | s {5}¥ ~ v8 ¨ 8| u ~ ~ y5s ~ z {5 ry8v{r}~| Y+ ¨ zjs5uwv ~ s8vxv ~ vxs-xsxu,¢; | sxuwr{ ~ s?+zjxsxu ~ zjÈ ~ s sxrtsxu, ¨ | uwr{ ~ ses8 sw}8v sxr ¨ r vs ~ s ¢ u,¢y8 " I ^ = VM p LÄ ` | ^}+` | |` | ^ }+Å` [ |` Æ ´ [ l ÆO }+`Ê}O| Ë > N · ° V^MONV D , t ( T´ H MON DL>I M IcD NdRYM t^>A=xj?DL> M GJ C V = V Z>A=iJG=UF8{O= V D>A=&a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A=&C N JGC V D NdR D?tdI(CAD NSR F=?H<@B;^D DL>J M JGCED NSR D · xDLH DL> N K; IcDGF MZV D*> MON {OC R ; V DLH V DF= V CA=?JGCkMOK N = R F=kj?DLH8= V =?Ha M F>A=(ay=UF R ~ K JG;>A= lmeN DL>JG=?H M @B;^D N^M H M JG;ây=bt;´ ¾ Ul =cJ M I u C N =?JGCLMOK NV D&>A=?HDLJG;=?JGC MON DLH l Ä w l ÆcCAIca5>zCAJG= N ; N =*F8DL>A=?JGCLMOK N >zC N DL=?>D NSR FD , l pbC"HYD V CAHYa MON D V D(IcD V C V =?H=j=UFC M H&I M IcD NdRYM H , tDLHa M H8C u >ADJG=?>AJG;5>A=UFx> M Hay=UF5?K= IcD R F M H V DcDLH R =XF8DL>z=?JGCLMOK N$l r D DLH R DxI MbV^M t>A= M F V D N = V =cD N DL> M FCE{?D N t Tt V D&>z=*F8DLJ R =Z= v ;H R = V =*D N n; N JGCLMOK NV D , DLHL ¾ (, · Y ) ¾ l®É M H V D R DLJ RYM F8DLH V DF8DGnÈDGFD N JGCA=@B;^D V D R DGFI(C N = N >A= R F=UoL= H MONgV DL>sIZCAH8I M\R CEa M @B;^DDL>sIgMOK V ;5> MV DL> JG;5=?>5HYDDLH R K= V D R DGFI(C N = N5V^M H8;F8DLH M >A;JGCkMOK N C NdR Fk~ K N HYDLJG= ldm H RYM J MON >A>EDGjU=x=i@d;^DDL>y= v ;H R DF8DL=?>ACEoL= V^M J MON DLH RYM H V D R DLJ RYM F8DLH V D-F8DGnDGF8D N JGCz= R =?I u CKD N*V DGa"D NV = V Dh>A=sF8DLH M >A;JGCLMOK N C NSR Fk~ K N HYDLJG= lTmfN J MON J`FD RYM t l =UF= V D R DGFI(C N =UFa M F R = NdRYM u =?H R =J MON F8DGa"DLH8=UFZDL> V DiF8DGnDGF8D N JGCA=;H8= V^M D N >z=cH8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N Y Y Y , [ Z [ Y Z [ Z Z [ ¾ Y Z [ Y Z [ Y [ Y TZ [ l Ë [ [ Y DLH&DL>-DGFF M Fx@B;^DZ=?H8;IZCAI M Ha5=UF=DL> V D R DLJ RY M F V D(FDGnÈDGF8D N JGCA=btÃ@B;^D(I(C V D(>z= R F=UoL= lmfN DLI M H<; R CA>ACEoL= VM > M HhjU=?> M F8DLH V DF8DGnDGF8D N JGCA= ¾ } I ¾ |U} I a5=UF= D N >A=F8DLJ MON H R F;JGJGCLMOK N tSD N >A=?H+a5F M ?DLJGJGC MON DLHp* F8DLHYa"DLJ R CEjU=?Ic D NSR D lB Hk~ K tS>A=DLJG;=?JGCkMOK N [ Y V^MONV D ;N ^DLH R F M JG=?H M t JG=?>zJG;>A=UF l®É @d;^D V =b Y [ Y [ [ Y Y Y , Y ¾ [ Z [ Y l [ [ Y r D>A=DLJG;=?JGCLMOK N l HYDJ MON^M J`D?tUa M F R = NdRYM t e@d;^DhDLH V D R DGFIZC N = V^M D`_Ba"DGFCAI(D NSR =?>AI(D NSR D @B;^DHYD =?>A>A=cD N DL>= v ;H R D V D*>A= R F=UoL= (@B;^DiDLHDL>j=?> M F V D*>A=(FDLH M >A;JGCLMOK N C NdR Fk~K N HYDLJG=@d;DiHYD = ; R CA>ACEoL= V^M D N DL>Ã= v ;H R D l r D&DLH R DxI MbV^M a5;D V D =?>A>A=UFHYD l pBDi; R Cz>ACEoL=UF MON > M HIgMOK V ;> M H V DL>pbqsr tyF; N DLH= R F8DL H jU=?> M F8DLH V D , lmeN >A= ] {O;F=( l ?ÆHYD*Ii;^DLH R F= N >z=?Hcj=UFCA=?JGC MON DLH(@B;^DXD`_ba"DGFCAIcD NdR = N > M H(F8DLH8C V ; M Hc=WI M IcD NdRYM HZJG= V = j?DGoIg?K= HZ=?> RYM H l m K H RYM H(jU=?> M F8DLHZHYD JG;5= NSR C ] JG= N a5=UF=*DL>p^qsr D N >A= R = u >z=* l Ë IcD V Cz= NSR D&>A=c= N J ;^F= V D&>z=¤[=?;H8H8Cz= N =*aFC N JGCEa5=?> l +v ;H R = NVM =; N =QFDLJ R =W> M H R F8DLHca5; NSRYM HcJ M F8FDLHYa MONV CED NdR DLH*=JG= V =I M IcD NdRYM a5=UF=\JG= V =IgMOK V ;> M t H8D M?uR CED N D>A= ] {O;^F= l Édl+ =QC NdR DGFHYDLJGJGCLMOK N D N DL> M FCA{?D N J MON H R C R ;^?D N > M HxjU=?> M F8DLH V D a5=UF=JG= V = I´MOK V ;> M^l meN >A= R = u >A= l H8D(F8DLH8;I(D N > M HjU=?> M F8DLHxDLIca5>EDL= V^M H&D N >A=[F8DLH M >A;JGCLMOK NV D>A=[DLJG;=?JGCLMOK N l a5=UF=Q> M H >z= V^M Hpw cl =?H8;5I(CED NV^M DGF8F M FDLNH [=?;H8HCA= N^M HGt<F8DLH8;5> R =D N > M H =J M I u C N =?JGCLMOK N V D\> M H[j=?> M FDLH jU=?> M F8DLH V DF8DLH M >A;JGCkMOK N DLHYa5=?JGCA=?>$C NdR Fk~ K N HYDL JG = V D N ;^DL H R F M H V D R DLJ RYM F8DLHLty@B;^DHYDD`_Ba MON D N D N >A= R = u >A=* lA } l5 Y [ Y [ Y [ [ TZ [ Y ? ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 (Entradas/bin)/No. de entradas Residuo eje X a 3 energias: modulo 4 Datos: 7 GeV 10-1 Datos: 5 GeV Datos: 3 GeV 10-2 -3 10 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Residuo (µ m) fPghjiJk%lTm!n jp!z%}8vw ~ sxr{r}~| ~ s vxsxrz ~ s¢? s uwv*%sev5{8us v5{ ~ sxuvxzrs? vxz xs sxr { ~ 8vxur ~ v5/{ ~ |z ¨ 8v ~ uv¢¢su ~ u,1 ~ s?rts5u ~¡ v ¨ s ~ v ¨ r * ~ s - z r¢1 ¨ zjxsxuwv-! ~ N¢8 ¨ ~ | z ~ { ~¨_~ 8 ¨ + ~ D++v5{rS È {5$zvS{8v5{r u, ? ~ s vs5rz ~ s *y8r ~ Srtswjv5sxr}~| ~ z ~¨ yr ¢ l l¤m!n+p {5$zv¢ z$s5s5r Y+vxr {8r }J¢? s?rtsxuwvxryzj{8r ~ xs?¢?vs5rz ~ sª}v_ ~ s {8zjuwv ~¨ ~ | z ~ s?¢8 1q Q ~ s T + = ?+ : 9 3 J + = ?!+ : 8 8 < J-J J-6 ;8 9 J R ;1I 3 & 9U 4 : 4 9J : : L3 9>3 ; : L3 9U I : 4 < 9 3 9 9 %( $ 31: J : L3 9J : : 9 9>3 6 : 9 31: 3 : L 3 < ; & R #"-?+ R < R 3-3 J : 4 9J ; : L3 94 : : L 3 31J! 9 : 4 J $ @( ; < R J < R ;1I 4 : 6 6-: 4 : 6 J-I J : J J-U L3 : 4 J8 4 : 4 J-U 9 : ; ;8 4 : 6 69L 3 : 6 #"-?+ %¢ }K +) ? | 2 (µ m2) σres Lado S: 1/p2 vs. σ2res 700 Nivel 0: Externo 600 Nivel 1: Interno 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0.02 fPghjiJk%l¤m!n jp°:8 {r}~| uv s ) ¨ ~ | z ~ & 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 1/p2 (GeV-2) Y}v_uwvxsY ~ vs¢ Qª 8+ ¢ ~ + °+ ¨ zjsxuv ~ s?xz$sxu,xs ¢ ~ s 9 l lm!n "p" ~ vs? ¨ 5¢ ~ s §5{zj{r}~| jv§{5¢¢ ¨ ~ | z ~ J¢ ~ s T + = ?!+ : 9 3 J 9>I : 99 U 99 U 9>I I & + = ?!+ : & 3 J J : 3 : 3 : J & 6 G ;14 9: 6 G ;3 9: 9: 9H; G J-I & 9H; G 3-3 : : 9 : J 8 4 : 4 JI : : 4 ;-J 4 9 3 ;; 9 & & 4 ; G 6; J-: 9>U G 614 J-: 9>U G ;8 J-: 46 G 9: J-: U 9: : 9: : 9: L 3 U 9: & & 4 J9 4 J9 U 31U U J-: 3 :!9 :! 9 : 3 : ; : J : J : 6 : ? ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 DLH RYM H&jU=?> M F8DLH&HYD(>ADLH ==Ua5>ACAJG= VM ; N =[J M F8F8DLJGJGCLMOK N¼V D $s}+` É I ^}+`Ê} Ë I V D u C V ==?> u F8DLI(H8H R F= >A; N { M?u5R D N C V^M a M F PQMONSR DLJG=UF> M t@d;D C NdR DGF8jbCED N DD N H8= N J = NV^M >ACE{?DGF=?I(D NSR D>A= V CAH R FC u ;JGCLMOK NcV D> M HhF8DLH8C V ; M HGt a M F V CzHYa"DGFH8CLMOK NV DL>UDL>EDLJ R FyMOK N$lkM HÃDGF8F M F8DLHÃH8CAH R DLIgK= R CzJ M HÃIg?K= H$FDL>EDGj= NdR DLHÃH MON > M H=?H M JGCA= V^M H=s>A=?H$jU=UFCA=?JGC MON DLH V D R DLIca"DGF= R ;F=a5=UF=iDL>$>A= V^M pj?DGF O ^Z= V CEnDGF8D N JGCA=?HfD NSR FD DL>$=?>zC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM D NwV CEnÈDGFD NSR DLHha"DGFC MbV^M H =?Hk~ K J M I M jU=UFCA=?JGC MON DLH~ K NSR FC N HYDLJG=?H<D NdR F8Dx> M HIgMOK V ;> M H V DL>Ãpbqr ay=UF=DL>>A= V^M j?DGF I¼KD RYMBV^M = NSR DGFC M F³ l ÃM HF8DLH8;5> R = V^M HsH MON J M Ica5= R C u >ADLHsJ MON > M H V DL>I¼KD RYMBVM = NSR DGFC M F l l l§m!no +pjYxs ~ zj{r}~| sj¢{8rr wu v"| s85{5?¢: ~ s ¨ ~ | z ~ s:1q { ~ ¨ 8| u ~ ~ ¢: j ¢ {8r?vxsxrz ~ ¨ ~¨ u ~ ^ I ^ = V^M p ` É |^}+`Ê} É ^}+ ` ? |U}+` ^ }+` ^}+` Ë [ % [ [ ËwÇÌ"ÅªÇ¢Ë Ã Á ) =&FDLH M >A;JGCLMOK N DLHYa5=?JGCA=?> M?uR D N C V =&a5=UF=x> M HhIgMOK V ;> M H V DL>"pbqsr aF M?u = V^M H-DLH<J M Icay= R C u >EDJ MON > M DLHYa"DGFY¯ = VM ;H8= V^M D N >A=cH8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N {?D N DGF=?> V D P pd¯°}OBt5DLH V DLJGCEFLt; N =?H } I ay=UF=*DL>Ã>A= VM p V DL> V D R DLJ RYM F V DH8CA>ACzJGC M c; N =?He|U} I ay=UF=DL>5>z= V^M clSm H RYMx =&HC V^M j?DGFC ] JG= V^M a M F V^M H-IKD RYMbV^M H V CAH R C NSRYM H+cJ MON^] FI(= > M HF8DLH;> R = V^M H= NSR DGFC M F8DLH tyU l"meN DLH R = V D R DGFI(C N =?JGCLMOK N tDL>>A= V^M DLH DL>Ig?K= H V^M I(C N = VM a M FDGF8F M F8DLH HCAH R DLIgK= R CAJ M H l5m H RYM HYD V D u D&=(> M H?b5;J R ;=?JGC MON DLHD N DL> N CEj?DL> V DF;5C V^M*u F; RYM I(D N JGC MON = V^M HsD N >A=cHYDLJGJGCkMOK N = NdR DGFC M Fkt@d;^D&C NV ;J`D N I(=k M F8DLH V CEnÈDGFD N JGCA=?H<D NdR F8Dx> M HIgMOK V ;> M H l =?HF8DLH M >A;5JGC MON DLH<F8DGnDGFC V =?HH MON >A=?Hs@B;^D = u C R ;=?>AI(D NSR DcHYDZJGC R = N V D N^M I(C N = N J M I M M K a R CAIZ=?H bta"DGF M DLHxJGCADGF RYM @B;^DcD`_bCzH R DZ; N =J MONdR FC u ;JGCLMOK N CzIca M F R = NSR D =?H R = |U} a D N DL>>A= VM p V DQ; N = H8DG{O; NV = [=?;5H8H8CA= N =\D N >A=?H V CAH R FC u ;JGC MON DLH V DX> M H FDLH8C V ; M H lm > M FCE{?D N V DLKD H R =H8D =?>A>z=D N DL>fI MBVM D N DL>f@d;DHYDwJ MON H R F;^?D N > M HJG>A;H R DGFH lÃm > DLJ ^M\V D J M {?DGF >A=?H V^M H<a5CzH R =?HJ MON I(=k M FJG=UF8{O=cay;^D V D V =UFs>A;^{O=UFs=*DGF8F M F8DLHD N >A=DL>EDLJGJGCLMOK NQV D>A=*a5CAH R =*= V DLJG;5= V =bt HC>A=a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A=ca5=?H=J`DGFJG= V Di; N = V DDL>A>A=?H* ] {O;^F=Z l Ë t V DGF8DLJ =S l$m H RYM[R F=UDcJ M I M J MON HYDLJG;D N JGCA=w; N = J M >z=D N DL>5F8DLH8C V ; M J M I M HYD Ii;^DLH R F=&CE{O;=?>zIcD NSR DD N >A= ] {O;F= l Ë ldm >DGnDLJ RYM DLHhIg?K= H-jbCAH8C u >EDhD N DL>>A= VM p a M F<>A=xI(D N^M F V CAH R = N JGCz=D NSR FD ayCAH R =?H lBmeN > M HhDLH R ; V C M Hh@B;^DH8CA{O;^D N H8D =I MbV C ] JG= VM >A=H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N a5=UF= C N J M F8a M F=UFDLH R DDGnÈDLJ RYM^lOmfN >A= ] {O;^F= l HYDJ M Ica5=UF= N > M HFDLH8C V ; M H M?uR D N C V^M Ha5=UF= V = RYM H6iHCAIi;5>A=?JGCLMOK N t J M I M D v DLI(a5> M(V DL>=?JG;DGF V^M(V D&>A=cIZCAH8I(= l @:A@PA3A U¶I ² ( F H ®°(ª¯ © I © ( I © ³ ( =*F8DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N DLHYa5=?JGCA=?> M?u HYDGF8jU= V =* V CzH8JG; R C V =iD N >A=*HYDLJGJGCLMOK N = NSR DGFC M Fsa"DGFI(C R D ]Uv =UFs> M <H a5=UF5?K= IcD R F M H I´?K= Hs= V DLJG;= V^M Ha5=UF=c>A=cHCAIi;5>A=?JGCLMOK N DGnDLJ R CEj= V DL> V D R DLJ RYM F l =UF=cDLH R D&DLH R ; V C M tHYD = N ; R CA>ACAoL= V^M F; N DLH=Z|* É [ DG ]JUtyJ MON DL>JG=?Ica M I(=U{ N KD R CAJ M ?= J R CEjU= V^M w DL> J MON j?DGF R C VM Fn;^DGF= V D&>A=c>°~ K N DL= V DL> =Uo lÃM HJ M F R DLHDGnÈDLJ R ;5= V^M HH M?u F8D&>A=cI;^DLH R F=ZH MON ÇN J M F R D[{?D M IKD R FCAJ M ay=UF=QHYDL>ADLJGJGC MON =UFDL>EDLJ R F MON DLH V D[>A=Xo MON =QaFC N JGCEa5=?> V DL> =Uo\UK= N {O;> M a M >A=UF Ä IcF= V â5; NdRYM C N CAJGCz=?> V D&>A= R F=UoL=(=(I(D N^M H V Di|*JGI V DL>"D v DxIcD V C VM*V DL> =UoT l ÇN Ä } l r D&DLH R D&I MBVM tHYDa5;^D V D N DL>zCAI(C N =UF<H8;J`DLH M HsJ MON C NdR DGF=?JGJGC MON DLHsC N DL>L?K= H R CAJG=?H<D N DL>C NdR DGFC M F V DL>pbqsr*@d;D V DLHYj"~ K D N >A= R F=k?DLJ RYM FCA= V D&>A=*a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A= l -F8DLH8D N JGCA= V D(; N CAIcay=?J RYM D N DL>+aFCAI(DGF K; > R CAI MN CAj?DL><> MON {OC R ; V\V D(>A= R F=UoL= } Ä JGItÃa5=UF= {O=UF= NdR CEoL=UF ; N M K a R CAI M DGF8F M FD N >A=(IcD V C V = V Dx>z=(JG;^F8jU= R ;^F=bt5= R F=Lj-LKD H V Dx>A=(> MON {OC R ; V I´K= _bCAIZ= V D >A= R F=UoL= l %¢ }K +) ?LÄ Residuo (µ m) Residuo vs pto. impacto 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 η fPghjiJk%lSm!n +p zr8v¢Qvsxrz ~ 5z {r}~| ¢8z u ~ ¢:r ¨ j¢{8u ~ ¢ ~ j)jv ¨ ~ | z ~ ¢qr{ s83} ¢8u8v ¨ r ¢ ~ { ~ v5r{5{8r}~| ¢: uv%%ez$s8 ~ ~ s:¢ ¨ | s ¨ ~ | z ~ s++Dzj5¢ ~ ys8vxvP¢{8z ¨ { ~ s sÈ{58v{5 | s§¢§ s rtsxu,s\£ ~ vxs ¦\-sxz'rts5uwvxry8zj{r}~| r 5 /q 8v5{5} r z$s5uwvur ~ {/~| ¨~ s8 ~ v ¨ _s8 ¡ z ¢ ¡ z$s5sxr §Jvs5rz ~ : 9 Residuo en posicion lado S (µm): nivel 2 (Entradas/bin)/No. de entradas 0.14 Simulacion 0.12 Datos 7 GeV 0.1 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Residuo ( µ m) fPghjiQklm!n "pP ~¨ jvur¢?sxr ¨ z {r}~| Su ~ s3jv§¢u ~ s - P ; ~ + z u ~ z ¢{8r}~| 8 ¨ ~ ? Æ ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 D D N DGF8{~ K =*FDG{OCAH R F= V * = D N LD > m : r ´ }+` Æ ½ l X DL@B;CAH8C RYM*V & I D SN RYM D N J MONV zC JGC OM N DLH Ç N&V D R DLJ RYM F V D R F=UoL=?H R EC D N D-J M I M D`_baF8DLH8CkMOK N {?D N GKD FCAJG= V D-H8;F8DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N D N I M ( D N @d;^D&>z=?HahGKD F V C V =?H V DD N DGF8{~ K = V D&>A=*a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A=*H MON a"LD @B;^DN =?H , , lA }S =aFCAIcDGF=J MONdR FC u ;5JGCLMOK N DLHi>z=C NSR FT~ K N HYDLJG==; NWV D R DLJ RYM F V D(F8DLH M >A;JGCLMOK N DLH8a5=?JGCA=?> ]Uv =X@B;^DZI(C V DcDL> I M IcD NSRYMV DX; N =Wa5=UF R ~ K JG;>z= = R F=Lj-LKD H V DQ>A=JG;^F8jU= R ;^F= V DXH8; R F=k?DLJ RYM FCA= l< =WH8DG{O; NV =WJ MONdR FC u ;JGCLMOK N a5F M jbCED N D V DL><DGnDLJ RYM V D V CzHYa"DGFH8CLMOK N : M ;> M I u CA= N =DL><DGF8F M F(D N DL><jU=?> M F V D[F8DGnDGF8D N JGCz= V DL>I M IcD NSRYMwV DL> =UoT l meN >A= ] {O;^F= l |U}QHYD(Ii;DLH R F=; N D v DLIca5> MV Dc>A= V CzH R FC u ;5JGCLMOK N , ½ , a5=UF=H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N V = RYM HGt = É [ DG]J lsmfN >z= R = u >A= lA? HYD F8DLH8;IcD N > M HF8DLH8;> R = VM H V DL> = v ;H R D\=¼>A= V CAH R FC u ;JGCLMOK N , , a5=UF= = [=?;H8H8Cz= N =D N[RYM F N^M =?> V CAH R C NdRYM Hhj=?> M FDLH V DL>I M IcD NSRYM(V DL> =Uo lm >DGF8F M F<DLH<DL>$=?H M JGCA= V^M =?>$= v ;H R D V D>AI´K= _bCAI M^l5m H RYM HF8DLH8;> R = V^M H R =?I u CKD N H8D&F8DLH8;I(D N D N >A= ] {O;^F=* l | t V^MONV DiHYD =(= N = V C V^M ; N a5; NdRYM D N >z=(H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N = Ä [ DG lM HDGnÈDLJ RYM H V Dx> M H J M F R DLHH M?u F8Di>z=(Ii;DLH R F=w= É [DG HYDxD N HY-D N = N D N >A= ] {O;^F= l |? l , ¾ Y p Entradas/bin particula /p rec Simulacion 7 GeV Entries 11277 p0 1304 ± 18.9 p1 1.009 ± 0.000 p2 0.03613 ± 0.00045 p3 99.2 ± 5.2 p4 1.131 ± 0.005 p5 0.1147 ± 0.0032 1400 1200 1000 800 p particula /p rec Datos Simulacion 7 GeV 53.28 ± 3.89 1.004 ± 0.002 0.03642 ± 0.00264 6.748 ± 1.046 1.13 ± 0.03 0.1473 ± 0.0199 p0 p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 60 50 40 600 30 400 20 200 10 0 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 7 GV/|Rigidez| 7 GV/|Rigidez| 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 7 GV/|Rigidez| jvÊ P xs r ¨ z ¢{8r}~| ¤¢u ~ s3 ~ 8y v8r ¨ +zjxsxu ~ z xz$sxuÈ fPghjiJk%lWm!n+p¥qrts5uwvxry8zj{r}~| ¢ Pz$ssxr s8 0 0.6 l l m!no+ojp" ~ vxs¢ NSrtsxur us? 8v ¡ | s8 - %+.P+ ? " $ < 8 ; J R>( #"-R+ = $ F( 69 : :14 J 4 ; : :; J J-4 : :14 J M "1.P+B$ S( 614 : 9J J 7 : 9>; J L3-; ·µ NdR F MbV ;JGCED NVM > M H<jU=?> M F8DLH<D N >A=DLJG;=?JGCkMOK N lA }btD N A> = CEaM?K R DLHCAH V D@d;^D>A=?Hha<GKD F V C V =?HhD N DGF8{KD R CAJG=?HD N DL>ÃI(= R DGFCA=?>= R F=Lj?DLH8= V^M a M F>A=*a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A=*H MONXV DLH8aF8DLJGCA= u >ADL H HYD M?uR CED N D? , , ¾ Á` Æ^}+` ÆO ¼ } , Á|? Ô ¼ } m H R D&FDLH8;> R = V^M C NV CAJG=*@B;^D&>A=cF8DLH M >A;JGCLMOK N H R = NSR D?t$J MON J`F8D R =?I(D NSR Dca M FDL>DGnDLJ RYMXV Di>A= V V DL> =UoXDLH V DL> M F V D NgV D }+` ÄPa th@d;^DQD N J MON H R = NSR D RYM?R =?> l lA? =cDLH R =?HsD N DGF8{~ K =?HsDLH R K= VM I(C N = V =*a M Fs>A=ZJ M Ica MON D NSR DiJ MON ¯ CAHYa"DGFHCLMOK N : M ;> M I u CA= N = l5 =wC N J`DGF R C V ;I u F8DD N >A=(D N DGF{~ K = JG;= V F= R ;^F=DLH; N a M FJ`D NdR = v DaDL@B;^DN^ M¼V DL>sJ M Ica MON D NdR D %¢ }K +) ?kÉ Resolucion en momento vs. p ∆(p)/p (%) haz 3.8 Datos 3.7 Simulacion 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 p(Gev/C) fPgh}iJk%l m!no"p;:8 {r}~| uwv Svs ~ zj{8r}~| T¨_~¨ u ~ S8 ¨~¨ u ~ ¢8}%* pBDay;^D V D N J M Ica5=UF=UFDLH R =?H V CAH R FC u ;JGC MON DLH-a5=UF=*>A=?H<H8CAI;>A=?JGC MON DLH V D>A=iaF;^D u =iH M?u F8D =Uo w>A=J MON ¯ {] O;^F=?JGCLMOK Nc]yN =?> V DL> V D R DLJ RYM F P pB¯°}O l 6=UF=&DL>z> M tOHYD =x; R CA>ACEoL= VM ; N JG=?Ica M I(=U{ N KD R CAJ M*V D VM?u >EDsC NdR D N ¯ HC V = V HYD =*FD V ;JGC V^M >A= V D N H8C V = VV D&> M H<I(= R DGFCA=?>EDLH V DH M a M F R Da5=UF=*=UaF M _bCAIZ=UFHYD=c>A=?HJ MONV CzJGC MON DLH V DL> V D R DLJ RYM F V DjB;DL> M^ldm >ACAI(C N = NV^M > M HfH8;J`DLH M H<J MON n M?RYMON DLHfD N DGF8{KD R CAJ M H<DLI(C R C VM H-a M F u F8DLI(H8H R F= >A; N {^t > M H{?F5K= ] J M H V D , ½ , @B;^D V = N J M I M Ii;^DLH R F=(>A= ] {O;F=* l |?| l Y ËwÇÌ"ÅªÇ¢Ë Ã Á ) K= D NWu ;^D N =?JG;^DGF VM J MON > MM?uR D N C V^M a M F&>A= =[F8DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N , , V D R DGFI(C N = V =wD N DLH R =a5F;^D u =wDLH R HCAIi;5>A=?JGCLMOK N tbD NRYM F NM =?> |` ÄPa a5=UF=*DL>$F= N { MZV DD N DGF8{~ K =(J MON H8C V DGF= V^M^l m >DGFF M FfDLH R = V ~ K H R CAJ M DLH VM I(C N = NdR DsD N DLH R =?H<IcD V C V =?H V = V^M @B;^DDL> N 5K; IcDGF MxV DF; N DLHfH8C N J MON j?DGF R C VM F a"DGF M J MON JG=?Ica M I(=U{ N KD R CzJ M n;^Ds>ACzI(C R = V^M t?c>A= M a"DGF=?JGCkMOK N D N J M C N JGC V D N JGCz=J MON DL> m : r V ;^F= NSR DsDLH R = RYM IZ= V D V = RYM H N^M n;^D V DL> }?} awl =wD`_ R F=Ua M >z=?JGCLMOK N C V DL=?> V D*DLH R DcFDLH8;> R = V^M =[>A=[J MON^] {O;F=?JGCLMOK NV D*jb;^DL> M[V =[J M I M F8DLH8;5> R = V^M ; N = FDLH M >A;JGCLMOK N D NxRYM F NM =?> ` Æ a tTD N F=Uo MON = u >EDf=?JG;^DGF V^M J MON > M @B;^DfH8DeaF8D V CAJ`D-IcD V CA= NdR Df>z=sH8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK NxV D`¯ R =?>z>A= V = V D P pd¯°}O lbm >I M?R CAj M aFC N JGCEa5=?>Ba5=UF=&DLH R = V CEnÈDGFD N JGCA=DLHe>z=aF8DLHYD N JGCA= V D; N JG=?Ica M I(=U{ N KD R CAJ M I´?K= HsC NdR D N H M D N DL> V D R DLJ RYM F ]5N =?>Átâ5;^DLH RYM @B;^D&>A=*FDLH M >A;JGCLMOK NV DGaD N5V D V DDLH R =ZC NSR D N HC V = V HYDG{<K; N lA O X , ¾ , ¾ }+` | , D L D H A > c = G J ^ ; 8 F U j = ^ ; F = & D A > = F U = L o b = 5 t A > ? = H ; C = L D H V^MONV R V R N V V H MON [ GD t5qÃDLH>A=?HIcD R F M H l m H RYM HxF8DLH8;> R = VM H DL>e=?JG;^DGF V^M D NdR F8DZ>A=?HxH8CAI;>A=?JGC MON DLH NM H V = N ; N =[{O=UF= NSR ~ K =XH M?u F8D(>z=[j=?>AC V DGo V D >z=?HsI(CAH8IZ=?H l 1 1 ? Ë ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 ∆(p)/p vs. longitud traza /p rec ∆(p)/p (%) haz Entradas/bin p Sin cortes 104 χ2 > 50 6.5 6 5.5 3 10 5 102 4.5 4 10 3.5 1 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 p 2 60 /p rec 70 2 180 1.8 160 1.6 140 1.4 120 1.2 100 80 1 90 100 110 /p rec Sin cortes 104 Distancia al haz > 3 cm 3 10 102 60 0.8 40 0.6 20 0.40 haz Entradas/bin p /p rec vs. EECALD haz phaz/p rec p 80 Longitud de la traza (cm) haz 2 4 6 8 10 12 Energia en el ECALD 10 0 1 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 p haz 2 /p rec fPghjiQklm!n °pP ~ vxus¥}v Svs ~ zj{8r}~| T¨_~¨ u ~ @:A@PA3A O3 H+I ² ª( ² H ª( © H ª( © I & }³ ®L ( & m >${?F;DLH MV Di>A=?HIcD V C V =?H V DxDLH R =(aF;^D u =c>A=(J MON n M FIZ= N F; N DLHD N > M H@B;^D&DL>ÃJG=?I(a M I(=U{ N KD R CAJ M HYD =?>A>A= u ==?J R CEjU= V^M DL>eJ MON j?DGF R C V^M FH8D = u ~ K =QH8C R ;= V^M D N >A=X>~ K N DL= V DL> =Uo lmeN a5FCAIcDGF&>A;{O=UFLtÃHYD(j?DGFyK= N =?>A{O; N =?H V Di>A=?HJG=UF=?J R DGFk~ K H R CzJG=?H{?D N DGF=?>EDLH V DxDLH RYM HH8;5J`DLH M H>A=Ii;DLH R F= V DiC NdR DGFBLKD Hay=UF=(DL>DLH R ; V C MZV D >z=?HF8DLH M >A;5JGC MON DLH<D N H8;5J`DLH M HJ MON n M?RYMON DLH l À ËwÇ¢Ë Ã Á *) Ä¥ÉÃ Ã /É"Ç ($ *) ÇÅªÌ}ÉÇÃJÇTÄ¥É $&! °Ç , m >DLH8aDLH M F V DL>J MON j?DGF R C V^M F V D R ; N O{ H R D N^M I(Iw<H8;â MON Dx; N =?H} l |> MON O{ C R ; V DLH V DiF= V AC =?JGCkMOK N$l5Ç N = j?DGoDLI(C R C V^M DL>n M?R MOK N tsLKD H R D R D N5V F5ZK= ; N =(JGCEGD F R =ZaF M?u = u CA>AC V = V[V DJ MON j?DGF R CEFHYD V DG"a D NV CED NVM*V LD >F8DLJ M F8FC V^M @B;^D&>EDFDLH R D?t5H8CE{O;5CED NV^M >A=c>EDG Ë $ D`_BaÃ $ É · k lA |O W H8CED NV^M · >A=c> MON {OC R ; V[V DF= V CA=?JGCkMOK NV DL> R ; N {OH R D NM t^ XDL>DLHYa"DLH M Fs=c= R F=Lj?DLH=UF lym H R =*aF M?u = u CA>AC V = V DLH V D } l *ay=UF=c>A=c> MON {OC R ; VV DL>J MON j?DGF R C V^M F l m >a5=UF<DL>EDLJ R F5MOK N ¯a M H8C R F5MOK N F8DLH8;> R = NdR D V D>A=*J MON j?DGFHCLMOK N t v ; NSRYM J MON DL>DL>EDLJ R F5MOK N[M FCA{OC N =?> V DL> =Uo?t^H8C"H8; I M IcD NSRYMcR F= N HYj?DGFH M DLH u = vYM N^M H8;^nF8D N[N C N {hK; N =xC NSR DGF=?JGJGCkMOK N C NSR DGFIcD V CA=iCAIca M F R = NdR D?tBn M FI(=UFyK= NR FDLH R F=UoL=?HeD N DL>pbqrZ ] {O;^F= lA BtbD v DLIca5> M ± l rDDLH R D R CAa MiV DH8;J`DLH M HfHYDF8DLJ MON H R F;?D N >A=?HfJG=UF=?J R DGFk~ K H R C¯ JG=?H V DL>+n M?R MOK N DLIZC R C V^M V DL>eDL>EDLJ R F5MOK NWM FCE{OC N =?>Át$HYDJ M Ica5=UF= N J MON >A= V CEF8DLJGJGCLMOK N \D N DGF{~ K = M FCE{OC N =?>EDLH a5F M a M FJGC MON = V =?H<a M FDL> =Uo&DL>pbqsr Ul =UF=(I(C N CzI(CEoL=UF<DL>$DGnDLJ RYMwV D&>z=caF MbV ;JGJGCLMOK N[V DiI K; > R CEay>EDLHen M?RYMON DLHGtHYD RYM I(=UF MON F; N DLH=Z|*D N DGF8{~ K =?HG |Bt Ä É [ DG a5=UF=cJG; u FCEF> M HF= N { M H V D |Bty| $ Ä Ä [ DG F8DLHYa"DLJ R CEjU=?IcD NdR D l "Z $ ¾ 0 %¢ }K +) ? (Entradas/bin)/No. de entradas p /prec AMS-02 vs. Prueba Haz particula Configuracion AMS-02 0.1 Configuracion Prueba Haz 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 p/p rec fPghjiJk%l¶m;n +p/q?rtsxuwvxryzj{8r}~| sxr ¨ z ¢{8r}~| { ~¨ 8u,§Ju,5{u ~ v8 jv P ss5r ¨ z {r ~ s§¢vxzj%y5\¢_}%S- r D NdR F MZV D&JG= V =(H8;J`DLH M(V D R F8DLH R F=UoL=?HLt5>A=cC V D N DGF8{KD R CAJ M HGt R = NdRYM D N >A=H8CAI;>A=?JGCkMOK N J M I M D N HCAIi;5>A=?JGC MON DLH PQMONSR DLJG=UF> M C NV CzJG= N @B;^DcD N DL> a M H8C R CEj=[=(>A= N DG{O= R CAj=(I(D N^M HD N DGF8{KD R CAJG= l D NdR C ] JG=?JGCkMOK NwV DL>"DL>EDLJ R F5MOK NXV DL> =UoxHYD =?J`Da M FsJ`FC R DGFC M H > M H V = RYM HGta5=UF= R D N DGFFDLH8;> R = V^M H[J M Icay=UF= u >EDLH l =?H Ë } a V Dc> M HJG=?H M HLtDL>6n M?R MOK N = V = V^M >A;^{O=UF&=>z= R F=UoL= É+ÆÉÌ}ÌjË Ã Á ) J MONdR C N ;=?JGCLMOK N H8D V D R =?>A>A=c>A=cH8DL>EDLJGJGCLMOK N FDL=?>ACEoL= V =b Á /ËwÌ ) , $&! , É ) É+Æ ay=UF=c>A=*F8DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N = N {O;>z=UF³ l qÃFDLH R F=UoL=?H<D N DL>$pbqsr&J MON Ì ¢Ã QÆ l pBD V D ]5N DDL>yH8CE{ N^MiRYM?R =?> V DL>5j-GKD F R CAJ`D?t^J M I M >A=xH;I(= DV > M H<H8CE{ N^M H V D>A=?HfFCE{OC V DLJ`DLH V DH8;H R F=UoL=?HJ M Ica MON D NdR DLH l r DDLH R DI MBVM tb; N H8;5J`DLH M C V DL=?>a5=UF= DLH R DDLH R ; V C M HYDGF5ZK= =?@B;hLKD >@d;^D R D N {O=wH8CE{ N^M ¯ t"=?>ÃCzIca5>ACAJG=UFs>z=(D`_^CAH R D N JGCA= V Di; N = R F=UoL=a M HC R CEjU=QDL> a M H8C R F5MOK N¼V DL>-a5=UF` V^M H N DG{O= R CEjU=?H[DL>fDL>EDLJ R F5MOK NV DL>ea5=UFiDL>eDL>EDLJ R F5MOK N¼M FCE{OC N =?> V DL> =UoT l R F=?H J M I u C N =?JGC MON DLH<J MON DLH R =*JG=UF8{O=*H MON[V DLI(=?HCA= V^M CAIcaF M?u = u >EDLH+a5=UF= R D N DGF>A=?HhD N J MON HC V DGF=?JGCLMOK N ÄiM Ig?K= H R F=UoL=?H lymeN >A= ] {O;^F=x l |ZH8D&Ii;^DLH R F=*>A=*J M Ica M H8CAJGCLMOK N F8DL>A= R CAj= V DH8;J`DLH M H<D N n; N JGCLMOK NwV DH8; JG=UF8{O= RYM?R =?> l pBD = N HYDL>ADLJGJGC MON = V^M HM K > M =?@d;^DL>z> M HH8;J`DLH M H&D N > M H@B;^D(HYD =[F8DLJ MON H R F;C VM I´?K= H V D ; N = R F=UoL= l -F8D VM I(C N = N =?@d;^DL>z> M HfJ MONVM H R F=UoL=?H&JG=UF{O=?Ha5=UF8DLHeH M?u FD > M HhH8;J`DLH M H V D R F8DLH R F=UoL=?H JG=UF8{O=?HCAIca5=UF8DLH³a M FDGnDLJ RYMV D(>A=X=?J`DGa R = N JGCz= lÃ =?H V CEnDGF8D N JGCA=?H@B;^D(HYD M?u H8DGF8j= N D NSR F8D V = RYM H& H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N H MON*V D u C V =?H= >A=?H6C N D ] JGCAD N JGCA=?HD N DL>B>A= V^M tU@d;^DhO=HYD CAJGCEDGF MON a5= R D NdR DLH+D N >A=HYDLJGJGCkMOK N l l | lÃm >6IcD NM F N K; IcDGF M[V DcCAIca5=?J RYM HJ MON >A>EDGjU=; N IcD NM F N K; IcDGF M[V D R F=UoL=?Ha M FH8;J`DLH M ?t"a M F R = NSRYM t"; N =ZIcD N^M FJG= NdR C V = VV DxH8;J`DLH M H V DiJG=UF8{O=c¯ Ulm H RYMw =(H8C VM H8; u H8= N = V^M a5=UFJGCA=?>zIcD NSR DiJ MON >A=cC N JG>z;H8CLMOK NwV Dx> M HCAIca5=?J RYM HjbCEF R ;5=?>EDLH l ,(! '" $ ($% ? "'"!.,-4 ;? -#9?B U} ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 Carga 1 Entradas/No. de entradas Simulacion Datos 10-1 10-2 10-3 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 Suma de signos de las trazas fPghjiQk%l m!n$m;p1r ¡+~ u ~ u,J? ~ s?vxz s { ~ { ~ 8vxur ~ v8 °Ç Ë $Ë ¢É ` É+Ì l pBDF8DL=?>ACEoL=; N J M F R DF=Uo MON = u >EDLIcD NdR DgHYDG{O;^F M D N IZ=?H8= a5=UF={O=UF= NSR CEoL=UFc@B;^DZ> M HiH8;J`DLH M H V D R FDLH R F=UoL=?HaF M jBCAD N D NWV DL>-IZCAH8I M H;J`DLH MQu F8DLI(H8H R F= >A; N {U¯ J MON j?DGFH8CLMOK N td N^MxR D N {O=?I M Hfa5C MON DLH V D NSR F MiV Ds>A=?H R FDLH R F=UoL=?H l r DsDLH R DI MBV^MxR =?I u C³KD N HYDsDL>ACzI(C N = N =?@d;DL>A> M HxH;J`DLH M H*JG;Ô=?H R F=UoL=?H = N D`_Ba"DGFCAI(D NSR = V^M =?>E{O; N =C NSR DGF=?JGJGCLMOK N D N H8;¼JG=?I(C N^M V DLH V DDL> J MON j?DGF R C V^M F l = J M Ica5=UF=?JGCkMOK NV D>A=I(=?H8= C N jU=UFCA= NdR D V D> M Hij-GKD F R CzJ`DLH V Dw| R F=UoL=?H*D NdR F8DwHCAIi;5>A=?JGCLMOK N V = RYM H HYDcIi;DLH R F=[D N >A= ] {O;^F=w l | ÄBlÃmfN DL>A>A=wHYDca5;^D V D*=UaF8DLJGCz=UF&; N =?JG;^DGF V^M F=Uo MON = u >ED l$ =?Ha"DL@d;D-N =?H V CAH8J`FDGa5= N JGCA=?HsH8D V D u D N =C N J`DGF R C V ;I u F8DLH<D N >z=cD`_ R F=Ua M >z=?JGCLMOK NQV DL>JG=?Ica M I(=U{ N KD R CzJ M jU=UFC M HJGI D N[V CEF8DLJGJGCLMOK N ¯ Î =?JGCA=iDL>aFC N JGCAa5C M&V DL> =UoT V D u C VM =>A=iC N D`_bCzH R D N JGCA= V D C N n M FI(=?JGCLMOK NZV DL>yI(CzH8I M D N DLH R =Zo MON = l Á ;Å/ÆwÃ¶Ä/É+Æ Ä À °Ä a5=UF=iDGjbC R =UFhJ M {?DGF<a5=UF R ~K JG;>A=?HeD N DL> =?> MiV DL> =Uo?t Miu CED NcR F=UoL=?H@B;^D =LO= N H8C V^M J MON H R F;C V =?H V D ] JGCED NdR DLIcD NdR D l É+ÆwÉ"ÌjÌjË Ã Á Ä/É Ç¢ÅªÌjÉ"ÇÃJÇÇ¢Ë À ÆwÉÇ tDLH V DLJGCEFLt"D N > M H@B;^D N^Mw =LO= R D N C V^M >z;^{O=UFDL>6a5=?H MV Dc; N HYDG{O; NVM DL>EDLJ R F5MOK N\V ;F= NSR D>A=w= V @d;5CAH8CAJGCLMOK NV DL>H8;5J`DLH M D N JG;^DLH R CkMOK N tJ M I M HYD*C NV CAJ$M K D N >A=ZHYDLJGJGCkMOK N l l | lm H RYM HYD&FDL=?>ACEoL=c= R F=kj-LKD H V Dx; N =iay=?>A= u F= V DDLH R = R ;H@B;^D&HYD&{O;5=UF V =cJ MON DL>ÃH8;J`DLH M^l ) ) ' ") + *) @:A@PA/A (! $ ! .- U¶I ² ( F H®°(ª¯ © I © I }& ¬ ¯I ³}®H+G G & G ( ³ ª( © I ² rD u C V^M =¼@d;D N^M HYD V CzHYa MON D V DC N n M FI(=?JGCLMOK NgV CAF8DLJ R = V DL>n M?R MOK N DLI(C R C V^M D N DL>J MON j?DGF R C V^M Fwa M F DL>DL>EDLJ R F5MOK N V DL> =Uo?thHYD; R CA>ACEoL=>A= H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N´PQMONdR DLJG=UF> M a5=UF=WJ M Icay=UF=UFwJ MON >A=?HZaF8DGjbCAH8C MON DLH(a5=UF= K= =?Ica5=UF= V^M a M F&DL> u ;D N =?JG;^DGF V^M D NSR F8DwH8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N V = RYM HxD N >A=?H&HCE{O;CED NdR DLH P pd¯°}O lm H R DZ;H M DLH R X a5F;^D u =?HG X DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N DLHYa5=?JGCz=?>+JG= NdR C V = VWV D(I(= R DGFCA=?>+H8CzIi;>z= V^M H;H8= NVM >z=wC N n M FI(=?JGCLMOK N\M?uR D N C V =wD N >A= HYDLJGJGCLMOK N l l l %¢ }K +) (Entradas/bin)/No. de entradas Masa2 Masa invariante 0.12 Simulacion 0.1 Datos 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01 E2-p2 fPghjiQklm!n +p s8 r vxr u,_J{8zj¢v¢ ~ ¢ ~ sesxzj{5xs ~ sSuv%%s S{5v ¡ u ~ u, ¢ " X DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N D N I M IcD NSRYM D NSR F8D V = RYM Hs[H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK NXPQMONdR DLJG=UF> M H8DLJGJGCLMOK N l l Ä l +D NSR F8DDL>5I =?H M GJ CA= ^V M ( = JG= V =(; N = X U= oOM K N I D dN RYM&V DL> Mc V Dx>z=?H R F8DLH I D dN RYM U= o , *>A= D N GD F8{~ K = RYM?R =?> V DL>Bj-GKD F R CzJ`DiH8;I(= N5V^M DL>Î M c FR =UoL=?H³ l 6EC {O;^F=* l |?Æ l ¾ D NdR F8D>A=\H8;IZ= V D > M HcI M IcD N^M HDL> V LD > ?M R F M DL>ADLJ R F5MOK N DL>EDLJ R FyMOK N X U= oOM K N , lA d Ã , , ½ IcD NSRYM H V DL>fay=UFcDL>EDLJ R F5MOK N ¯a M H8C R FyMOK N ¼DL> =Uo M FCE{OC N =?> V DL> =UoT l CA{O;^F=* l | Édl , , lALÄ $ , ½ , ÇR CA>zCEoL= NV^M DLH R =H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N jU=?>AC V = V =bta MBV DLI M HDLH R CAI(=UF V CAF8DLJ R =?IcD NdR D[>z=D N DGF8{~ K = V D[> M H*n M?RYMON DLH FDLJ MON H R F;C V^M H l^m >"F8DLH;> R = V^M HYD&I;^DLH R F=*D N >A= ] {O;^F=* l | Ë v ; NSRYM J MON >A=?HaF8DGjbCAH8C MON DLHha5=UF= P pd¯°}O V DL> p^qsr DL> m : t V^MONV DDL>$D v DSÍDLHG - ¾ , , $ , lA ÆO , H8CED NV^M , DL>Î M IcD NdRYMxV DL>bn M?R MOK NcM FCE{OC N =?>B , , 5> M H+I M IcD NSRYM H V Ds>A=?H R F=UoL=?HfJ M Ica MON D NdR DLH l M F<DL>"I(CAH8I M I M?R CEj M D`_ba5;^DLH RYM =UF8FC u =&a5=UF=i>A=xF8DLH M >A;5JGCLMOK N D N I M I(D NSRYM J M Ica5=UF=UFsJ MON >z=?HeaFDGjBCAHC MON DLH V D P pd¯°}OOsHYD = V CEjBC V C V^M a M F; N n=?J RYM F V^M HDL>jU=?> M F V D - V Dx>z=cH8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK NV Di>A=caF;D u =*D N =Uo lym >ÃDGF8F M F V^M I(C N = NSR D&D N DLH R D*JG=?H M jBCED N D V = V^M a M FDL>ÃDGFF M FDLH R = V ~ K H R CAJ M D N >A= V D R DGFI(C N =?JGCLMOK NQV D>A= FDLH M >A;JGCLMOK N D N I M IcD NdRYM a M F R F=UoL= ] {O;^F=* l | l , ¾ ? (Entradas/bin)/No. de entradas ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 Ehaz/E vertice 0.045 0.04 0.035 Simulacion 0.03 Datos 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Q1 fPghjiQklm!njpQqrtsxuvxry8zj{r ~ s ¢ @:A@PA3A U¶I ² ( F H ®°(ª¯ © G ©P¬ª FKG £K5{8zj¢{8r}~| ¦ }vz }*_\ P sxr ¨ z {r}~| Su ~ s8 G & G ( ³ ª( © I ² & pBD V D ]5N D F8DLH M >A;JGCkMOK N = N {O;5>A=UF=; N = V D R DGFI(C N = V =xD N DGF{~ K = V DL>yF=L M {O=?I(I(=*=?>K= N {O;> M @B;^DJ MONSR CAD N D DL>+Æ Ë a V D*>A=?H V CEFDLJGJGC MON DLHF8DLJ MON H R F;5C V =?H =?>EF8D V D V^M F V D*>A= V CEF8DLJGJGCkMOK NV D*C N JGC V D N JGCA=QJ M I M HYD*jBC M D N DL> JG=Ua~ K R ;> M |O lM H&F8DLH8;> R = VM H V Dc>A=[H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N \> M H V = RYM H&HYD(I;^DLH R F= N D N >A= ] {O;^F=w l | ay=UF=[j=UFCA=?H D N DGF8{~ K =?H lSmfN DL>5IZCAH8I M {?F5K= ] J M tBHYDC N JG>A;^?D N >A=?H-aF8DGjbCAH8C MON DLH V Ds>A=&H8CAI;>A=?JGCkMOK N(PXMONdR DLJG=UF> M a5=UF= P pB¯°}O V DL>Ãpbqsr V DL>JG=UaÃ~ K R ;> M | l =k @B;^DcHYD N =?>A=UF&@B;^D*D N DLH R D(JG=?H M H8D R F= u = v =D N >z= CEaM?K R DLH8CAH V DcJ M >AC N DL=?>AC V = V D NdR F8D*DL>6n M?R MOK N DL> DL>ADLJ R F5MOK N C N JGC V D NdR D l r DDLH R D I MbV^M tSa MbV DLI M H-;H=UFf>A= R F=UoL= V DL>"pbqsr J M I MiV CEFDLJGJGCLMOK N(V D C N JGC V D N JGCA= V DL> n M?R MOK N t5=cJ M I(a5=UF=UFJ MON >A= V CEF8DLJGJGCLMOK N FDLJ MON H R F;C V =*=*a5=UF R CEF V D&> M H<j?DLJ RYM F8DLHI M IcD NSRYMV DL>"a5=UFsDL>EDLJ R FyMOK N ¯ a M H8C R F5MOK N$lm >[K= N {O;> M n M FI(= V^M a M Fc>A= R F=UoL= V DL>pbqsr WDL>hj?DLJ RYM FI M IcD NSRYMV DL>ha5=UFXC N JG>A;^?D NV^M >A= V D ]5N CAJGCLMOK N[V D k<HYD&I;^DLH R F=(D N >A= ] {O;^F=* l O} l M HDGF8F M FDLHH8CAH R DLIgK= R CzJ M H = N H8C V^M > M H V^M IZC N = NdR DLHD N DL>+= N ?K= >ACAH8CzH V Dc>A=wF8DLH M >A;JGCLMOK N = N {O;>z=UFLtJ M I M ay;^D V D&J M IcaF M?u =UFHYD&D N DL>F8DLH;IcD NXV Di>A= R = u >A=( lA l =?HJ MONdR FC u ;5JGC MON DLHsIg?K= HCAIca M F R = NdR DLHaF M jBCAD N D N V DL>DGF8F M FJ M IcD R C VM =?>6J MON H8C V DGF=UF>z= V CEFDLJGJGCLMOK NQV DL>n M?R MOK N J M I M a5=UF=?>EDL>A=Z=w>A= V DL> =UoDL>DGnÈDLJ RYMXV D>A= V CAHYa"DGFH8CLMOK N : M ;> M I u Cz= N = lm H RYM HH8CAH R DLI´K= R CAJ M HHYD = NXV D R DGFIZC N = V^M ;H= NV^M >A=(HCAIi;5>A=?JGCLMOK NXPQMONSR DLJG=UF> M^l 6=UF=[DL>aFCAIcDGF M HYD =wDLH R ; V CA= VM DL>6F8DLHC V ; M = N {O;>A=UF V Dc>A= V CEF8DLJGJGCkMOK N V DL> =UoFDLHYa"DLJ RYM =[>A= V CAF8DLJGJGCLMOK N FDLJ MON H R F;C V =[D N DL><pbqsr Ul 6=UF=DL>eH8DG{O; NV^M H8D= N =?>ACAoL=XDL>-FDLH8C V ; M = N {O;>A=UF V DZ>A= V CEF8DLJGJGCLMOK NWV DL>-n M?R MOK N FDLHYa"DLJ RYM =>A= V CEF8DLJGJGCLMOK N\V DL> =Uo l R F=?HJ MONdR FC u ;JGC MON DLHH MONV DcIcD N^M FiCAIca M F R = N JGCA=F8DL>A= R CAj=wH8D = N =?>A>A= V^M C N JG>A;?D NV^M DGF8F M F8DLH6D N >A=H8CzIi;>z=?JGCLMOK Nu =?H8= V^M H6D N > M H V = RYM H+F8DL=?>EDLHsF8DLH;> R = V^M H V DL>^=?>zC N DL=?I(CED NdRYM t I MBV C ] JG= NV^M >A=?H CAaM?K R DLH8CAHH M?u F8DDL>JG=?Ica M I(=U{ N KD R CzJ M t5D R J l l / 4-9"'-= 4f c m >DLH R ; V C MZV Dx> M H V = RYM H M?u5R D N C V^M HD N DLH R =?H aF;D u =?HsH M?u FD =Uo N^M Hsa"DGFI(C R Dx>A>EDG{O=UF =Z>A=?HH8CE{O;CED NdR D J MON JG>A;H8C MON DLGH = )É"Ç¢ÃJÆÅªÌ"Ë Ã Á ÉÇ °ÌjË QÆªÄ/É¤ÆwÃJÇ ÀÂÃJÁ Ä¥Å¥ÆwÃQÇ J MON^] FI(=> M H6F8DLH8;5> R = V^M H V D<aF;D u ?= H+= SN R DGFC M 8F DLH lOm H RYM H8CE{ N C ] GJ =x@B;^D DL>>z= V^M p V DL> V D R DLJ RYM F R CED N D ; N =xF8DLH M >A;JGCLMOK N C NdR Fk~ K N HYDLJG= V D ; N =?H } I D N LD >">A= V^M p ! ) - j%¢ T% ?| , (Entradas/bin)/No.de entradas Epar /E aprox. foton 0.04 Simulacion 0.035 Datos 0.03 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Q2 fPghjiJk%lm!n jpqrtsxuvxry8zj{8r ~ s¥ K£ {8zj¢{8r}~| 5 ¦/jvYz }%¢e P - sxr ¨ z {r}~| u ~ 8s )3 ¨~¨ u ~ ~ u+~| s8} r 8vxr ~ Pjvxuwrv _ r 8v {r wu ve8 ¨~¨ u ~ ~¨ r ¢8j* ¨_~¨ u ~ ¢8+8 5{uwv1~| ¨ | s 8v ¡ | uwr{ ~ X|U} I D N DL>>z= V^M cl pbCH8D&C N GJ >A;^?D N > M HDGnÈDLJ RYM H V D&; N =c=?H8CE{ N =?JGCLMOK N DGF8F5MOK N DL= V DL>$HYDG{O; NV^M JG= N =?> a M FsF;C VM tB>A=*FDLH M >A;JGCLMOK N DLH V D LÄ X| I FDLHYa"DLJ R CEj=?I(D NSR D l = ÉÇÃ;ÆwÅ/ÌjË Ã Á É À Ã À É ¢Ã Ä¥É Æ ÌjÃ ;Å °ÌjË Ã Á Ä¥ÉÆ )Ã ¢Ã Ë Ã±Ä/É+Æ DLH V DL> M F V D N D | ` PÄ a =wDLH R =?HD N DGF8{~ K =?HQJ M Ica5= R C u >EDJ MON ; N =ZFDLH M >A;JGCLMOK N V D ` Æ a D N >A=wJ MON^] {O;^F=?JGCLMOK N V V D P pd¯°}O l = )É"Ç¢ÃJÆÅªÌ"Ë Ã Á É /É É Á ËwÌ ay=UF= n M?RYMON DLH(D N DL>C NSR DGFj=?> M D =WÆ [ DG DLH a t-;H= NV^M >A= H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK Nu =?H8= V =D N > M H$F8DLH8;> R = V^M H V D+DLH R =?HaF;D u =?H l q=?I u C³KD N DLHJ M Ica5= R C u >ED-J MON > M H$F8DLH8;> R = V^M H V D P pd¯°}O l ;Å/Æ M?uR D N C V =a5=UF=Xn M?RYMON DLHiD N DL>fC NdR DGF8j=?> MQV D =ÆN[DG DLHxJ M Ica5= R C u >ED = ÉÇÃJÆÅ/ÌjË Ã Á J MON >A=cHCAIi;5>A=?JGCLMOK N[V D P pB¯°}OBt V DL> M F V D NXV D&; N =?H<a M JG=?H V LKD JGCAI(=?H V D&{?F= VM^l ! *) ! ) ) ! ) *) ) ! *) ' ' $ $ *) ' ! - *) ! ($ "$ - , (! l lm!no °p!/sxur ¨ ¢ {8r}~ | ¢vxv ~ vs¥}v S¢8u,v ¨ r {r}~ | vs ~ zj{8r}~| $¡ z v8 , M PAD02P>+= N]RT.P+ *,+-+-FC"-" " N]+1.D+ = @+A"10/"1+ X0/" >" >PR+ -#?"F020D+ = " R0P.P#? #"-R+ = : :144 : :14J : :-:3-; C0PO02GPA"-R"7 !>"1.P+ .202"-AD+"RT>+= .2"-?XQ = .P#RT+ ? 7 7 : :-:9 $( M "1.P+B$H( : :14-4 : :14J : :-:3; : :-::-U : :-:3 : :9 : :-:3 ! "$# %'& )( *+# ! , -%/.1032 σ(E)/E Resolucion energetica 0.1 Simulacion/2 (0.4 T) AMS-02 (sim, 0.8 T) STD AMS-02 (sim) ECAL 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 1 102 10 103 Momento (GeV/c) fPghjiJk%l\m!n pQ:s ~ zj{8r}~| 8v ¡ | uwr{5:}v ~ u ~ xs8Q+ ¨ zjxsxuwv vxs ~ zj{r ~ s ~ y8u, r¢s? 8°xsxuwzjr ~ ¤~ u,5{5vx ~ ¢8;{55P | uwz ~ SJvs5z u ~ ¢ Ssxr ¨ z¢{8r}~| ¢ ?+vxzj*y5 }%3y5s8¢ ~ ~ s?vxsxz u,¢ ~ sr{5} +vxzj*y5\£w8v u u ~ ¦¥ {u ~ v v ~ %r ? § uwv ~ ¢{8r}~| Ju,5{u ~ v ª Q ~ ¢_Q{5 ¨ ~ ¨ ¡¢ 8| uwr{ ~ s8v ~ y8 r u, s5r¢ σ68 (grados) Resolucion angular Simulacion Datos AMS-02 (sim) STD 1 10-1 10-2 1 10 Momento (GeV/c) fPghjiJk%l m!n"p?Yxs ~ zj{r}~| )¡ z v ¨ r¢Tjv ¨ zjsxuvNu ~ u, ¢u ~ s5S 5z {r}~| ¨ ~¨ u ~ v{ ~ sxuvxzr ~ ¢_ ~ s ~ u ~ s1+ ¨ zjsxuv u, ¨ y8r)| ~ svsxz u ~ s_¢ §sxr ¨ z {r}~| ¢_vxzj%y- } %_-¢8 u,5{u ~ v u ~ u,ª£wzuwr r % ~ uv*%s¥jvwj r{8z vxs¦ @& j%¢ T% Ä , (Entradas/bin)/No. de entradas Angulo entre el par y la traza del haz 0.05 σ68 Simulacion Datos 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 Angulo (grados) fPghjiJk%l m;nm +p | )¡ z ~ uwv rv5{5{r}~| ¢8/}%Ê£ ¨ 5r¢N 83Dq5¦rv5{5{8r}~| v 5{ ~ sxuvxzr{ ~ 8 /8| vxur{5S8 5{8uv1~| ~ sxruv1~| !jvT¢u ~ s { ~¨_~¨ u ~ s_v5{ ~ s5uwvxzr ~ s uwv - P !/+ ¨ jz xsxuwvu, ¨ yr$| ¨ 5r§ ) b& H8CzI(CAH8I M DLH R =?H<aF;D u =?H = N a"DGFI(C R C V^M aF M?u =UFh> M Hfa5F M?RYM?R CEa M H V D R =UF v D R =?H V D F8D V ;5JGJGCLMOK N[V D V = RYM HGt H;H=?>E{ M FC R I M Hs[> M HaF M?RYM J M > M H V DxJ M Ii; N CAJG=?JGCLMOK N$l >E{O; N^M HaF M?u >EDLI(=?H = N H8C V^M C V D NdR C ] JG= V^M HL m _^CAH R D N C N D ] JGCED N JGCz=?H*D N CAIca5=?J RYM HZF8DLJ MON H R F;C V^M H V DL> M F V D NgV D Ä $ } a a M FIgMOK V ;> M^l+ =?H F=Uo MON DLH V Dw>A=?H*I(CzH8I(=?H*HYD[a5;^D V D N D N J MONdR F=UFcD N DL>haF M?RYM?R CAa M\V DL><J$MOK V CE{ MV D[F8DLJ MON H R F;JGJGCLMOK N > M H<aF M?u >EDLI(=?H V DF;C V^M J MON >A=n;D NSR D V D=?>ACAI(D NSR =?JGCLMOK Nl [F=?JGCA=?H=*>A=D`_Ba"DGFCAD N JGCA=x= V @d;CAFC V =xDLH R D aF M {?F=?IZ= =Za MbV C V^M H8DGF V DGa5;^F= VM D N j?DGFH8C MON DLHH8;J`DLH8CEjU=?H =?H R =[>A=j?DGFH8CLMOK N =?J R ;=?> l" H8CAIZCAH8I M t DL>$aF M?u >EDLI(= V Dx>A=*n;^D NdR Dn;D&C V D NdR C ] JG= V^M [H M >A;JGC MON = V^M a5=UF=cDGjbC R =UFH8DD N DL>"n; R ;^F M^l m >^= v ;H R D=>z= V CAH R FC u ;JGCLMOK NV Ds> M H6F8DLHC V ; M H V Ds> M H+CAIca5=?J RYM HeD N JG= V =a5>A= NM aF8DLHYD NdR =; N =HYDG{O; NV = [=?;H8HCA= N =cJ MON ; N a"DLH M H8CE{ N C ] JG= R CEj M } $ |U} a @B;^DDLH= R FC u ;C u >ED=?>$DGF8F M FsD N >A=c=?H8CE{ N =?JGCLMOK N V Da5CAH R =?HsJG;= NV^M >z=*a5=UF R ~ K JG;>z= =*a5=?H8= V^M J`DGFJG= V D&; N = V DDL>A>A=?H l m >+aFCAIcDGFa5; NdRYM DLH V CAF8DLJ R =?IcD NdR D= u"M F V = u >AD*J M FFCE{OCED NVM DL>e=?>E{ M FC R I MV D(=?JG;^DGF V^M =X> M HF8DLH;> R =¯ x H VM jbCAH RYM H lm >fHYDG{O; NV^M a5; NdRYM t@B;^DZay;^D V D R D N DGFJ MON H8DLJG;^D N JGCA=?Ha5=UF=>A=XFDLH M >A;JGCLMOK N = N {O;>A=UFkt =QHC V^M C N JG>A;C VM*V D NSR F MwV Di>z=ZH8CAI;>A=?JGCkMOK N t=?; N @B;^DiH8D =J M IcaF M?u = VM @B;^Di>A=?H V DG{?F= V =?JGC MON DLH@B;^DiaF M j M JG=wD N >z=*F8DLH M >A;JGCkMOK N H MON a"DL@d;-D N =?H l ?Æ ! 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N =HCE{ N C ] JG= N JGCA= V D Ä ` Æ -=wD N DGF8{~ K =?HH8;â"DGFC M F8DLH =?>6qÃDG l =[IcD vYM F=wD N >A=[C N H R F;IcD NdR =?JGCLMOK N DL> = N ?K= >ACAH8CAHin;^DC N J`F8DLIcD NdR = NV^M a5=?;5>A= R C N =?IcD NdR D>A=\JG=?>AC V = VV D>A=\HYDN =?>Át =?H R => M H(U} D N |U} ^M F=?H V D V = RYM H ?U lymeN > M H }bt m [ X ?|U V DLH V D ==?>zI(=cQ: Z [ X OD NX ;H R F=?>zCA=cJ MON^] FIZ=UF MON > M HsF8DLH8;5> R = V^M Hsay=UF=(DLH R =n;^D NSR D l V ~ K = V D ^M ?t; N = R F8DLC NdR D N = V Dxn;^D NSR DLH =H8C V^M O=C V D NdR C ] JG= V =ZJ MON DLH R = R LKD J N CAJG= l E */ meN t$DL>a5FCAIcDGF{?F= N M?u HYDGF8jU= RYM FC M DLHYa5=?JGCA=?> V DF=k M H{O=?I(I(=wn;Dxa5;^DLH RYM D N M K F u C R =J MON `KD _bC RYM DL>":?[ X G±+§U¾«²§U½ ¢U¾*¾c¢ ¢U %dL¥`¡ ¢?²§?¡^ Ä ldmeNdR F8D H8;H-JG;= R F M C N H R F;IcD NdRYM H+aFC N JGCEa5=?>ADLHGt ] {U¯ ;F= u = m [ Xm q ¸½¥`¡ d¥L²À£ ¢U¾*¾(¢ s¢Ui¸ `«^¥`¡³ÀÈ¾Z¥G½5² ¥`¬A¥%d`£§«^¥Ut V CAH8D-N = V^M a5=UF=xDL>yDLH R ; V C MiV D n M?RYMON DLH D NdR F8DU} P DG (|U}§[DG lBM H-FDLH8;> R = V^M H-F8DLJ M {OC V^M H V ;^F= NdR Ds> M HfJG=?H8C }&= N M H V D M a"DGF=?JGCkMOK N J MON H R C R ;?D N =?J R ;5=?>AIcD NdR D(>A=ZFDGnÈDGF8D N JGCA= V Di{?F= N a5=UF R D V D*>A=[=?H R F MON^M IX~ K =Z{O=?I(IZ= V D=?> R = Ii;Q=?> R =wD N DGF8{~ K = l$ÃM H PK j ); " |?Æ + K %J M?R F M H R F8DLH V D R DLJ RYM F8DLH V D :?[ X HYDXDLHYa"DLJGCA=?>zCEoL= u = N D N >A= u = NV = V DF=L M Hw{O=?I(IZ= V D u = v =D N DGF{~ K = +} ` ÉUÄ $ |U} P DGit$: P eq mf tbD N F=L M H V ;F M H& &pp m fD N DL>$DLH R ; V C M(V D§[ X¶ H ¶h q p m l m > V CAH8D-N^ M(V D m [ Xm q HYDaF8DLHYD NdR =cD N >z= ] {O;^F= ÄBl ÄBl5 = V CEFDLJGJGCLMOK NV DL>"F=k M {O=?I(I(=ZHYD V D R DGFIZC N =*= ay=UF R CEF V DL>a5=UFsDL>EDLJ R F5MOK N ¯a M HC R F5MOK N J MON j?DGF R C V^M D N DL>C NSR DGFC M F V Dx>A=ZJ$?K= I(=UF= V D&J CAH8a5=?HGtD N =?>E{O; N = V Di>A=?H ay>A=?JG=?H V DiJ MON j?DGFHCLMOK N D NdR F8Di>z=?HsI(CAH8IZ=?H l5 =(D N DGF8{~ K =cDLHF8DLJ MON H R F;C V =cIcD V CA= NSR DxDL>ÃJG=?> M Fk~ K IcD R F MZV D Z = µ³l Ç N HCAH R DLI(= V DfJ`D NdR DL>A>EDL= V^M FDLHÃaF M j?DGDhDL> V CzHYa5=UF MsV Dh>A= RYM I(= V D V = RYM HÃDL>dJ MONSR = VM F V Df= NdR CAJ M C N JGC V D N JGCA=?H DL>zCAI(C N =iDL>$n MONV^M(V Day=UF R ~ K JG;>A=?HJG=UF{O= V =?H l fPghjiJk%l n+p!/s jz ¨ ~ u ~¡ v j | ¢8;u,5{u ~ vY 1 :N§y ~ v ~ / 1 W M H F8DLH;> R = V^M HsI´?K= HsCAIca M F R = NdR DLHsHYD&FDLH8;IcD N D N > M HsH8CE{O;CAD NSR DLHay; NSRYM HL : MON^] FI(=?JGCLMOK NV D&>A= N = R ;^F=?>EDGoL=c{O=?>k?K= J R CAJG= V D&> M HF=L M HJ$M K H8I(CAJ M H ?Æ l :<= R ?K= > M { MwV D&Ig?K= H V Dx Ä }cn;D NSR DLHa5; NdR ;=?>EDLHGtÎ;J =?H=fK; NXN^M JG=UF=?J R DGFCEoL= V =?H É l ¶ >LUK= oL=UF8DLHJ M I M n;^D NSR DLHsD`_ R F=U{O=?>k?K= J R CAJG=?H Ë l µ·V D NSR C ] JG=?JGCLMOK N¼V DDLI(CzH8CLMOK N ay;>AH8= V =Q{O=?I(I(= a M Fia5FCAIcDGF=Xj?DGo V Dw; N aK; >zH8=UFiH8Cz>ED N JGC M H M D N F= V C M l P D V C V = V D&>A=cJ M >z= V DL>"DLHYa"DLJ R F M D N DGF8{KD R CAJ MwV Dj=UFC M H [ X¶ H |U}U l P D V C V =*aF8DLJGCzH8= V DL>"DLHYa"DLJ R F MZV CEn;5H M {O=?>L?K= J R CAJ M [D`_ R F=U{O=?>L?K= J R CAJ M\ | ty|? l meN >A= ] {O;^F= ÄBl Æ(HYD&Ii;DLH R F=c; N =aF M ?DLJGJGCLMOK NXV DL>$JGCEDL> M J MON DL>$J MONv ; NdRYM(V Dn;^D NdR DLHs@B;^DJ MON H R C R ;?D N DL> R DGFJ`DGFJG= R ?K= > M { M[V D m [ Xm q l Ç °Ä/Ã °Ì Å QÆ $% $ + ! ÃÁ ªË À ÃQÇ\É- É )Ë À É ÃQÇ - ! ) $ meNdR F8De> M H R DL>EDLH8J M a5C M H6: DGF8D N?M ja5;^D V D NxV DLH R =?JG=UFHYD V^M H M?u HYDGF8jU= RYM FC M HD N JG= V = DLI(CAHYnDGFC M P [ µ : | |Ux m:Xsµ q p |O N^M F R DT m pp | Ä (: Z [ X ¯ µµ8µf |?ÆH8;F³ l q MbV^M H6DL>A> M H6DLH R K= N a5; u >ACAJG= NV^M ? H;HaFCAIcDGF M H$FDLH8;> R = V^M HDLH R K= N D N aF M J`DLH MV Df=?Ica5>zCA=?JGCLMOK N a5=UF=IcD vYM F=UFH;HJG;=?>AC V = V DLH V DhHYD N H8C u CA>AC V = V [;I u F=?>"D N DGF{KD R CzJ M^l meN JG;= NdRYM =&> M H-a5F5M K _bCzI M H V D R DLJ RYM F8DLHhD N DL>5DLHYa5=?JGC M td> M He@B;^DJG; u FCEF5K= N DL>^F= N { MiV D> M H+F=k M Hf{O=?IZI(= V Dw=?> R = D N DGF{~ K =\HYDGF5K= N DL> M?u HYDGF8jU= RYM FC M [ pbq | É t6DL><H8= R LKD >AC R DXC R =?>ACA= N^M [ µ·m | Ë < P ptJ M I M ay=UF R D V D&H8; M a"DGF=?JGCkMOK NXV D&IcD V C V = V DF=k M HJ$M K H8I(CzJ M H l ,/ j j #* w)_+ * +) " |É fPghjiJk%l +njp"q?rtsxuwvxryzj{8r}~| { ~%~ v ¢s ¡ ¢| {uwr{5sY¢: s 5zj u,s¥r { zrsY 8}u8v{58v{5u| ~¡)~ ¥ D Y?; q: [ µ Ãm tJ MON H8CAH R DcD N ; N a"DL@d;^DN M C N H R F;I(D NSRYM H8CAIZCA>A=UF D N aF8DLH R =?JGC MON DLH&= m [ Xm q&t$aFD R D NV D JG; u FCAFxDL><>A=Ua5H M R DLIca M F=?> =?H R =\>A=a5;^DLH R =QD N I(=UFJ = V D[ Ã pbqtD N DL>fF= N { MV DD N DGF8{~ K =|U} P DG ¯i|U} [ DG l qsCED N Dw; N =DLH R F;J R ;^F=\H8CzI(CA>A=UF*= LKD H R D?teJ MON ; NV D R DLJ RYM F V DH8CA>ACzJGC M HYDG{O;5C V^MV D ; N JG=?> M Fk~ K IcD R F M \; N H8CAH R DLIZ= V Dcj?D RYM^l V DLIg?K= H V CzHYa MON D V D(JG=Ua5=?JGC V = VWV D*I(D V C V = V DcF=k M H l r DLH R =?JG=iH;c=?Ica5>AC M JG=?Ica M jbCAH8;=?>t; N UK= FDL=DGnÈDLJ R CAj=&; N n=?J RYM F<IcD N^M F-@B;^D m [ Xm qg; N = u ;^D N = F8DLH M >A;5JGCLMOK N = N {O;>A=UF l [ Ã pbq DLHZDL>D`_baDGFCAIcD NdRYM H8;J`DLH M F V D m [ Xm q J MONdR =UF5K= J MON Æ RYM F8F8DLH WJ MON H R C R ;5C V =?H*a M F ; NV D R DLJ RYM F V D R F=UoL=?Hay>A= N^M H V DXH8Cz>ACAJGC M C NSR DGFJG=?>A= V^M H(J MON J MON j?DGF R C VM F8DLH V D R ; N {OH R D N^M ; N JG=?> M Fk~ K I(D R F MZV D:H µl p^;XJG=UF=?J R DGFk~ K H R CAJG=ZIg?K= H V DLH R =?JG= u >ADxDLH; N C N J`F8DLI(D NSRYMZNM?R = u >ED R = NdRYM D N =$FK DL= DGnÈDLJ R CAj=J M I M D N FDLH M >A;JGCLMOK N F8DLHYa"DLJ RYM = m [ Xm qt5@B;^Da"DGFI(C R CEFyK= I(D v M F=UFH8;QHYD N H8C u CA>zC V = V D N ; N n=?J RYM FU} l meN A> =?H R = u >z=?H ÄBlA BÄ l HYDeFDLH8;IcD N >A=?HÃJG=UF=?J R DGFk~ K H R CAJG=?H V eD jU=UFC M H ay=?H8= ^V M H[n ; R ;^F M H l meN >A=c=?J R 5; =?>AC V = V tbD NdR 8F Dx>A=?HJG;^DLH R C MON DLHIg?K= HsH M?u F8DLH8=?>ACED NdR LD HD N V fD > M HD`_baDGFCAIcD NdRYM HIg?K= HF8DL>EDGjU= NdR DLH DLH R DxJG=?Ica M t V LD H R =?JG= N | F > M H R DL>ADLH8J M a5C M H V D m pp m > =?>A>z=UoG{ M(V D N ;I(DGF M H8=?H<n;^D NSR DLH N ;^DGjU=?H<D N DL>"a5>A= N^M [=?>L?K= J R CzJ M a M s [ : PQ µ l M HDLH R ; V C M H V D R =?>A>A= VM H V D&n;^D NdR DLH[=?>L?K= J R CzJG=?HGtC N JG>A;^?D NVM ; N =cD N LD >ÃJ`D NSR F [ M V D&>A=[=?>A=_^CA=ca M F a5=UF R D V D m pp PQ [ µ : l 2/ / m > V DLH8JG; u FCzI(CED NdRYMV D N ;^DGj M H [ Z Hsa M Fsa5=UF R D V D m pp M?R F M a M Fsa5=UF R D V D Q P [ µ: l = V D R DLJGJGCLMOK N a M Fj?DGoxa5FCAIcDGF= V DDLIZCAH8CLMOK NV CAn;H=i=(I;^[=?> R =cD N DGF{~ K =btâ M Fsa5=UF R D V D P AC >z=U{?F M^l / PK j ); " |Ë + K %J l l +no"pY"¢y8 È{ ~¨ }vuwrÈ¢ ¡ z ~ s¢ ~ s jvxr ¨ u ~ ? s ¢u8 s{ ~ r ~ s Qjv ~ 5z 8{ r ~ ¨ r u ~ m _Ba"DGFCzIcD NSRYM PQ [ µ : m pp : Z [ X ¯ 8µ µ8µ Ä ¼ }* }c }c K F8DL=(DGnÈDLJ R CEjU=(ayCAJ M JGI fK[ DG& É} }?} }?} L D H z > ; G J L C K = O { 5 ; A > U = F + } ` } + ` + } ` X M MON N X DLH M >z;JGCLMOK N D N DGF8{KD R CAJG= LÄYa LÄ:a LÄYa / Z WVY <: =?Ica M jBCzH8;=?> Bp D N H8C u CA>AC V = V C NdR DG{?F= V = JGI H t }?} [ DGit Ä } | ¼ } | Ä } } l l n °p1"¢y8 { ~¨ jvur ¢P ¡ z ~ s3¢¥ ~ s ~ ys8vxu ~ vxr ~ s3v ~ s ¡ ¨¨ xs8¢:xswj¢{8r ~ £ v ~ ¢{8u,¢ ~ s¦ m _ba"DGFCAIcD NdRYM K FDL=cDGnÈDLJ R CAj=cayCAJ M JGI µ·NdR DGF8jU=?> M D N DGF8{KD R CAJ M K [ DG& L D H A > ; X M JGCkMOK N = N {O;>A=UF } [ DG& L D H A > ; G J L C X M MOK N D N DGF8{KD R CAJG= T } [ DGt - m x ] m :<=?I(a M jbCAH8;5=?> pBD N H8C u CA>zC V = V C NdR DG{?F= V = JGI H t T } [ DGt BFLt Ä Ã c m [ Xm q [ p^q P Bp ¯°}O m : P pd¯°}O pbqr |U}?} }?}?}?} |U}?}?} Ä }?} } l }O|T¯ |U} } l }O|T¯ |U}?} T¯ }?}?} ¯ |U}?} }+` Ä }+` ` Ä }+` a } lc Æ HYF É a l HYF a } l HYF | a Ul ÆcHYF ` ¼ } `Ä ¼ } ` ¼ } Æ ¼ } 4-9"'-= 4f %c4 4:= >9 %c4 ^ . 9",8)> %c4-9!>)>%c#9 ` =UF=ZJ MON JG>A;5CEFDLH R DiJG=Ua~ K R ;> M t^D N >A=?HsaFyM K _bCAIZ=?HHYDLJGJGC MON DLH HYD V D R =?>z>A= N =?>E{O; NM H V Dx> M HJG=?H M H V D&n ~ K H8CAJG= I´?K= HF8DL>EDGjU= NSR DLHD N DL>+JG=?Ica MV D*>A=[=?H R F MON^M IQ~ K =w{O=?I(I(= V D*=?> R =[D N DGF8{~ K = J$M K I MXP pd¯°}Oway;^D V D*J MON ¯ R FC u ;CEFfD N H8;wDLH R ; V C M^lbmeN DL>"JG=UaÃ~ K R ;5> M ÆHYD V D R =?>z>A= N >A=?HhaDGFHYa"DLJ R CEj=?H V DL>D`_baDGFCAIcD NdRYM a5=UF==?>A{O; N^M H V D DLH RYM HJG=?H M HJ MON I(=k M FaF M n; N5V C V = V$l U¶I G © I © ³ I ² LPI ²$ I © !G GDH+IQFKI jG!H®Q ¯ © LPI }G ² _ H ¯ ² ®H ² meNdR F8D(>A=?H CEaM?K R DLHCAHIg?K= H=?HYD NdR = V =?H&a5=UF=DL> M FCE{?D NV Dc> M HF=k M HxJ$M K H8I(CzJ M H ] {O;^F= N > M HFDLI(= N D NdR DLH DV 8H ;aDGF N^M jU= ldmfNR GKD FIZC N^M H V D u =?>A= N J`D D N DGF8{KD R CAJ M ta MbV Fk~ K = N HYDGF>A=?Hhn;^D NdR DLHhaFC N JGCEa5=?>EDLH V D > M H<I(CzH8I M H =?H R =(> M H | } c DG l =?Hha5=UF R ~ K JG;5>A=?H >ADGa RYMON DLHh N ;JG>ED MON DLH-DG?DLJ R = V =?Ha M F<>A=H8;â"DGF N^M j=iHYDGFk~ K = N =?J`DL>EDGF= V =?H<D N >z=?H MON5V =?H DV [J ^M @d;^Da M F*DL>>A>A=?IZ= V^M IcDLJG= N CAH8I M\V CEn;5H8CEj MV D DGFI(C V DaFCAIcDGF M F V D N$l+m ><DLH8aDLJ R F M FDLH8;> R = NdR D HCE{O;^D; N =>ADG V Da M?R D N JGCz=?H lÃM HDL>EDLJ R F MON DLH*=?HL~ K =?J`DL>EDGF= VM H*DLI(C R CEFk~ K = N F= V CA=?JGCkMOK N¼V D[=?> R =D N DGF8{~ K =a M F u F8DLI(H8H R F= >A; N {Q VM I(C N = NdR D=wD N DGF{~ K =?HI´?K= H u = v =?Ht"Xa M F DGnÈDLJ RYM : M I(a RYMON C N j?DGFH M =wD N DGF{~ K =?HI´?K= H =?> R =?H le = C NSR DGF=?JGJGCLMOK N´V DX> M HcaF M?RYMON DLH=?J`DL>EDGF= V^M HJ MON ; N = N ; u DXI M >ADLJG;>A=UF(J`DGFJG= N =btfa M F(D v DLI(a5> M t a MbV Fk~ K = V =UF>A;{O=UF=DLI(CAH8CLMOK N H8; u ¯°qDGa M FJ M >zCAH8CLMOK N J MON > M HK= RYM I M H V Dh>A= N ; u D-a M H R DGFC M F V DLHC NSR DG{?F=?JGCLMOK N V D&> M H @B;^DF8DLH8;> R =UF= NV D&>A=(C NSR DGF=?JGJGCkMOK N$l j %¢ T%¶+È + +% ) , S | u HYDGF8jU=?JGC MON DLH V D(F=k M H D N >z=F8DLI(= N D NdR Dwp Z }?}OÆJ MON DL>eH= R LKD >zC R D p: O}U v ; NdRYM J MONWM?R F=?H M?u HYDGF8jU=?JGC MON DLH-a M H R DGFC M F8DLH+D NTX kÉB | l®É ¯ | SÆ*Z:<=?H =Ua5; NdR =UF MON =?JGCA=&>A=&D`_bCAH R D N JGCA= V DDL>EDLJ R F MON DLH V D }?}wqÃDG DLIZC R CED NV^M F= V CA=?JGCLMOK N H8C N J`F M?R FyMOK N$l5m >Ãa M H R DGFC M F =?>A>A=UoG{ MZV DxDLI(CAHCLMOK N qDG D N DLH R =?H n;^D NdR DLHGt a M Fs> M H<D`_ba"DGFCAIcD NdRYM H: Z [ X ¯ µ8µ t m [ X m pp"tJ MON H8CAH R D NdR DxJ MON : M Ica RYMON C N j?DGFH M tJ MON] FY¯ IZ=UF MON DL> =?>z>A=UoG{ M^l pbC N DLI u =UF8{ M ty>A=*DGjbC V D N JGCA= V D&>A=c=?J`DL>EDGF=?JGCkMOK NXV DaF M?RYMON DLH RYMbV =Lj"~ K = N^M DLHsJ MON JG>A;^?D NdR D l p<M K > M FDLJGCED N ¯ R DLI(D NSR D tDL>"D`_Ba"DGFCzIcD NSRYM m pp = M?uR D N C V^M ; NV D R =?>A>A= V^M I(=Ua5= V DL>"F8DLI(= N D NdR D X kÉB | l®É ¯ | SÆBt D N >A=&@B;^Ds=Ua5=UF8DLJ`D ; N C N J`FDLIcD NSRYM D N >A=DLI(CAHCLMOK N {O=?I(I(=&D N >A=o MON = V^MONV D>z= N ; u DI M >EDLJG;5>A=UF-j?DLJGC N =&DLH I´?K= H V D N H8= l?m H RYM a MBV Fk~ K =sD`_ba5>ACzJG=UFHYD<a M F->A= aF8DLHYD N JGCz= V Ds; N J M Ica MON D NdR D V DDLI(CAH8CkMOK N a M F V DLHC NSR DG{?F=?JGCLMOK N D l V (/ / / fPghjiJk%l njp js§¢È{8zj us§£v ~ s ¡ ¨ ¨ 5¦-¤¢È{ ~ u ~ v ~ s ¢Sr u, sxr¢Ê£v ~ s 3¦ }v- ~ svxsxu ~ s ¢ sxz%jv +~ } )w -£r zr8v¢x¦ $ T£,v{5}x¦¢°ªzj5¢v{8rv z r {8v ¨ u ~ ¢e ¨ rts5r}~| S¡ ¨ ¨ ? ~ +~ v ~ s5u, zj { ~ r {8r¢ { ~ v ¡ r}~| er u,v¢{5{r}~| ¢ev ¨ u sxz%}8v ~ { ~ z zjy ¨_~ 5{zv{5v{ +¥s5u ~ ~ v" | §sxuv?z u ~ _ §¢{58 v¢{8r}~| j¢v1~| r{5¢3}vxu | {8z s? v ¨ uY = ?M u HYDGF8jU=?JGCLMOK N*V DhDLI(CAH8CkMOK N [ DG J MON =?> R = F8DLH M >A;JGCkMOK N = N {O;5>A=UFLtUJ M I M >A= V D P p"tD N 8F DG{OC MON DLH V <D DLH R D R CAa M J M Ica5>ADLIcD NSR =UFT~ K =xDL>DLHYa"DLJ R F M {O=?I(IZ= RYM?R =?>Át^=Ua M F R = NV^M C N n M FI(=?JGCLMOK N H M?u FD >A=ia M H8C u A> DJ M Ica MON D NdR D = V F5MOK N CAJG= l M ¯ F ² G } I ² FKI j® © I ² m H RYM H M?ubv D RYM H6J MON H R C R ;^?D N ; 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R F MON DLHw@B;^DDLH8JG=Uay= N a M F>A=?H>~ K N DL=?H V D*JG=?I(a M IZ=U{ N KD R CAJ M D N > M H a M > M H l" JG= V =[a5=?H MV DL>a M > M D N H;\F M?R =?JGCLMOK N a M F N ;^DLH R F M JG=?I(a M jbCAH8;=?>t M?uR D N DLI M Hx; N = ay;>AH8=?JGCLMOK N V DcDLH R =[F= V CA=?JGCLMOK N t"J MON ; N aDGFC MBVM D`_ R F= M F V C N =UFCA=?IcD NdR D PK j ); " O} + K %J FDG{O;>A=UF l =\DLI(CAHCLMOK N a5;>AH8= V =D N F=L M HZ{O=?I(I(=aF M jbCED N D V DX>A=?H*a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A=?HcJG=UF8{O= V =?H(D N >A=I(=U{ N D DV L>ea5K; >AH8=UF lÃ =?Ha5=UF R ~ K JG;>z=?HxF M?R = NV D[I(= N DGF=H M >zC V =UFCAQ = J OM N >z=?H>°~ K N DL=?H V DwJG=?Ica M t V w D =?JG;^DGF V^M J MON5V CAJGCLMOK NV DDL@B;CA>zC u FC MV Dn;^DGF8oL=?HG ¸ RYM HYnÈDGF= J MON >A= ¸ ¸ ¾ } ¼ ÄBlA meN DLH R =?HJ MONV CAJGC MON DLH N^M D`_^CAH R Di=?J`DL>ADGF=?JGCLMOK N V Dx>A=?Ha5=UF R ~ K JG;>z=?H l pbC N DLI u =UF8{ M t"=(F= V C M H V DL>ÃD v D V D F M?R =?JGCLMOK N @d;DwJG;I(a5>ED N ¸ ¼ ¸ ( Ig?K= Hc=?>A>kK= V DL><>A>z=?I(= V^M £LÀÈ¬ À½y¿U¡Y§¼¿S¥¬®ªBxDLHcCAIca M H8C u >AD(I(= NSR D N DGF DLH R DDL@B;CA>zC u FC M tba5;DLH RYM @B;^D*CAIca5>zCAJG=UFk~ K =c@B;^D*>A=?H a5=UF R ~ K JG;>z=?HHYD*I M jbCEDGF= N Ig?K= H F5UK= ayC V^M @B;^D ( l M F R = NdRYM t =?@B;^DL>A>z=?Ha5=UF R ~ K JG;>z=?HD N >A=?H>~ K N DL=?H V D(JG=?Ica M @d;^D*DLH8JG=Uay= N =?>+JGCA>AC NV F MwV D(>A;ô*a5;^D V D N HYDGF&=?J`DL>EDGF= V =?HxD C N CAJGCA=UF<aF M J`DLH M H V D&{?D N DGF=?JGCLMOK NQV D{O=?I(I(=?H l r M H I MbV DL> M H<a5;{ N = N a M FsD`_ba5>ACAJG=UF> M HsIcDLJG= N CAHI M H V D&DLH R =(DLI(CAHCLMOK N t^=?HL~ K J M I M H8;HsJG=UF=?J R DGFk~ K H R CAJG=?H DLH8aDLJ R F=?>EDLH ] {O;F= ÄBl Ë t<HYDG{<K; N >A=F8DG{OCLMOK NV^MONV D R D N {O=¼>z;^{O=UF>A= =?J`DL>EDGF=?JGCLMOK N V DLH8J`FC R =D N DL>aUK= F8F=Un M = NdR DGFC M F l 1 Ω B Light Cylinder α polar cap beam outer gap beam Ω .B=0 fPghjiQk%l +n+p ¤ ~ ¢8 ~ sjv§8 ¨ {5 rts ¨_~ ¢ ¨ rtsxr}~| -¡ ¨ ¨ È¢ u,S 8v ¡ | §?z |z s8v: 5 m 6> >A>A=?IZ= V^M I MBV DL> M «^§U¬¢?¡£¢« S|U V D ] D N5V D@B;^Dc> M Hn M?RYMON DLH{O=?I(IZ= M?u HYDGF8jU= V^M HaF M jBCAD N D N\V DL> V DLH8=UF8F M >A> MQV DJG=?H8JG= V =?HDL>EDLJ R F M I(=U{ N KD R CzJG=?H(C NV ;5JGC V =?H a M Fxa5=UF8DLHiDL>EDLJ R F5MOK N ¯a M HC R F5MOK N J`DGFJG= V Dw> M H a M > M H V DL>aK; >zH8=UF l m K H RYM HQ=H8; j?DGo = N HC V^M J`F8DL= V^M H= R F=Lj-LKD H V DW>z=C NSR DGF=?JGJGCLMOK N V D{O=?I(IZ=?H aFCAIZ=UFC M H(=hK; N Ig?K= HD N DGF8{KD R CAJ M HJ MON > M HF=L M H =?I u CED NdR =?>EDLHD N DL> HYD N^MV DL>C NSR D N H M JG=?Ica M I(=U{ N KD R CAJ M IcDLJG= N CAHI MV DeJ MON j?DGFH8CkMOK N I(=U{ N KD R CzJG=S lÃM HÃ{O=?I(IZ=?HaFCzI(=UFC M H$=Ua5=UFDLJ`D N a M FDLI(CzH8CLMOK N V DxJG;^Fj= R ;^F= M DGnDLJ RYM : M Ica RYMON C N j?DGFH MwV Dx> M HsDL>EDLJ R F MON DLH =?J`DL>EDGF= V^M H lym >ÃF8DLJ M F8FC V^M >AC u FDI(D V C M a5=UF=c>A=cJ MON j?DGFH8CkMOK N I(=U{ N KD R CAJG=wHYD&J M Ica M F R =ZHYDG{hK; N D`_Ba B ÄBl O V^MONV D ¾ H8C N deH8CED NV^M >A=C NdR D N H8C V = VZV DL>JG=?Ica M IZ=U{ N KD R CAJ M t iDL> K= N {O;> M D NdR F8DDL>n M?R MOK N >A=>~ K N DL= V DJG=?Ica M ? >A=D N DGF8{~ K = V DL>bn M?R MOK N$lS HL~ K @B;^D V DsI(= N DGF= N = R ;^F=?>^=Uay=UF8DLJ`DD N DL>DLHYa"DLJ R F M DL>s>A>A=?IZ= V^M £§U¡`²°¥dªT«^¥`¡8¥`«b§U½¥G½y£GÀÁ¢U¬&JG;= N5V^M >A= D N DGF8{~ K =\DLHIi;¼=?> R = H8D =?J`DQI;^¼{?F= NV D ] {O;^F= ÄBl l 1 1 j %¢ T%¶+È + +% ) , S =?HcJG=UF=?J R DGFT~ K H R CAJG=?HZDLHYa"DLJ R F=?>EDLH* D N DGF8{KD R CAJG=?H V D>A= DLI(CzH8CLMOK N aF8D V CzJ =?H ??=?HL~ K J M I M LD >J M F R D DLHYa"DLJ R F=?>==?> R =?HD N DGF8{~ K =?H Ä DLH R K= N D N F=Uo MON = u >ED=?JG;^DGF V^M J MON >A=?H M?u HYDGF8jU=?JGC MON DLH V D m [ Xm qt =?; N @B;^D N^M D`_ba5>ACAJG=c= V DLJG;= V =?IcD NdR Di> M H<a"DGF ] >EDLH V DL>"a5;>zH MX SÆ l fPghjiJk%l + n "p " ~ vxs¢8"{ ~ vxu,¥sxz%}8v x ~ { rj{5 {8z ¢ ~ s;jve ~ sPxswj{8uwv ~ P s ¢3vxr ~ s;|z s8vxsPy5 ~ 8 ¨_~ ¢8 ~ 3 ~ v 5{ ¤ °Q J 8_¢ s yxs8{8rts8s s8 ¨ v{ r u sxr¢È¢8;{5 ¨ ~ ¨ ¡ | uwr{ ~ sxz%}8v {8r% m ^> I MbV DL> M §Uª^²°¥`¡ S¢« Ë âF M a5;^{ N = @B;^D>A= F= V Cz=?JGCLMOK N {O=?I(I(=aF M jBCAD N D V D>A=?H6F8DG{OC MON DLH6D`_ R DGFC M FDLH V DLH V D>A= 5K; > R CAI(=(>°~ K N DL= V DiJG=?Ica M = u CEDGF R =bt V^MONV D>A=ZC NdR D N H8C V = VQV DL>JG=?Ica M IZ=U{ N KD R CAJ M DLH I;J ^M IcD N^M F l =?HÃa5=UF R ~ K JG;>z=?HÃJG=UF8{O= V =?H=?J`DL>EDGF= V =?HDLIZC R D N F= V CA=?JGCLMOK N&V DhJG;^F8jU= R ;^F={O=?IZI(=btTa5F MBV ;JGCED NV^M a5=UF8DLH*a M F(C NdR DGF=?JGJGCLMOK N J MON > M H*F=L M H R GKD FI(CAJ M H=?I u CED NSR =?>ADLH l-m H RYM H*ay=UF8DLH V =UF5K= N >A;{O=UF(=> M H n M?RYMON DLH{O=?IZI(= M?u HYDGF8jU= V^M HÃa M FaF M J`DLH M H V D<: M Ica RYMON C N j?DGFH M tF= V CA=?JGCkMOK N&V DfJG;F8j= R ;F=sDLI(CzH8CLMOK N H8C N J`F M?R F5MOK N Ig?K= H : M Ica RYMON C N j?DGFH M^l meN DLH R DiJG=?H M tDL>J M F R DD N DL>ÃDLHYa"DLJ R F M HYD V D u D&=Z>A=(D N DGF8{~ K =(I´K= _bCAIZ= V Dx> M HDL>EDLJ R F MON DLHaFCzI(=UFC M H H8CAIcay>EDLIcD NdR D?tÃJ MON > M @d;^Dw>A=XJG=^~ K V =XHYDGFk~ K =Q=?>E{ M Ig?K= HiH8;=kj?D lm H RYM HiI MBV DL> M HF8DGaF MbV ;J`D NWu =?H R = NdR D u CED N > M H+DLHYa"DLJ R F M H-c>A=?HfJG;^F8jU=?H V D>z;ô V D> M H-aK; >AH8=UFDLH V DsF=k M He{O=?I(IZ=bt u = vYM JGCEDGF R =?HhJ MONV CzJGC MON DLH l pbC N DLI u =UF{ M tÃaF8D V CAJ`D N ; N =H8DG{O; NV =J M Ica MON D NdR D V DZDLI(CAH8CLMOK N D N DL>+F= N { M H8; u ¯°qDG a5=UF= V D R DGFI(C N = V^M Ha5K; >AH8=UF8DLH Ë t Ã@d;^Di=fK; NN^MZ =cHC V^M*M?u HYDGF8jU= V^M^l pBDJ MON^M J`D N HYDLCAH<a5K; >AH8=UF8DLH<J MON DLI(CAHCLMOK N {O=?I(I(=(J MON^] FI(= V =D N >A=*F8DG{OCkMOK NV D> M H<a M J M H [DG SÆ lm > J M F R DcD N D N DGF8{~ K =w=fK; NN^M[ =[H8C V^MwM?u HYDGFj= V^M t"a"DGF M HYDcJ MON^] FIZ=wJ MON > M HDLH R FCAJ RYM H>~ K IZC R DLHH;â"DGFC M F8DLH = >z=DLI(CAH8CkMOK N DLH R = u >EDLJGC V^M H&a M Fx> M H R DL>EDLH8J M a5C M H*: DGF8D N ?M jD N DL>-F= N { MV DZ>z=?H&a M JG=?HiJ`D NSR D N =?H V D [ DG l i H I L D > x H Y H D ? = z > = & H a F D A C ` J D L D H [ D J F [ D = z C H C H j ? = > 8 F L D x H D L D e > C G D 8 F U j ? = > $ } W [ G D =UaF M _^C¯ ÃM MBV M N V^M V N R M R V R NdRYM M N NSR M IZ= V =?IcD NdR D?tBa5F8DLJGCAH8=?IcD NdR D>z=xo MON = V D M?u HYDGF8jU=?JGCLMOK NwV D P pd¯°}O l [ F=?JGCA=?Hh=?1> [hp V DL>5@B;^D V CAHYa MONV F5K= HYD a MbV F5iK= F8DG{OCAH R F=UFsDL> R CEDLIca M = u H M >z; RYMcV D&>A>EDG{O= V = V D&> M H<n M?RYMON DLHs[H8C R ;=UF> M D N >z=*n=?HYD V DL>"a"DGFC MbV^M J M FF8D`¯ H8a MON5V CED NdR D;5H8= NV^M IcD V C V =?H<D N F= V C M^l meN DL>JG=Ua~ K R ;> M ÆZH8D V =; N D v DLIca5> M[V DL>F8D NV CAIZCED NSRYMwV D P pd¯°}Oa5=UF=[>A=wIcD V C V = V DL>DLHYa"DLJ R F M D N DL>ÃJG=?H MZV Dx>z=*DLI(CAH8CLMOK N[V Di=?> R =*D N DGF8{~ K = V D+DL>A= l M F M?R F M >z= V^M t>z=?H N D u ;> M H8=?H =?H M JGCA= V =?H=waK; >zH8=UF8DLHiz«¬E¥G¡ÀÁ§U½¥ dk R =?I u C³KD N H MON n;^D NdR DLHCAIca M F R = NdR DLH D N DLH R = u = NV = V DD N DGF8{~ K =bt =?H R =*DL>$a5; NSRYM D N @B;^Dx>z= N D u ;> M H8= V DL>Ã:<= N {?F8D vYM HYDDGFCA{?D&J M I M >A=cJG= N5V DL>A= DLH R K= NV =UFhD N DL>yF= N { M*V DI;^(=?> R =xD N DGF8{~ K =btBa M Ff>A=xDLH R = u CA>zC V = V(V D H8;DLI(CAH8CLMOK NZ =?H R =Ig?K= H V D U}qÃDG lBm > M FCE{?D NxV Df>A=I(CAH8IZ=H MON >A=?HÃa5=UF R ~ K JG;5>A=?H$=?J`DL>EDGF= V =?Ha M FDL>OaK; >AH8=UFLt`D N >A=sC NdR DGF=?JGJGCLMOK N J MON >A= N ; u D+D`_ba5= N H8CEjU= K= J MON H R C R ;C V^M a M F jU=UFCA=?HJ M Ica MON D NdR DLHGt R =?> V D>A=wH8;â"DGF NM jU= M FCA{OC N =?> lm >DLHYa"DLJ R F MV D>z= N D u ;> M H8=btyDLH R J M I M H8DI;^DLH R F=iD N >A= ] {O;F= ÄBlA } lÃM H V^M HIcDLJG= N CAHI M H<C N j M >z;J`F= V^M HhaFC N JGCEa5=?>AI(D NSR DH MON >z=xDLI(CzH8CLMOK N PK j ); " S + K %J HC N J`F M?R F5MOK N =?H R =[F=L M Hx{O=?I(I(= V D u = v =wD N GD F8{~ K =SDL>e: M c I a YR MON C N j?DGFH MV c D > M HDL>ADLJ R F OM N DLH&H M?u F8Dc> M H n M?RYMON DLH=?I u AC D NSR =?>EDLH l fPghjiQk%l +no p!/swj5{uwv ~ *y8z ~ s8§¢8ª1 $¡ v ~ /s8 ¡ |z D D SN R D NV DGFZ>A=\n ~ K H8CAJG= V DX> M H*a5K; >AH8=UF8DLH*DLHcDLH8aDLJGCz=?>AIcD NdR DwFDL>EDGj= NdR DQ=>A= M F= V D =CAIca M F R = N JGCA= V D NdR D N V DGF> M H M?ubv D RYM H N^M C V D SN R C ] JG= V^M H V DL> R DGFJ`DGFsJG= R ?K= > M { Mcm [ Xm qtdO=@B;^D H8DH M HYa"DLJ =i@B;^DIi;5J ^M*V D DL>z> M HH MON aK; >AH8=UF8DLH l E ² ³GDFF®L ² : L I jG ²'¬ G G WU ² M H:[ X¶ HeH OM N n;D NSR DLH6D`_ R F8LD I(= V =?I(D SN R DC NSR D N H=?H u F8DGj?DLH V DhF=L M H+{O=?I(IZ= V D M FCE{?D N J M 8H I M L> M K {OCzJ M Å Äb l pb; u FCA>A> M D N DLH R = u = NV =x> M HfJ MON jbCEF R CEDGF MON D N >z=?H-aFCzIcDGF=?H+n;^D NdR DLHfay; NSR ;5=?>EDLH-J$M K H8I(CzJG=?H M?u H8DGF8j= V =?H =&DLH R =?H-D N DGF{~ K =?HGt?{?F=?JGCA=?Hf=&>A=HYDGFCED V DsH8= R LKD >AC R DLHeDLHYaÃ~ K =+DL>z=btOD N >A= V LKD JG= V = V Ds> M HfÆU} lSmeN > M HK; > R CAI M H+= N M H >z=?H M?u HYDGF8jU=?JGC MON DLH = N DLIca"DGoL= V^M = V =UFsa5CAH R =?HH M?u F8Dx> M H M?ubv D RYM H V DLHYD N JG= V D N = NdR DLHGa5=UF=Z> M H [ X¶ H V D ¬E¢U¡ S¢ ¿Uªb¡ ¢S£GÀ §U ½¼D`_^CAH R D*; N =w=?H M JGCA=?JGCLMOK N J MON H8;â"DGF N^M j=?H ÅÄ V D V D R DGFI(C N = V^MwR CEa M y> M H [ X¶ H V D[£§U¡³²¢ ¿?ªB¡Y¢O£LÀ §U ½[a MbV Fk~ K = N DLH R =UF-F8DL>A=?JGC MON = V^M H+J MON >A=J M >ACAHCLMOK N*V D V^M H M?ubv D RYM H-J M Ica5=?J RYM H ÅÄ | l qÃF=?H+>A=>AC u DGF=?JGCLMOK N V DDLH R =*D N DGF8{~ K =bt V DL> M F V D NXV D } c 5t> M H [ X¶ HsHYD&JG=UF=?J R DGFCEoL= NXR =?I u C³KD N a M Fs; N =DLI(CzH8CLMOK N @B;^DHYD = R D N K; =ZJ MON DL> R CADLIca M D N jU=UFCA=?H u = NV =?H V DL>DLH8aDLJ R F M DL>EDLJ R F M I(=U{ N KD R CAJ M t$DL>Ã>z>A=?I(= V^M ¢ ³²°¥G¡O¬§U¨ l -=UFC M H I MBV DL> M HGtOD NdR F8DDL>z> M H+DL> V D -¡8¥ ¢U¬È¬ ÅÄ ?yQ£¢U½½y§U½ 8¢U¬¬ ÅÄ?Ä R F= R = N[V DsD`_ba5>ACAJG=UFh>A=?HeJG=UF=?J R DGFT~ K H R CAJG=?H V DsDLH R = DLIZCAH8CLMOK N tbnF; RYM(V D&>z=cC NSR DGF=?JGJGCLMOK NQV DL>"jbCED NdRYM F8DL>A= R CAjBCAH R =J MON DL>IcD V C M C NSR DGFDLH R DL>A=UFi ] {O;F= ÄBlA? l m ><JG= R ?K= > M { M Ig?K= H*D`_ R D N H MW =?H R =\>A= nÈDLJ = = H8C V^M DL> M?uR D N C VM a M F*DL>C N H R F;IcD NdRYM H ¶< qp m ÅÄ Æ ] {O;^F= ÄBlA O l H [ X¶ HDLH R K= R =?I u C³KD N J MONM J`DGF =?H R = meNdR F8DW>A=?HJG;^DLH R C MON DLH[a"D NV CED NdR DLHwD N >A= V DLH8J`FCAa"JGCkMOK NV D> M ' @B;h<KD D N DGF8{~ K =>A>ADG{O= >z=DLI(CzH8CLMOK N$l = M?u HYDGF8jU=?JGCLMOK NcV Dhn M?RYMON DLH V D<I(=L M F M I(D N^M F6D N DGF8{~ K = a"DGFI(C R D<J MON H R F-D N CEF DL>bn=?J RYM F V D M F8D NdR o V Ds>A=D`_ba5= N HCLMOK N$l? =?> R =D N DGF8{~ K =( [ DG R =?I u C³KD N =Ua5=UF8DLJ`D N DGnÈDLJ RYM HeD N >A=JG;^F8jU= V D >A;o R DLIca M F=?>D N >A=in=?HYDC N CzJGCA=?>5@B;^D aDGFI(C R CEFk~ K = N*]Uv =UF; N I MbV DL> M = V DLJG;= V^M t^J MON > M @d;DDLH N DLJ`DLH8=UFCA= ; N =*F8DLH M >A;5JGCLMOK N[R DLIca M F=?> N^MZV CAHYa MON C u >ADsD N > M H V = RYM H V D m [ Xm q l j %¢ T%¶+È + +% ) , S S| Toro de acrecion "Cannonballs" Emision gamma Objeto colapsado Cascara de expansion del GRB fPghjiJk%l +noo"pq ~ s ¨~ ¢8 ~ s ¢ ¨ rtsxr}~| 5u,v ¡ ~ }8 " 8 ¨~ ¢8 ~ ¢ {5 "~ y5!£Kvxvxry55¦!z È~ y 88u ~ { ~ s ~ { ~ z \s5uwvxzj{8uzvÈu ~ v ~ r¢¥ ¨ u,vxrTsxzÊ v5 ~ v5 ¢{8vu, ¨ u,vxr¢8 ¨ rts ¨_~ -¤8¢{8u,¤ ~ v ¨ ¨ s8s{ ~¨ j¢{8u,s ~ ,y ~ s3P{5 ~| zj¥r u,v¢{8u+j|z ¨ | s3¢¢8 u,:{ ~ Ysxz%jv {rP j {r}~| ¢8 vxsxu ~ ¢:sxz%jv +~ ¢" 8 ¨~ ~ v%y£K¢8v5{j5¦J?r u8v¢{5{8r}~| ¢Y sY ~ uwzvs: xj sxr}~| ¢8 ~ y 88u ~ zj ~ vxr ¡ r ~ | 1 { ~ ¨ 5r ~ v ~ zj{5 §¢{58 v¢{8r}~| ¢{8uwv ~ xs § ¨ rtsxr}~| s5r {v ~ uwv1~| ~ yxs88vx¢ 2704 BATSE Gamma-Ray Bursts +90 +180 -180 -90 10-7 10-6 10-5 Fluence, 50-300 keV (ergs cm-2) 10-4 fPghjiJk%l no °pq?rtsxuwvxryzj{8r}~| { ~*~ v¢ ¢s ¡ ¢| {uwr{5s 1 s:¢8u5{8u ~ sD ~ vY8"¢8u5{8u ~ v ?° £r zrv5¦¢JÊrts ~ uwv ~ P | ¶{ ~ sxuwruz¢\z N¢¤ svxzj%y5s¤¢8 ~ vxr ¡ { ~ s ¨~ ~8| ¡ r{ ~ sxu ~ s ~| ¨ v{5} rtsxuvxry8zj{r}~| zv¢{8r}~| u ~ u3È ~ s D 3s5ertsxur $¡ zr$| ~ s8-{v ¨ u,È ~ s¢Èuwr ~ { ~ K , J D ~ s8 vxu ~ \ v ¡~ PK j ); " ? + K %J P pcJ MONdR =UF5K= J MON ; N D`_ R D N H M JG=?Ica MxV DjBCAHCLMOK N t?D N(RYM F N^M =x> M H ` Ä HYFLt?a5=UF= V D R DLJ R =UF?[ X¶ HhIi;^ D N DGF8{KD R CAJ M H l [ F=?JGCA=?Hc=?>?[hp DL>ha"DL@B;^D-N^ MQR CADLIca M I;^DGF RYMV D> M H*H8CAH R DLI(=?HDL>EDLJ R F5MOK N CAJ M HcH8Dway;^D V D N R D N DGFsDLHYa"DLJ R F M H R DLI(a M F=?>EDLHaF8DLJGCzH M H V D&> M HsaFCAIcDGF=?H V LKD JGCzI(=?H V DiHYDG{O; NV^M(V DL>"nÈD N M K I(D N^M^l V ¯ HFI ² ¬ GDF!¯G H³}®H ² GDH³}® ² WV ² ÇN^M\V D> M H =?>A>A=UoG{ M HcI´?K= HCzIca M F R = NSR DLH V D m [ Xm q n;^D[>A=QD NM FIcDwaF M n;H8CLMOK NV Dwn;^D NdR DLHD`_ R F=¯ {O=?>k?K= J R CAJG=?HsD N J MONdR F= V =?HLt ^M wD NXV ~ K =C V D NSR C ] JG= V =?HJ M I MZN K; JG>ED M H<{O=?>L?K= J R CAJ M H=?J R CEj M H lm H RYM H M?u^v D RYM HH MON {O=?>z=_bCA=?HJ MON ; N =w=?> R ~ K HCAI(=Z=?J R CAjBC V = V D N H8; N K; JG>ED M tD N aFC N JGCEa5C M ; N =U{O; v DGF M[N DG{?F M H8;â"DGFI(=?HCEj M ty@B;^D DG?DLJ R =I(D V CA= NdR D=?>E{<K; N IcDLJG= N CAH8I M a M J M J MON^M JGC V^MZRYMbV =Lj"~ K =bt$J M F8F M H V DiIZ= R DGFCA=F8DL>A= R CEjbCAH R = =?JGCA=w> M H VM Hsa M > M H V Di>A=c{O=?>A=_^CA= lymfN JG=?H MwV Dx@B;^DxDL>J MON^MV DL>J ^M FF M =Ua5; NSR D =?JGCA= N ;^DLH R F=(a M HCAJGCLMOK N t R D N DLI M H > M Hs>A>A=?I(= VM H [ Z H V D R CEa M `¬ ¢ k¢U¡t V D&=?JG;^DGF VM =(>A=cC NdR DGF8aFD R =?JGCLMOK N =?J R ;=?> l M H u >LUK= oL=UF8DLH<HYDJG=UF=?J R DGFCAoL= N a M FfDLI(C R CEFeD NwRYMbV^M DL>5DLHYa"DLJ R F M t V DLH V DF= V C Mi =?H R =F=L M H<{O=?I(IZ= lbmfN >z=co MON = V D u = v =(D N DGF8{~ K =ca5=UF8DLJ`DJG>A=UF M DL> M FCE{?D N H8C N J`F M?R FyMOK NXV Dx>A=(F= V CA=?JGCLMOK N t5=(a5=UF R CEF V Dx> M HsDL>EDLJ R F MON DLH =?J`DL>ADGF= V^M H+a M F6DL>^J ^M FF M^lOmeN DL>bF= N { M&V D<> M HF=L M H-{O=?IZI(=HYDJ`D NSR F=&=?J R ;=?>AIcD NdR D{?F= N a5=UF R D V D>A= V CAH ¯ JG;5H8CLMOK N$lOmfN > M H-I MbV DL> M He>EDGa R MOK N CAJ M HeHYDJ MON H8C V DGF=>A=DLI(CzH8CLMOK N = R F=Lj-LKD H V D>z=C NSR DGF=?JGJGCLMOK NZV D> M H+DL>EDLJ R F MON DLH J MON > M Hen M?RYMON DLHh=?I u CED NdR =?>EDLH V D u = v =&D N DGF8{~ K =bt u CED N > M HfJ`FDL= V^M Hea M F-DL>I(CAHI M J ^M FF M ·©U½y£ S¡Y§?²¡ §?½ ©"¥`¬ ±+§?¾«"²§U½ ÅÄ M J MON > M Hfn M?RYMON DLH<DLIZC R C V^M Hfa M Ffn;^D NdR DLHhJ`DGFJG= N =?H&¸ S²°¥`¡³½y¢U¬-±+§U¾«²§U½ ÆU}U l^m >I MbV DL> M = V F5MOK N CAJ M Æ t$D N JG=?I u C M t V D ] D NV D*>A=[=?J`DL>EDGF=?JGCLMOK NV D*aF M?RYMON DLHD N DL> V CAH8J MV Dc=?J`F8DLJGCkMOK NWV DL>6=U{O; v DGF M N DG{?F M J`D NSR F=?> l =?H&C NSR DGF=?JGJGC MON DLHaF M?R MOK N ¯aF M?R MOK N\M aF M?R MOK N ¯{O=?I(I(=aF MBV ;5J`D N ay=UF8DLHDL>EDLJ R F5MOK N ¯a M H8C R F5MOK N @B;^D{?D N DGF= N =cH8;[j?DGo&F= V Cz=?JGCLMOK N H8C N J`F M?R FyMOK N [: M Ica RYMON C N j?DGFH8=bt@d;D DLH>A=*@d;^Dj?DLI M HsJ M I M F= V CA=?JGCLMOK N {O=?IZI(= l P p R D NV F5(K= >A=cJG=Ua5=?JGC V = VQV DxDLH R ; V CA=UFDL> =?H R =Z= ^M F=ZC N D`_Bay> M F= V^M F= N { MV D&F= V Cz=?JGCLMOK NXV Di|U}¯ }?} [DGit-=Lj?DGFCE{O;=UF@B;hQ KD I MbV DL> M HcH8DQ= v ;5H R = N IcD vYM FZ=> M HcFDLH8;> R = V^M H l q=?I u C³KD N t+{?F=?JGCz=?HZ=H8;g=?I(a5>AC M JG=?I(a M(V D&jBCzH8CLMOK N tBa MBV FyK= I MON C RYM FCEoL=UF>A=c=Ua5=UFCAJGCkMOK NV D N ;DGj M H [ Z HsD N DLH R = V^MV D b5=UF8D l E ® ² ®Q ¯ © ¬ GDF!¯G H³}®H+G L:® Y² G =cDLI(CzH8CLMOK NV CEn;H8= V DxF=L M H{O=?I(I(=ZDLHsDL>$DGnDLJ RYM I´?K= HJG=UF=?J R DGFk~ K H R CAJ MV DL>JGCEDL> M =cDLH R =?HD N DGF{~ K =?H l = HC V^M aF M n;H=?IcD NSR DiDLH R ; V Cz= V^MZV DLH V Dx> M Hsa5FCAIcDGF M HD`_Ba"DGFCzIcD NSRYM HD N M K F u C R = lym >DLH R ; V C M Ig?K= HD`_ R D N H M V D R =?>A>A= V^M DLHDL>6F8DL=?>ACAoL= V^M a M F m [ Xm q | lmeN DLH R D(= N ?K= >ACAH8CAH HYD =?>A>z=UF MON >A=?HaFCAI(DGF=?HDGjbC V D N JGCA=?H V D C NSR DGF=?JGJGC MON DLH V D*F=k M H&J$M K H8I(CAJ M H N ;JG>ADMOK N CAJ M HJ MON DL>6IcD V C M C NSR DGF8DLH R DL>A=UFLt$O=@B;^D*n;^D*a M H8C u >ED V D R DLJ R =UF ; N C N J`F8DLIcD NdRYMWV DDLI(CzH8CLMOK N D NRYM F NM =WÆ Ë P DG J M F8F8DLHYa MONV CAD NSR D=W>A= V DLHC NSR DG{?F=?JGCLMOK N´V D l R F=?H J MONdR FC u ;JGC MON DLH=cDLH R D&DLHYa"DLJ R F M C N JG>A;^?D N DL> u FDLI(H8H R F= >A; N {DL>DGnÈDLJ RYM : M Ica RYMON C N j?DGFH M^l m >= N ?K= >ACAH8CAH V DXDLH R =¼DLI(CAH8CkMOK N J MONdR FC u ;^?D=?>J MON^M JGCAI(CAD NSRYMV D>A=WaF M a5=U{O=?JGCLMOK N V DF=L M H[J$M K H8I(CzJ M H I MBV DL> M H[á5=UF5?K= I(D R F M Ht=>A=?HJG=UF=?J R DGFk~ K H R CAJG=?H V D> M H[DLHYa"DLJ R F M H V D a5F M?RYMON DLHDL>EDLJ R F MON DLH={?F= N DLHJG=?>A=bt5=?>$I(=Ua"DL= V^M(V DL>"{O=?HC NSR DGFDLH R DL>A=UF[=c>A=*DGj=?>z;=?JGCLMOK NV DL>"n MONV^McV D&HYD N =?>EDLH V Dn;^D NSR DLH<ay; NSR ;5=?>EDLH l meNdR F8D> M HwaF M?u >EDLIZ=?Hw=?J R ;5=?>EDLHa5=UF=>A=J M IcaFD N H8CLMOK N V DL> DLHYa"DLJ R F M t V DLH R =?JG=DL>>z>A=?I(= V^M D`_bJ`DLH M [DG \ ] {O;^F= ÄBlA |O l pbCÃHYDi=?H8;5IcDx@B;^D&DL>DLH8aDLJ R F M > M JG=?> V DiaF M?RYMON DLHwDL>ADLJ R F MON DLHDLHj<?K= >AC V^M ay=UF= RYMbV = >zÈ = [=?>A=_^CA=btB>A=&DLI(CzH8CLMOK NZV Dn M?RYMON DLHh{O=?I(I(=iaF8D V CAJ =DLH V DLI(=?HCA= V^M&u = v =iF8DLHYa"DLJ RYM =>A=?H M?u HYDGF8jU=?JGC MON DLHh= I´?K= H V D [ DG l >ÃIZCAH8I McR CEDLI(a M ty> M HI MbV DL> M H V Dxa5F M a5=U{O=?JGCLMOK N @d;^DC N JG>A;?D N F8DL=?J`DL>EDGF=?JGCkMOK NV CAn;HCEj=bt @B;^DJ MON H8CE{O;D N ; Nu ;^D N =?JG;DGF V^M J MON[M?R F=?HsIcD V C V =?H V DF=L M HsJ$M K H8IZCAJ M HGt R =?I u CKD N aF8D V CzJ`D N ; N b5; v M*V D = NdR CEaF M?RYMON DLH V DLI(=?H8Cz= V^Mu = v M D N*RYM F NM => M H6 [DG l pBD = N aF M a5;^DLH RYM jU=UFCA=?H6H M >A;JGC MON DLH6=DLH R DD`_bJ`DLH M t D NdR F8D M?R F=?HxIi;J =?HGtÃ>z=a M H8C u CA>AC V = VXV D*DLHYa"DLJ R F M H&Ig?K= H V ;^F M H V D*aF M?RYMON DLH Æ?-° ] M DL>EDLJ R F MON DLH Æ?|-D N o MON =?H>ED v = N =?H V D>A= [=?>A=_^CA= l p<M K > MV^M H M a"JGC MON DLH =?H R =iDL>I M IcD NSRYM a"DGFI(C R D N ; 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N =?H V D>A=?HwJG;^DLH R C MON DLH NM F8DLH;^DL> R =?H l M F= N = V C V ;^F=btf>A= H8;aDGFH8CAIcD R Fk~ K =ay=UF8DLJ`DHYDGF N DLJ`DLH8=UFCA=¼D N >z= R D M Fk~ K = V D H8;â"DGFJG;^DGF V =?HGte@B;^Da M?R D N JGCz=?>AIcD NdR D; N C ] JG= RYMbV =?H[>A=?HZn;^DGF8oL=?HD N ; N K; N CAJ M IZ=UFJ M^lh = H;â"DGFH8CAIcD R FT~ K =CzIca5>ACAJG=w>A=D`_^CAH R D N JGCA= V D RYMbV =X; N = N ;^DGjU=XJ M >EDLJGJGCkMOK N V Dca5=UF R ~ K JG;>A=?H&H;â"DGFH8CAIKD R FCzJG=?H(H ¯ ay=UF R ~ K JG;>A=?H³h=?H M JGCz= V =?Hs=ZJG= V =(; N = V Di>A=?Ha5=UF R ~ K JG;>A=?H V DL> PQMbV DL> MZm H R K= NV =UFLtâ"DGF MV CEnDGF8D N JGCA= V =?H<D N ]U D N DL>$DLHYaÃ~ K Nl ==Ua5>ACzJG=?JGCLMOK N*V D>A=H8;â"DGFH8CAI(D R Fk~ K =sD N DL>^>z=U{?F= N {OCA= N^MV DC NdR DGF=?JGJGCLMOK N D NSR F8Ds>z=?Hay=UF R ~ K JG;>A=?HLtUJ MON5V ;J`D= >z=&=Ua5=UFCAJGCkMOK N(V D; N(N ;DGj M a M?R D N JGCA=?>yJ MON ; N =&JG= NSR C V = V J MON H8DGF8j= V =x=?H M JGCA= V =btB>A=a5=UFC V = \ V X D N =?>E{O; N^M H DV &> M HsI MbV DL> M H $ ÄBl |O =?H6a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A=?HDLH R K= NV =UF R CED N D N ¾ >A=?H6H ¯a5=UF R ~ K JG;>A=?H ¾ $ t?J MON > M @d;DZLKD H R =?H[K; > R CAI(=?H6H8CADLIcaF8D H8D V DLHC NSR DG{?F= N D N ; NZN K; IcDGF M CAIca5=UF V DH ¯ay=UF R ~ K JG;>A=?H ldm Hfa M FeDL>A> M @B;^D>A=xa5=UF R ~ K JG;5>A=&H8;â"DGFHCAI¼KD R FCAJG=&I´?K= H >zCE{?DGF=º+©B¦&HYDGF5K= DLH R = u >AD?tHM K > M a MbV F5K= V DLH R F;CAFHYDiI(D V CA= NdR D= N Cz@d;Cz>A=?JGCLMOK N a M F a5=UF8DLH l"m > pbH8;F8{?D?t a M F R = NdRYM tfJ M I M ; N D`_bJ`DL>AD NSR DQJG= N5V C V = RYM a5=UF=>A=I(= R DGFCA= M HJG;^F= Æ?Æ l:Z M?K R DLHYDQ@B;^DDLH RYM M JG;^FF8D V D IZ= N DGF= N = R ;F=?>"D NQV D R DGFI(C N = V^M HI MBV DL> M H V DxH8;aDGFH8CAIcD R Fk~ K =btBH8C NN DLJ`DLH8C V = VQV D&CAIca MON DGFDLH R D=?HYa"DLJ RYM M?u HYDGF8jU=?JGC MON =?> lBmeN DL>yI(=UFJ M*V D>z=?H-D`_ R D N H8C MON DLHhIX~ K N CAI(=?H V D >A=&H8;aDGFH8CAIcD R Fk~ K =bt?DL> N DL; R F=?>AC N^M J M I M* p^ =Uay=UF8DLJ`DJ M I M DL>^JG= NV C V = RYM Ig?K= H-C NdR DGF8DLH8= NdR D?tS=?>^HYDGF N DL; R F M DsC NdR DGF=?J R ;=UFeHM K > M I(D V CA= NdR Ds>A= n;^DGFoL= V KD u CA> l =H8CAI;>A=?JGCLMOK N(N ;IGKD FCzJG= V DL>J M Ica M F R =?I(CAD NSRYM*V C N ?K= IZCAJ MxV D DLH R =?Hha5=UF R ~ K JG;5>A=?H V DLH V DDL> M FCE{?D N[V D > M H a5FCAIcDGF M H-aF M?RYM ¯°JK; I;> M Hf{O=?>L?K= J R CAJ M HJ MONV ;J`D N =ia"DGF ] >EDLH V D V D N HC V = V a5=UF=x>A=?Hf{O=?>A=_^CA=?HfJ MON n M FI(=?H V DL> R CAa M l$m H RYM CzIca5>ACAJG=Z@d;^D*; N >A;^{O=UFC V MOK N D M =waFC M FCay=UF=>z= M?u H8DGF8j=?JGCkMOK NV D; N =H8-D N =?>6HYDGFk~ K =DL> J`D NdR F MZV D N ;DLH R F=*aF M ayCA\ = [=?>A=_^CA= l :<CEDGF RYM HhJG= N =?>EDLH V D = N CA@B;CA>A=?JGCkMOK N n=kj M F8DLJ`D N >A==Ua5=UFCzJGCLMOK NZV D V^M Hhn M?RYMON DLHh{O=?I(I(= M ; NZu"M HMOK N ÎQZ; N {O=?IZI(=DLI(CAH8CLMOK N D N n M FI(= V D>°~ K N DL=?HtI(CED NdR F=?H@d;^D*D N M?R F M HLKD H RYM H&=Uay=UF8DLJ`D N n M FI(= NV^M ; N DLHYa"DLJ R F M J MONdR C N ; M D N > M H&H8;J`DLHCEj M HxH8; u aF MbV ;J RYM HC N CAJGCA= V^M Ha M F&DL>eaF M J`DLH M^l R F M HiH8; u a5F MBV ;J RYM HC NdR DGF8DLH8= NdR DLH C N JG>A;^?D N a M H8C R F MON DLHGt5= NdR CEaF M?RYMON DLHX= NdR C V DL; R DGF MON DLHGt@d;^DiHYDiH8;5I(=UFk~ K = N =?>ÃJ M Ica MON D NdR D DLH R K= NV =UF D N DL1> b5; vYM {O=?>k?K= J R CAJ M^l =?H M?u HYDGF8jU=?JGC MON DLH V D m [ Xm q?tÎg?K= HeFDLJGCED NSR DLI(D NSR D?t V D m ppc PQ [ µ : t = N a"DGFI(C R C V^M D`_bJG>z;CEF O= V D R DGFI(C N = V =?HÃo MON =?H V DL>dDLHYa5=?JGC MV D R =?H8=?H V D<= N CA@B;CA>A=?JGCLMOK N nÈF8D NdR D<=I(=?H= V DL> µ P $l X DLJGCED NdR DLIcD NSR D?t >z= =Uay=UFCAJGCLMOK NV D; 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= IW 7#< :Ij j = `_ :C; nj-:IH f _ $ j-: P:C; j< HC; j-:IH = : <;^j _ :':Cj njdj _ #: g;/:Ijd>@_ Nj O_ n = :; Bj = U_ f j-: +*-,/. 0 HIj f O_ =21 R_ _ NHC; f j-_`; -_ n= :Ij'>@_ j-:Ij^j <; = f j-: = j< HC; U_ = M J j-:IHC_ <_ f <_ nj`_ f j-_`; -_ @= = : J HIj-:Uj =Bf `_ = b_ Ai :Ij>@_ = _ nHC;`; -_ f j j =Bf HC_`_ @j fn= ; <_B: = j%j-:j NH C f = :C; U;`: @j _ j Bo J : A j njUj-:IHC_ f _ _ =Bf j j `_ 5 =>NX j<HIj NHC_ D;`; -ZR[{\ _ = J ?@ Uj fC=A jUc = H = j-:#j-:IHC; U_ n=B j -{û %%%a B , Flujo(>E) m-2s-1 GRB910503 Flujo(>E) m-2s-1 GRB910503 103 103 Prediccion B=0.16 T 102 Prediccion B=0.86 T 102 o Incidencia 0 o Incidencia 0 10 10 1 1 10-1 10-1 -2 10-2 10 10-3 10-3 10-1 1 10 10-1 Energia (GeV) 1 10 Energia (GeV) Flujo(>E) m-2s-1 GRB910503 Flujo(>E) m-2s-1 GRB910503 103 103 Prediccion B=0.86 T 102 Prediccion B=0.86 T 102 o Incidencia 15 o Incidencia 30 10 10 1 1 10-1 10-1 -2 10-2 10 10-3 10-3 10-1 1 10 10-1 Energia (GeV) 1 10 Energia (GeV) ÈoË}Ì EÎÏfÒ¯Õ¯Ù-ÞbÜ9Ü&Þb×-ßlÕ&ØÂã}Ð)Ò¯4Ð =@?BACED-ðjãÐ-Ò«ÐÚÛÐhb× H&Ø&ÕCQÒ 1)ÐQÜCÞ)Ó× ßwÙÕ&ÚÕ&Ø!ãÕ9ÜCÖÃÒ¯×~ëÑÕ}ìÙQÕ0Ýß¶ë ¼ØÞdÔÞdÚèÐ)Ò0Ð â Db8bDbO)ï Ù ÕÐQÜCÝ}ÕCÒ«ÙQ×ZÐÑíàsñ&áAÕÀÔÝ}ÕØÖ!Ò«Ð)ß:Ù)ÞØÖ!Þdß}ÖîÐ5ØÀÜ9×-ß LäQÝÒ«ÐÜ&Þb×-ßlÕ&ØÀÙQÕVÜ¯Ð-Ôã}×jÔ:ÐCäQß0ÕCÓ ÖÃÞbÜ9× 3W)ÓÐ ßäQÝÚÛ×ZÜ9ÕCß}ÞdÖîÐ)ÚÙQÕCÚQM&Õ&ß)Ó× Ô:Õ&ß×Qá Ð Ú97 Ó ßlÕ9ÐZßÕ!äQÒ«ÐÕØVÕCÚlÕ&ØÃã}Õ9Ü&Ö!Ò«×@/jë / Ð)Ø9ÖîÐâbDhëÑÕ}ì4ïØCÕ§äQÝÞbÙQ×ÙQÕVÚÛÐÕ65ÖÃÒ¯Ð¯ã}×)ÚÛÐÜ&Þ-Ó× ß }Ð5ØÖ§Ðâ qÕ}ì F§Ú¯7 Ó ßlÕ9ÐÙ)ÞØCÜ9×)ßqÖÃÞdßqÝ}ÐJGQá t ¦ g i © Á `'g dc e ` g e` 2µ kle g i mWnlpsrt E v - ¡)r$ 4_ ` )ve §e Le 5 &e dc kle z + ` &e4gE ¾e g i p L_ f v ` Án _ -t` jg )|kqe ` -` ¾e ` - _ f-{Iµ t$r}ûù g i 5 ` n &e4` e `+p ` ` ) yÅe¾ ¦§¢+© j 5s5îd fµ | )e ) -` z -$|4i e ~v ` Q z 7 ) ')(*,+.- / j <_B: =0 _ D_ _ `_B: _ <; = :Ij>@_ f j-_E; -_ n = <_OH _ = j j-: <_ j-:6kj NH f _^j-: J =Bf HC_ Q;^j `j j _ =5 j-:'>D_`_ H = f ; <_ H = HC_ j jPG_ j `j Mj _ E; j `_ ' j nj : = _ = HIj D_ - =Bf = H fC= | 5 f D_ <;`_B: f _ :Ij j j f _Qj _ f _ ; =Bf = jFj =Bf _ j f ; lj j F_ j f _ lj<H fC= :_ j f j-:C; = j @ lj #^j-: @:CHC_ j <_ _ fC= <_ H = j ; =@ jc H G = @= _ :Ij = D:Ij f O_ = :D_ f _ lj<H f= : U; @ = G jK_ = nj fn= _ <_B: = : f _`_ = `_B: j @:CHIj-:%_ ¦ ù © J J D_ _ j'_^HC_Pj j f j-: : n= j<HIj NHC_ v z ¦§¢7¥ ½ ¢2²Q© ` ¦ { © mWn g _ = = J Uj H =5 Mj'>@_K_B: J _ D_ G fC= j j'_ j _ NH @_`; j = _B : = D:Ij f O_ f _ nj-:IH = j: j kj j nj:Ij fC= j _B:?_ = U_ G: c nj@ = lj <;`_ `_ n= `_'j = _ @ = j @; n = = D:Ij f O_ n= : = : ;E: <; = lj fC=@ :Ij ¦§¢+©£ ¤ ¢ 5 ¦90¢~ ¢ © ¦§¢ ¢ ¦ f©© ¦§¢+©£ ¤ ¢ §¦ ¢ ¢ ¦ f©© ` ² ¾e $g 7 µ 7g ¦ v _)` © Iµ £ ³ ¢ ¦§¢~©q¢ ¬ e4` ` - j @j j @ H = ; Q;^j lj = HIj-: ¤ |¢ | n ) hÅe j `_ f ; f jj : = Nj fC= <_OH _ = G: c =Bf U_ J # J _'j-:IHC; Q_ <; = _B: J n= ;^HC_ Nj _B : R f j<j Nj j'G HC; B = D:Ij f O_ <; = j D; j f HC; f; j A =Bf j ; >D_ F_ _ j-: :C;^j n= +¦§¢~© & `_U_ Nj$@HC_ n !#" $ <;`_ J g;a:Ij ³ §¦ ¢+© +¦§¢~©q¢ ¬ c y ' { + l| e £ % f j-_`; -_lj = <;^j ¦ © '& HIj j J Uj H f j J F:Ij J nj j g = DHIj j f ] (#" | -{ô !"$# % & ÇXÈÉÊÈ±Ë}Ì Î /ÂØÖ§ÐÙXÓ ØÖ!ÞbÜ¯ÐIÖ§×-Ö§Ð-ÚEÙÕÚÛÐ'ØÞdÔÝÚèÐQÜCÞ)Ó× Uß ? ;¼ÙÕ&ÚÀë bâ D 8bDbOÐ>15Ð-ÒÞb×5Ø )ÓÐ ß$ä-ÝÚÛ×)ØÙÕÞdßlÜCÞbÙQÕCßlÜCÞbÐ^31)Ð)ÒÞb×)Ø 9Ü ×-ß Ýß}Öî×5Ø'ÙÕ+Ü¯×-ÒÖ§Õ&7 ØCá:ìqÕCÒ:ÖîÕ 5Öî×ã}Ð)Ò«ÐÚÛÐwÙQÕ yßqÞbÜ&Þ-Ó× ßÙQÕ'ÚÛ×)Ø~Ü9×)ÒÖîÕØ7Ô }Óß ÞdÔ:×5ØCá L×5Ø'Ü9×-ÒÖ§Õ&Ø'ÐQÙ-ÞbÜ&Þb×-ßlÐ)ÚèÕØ~ØÝ¿ã×-ßlÕCßÚÛÐ ÝÖ!ÞdÚºÞLK¿ÐQÜCÞ)Ó× ßxÙQÕ2Öî×Ù×5ØÐ CÝ}ÕCÚdÚÛ×5ØÙÕØCÜCÒÞdÖ§×)ØÕ&ßÕCÚLÜ9Ð¯ãV7 Ó ÖÃÝÚè×Oá n -) µ Zø)r{$r X X ] ¦ nÁ "_ _ Ä W © ¦ nÁ "_ _ Ä W © ¦ nÁ Z_ _ Ä W © Ä §e tô _l-t b _$ ,r _r Ä 5ù _ûl ,r _l ,r _r Ä §e t{ _l-ô ,r _r ,r _r ° -) Ä §e t{ _$øù ,r _r ,r _r ° -) ¦ -{ © Ä §e tb _r ,r _r ,r _r ° -) ¦ $r © 0 Mj`j <; = RG =Bf HIj-:Ac nj n= = Ai @= = Ai i HIj-: =Bf HIj-:H = HC_^j-: =Bf HIj-:Ac nj ; j f <; HIj-: _ = HIj-: HIj-: =Bf HIj-:Ac nj ; j _ <; f = =Bf HIj-:Ac nj ; _ Ce4 X ÀnÁ g ` = j Ai & <_ nÁ µ F_ " M;`: @_^j-: = : n= j _ RG: {_! = D_ = DHIj :C; ; > j :CH =& i j j j f _ f ; Uj j j = G f ; lj <;^j = = l f j-: = _ j `_ v _c = HC_B:_ j j<HIj @_ _ <; = j-: ` j`; Q; :Ij =@= <_OH _ = nj f@= - n j = f j<j Nj J j n= j-: G: j g i Â ^HC;#`; j :IHC_ HIj nj = : _Ä W = " HIj j : <;^j = ¶e f _ = j =Bf p fC= G: D_ j v 2 <_OH _ = <_B j kle 7µ _ = = D:Ij f {_ n= :Kj G: j :Q:Ij = = j-:'j-:j f _ n = fC= H = .µ +µ `~e j w _ `_ = H = " hj _ j lj f=5 H = j-:IHIj j G: U_B: @ i'j J = J = : I` ù 7µ À -| )e e -) Án _ |V Le J = : n :C; v <_OH _ = @_ <; = f _H = MV _# = : f _ j j-:CHC; U_ <; = = j j j HIj J À j D_ `_ j f `_ j = f HIj B : J £ { Æ 4_ ÂnÁ !" f j-:6kj NHC; {_ lj Ai H = HC_ j j F:Cj - i ` f _ f _ <; = _ f _ -)e +{ dv` ` e4` ` 5 ` £ Â + ` &e @= HIj f j(`_ : = o f j-_E; -_ n= 4j U:Ij lj <; = >D_ : 3 _ ; = :Cj (#" Nj-: =5 j j-: :IHIj : _ = = :'D_ f _ lj<H fC= : _ `; _ _ = =Bf <; = = <; ` ½ ½¢ & ¤ I )e dc ] t &e f ô$r )ve ` | g ¦ © | ' e 5 0i Ce mWnx <; @ = : = j f o ¦ û © ` i Ce ~r r{.r -ô _ Ä W´ e ` :r { µ _ _ Ä Wo¶t " " ! " ! " HIj j `HC_ n = = : <_ J M;`: @_^j-:Aj-: = : _dj-:CHC; U_ <; = j j J 5F_ J G: {_# = J j f _ j J J ;=<?@0> ACB&DEB&DGFIHJAC@KDLH'< M @0A.FIHVAHDESH R Y FBCOQN+D!2@0A @"> R B#$ W -` - v `` Iµ - ` ~ z ) - h &` 7 Ñ` e 5 b` dge ` Iµ b` &` | e 2` 5 b kle bev | - ` kle 7 I` C)e Á `'g ~v ` 2v v `` mWnlpsrt Le kle 2e b` 2 v &e 5ù| 7e c 4 dv µ W 0ú -{ `~e $v - h C` : &e ) h Ñ` v | )e e ` ` &e e - W dge4 :v ` -` )v e tù &e `~e ` ¶Åe¾ v _ o4ve · { .`~e )` ò ² ò ¥ ò ¥ µ ò ¥ ¦ | t^µ © 2_ e4` ö)e - dg `~e 74ve h _ &e g h i e4 V` Åe¾ ~ v ¦ Ekqe '4ve ~ { Ze ¯¾ -` © e e` - ¦ ve + û © I`~z e y` 5 b`'e 7 e ¦ i b ht © 2 a_#j U;`:C; = j ; j `_B: HIj f _ j _ f f = = _ = j =& jP: ; = j : j ^HC; !`; w: @:; J :Ij f _ @j `_ HIjRc a_B: j-:IHIj :IHIj J f _ = HIj _ f j HIj HC_ <; F_ = f j-: : :Ij # j Ij jRj j HIj f j-:IHIj`_ f J _`_ n;`_ "_ `;`:C;E: ; j = ; :C; `_ j HIj j `_ #`_ f j-:IHIjE_ f `_ :C; @ f j-: = @j-:IHC_ E_ n= j <_ j j @j = ; = = : = = <; = f j <; D; @= <; = lj H =& j = : _OH = :P_ Nj f <_ U_ nj lj = : Nj-: = : _ f ; ; <; = : j U_OHIj f ;`_ J H j f U; HC_B: fC= jd_&`_ _ = : =Bf <; = <;^j f = `_ !^j = = fC= jl_ ; _ j MH f _Oj f :Ij ;`_ <; j:C; :IH f _ = _ j _ _ NHC; :Cjd>@_ <; = lj fC=- nj nj _ f _B:Ij HIj f j-:IHIj`_ f j = jH f _B:`_ _ f @j HIjPj ; = _B:; = f <_ = = @HC;^j = :C; <; = Nj j :C; U;`: f jE_ <; = HIj i'jlj = J Bj :Ij <_ lj lj H f ; `_ ^HC_ n= A j E_ 'j J f j-: '_ J Kj-: Q_)D_ = _ f nj-:j <;`_ Uj j_ = `HC_ n= f j-: j n= <; = j <_B: = ; _&`_B::Ij _^j-: j-: ;`:IH f ; ; = n= ;^j <;`_Qj nHC;`; -_ nj-:IH f _ J =Bf lj U_OHIj f ;`_#j n= = j j ; L:Ij>D_ j <_ <; = HC_ = J `_ _ _`_ n;`_K:Ij'>D_`_ = njRj-:IH j f =Bf = : <; = = : `_ j = : U; HC; ; f _ _ HC;^j Q_ ;E:IH f ; 'j j f = : _ _ nH B = f : f nj-:IH f _Pj `_ f _ = : U; `_ : = = : _B :j D; j : f _ j-: _Pj-:IHIjj-:IH f j njRj-: _ j :C; = _ J nj-:IH j Nj-: = : fC= : = <; = ; lj j `_@ j j j <;`j = = j = D_ _ <; j `HC; :Ij = J j< HC; j f j = j<HIj NH =Bf Bj f = _ f _ j ; Nj j = H f j-:h_! = : H f _B: U_)F_B: HC_ fn= HC_ n = j fC= <_ :Ij _ J J S -{ø %%%a bb %#J b & galprop_shift_11 Simulated Galactic flux map 2**11 MeV (cm-2s-1sr -1MeV) Entries 27360 Mean x 3.39 Mean y 0.1171 RMS x 85.53 RMS y 3.977 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 Ga 8 la 6 ct ic 4 La 2 tit 0 ud e -2 -4 -6 -8 -150 -100 -50 0 150 100 50 itude Long c ti c Gala È±Ë}Ì Î ?¡Ð¯ã}ÐÙQÕ ÂÝ C×2ã}×)ÒÝß}ÞbÙÐQÙIÙÕ )ÓÐ Ò«Õ9Ð)ïx-ÓÐ ßäQÝÚÛ×'Øy)Ó× ÚºÞbÙB× 3IÕ&ßÕ&ÒÃäEÓ Ð F§ÔÝÚÆÖÃÞ ãÚºÞbÜ9ÐQÙQ×ã×-PÒ / QGIÕ 5Ö!Ò«ÐXÓ Ù×IÙQÕ ÚèÐ:ÚdÚÛÐ-ÔÐÙQÐhØÞdÔÝÚÛÐÜ&Þ-Ó× ß¶×9ãlÖ!ÞdÔÞLK¿ÐÙQÐ+ÙQÕíîâàsñ&á /ÂØÖîÕZÔ:Ð¯ã}Ð'ÕCßwÜ9×-ßlÜCÒ«Õ&Öî×hÕ&Ø0Õ&ÚE7 ÙQÕ2ÚÛÐhÕCßlÕCÒÃäE7 Ó Ð'Ð7ð¡ëÕìEá 7 Counts ')(*,+.- 100 80 60 40 20 0 8 lac 6 tic 4 La tit 2 ud 0 e -2 Ga -4 -6 -8 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 Galactic 150 de Longitu ')(*,+.- È±Ë}Ì«Ë}Î ?¡Ð¯ã}ÐÙQÕhÜ&Ý}ÕCß}ÖîÐ5Ø0ØÞdÔÝÚÛÐQÙ×ã}Ð)Ò«Ð~ÚÛÐ"K¿×-ßlÐ~Þdß}ÖîÕCÒßlÐ+ÙQÕÚèÐwëÑÐ-ÚÛÐI5ÞbÐÐIÕCßlÕCÒÃäE7 Ó Ð5ØØ9Ý¿ã}ÕCÒÞb×)Ò«Õ&ØÐIâëÕì Ü9×-ßB=@?BASCED)ðá.AÕÜ9×-ßØÞbÙQÕCÒ«ÐhÝßlÐ7Õ65&ã×)Ø9ÞbÜCÞ)Ó× ßxÙQÕO~Ð ßl< ×)ØZØ&Õ§äjÓÝ ßÚÛÐhÔ×¿ÙQÕCÚºÞLK¿ÐQÜCÞ)Ó× ß.ÙÕuíîâàsñ&á LÐhÐ-ßlÜ $ÝÒ«Ð'ÙQÕÚÛ×)Ø`HCÞdßlÕ&Ø ÙÕÜ9×¿×)Ò«ÙÕ&ßÐQÙÐ5ØÕ&Ø2ÙQÕuåæê Qá @ ')(*,+ - ÈË}Ì }Î 4ÝßlÜCÞ)Ó× ßwÙQÕÙ)ÞØ!ãÕCÒ9ØÞ)Ó× ß'ãlÝßqÖÃÝ}Ð-Ú0FbÏ A GhÙQÕCÚ A GÐ:ðëÑÕ}ìXá / -$r !"$# % & ú 'H fC= &e )v `HC_ n= j-: f g i _ µ _ Á Q Ce | kle e4)z -` v §e b` e )i F_ _ f :Cj : n= D:Ij = f j Q;`:C; = :IHC; <; = _ _ = f HC_ B ;^cej _ f _j-:IHIj fC= j-: _^HC_B:Rj j-:IHC_ nj`_ = _ J : Uj C f fC=Bf ; j ; f O_ HIj f _ = <;`_ f = = 3 j f {:Ij >@_ HC_ H = _ f & :`_ _ ; n = = _ <; = nj fn= = f = : ; E_Qj _ _ ; f <; j = #`j-: f = :C; =Bf j `HC_ n = HIj j-: f : ; = j HIj <; F _a_`_ f ; j j-:j f _ n = : HIj = monX| mon Â j f :Ij>@_ Njj g; Bj @H = _ = HC_ : = H f ; HIj': =Bf j& J j ; HIj J U;E:C; = j?; f _ <; _B : _B :P_ _ j-: =Bf U_l; _B:j-:j j : = H _ _ NHC; <_ ;`:CH f ; _B : j Q v `` g ge4 ` ` )|y` &e ¦ ve ' ø © kqe z )i À ge Ä ` i _ f j-:j gHIj ;^H Bj f : = :Ij >@_ Nj Espectro del plano galactico: -5<b<5 30<l<330 Flux*E2 (cm-2sr -1s-1MeV) Espectro del plano galactico: -5<b<5 330<l<30 Flux*E2 (cm-2sr -1s-1MeV) = a_ J j fC= 'j KJ 3 10-1 NH J j ; f = @HIj j = _ f (F_ `_%E_OHC;^H D_ f _B: j kj-:j _E_ g;`_ =Bf j j f _ j n; "_ `;`:C;E: 'j j-: J _lj j <; = j-:j_ = j `_ ' _B: j c ; _B: = ;^c @:C_ nj - 'µ ¦ 4ve h ô © W h v z ¦ )rµ © )v 5 v v | g -` §e z &e v &e v | | dge4 +v n -`'g v | )e o-| -` v z )rrwµ j f j j D; NHC; <_ j Lj &e jj-:IHIjRj-:CH Modelo Strong et al. 2004 Datos EGRET Prevision AMS Modelo Strong et al. 2004 Datos EGRET Prevision AMS 10-2 10-2 1 102 10 1 Energia gamma (GeV) 102 10 Energia gamma (GeV) ')(*,+.- È Ë}ÌÎVÏfÒ¯Õ¯Ù-ÞbÜ9Ü&Þb×-ßlÕ&Ø2ã}Ð)Ò«ÐxÕCÚÑÕØ!ã}Õ¯ÜCÖ!Ò«×xÙQÕ+Ò¯Ð3Q×5Ø:äÐ-ÔÔ:ÐxÙQÕIÚÛÐWëÐ)ÚÛÐ 5QÞbÐ)ïØ&Õ§äjÓÝ ßoÕCÚÀÔ×¿ÙQÕCÚÛ×î×¯ãÖÃÞdÔÞLK¿ÐQÙ× ÙÕBlA ÖÃÒ«×-ßäÕ&ÖÐ-ÚÛáÑíîâà«ñ¯ï2Ü9×)ßöÚèÐ5ØãlÒ«Õ9Ù-ÞbÜ¯ÜCÞb×)ßÕØã}Ð)Ò¯Ð2=@?BACED-ð 3¶ÚÛ×)Ø~Ò«Õ&ØÝÚºÖîÐQÙQ×)Ø¡ÙQÕ>/ë N/ ¼íîâ§ñ&á)=uÚÑÔ×¿ÙQÕCÚÛ×5ïZØCÕ ØÝ¿ã}Õ&Ò!ã}×)ßÕÚÛÐãÒ«Õ9Ù)ÞbÜ9ÜCÞ)Ó× ßÙÕ9H Ð)ÒÒ«Ð)ØÙÕ7Õ&ÒÒ¯×)ÒuãÐ-Ò«Ð"=@?BASCE)D ð-ïVÕCß¶ÚÛÐ5Ø &Ý}ÕhÙQ×)ÔÞdßlÐ¡Õ&ÚXØÞØÖ§ÕCÔ¼-ÓÐ ÖÃÞbÜ9×ÙÕ HCÞbÙQ×Ð)ÚM&×)ßÙQ× Ð ¯H Ð8CÐ5Ø¡ÕCßlÕCÒÃäEÓ Ð)Ø^x3 ÕCÚVÕ&Ø9ÖîÐQÙXÓ ØÖÃÞbÜ9×ÐÕ&ßÕ&ÒÃäEÓ Ð5Ø¡Ü9ÐQÙÐ )1 Õ6K Ô±5ÓÐ ØÐ)ÚºÖîÐ5ØCáÀT ÖÃÒ¯ÐxÙQÕIÚèÐ5ØB51 ÕCß}ÖîÐCÐ)ØÙÕ>= ? ASCED)ðØ&ÕCÒy¶ÓÐ ÚÛÐ Ò¯ÕØC×)ÚÆÝ}Ü&Þ-Ó× ßwÕCßlÕC7 ÒÃäÑÕCÓ Ö!ÞbÜ¯Ð~ÙQÕ2ÚÛ×)ØÂ7 ãÝß}Öî×5Ø2ÙQÕCÚLÕ&Ø!ã7 Õ9ÜCÖÃÒ«× &Ý}Õ2Ô:ÕC×-Ò«Ð)Òy~ÓÐ Õ&ßÝß4&M ÐQÜCÖî×)ÒÒC ÚÛÐ'ÙQÕ j/ ë / Xá / A P # A ;=<?@0> ACB&DEB&DGFIHJN < P @ DXH'< M @0AFIHK@ R HVYyB&@!DN+Y@ n $g Z monqpsrt g i ` &)e i C 5p Ä ` : + kle z )e :` &)e - 0v `¡` Z oµ e4) -` Z z &e { Ñ_ &e e4 -ô$$¾e ve ` &e Le v - ` î c À Àkle - _ !#"$&%'(*)+,*)+-.%'/1023$-45n e Z 5 ) z )e +` i | $g 7 -e +g ¾ 6 & 5 ` z ` lm kqe be &e ` z | _ e &e w` &` dc -i ) v -i y_ ` ` 879;:=<> @¦ ? ? $* ACB5 DCEGFIH !K J © -ø$ n je & i &e ukle u` ) Qi )e ` n e dc dve Zi 0` &` )| ` t$r z t ú & &e b` e &e c -i ` h L ? $ML P)S R.TU Jt- n e ` ` V>=WX7Y ¦ F L ? $ZJ\[´ O îs N O OQ 2 MjR_ _ f ; = : J j-: f j-: = jj $ _ f ; = :: = = :A; j-: :C; f j `_ j D_ HIj-: = _ J _w; f j<cej f j ;^j j j f _`_ _E_ g;`_ Bj _ = j E_ H fC= ::Cj; <_)D_ <; _ /:Ij :Cj = Nj ^HC_ n= `_B: _ =Bf f _ @;`_ <; = ; H fC= <; = <;`_ j Nj-:C_ f ; = : j@D_ f H _ = j-:CHC; U_ <; = `_B: _j-:CHIj H = `_ j :Ij _^j-: = D:Ij f O_ f :Ij _B:b_ !`;`_ f H J j-: Nj `_ J _ f ; = f _ nj-:IHC_ !^j :C; = j?j MHIj j`_ _dj-:IH j nH f _ D_ j ; Q_ j = j : = @HC;`; -_ MjP>@_ 'H fC= j-: Nj _ f ; = ; n= : = _ :bj 4j f :C; J Mj = = : nj O_ j< H f ; =Bf HC;`j = : j-:H j F; = j `_ ='n= = j = : = H = : f :IH _ _ & 4@H j : = f _:Cj j _ n = <; = j O_ f ; = :j-: Nj f _ <_) j" = :b: f _#j f _Kj j j-: -_ n = H f j-: 4 = : H _ U_ J :CH = : = nj-:IH = :HIj =B f ; _ f = : J <; = j U;`: _PH = f _ : = f j-_`; -__AH f _ = :5`_ Q_ n= : _A: 4j j j-: Nj = j: = j : = : = _ f ; = j `_ % j `_" `_ f j<cej U_ _ j U_ n = <; = _ lj<H f j f Bj D_ fC= E_ = @= _ :'j J @_OH @. f :; lj<H f f _ g;^HC_OH =Bf ;`_ j : nj?_)D_ f j Nj = : = : $ @j?; HIj f _ <_B: = :j HIj gH = :HIj =B f ; J MjbH f _OHC_ f = j`_; :Ij :D_ j = _ `; _ , : >@_ = : = : j%`_l:Ij _ = ,/., :j-:IH ;E:IHC; =5 f j-_`; -__H f _ U;`: U_:Ij j = f U_B:C; {_ 4@H f = D_ `_ Q_OHIj f ;`_ U_OHIj f ;`_ HIj U_ gj%>@_ _ D_ j j <;`_ . , _ f= : J J %%%aB , / ×10 0.9 - E I ! Modelled gamma-ray spectrum Total intensity Pion decay contribution Inverse Compton contribution Bremsstrahlung contribution AMS simulated point and statistical error -6 Latitude range: -5<b<5 Energy range: 10-25 GeV -2 Intensity (cm sr -1s-1) 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -150 -100 -50 50 100 150 Galactic Longitude ÈË}Ì }ÎÏÕ&Ò aÚÙÕjÞdß}ÖîÕ&ß}Ø9ÞbÙÐQÙ:ÙÕjÒ«Ð 3Q×)ØfäÐ-ÔÔ:ÐVã}Ð)Ò«ÐÚÛÐÕCÔÞØÞ)Ó× ß¶ëÐ)ÚQÓÐ ÜCÖÃÞbÜ9Ð5ïlã}×)ÒÕ&ßÜ&ÞdÔ:ÐÙQÕjÚÛ×)ØjâbD'ëÕìïEÜ9×)ß Úè×5Ø2Õ&ÒÒ¯×)Ò«Õ&Ø2ÕØÖîÐQÙX7 Ó ØÖ!ÞbÜ9×5ØÀãlÒ¯Õ1¿ÞØÖ§×)ØÀãÐ-Ò«Ð= ?BA F!Ø&Õ§äjÓÝ ßÕCÚ4Ô×¿ÙQÕCÚÛ×+×¯ãÖÃÞdÔÞLK¿ÐQÙ×~ÙÕuíîâà«ñ:G-á.AÕ0ÔÝ}Õ&Ø9Ö!Ò«Ð-ßÚÛÐ5Ø2Ü9×)ßqÖÃÒÞ HCÝC ÜCÞb×)ßÕØZÞdßÙ)VÞ 1¿ÞbÙ)Ý}Ð)ÚèÕØ:ÙQÕÜ¯ÐÙQÐZãlÒ«×¿Ü9ÕØC×~Õ&ßwÕØÖîÕ0Ò«Ð-ßä×hÕCßlÕCÒÃäÑÕ&Ó Ö!ÞbÜ9×Qá A J ? ? -§S J 2C q © ú dg 5 ` 5 |ykle I` | ` dv $g Z Z` ¥ &e ` ` 1K3 ! %K" jg v tt| ` b` 5 e di - W` _ ('X (1' #1 1)+%'!y| e kle &)e y ¡µ Ikle e4 bkqe ` dc v ` &)e µ §e v ° ¦ }©Ñ£ ¦ ô © ° g -` di I` )v e Zi )v ` B]f| 7` &)e I ~v - di ` an -` ¡n W Zi & v 7`~e $g ù W / -+1) -4% ! % " ( () ) 1-q|4kle )i $g ` mon Xn 0ÅLe¾ )| - `hg -) ) w g ) )v g 4 :` &)e | y ¡µ ² ¦ }©¯ £ ù t ² ¦ ø © ')(*,+.- ` 'H f _ J <;^j f HC_ ; = :C; D; ` = _ j n = _ = : f _ Nj _E_ NH = j E_j Bj H f ; j _`_ n;`_ f ; <_ : @HIj `_ :C; <; = = = j : = j :C; j _ j _ f Nj j-: H @HIj = <; = _ j f=0 j j f j-:C; j%`_ f : HIj ; lj J = : = j% j = : = :C; = j nj j-:j gH f _ ; >@; j f <_ _B :j-:IH G _OH = : <_ f _ = :Ij<j ;E_ n = : j j njP:Ij j :C; njj-: _ j j j Nj-:C_ f ; = Nj%`_ = HC_B:_ U_OHIj f ;E_ jP_ = : `_ Nj f = :C; @; ` _ <; = ; `_ f _hj j _ j-: J _`_ n;`_ U_OHIj f ;`_ @=5 _ f HC;^j j j c <; = j j = : = j = j />@_ =& _ f E = f : O_ = ;`_ = j^j ; =Bf _ f ;`:IHC_ ; = n= j-:6kj _ f jhc n=? = @HIj ; _B: D_ = H = j-: %j-: f _j <_ ; _OH = $# &%(' _ f nj-:IH <_ f _ f lj = ; :F_ = _`_ NH <;`_ ::Ij j Nj-:C_ D_ n= $# J njd:Ij%`j {_l_ * f _ <; = O_ j-:j-: =Bf " ! : = $ j U_OHIj J :l:Ij = j n;`:IHIj U_ a_ c f _ ; Bj nj-:IH = <;`_ n = :R_ !^j ; Bj f :C_`j-: J j `_ % j`_ j-:IHC_ n = :P_B: = jj = :j-:IHC_ ' = j n= = j-:?j gH f _ j%E_ <;`_ _B :;E; Bj C f = f ; lj f :C; = n;`:IHIj j H fC=0 f _ lj<H f ; -_ <; = ; = j f _Uj `_AF_ ; lj J j-: @:C;^j <;`_ n = j =& ,/. 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[ J ALC$ P [ " B 'H$5SP) _ e p !#" \ `''m v|}µ _ n v ¦ t$rr$ù © | %$ diL p ._r$ù4-ø n v| m | ? {$rø ¦ -øøô © t-t n v| |Lm | ? ` |Ûú - ¦ t$rr$ù © øt |Ln Iù}ô ¦ -øøû © t$r{ e | n )i | ? } )i ûù ¦ t$rr © rt{-ôl| %$ diL p ._r{$rôù}ø g | X |Ûn n Qi |ÛÄ E q W -tû ¦ -øôt © ù} $v |Æm 4_ e º } Ä0 ¦ t$rr$ù © tû$ î| W & ne e4`.| e4 º q {{û ¦ -øøø © û$ø Ä v| Ä m & )iX| @ Á ' n 4` c|Æm } )i ¦ t$rrt © r$rr{ -{ i_ >nj U_ = j H f J ; } J > j-; i; J @: }G J J J D;`_ f :IH fC= D > f j<j U_ f hj<j _ f j<j Nj } J i ; f= J {i_B; G_ _ = j-_ _ _OHC; = m D_ c J g_ J Nj <;^j Nj J fC= I_ J J ; :C> =Bf H = = = f Nj-:_ = G%: H kj `;^j = J c f {_ U: Mj g;`_ J J fC= j j<H_ J J ;E_ J = j<H_ J J J @HC_ J }i >!HIH _ <;^j-:C_B: c J g: J Aj$ > j<H_ J J M:; <:A_ j<H_ J J J J = j<H_ J J j<H_ J J J J = j<H_ J J J f= :IH f J j<H_ J J ; _ ; f J G J j f ^ _ J _ Bj f _ J j<H_ J J _ :CH fC= ). ,/. hj<j<HC; = f _ _ ., _ J J f ; f= Bj f = ; J H fC= L_ f ; }_B:CH fC= _ f ; }_B:CH fC= D> MH fC= J J MH J J fC= HIj _ > = j<H_ J J = : _^j : = J i f _`j = : _ J KJ = j-; lj J KJ = J f Mj M; J `_ _ J j<H J > g: J Aj J i D> G_ D;^j f G_OHIHC_ _ ; } f `;`_ _ >nj nj J #J J fCf _ f _ j<H_ J nf J J _OH >nj g_ J > f J } g: J J Jgm J J = J > M: J aj<HIH J G J $ > J > M: J G U_^H J > g: J Aj J i f - t tù$ t{ î| W 4e º } {ûr ¦ t$rrr © ù}{{ î| n !e | · e4g ` n s m |Æm d X i p . _ $ r 4 ù ø %$ v| @ %$ diL p ._rr-ttô m m î|ºÁ ; =Bf= _ _ = _ _ f ;`:>@; #J = j<H_ J J ; _ J @_ J J _ f _ f ; ; Jgm $ c @j KJ }_B:IH }_B:CH fC= fC= > J g: J G # 8D> 8D> J :IH fC= = Q; <_ = <;`j<H = c _)D_ d " {{ ¦ t$rr$ù © -ø $g ¾ §e &e 5 ` mWnqpsrt ¦ o e4) © kle &e - _ _ ? î| z ` ` &e '` v `¡` h &` l_ dg v e - | - $c nÁ ¦ i Xv `` e - p - ` $v _ Ä W ¦ -) - © Ñ z ` © y_ - anÁ n Eg mWn !e ` ` g i Q &` 0 v -| -` kle oe ge b` -) - Iv `` ² w` ² wµ Ä ` | e4 - di I{$rrx)` $rrr.)` nÁ _ Ä WV|Âe e v ¦ ¦§¢+© ¢~© xt { Pöe be4 ve ör _$t ¦ nÁ "_ _ Ä W © )r µ |2` ¯¾ dg -` ` Q v z G e dc e ` ` $v b ¦ dg 4ve V dv © -`'e ·kqe 2nÁ xi .` ¯¾ e .` $v &e v z 0`~ewg ¾ ¦ t¡µ © e kqe e4 v -` e ù dve Ce i ` i e )g $c g &eg - n dc je e )g g nÁ )e | ` &e g `~e v ¿p«¡µ _ ` ô$r 4 e v e v ¦ © z n i ` &` be4 - ` e b | i )r.$r ` )Yo be4 X z ` +i )c| ` g ` ` - fnÁ [e dc 2` e Z 4ve mWnlpsrt ¶e e )i v &` ¾&e $c e4 n e - z ¦ mon X n `'e © &e wi + z |Ve dc Ce ¶ ` ` ` &` V_ ` - ` e : V ` ¯¾ Ñkqe ` :e -kqe 2`~e dg &e -` kqe . z e &e - -` | c - §e - v `¡` ` vz e ` ` _ µ _ ÁT `~e ` ` &)e e4) )e ` -` E e ·µ Ñ_ &e `'e u I -) ` &)e ¦ )| - ` ji 5 ` © | je ` &` | - t µ _ -i 7e X 2 ` 5 ` ` )| Qhkle kqe 5 _ )e $g h - 5 ` 5 be di ` -) - +v `` Ñ_ -| nÁ ] _ Ä W ¶` ` - .` v z o -) ` &` | mWnqpsrt e c - g - &e 5 - ú e hz e i z )e 0 v )| e kle `'g -û _ = j-:IHIjwH f _ D_ :IH f = : @ <; = _ Nj f <_ j<HIj NH B = f j-:" j`j NH f = 8 = :C;^H f = g; =Bf j j j F_ j f : = f j D_ = : @= fC= H = HC; #`_ f HC; @= jU:Ij f j-: j ; = :: = lj nj Mj j c = = _B:CH H _ c j H = j = = : @:IHIj f _ = : nj _ f _ f _B: n= j ; = :; = :;^H fC= = _ f j fC= H = = =Bf j gj-: j =w=?n= : j-: Q_ = : Q; = : @: = j D_ J j f j <;E:C_B: j jc = H = f j-:CHC_ =Bf f = j-_ = f f j@ = = E_ :IH f <_ j j< HC; <_ j f f j-: = J j <; = O_ f ; = : _ f jj-:CHIj'j "_ `;E:C;`: :IHC_ ;`_ <; = _ >D_ Nj nf j = _ f _ lj<H f= j Nj HIjj j = f _ = @: <_B: = : J : H f= <; = j f ; lj +*-,/. j j<HIj f : = j j H = = : _OH = : J j f _ = : @_ ;`:Ij = _ H = = :Ij<j j <_)D_ <; j<HIj NH B = f J J = F_ = _ j_) f _ <; = = f j-:j NH = H f jj`_B: <_)D_ <; = `_ #^j-: = HC_ U_ j<HIj NH B = f j-: _ _ `_ = fC= HC_ n = 'H f _Qj-:'`_U_ D:Ij j _ f _ <; = D;`_ l_ f _ j j ; f ; lj j lj H = ::C; U; `_ f j-: ->@_ j = H fC= :Rj j <;`_ f ; Uj H = :j _ jA`_wj jj-:Ij'>nj > Bj<H = $ = j%D_ f H j f _ E_ j `_B: <_ f _ HIj U_ _B: j ; j kj $ :C; Q;`: HIj f j :%j@j-:IH nj-:IH = nj?j g;E:IHIj ; <_ n = :R_`_ j f _ <; = J ; f j f _dj-:j <;`_@; = j-:CHC_ <_ f @:C; O_ lj j Ai nj nj J j U;E: ;^c jBD_ Ai O_ =Bf j-: E_ _ HIj Uj _ = ; = _ `j-: j _ 'j j f= = _ <;E_ J n= j-:D_ <; = =& @j?:Ij jAj-:6kj NH j : H f _ _ ;^H j _ f jj f J O_`; = : = : _B : _ = j f _ Nj^j f _ n =Bf j-: _?D_ f _ j = H fC= : = :?_B:j NH = : `_ #`_ "_ E;`:C;`: J =Bf f= D_ n= f j n = U; j :Ij;`; U;^HC_ = f !`; _ H f _ j -_ f _ jj-:IH @j _ `; f =Bf f _ :>@_ b_ j-: _ j f _ <; = D_ j c _ NH f _j HC; Bj U_ :C;`; <; = j D_ _ = j >@_ j j j = : j _B : _ f @j D_B:: = j = = j <; = _B: J j-: j-:R_ = : >@_ = <; = :Ij #`_OH ; = `_ <_ f _ n= : Q_ f j j j _ <; f _ =Bf f =B f nj F_B:?j f j-: = j-: _ f j-: = j jj-:IHC_B: `_ <; = j _ :C; #^j = : _ = j f _ lj<H fC= : :Cj #`j = : G: {_! = 3 f _ j-: =Bf #^j-:j-:IH j = _ = : j :C; Bj <; = = f _ U_ j = : F_ = `_ n; j'c = H = j {_ f ;`_B: = f j-: = jj-:CHC_ j j <; = _ f _`_B: jhj U;`:; HIj f ; lj f _ = : :C; = _ _B:Ij f _ <;`_B:%_ j j<HC_ ^ j HIj :Cj <_ = : fC= !^j = :C; ; f j NHC_ = j< HC; <_j <_B: = : :: <; = E_ c j j-:CHC; U_ <; = = Bj f :C; = j<HIj f D_ =Bf _ ; n = :j nj-:IH j = j-: j H f = = H f j _ j :IHC; <_ j f _ f <; = lj ;`_ @_B:IH fC= :; j @HIj #^j j -_ n = n= = f _`_ = f _ B i; >D_ j HIj lj :C; = : =Bf j-: J HIj f ; =Bf j-: #^H _ j <; _ `; :Qj-:j NH = `_ HC; j-: M_ j<HIj NHC_ f = nj-:IH n= ;E_ ?j-:IH J :; _ n = : nHC;`; -_ i :Ij lj = j%`_B:H f _ -_B: J ^HC_ n= :_ I H j n HC;D_ f _ _ j ' g:Ijj-:j f _ j j-:j = ::Ij f j-: <;`_ lj j-: J :Cj f _% = D:Cj f {_ <; = D_ H = ; =Bf Bj j-: Mj>@__ : = ceH _ f jhj-:6kj _`_ n;`_ = : :C; Q;`: = jP_ =& Q_OHIj f ;`_ nj-:IH f _ Q_OHIj f ;`_ = f ;^H B ; f #^HC_ n = : = & j ` T _ j :CHC_ j-:D _ <;`_ ; = ? j :IH = j<HIj f _`_ n= f j-: <; D_B: J Ai jUj cej f _ _ f j-_B:j<c0j NHC; O_B:@D; :Ij {_`; _ <; = =Bf _ J D_ HIj _B> : Q; <_ = ; U;^j _ ; @j@E_ = : f j-: = `:C_ f j-:lj-:IH j( _B :T_ _ j`_B:Tj j :C; <_ j = : = jbc U_ f _lj^j NH fC= @ = C H ' _ j : j : j D_ fC= fC= = @HC;`; -_ :C; <_ `_ j Ai = - =Bf :; n = j _B : <_ f _B: ;`:Ij _ @ = >@j fCf _ U;^j ;E: _ >@_ = Ai f U_ n = H f _ f _ f _5`_B: F_ H = Nj#j =@ j<HIj NH =Bf j-: J Uj _ :>@_ f j j< HC; <_ j< HC; U_ = ^HC_ n= _B:C; U;E: D_ j Nj _ n = j f <;`_F_ f _wj 'j 31 H f _ j j <_ jj-:IH = : = : :Ij <; = _ f g:IjP>@_ = O_`; gjK>@_ D_ I_B: HC_ lj nj HIj f H = jR:C;`; <; = j< HC; j j-: _ lj HC_ = U_ jH f _ -_B: j^j NH C f = Q_ c j-:IHC_ <; f HIj /j-:IH = @jA`_w_ Nj$@HC_ _B: _ n = f j-: = Ai nj-:CH f _ j _ lj<H fC= f j-:Ij f j<HC_ Uj @HC;`; -_ = _ f ; lj :D_ <;`_ ;`_ <; = j<HIj NH B = f' `_B:; ;`:Cj o _^j f j = o gV nj ; fbf _ kj j fC= :IHC_ <; = lj gj <_ =Bf ce_B:C;E:j Tj-:IH _ j Ai j = :IH f _ n = 'j KJ j = D;^j j'c nH HC_ @ = `_ j-:D_ f _ :Ij$D_ f _ n = HIj-:;`:A:IjP>@_Q>nj > :CjT>D_ _ f j-:Ij njd:IjK:C;^H @_ f _Q j <_)F_ <; j': @: >D_? :Ij = ; =% j<HIj ;^j HIj <; = <;`_B: `_Rj j :CHC_B:HC_ j =n= : = = j ;^c0j f j D; j = :; <; = >@_ = J -ô IE I . { ` -i ` &` e ` g -` -` kqe ` - - © W ` kqe 'µ$W nÁ 4_ ` c |4 e 'g ¾ g $g : i v - di dve _ Ä W e z| v ` _ µ _ Á:|4 e e4`hg | g x z e kqe mWnqpsrt - -) &` b h v ~ . 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"$0U)+-43%'(\Q' ( -+) 8 3! - 1 -i - &e ` ` ù )g )e4` ² -kqe & )L ¿ î P# > #-43 % #" ( 10 0 ) -4 ! 0| Z)e ¦ i g ) | e4` ` z ` ` )|gLe (' © j-:CHIj%_) f j = j<HIj NH :IH j E_ <; f <_) =Bf = HC; f j E_ j = ; Nj?:Ij j<cej NHC; {_ = H J <; = j H fC= ; j = : j #`j `_B: _B: Ai J _ _B :C; <_B: j-: j; f _ = : f _ f <_`; c =Bf U_ <; = f _Qj - _ n; : = _ f _`_ J = _ <;`_ <; = Bj = `_ nj<HIj ; f j-_E;`:IHC_ <; = = D_ = j J = = :H j f U; = jj-:IH j n= #`_ j _ = _B :>@_ D;^H D_^j-: = : :IjPHC_ D; j E_K:Cj nHC;E; -_ n= : <; = J J 0 : _ f ; = : J = @HIj = :C; <; = ; H f _B:E_ _ _ U:Cj f j = = <; = j c =Bf Q_ <; = ; Bj Nj-:j nj >@_ f ; <; D _ n;`:IHIj J O_ =Bf j O_ =Bf; O_ =Bf j-:Qj :IH = : ). _OH = : j j j f D; n =& =Bf HIj f ; lj `_K:Ij j HC_ f _ <_ _ - = : J U;E_Pj-: <;^j f HC_ _ `j-: <_ j - {_ f ;`_ <; = `_ j = : j J +*-,/. j-: _B : j j <; _ D;^j D_ ; NH = :j ;^j @= j <; = j ; @ _ :Ijbj nj : Bj f :C; = <_ f _ HC_ `_ j j-_B: Bj = lj<H f _ Bj Uj fC= E_B: jn : = j f _^j-: ;E:IHC; ; jP; jA_`HC_j U_OHIj f ;E_^j-: Qûl `_ j jH = j f j H = : ; Bj^j-:Q; j<HIj NH =Bf J @_^j-: = c0H %_ f j j j : E_B: f H nj J _KH f _ j D_B: % j E_B: D_ = Bj m :IHIj?: = c0H %_ f j BHIj @:_ f _'`_A:; f nj F_dj j `_B: 0 `_:C; _ f _ J j ) BS +N *-,"B/. `~e )e kqe µ _ Á:| Ce'i th5 z $c Q_ v | Ev -| monX| )e v ` z z :+` >D_ = j = D_ H f _B:Kj%_ '_ `;`:C;`: @:IHIj f : J , F_ j _) = j-: H H # j:C;E; <; = j<HIj NH =Bf _ ^j-::Ij <_ _ j j nHC_ = <_) >@_ ; <; = = 4j : HC_ <; = ; =% , D _ = j D_ - lj _ j j j jRH f _ -_B:j nHC; ` ; -_ n= f j-_ n = j#:C;`; <; j j j MjH f _OHC_ $ _ _ j<HIj NH =Bf `_ f nj F_ j n= =Bf <; = "_ E;`:C;`: _ <_ f _ Bj <; fC= @:C_ j _ -_B:'j f j HIj?j!: = c0H %_ f j f j Bj lj J MjH f _OHC_ J jPH = :Ij f ; kj = = ,/. j-: = @_ <; = :IH f f _ D_ j j #`; _R_'H f _ = : n j : j = f j = @;E:C;^H = : - | e dc ù t e )g )e g -z u 4e &e J j nHC; ` ; -_ n= j<HIj NH B = f L:IjA>@_ j `_B: D_ = ::C;E:IHIj U_B: = J Bj f :C; = _ _ <; = f= D `_ <;^j f H = : f nj v z -i monqpsrt~i $v -` n= ; <_ :IjR: @j^jH = U_ f NH = : f H nj J `_B:; j<HIj NH B = f j-: `_ <; j Kj-:IH f f nj D_'j HIj-:: = NH f j f _^j-: J Qû$t ')(*,+ - È ÌsÍ}Î /ÂØ CÝ}Õ&Ô:ÐhÙÕ0ÚèÐ:Ò«Õ9Ü9×)ß}Ø9Ö!ÒÝ}Ü9Ü&Þ-Ó× ßlá ` -) _ 4 < a ` Qû$ | -kle kle )g )e | )i z dg z ` î| ) $c y 0 - _ -| e Ä i [ ò _ - Ä ` - _ - Ä e `hg e4) - ? dc -` e v kqe y` µ e4c7Ä i W `~e e 2` 7 dv -` uv ` rtI e4 &e ¯¾ _ e )g $c 0 ` di 5 b` | e ¦ i z &e W ` e nÁ 2E|L $rr ` b |4` ` _ :IH !`; ; = <_ {j fC= _ = :; #^j E_l:Ij <; = j <_ j cej NH c = H = ; -_ <; f j U:C:IH f _B> D;`_ <; = ; `_ `_B:j-:CH NH = j = : = = : = j `_ ' f Uj ;`_ j _ H f _ j :Icej j f _E_ $ nj @:IHIj = :IHIj = = = = : =Bf nj = j f : & _ :Ij f f NH = lj fC= j _ HIj-: @;^j :Ij f nj-:IH n= j-_ f j Nj-: = : fC= <; = HIjT:Ij =Bf <; = ;`: _ n = : lj ; j_ = : : j = j Ai j 5 =Bf HIj U;E: Ai > _ Nj _ f = H = j _A`_ j Nj f HC; _B:; `_ = U_ j D_ =Bf f HIj lj<HC_`; -_ fC= HIj NH =Bf _B: j j _B: = : J = J ¦ e4` _ j<HIj NH B = f j-: U; © | 7i `_B: ; = f ; H f _ H fC= _ :IHC_ J j: ; _ _ Nj-: =0 Bj HC_ _B: 4e `'g - di - di v g !e di p ) `~e | )| I e c -i e g ` &` e e `'g e Nj f HC; f j& =Bf _ j HIj-: j f j $ _ = @HIj >@j fC= j: c =Bf U_ <; = _D_ f _Uj F;`:IHC_B: : @= jP:Cj U;`_ = :C;^HC_ ; = fC= HIj _dj nj f= ; _ j = = f j = : HIj = :CH f 4F_ f _ = n= j <; = /J : = $ @:IHIj f : _OH = : J D; f = : f j fC= j `_ :IH j : f j D_ HIj-: `_:Cj _ :C; f : HIj f ; =Bf ;`j >nj fC= : = = D_ <;^j j HC_ f :Ij j = j = f j-_`; -_d_#H f _ :Ij f nj D__ : _OH = : f j-:Ij :IjQj ;^c D:C; = :IHC;`H @; : jk:C;E; <; = `_ n= j = :C; f _ Q_ @= j<cej NHC; {_ f j$ j Nj-: =& ; -_ <; = _ :j _ & _Uj Nj-: = : {_ @:C_ f j f jlj<c0j NHC; O_ j jK; = ; Nj f HC; j f ; {_ fC= Nj f HC; j-:IHC_; f j j-:j n= <;^j J J U; : ; #`j O_ f ;`_ HIj f D ;`:IHC_ ; lj HIj-: j `_Pj @ = j<HIj @= i f _ NH @_ <; = _ = f j-_`; -_h; _ `j-: `_K; <_ j J = U; - y` &` :nÁ +nÁ :t - _B:>nj >D_B: j-:D_ <;E_ <; = j _B:C; U;`: H _ U_OHIj f ;`_^j-: = : J j f _h:C; U;`_ f J jlH f _ =Bf _ <_) `_B: _B : =Bf I` om nqp b` &` I` Q ù© - ` dc j< H f ; Bj = dc e4 e e4 Z` e`hg f_ qe .i $g a_ e`hg Z )| e4`hg di |ÅLe4 &e dc I &e ` kqe i ¶ &e Z -` ~e 7Ä vz Le | g e e )g we &e `~e ' ` : ` v ` - e4) = 0` - = : <_ n =Bf j-: J j<HIj NH B = f j-: <_ C_B: j-:C;^H @_ HC_B: = `_B: j:;`; <; = =f nj c Q_ dve = :A:; <; fC= _ ^HC; #E; :IHIj j HIj:Cj%^jP_)#`; <_ lj 7 ¾ _B: j jK:C;`; <; = `~e = :c = H = &e v f j-: = f _Q:C; U;E_ f NH @; @ = j ; _ = : j^j lj H j % j `_ f nj F_#j >@_ P; ; lj HC_ @; $ Bj n Bj f = H f j`_B:%D;E:IHC_B:P:Ij _BE_ _Q_D;`:CHC_B: f f ; <_lj ^j $ ; j f _ H f j = : `_B: = j-:'j &D_ =Bf Bj f :; = !`_Uj ; = f @; @ = j jRH j _ @:C:;`_ j <_ jK; j-: @:Ijd>@_ D_B:C_ n = = : J f a_ HC_ j = <_ f _hj = :j^j NH C f = H j j <_ I_B: Dj<H =Bn= : <;`_ = j@ =& D_ F;`; fC= U_OHIj f ;`_ J = ceH _ f = _ H = : = <_B: g $g e4 |q`~e ) j `_@ " = J i nj f n = = Mj J = :C;^H fC= j U_ = :C;^H @_ @= j5E_ j_ j<cej NH = :AHC_`j-: _ <; = j /: = : j< HC; _ e O_ @_ <; : J = = j ; >D_B: HIj = :C;^HC; <_ U_ = f j$F_ f H =( = :C; <; = = 'H fC= :dj^j lj E_( _ f j-:j j I_B: J Bj ;E: HIj^j-_ @ =Bf Nj j = :C;^H f= $ ; j ai `_ `_j H f J >nj f j Bj f HC; @ =Bf' <_ =Bf HIj-: J = fC= j-: D_ j j-:IHC_ n= = `_ f J _ _ _ Ä W ¡e ¡:`` _ y i ` ` $v g &e _ y ú -` h ` `h 0 ¾ -| . v _ | )e ` e +µ e - Z ` e v - 7 v ` _ e ~kle ` be W ~ i ')e $g -` §e ` e z - &e ` ù z` |a e | b` ¡` b` Le Z = _ <; Nj-: _ J f _B:_ = :A: = <; j-: HIj-: F;`_ = j % [ j j J = j % <; = f ; fC= [ f j-: f j f _ <; = a_B:%:C; = = U; f ; > Tj^j NH fC= j-: # = G 'j = : j<HIj j nj J = / j j NH = = <;`_ D_ &@H `_ :; j = i;`:j f :C; = = f = D_B: = nj j jRc = H = Bj f :C; = cej NH c = ;^cej j _ Nj-: <_ <_B: =5 = = <_ f : = j U;E: _ _ = : <; n = : = :PHC; = : Qûù H$+D R YyN $B/. - e ) _ g¾ di : &e4 2e i $c )| e lk e 6 E_ = Ij<HC; = :IHC;^H _&D_ f HC; f" j%E_ =5 = <; j f = j j f ! jRH f j-:H f _ -_B: :IH <; f D_ HC; Nj'_ = f Q 2v `` _ 4 - dv j HC; f _ f : = njRj/j`j NH f = nj-:IH = _ jAj`_B: J ÂnÁ e )g $c '` g j Q_lj j <_B: Ai j-:"E_l; j'E_@ nj D_j = _ j/>@_ =Bf ; ; f PHC_ HC; <_ <; >@_ D; j d $c| - j :Ij = !:Ij = j<HIj NHC_ $c 2 e i j :IH :H @= f _ -_B: f Bj j HC; Nj-: f J 0 e W kle ` i e4) ` )èP¿s5SP5¿4P _ -Û P5s5SP7CC *P5§ O 4P i e4 dve - W 0 be g e 2nw @ W b` Zùr w` n dve ~-øtw` ¡ ` @ I` e ` 7-øtI` I` &` I -` g dge 7 © ¦ i z &e t n j` ` ` e +e e e g e |l Z e - e w ` ` ` - W `~e ¶ e - e ` &e. v )v e ` di `'g ` ` e )g $c| j e ug e V ` ` W _ - )g z ¯¾ e &e n -`'g v | -` 'e dc-kle ¡ - e e kle )g ¾ e4`'g $g - o ¦ i - w` )g -| g -` e © ` ve 2 be - e e4 _ e4` 7 I v ¦ )e v :Ä © _ i W v :v -i e _ y [ - dc-kqe _ i ¶ v - di ` y` ` y be ¦ © |L b)e ` ¨ ² ¨ _ e $ = : D_ _ f _5`_ = f HIj :C;^j f j f @; @ = a_U; #^j <; n = @_ f lj fC= O_ =Bf' j Nj O_ =Bf H fC=5 j @; f D_B: _B: n= $ f _ Bj HIj j <;`_ = :IH f Uj a_ ; ;^H f j f j = = nj J f j%`_ >@_ _ $ = : ; $ = @:IHIj f : f @H = : f ; =Bf _ $ _ ^j-: :Ij _B : @: = _B : ; f _& = : `_ j _lj _ F_ _ n= f j-_ $ = : n _ `_ n= _B : j H = : f j $ HC_ @:CHIj f : @:CHIj f : :IH f D; n= : = D;E:IHC_B:?:Cjj`; j D_ f >D_^j j n; njK:Cj j D;^j-: :Ij _`j-:j = lj J j':Cj-;`: D;E:IHC_B: J H f j-: = Nj-: = fC= = : J = = : n j f j >D_; f= Bj >D_ f _ _ n; = : f @H = j-: _ j _ ^j-: <_ _ =M=Bf @:IHIj f = jP_ =& _`_ = H fC= f _+_) j j =M=Bf U;E: U_ <; = a_B:D;`:CHC_B: _ %: 4j :Ij _ D_ <;`_ n = :_ = `_ ;E:IH f ; j _ ^j-:: <_ `_ j J f ; lj C f = : U; Q; _ HIj-:D_B: = : <_B: = j D_ =Bf _ / J = : :Ij_! _ = j( Q; #^j f= j j = U_B: j j-:IH = : <_ _ _Uj $ @:IHIj f : f j = :IH f @; n= :; $ Bj J =Bf j nj ; ;^HC_^j-: `_B: <_ f _B: HC_B: i J c $ _ = j B = : <_ _ `j-: E_ _ j f j >@_ jw; D;^j f _ J = @:IHIj `_ = f = :IH f <; = j nj _ ^j-: <_ = :Ijj U_ _ lj #E; = U;`: NH = = ; = j $ HC_^j-:;D_ f _`_ D_ = `_R_ _ njP:Cj% j f _ j; j D; @= j-:C_)D_ f j NjK_ _ j ; &D_ n= :C;^j _ n; :IH f @; n = : =Bf D:IHIj f J <_ `_ n= = "! !$# - = J e) ` Ñ` Z e - e e @ Ñ` &` ` e _ e ` ` xe ¯¾ kqe 0e | )g `'g dve @ ¦i z &e t © q_ e )g - Â 5 $c| - | ' 5 b z &e | i ¶ô ynÁ monqpsrt a` Ikqe e & ` $c z )e ` e ` ` $v b e `hg ` ` ` $c jRHC_ c =Bf U_ <; = j $ B _ _ n= = HC_ n = : j-:: = HIj%j-: U_ F; Q;`: D;^j @:IHIj f : Dj-:IHC__ F_B:C_Kj Q_ :C; = j-:b:C;^j = : j<HIj NHC_ n = : J @;^j f j dve nW e - nlp@ -` Z` - $c| `hg d.v e X` &` Ä ` e4` W ` ` $v &e !e ; = : - <_ f _ %'&)(*+ , >D_ _ _ <_ j%`_ j-:j NHC; O_ lj `HC; = :; HIj-: = Q; @;^j <_ f _lH = HC_ J a_ = = : j f _ = ::C; J @ _ D;^j j<HC_^j-:A: = j I_ f j = :':C; # f nj D_Rj _ = _OH = :A:Ij j/HC_ Q_# =Qf jE_OHC; _ _`_; <_ c =Bf Q_ <; = j ! ^HC;#^j-:b_B: `_% j f _ _ n; j j f l; :CjP:Ij$D_ f _ / J : =Bf j-: = : = B = <; = , `_ n= D_ <_ f _Q:Ij f _Aj-:CHC_ f = j =Bf = f j = :;`_ @ = : = ::Ij _ n; : j-: H = : jF: = c0H %_ f j j^j NH C f = W _ j :IH f @; n= : D_ = ; <_) Bj f Mj:Ij$D_ f _ f j lj U;^HC_ : =Bf j-: j@E_ ). j f nH = :j _ g;^j = j @:IHIj f : j =!=Bf = :Ic =Bf U_ $ = : :Ij ` D:IHIj f :HC_ nj% = :AH f _ :C; nj _ = _ f ; Bj^j-: E_ H f _ -_ j jU; j <_ <;`_ <; = D_ Bj f j a>D_ :C; = = : _ <; = lj fC= j4`_ n = f ; Q; = :C; <; = j<HIj f U; @ gHIj H ;`: _ HIj`__B: = ;`_ J `_Uj <_) = = lj @j j f _ f `_ Bj D; ; > NH = : U_ NH = :R_B: = <;`_ @ = j H j <; f D:Cj j i = @:CHIj f : <_) Dj-: f j-_ $ j `_D_ % j< HC; = :D_ f _ lj<H fC= : = j%`_ f H j = j = = `_@ Nj f j C_ f nj D_'j =Bf = Kj-:IHC_ f _ `_ j J j H f _ -_ :IH f D; n= : _ D_ _ J = f j J H = J F_B: 4 < a ` Qû${ * * di q` di ` Àg ¾ $g - 0e z _ dv &` C v 2e ` W b` ` & v )v e e a. î|Le ¡² )e i &e ` - - ¶ I ` e )g e ` :kqe ` w)e i &e 5 ` ¾e ' ` e $c & {E &e4` ` $g ¾ _ b` 7ge & e )ve $c `'g $c Le &e -` ¾e : ` ¶ ` ` ` di _ dg ` -` 7.)e $c v e n e b` e )g $c ` $c u` &` Â_ Ce4 ¾&e e $c b` : ` g¾ g ~` ¯¾ _ E` )| -i 2e b` 2` ` dc ` &` ` '² n g - | -) $c ` di |l i ½ ! M½ 3 M½ 3 ½ u| dv )c W ¥ £ ¦ a¥ ½ ¥ ½ ¥¿© di nÁ e ~ )e b -) i yr| ¾&e )v ' ` v - - hr ` ` $v ¦ © ¥ ° ¥ ° ¥ ²¥ - g_ ; ; <;`_ = = :dH f j-: : Nj-: ; Bj^j-: J : ^HC; nj j< H f j'_ =@=& j : _ j a_ j _ : = kj :Ij <; = f ; U;^j HC_B: j _B : = D_ = #j-:IHC_ #^j HIj-: = f _ lj E_B:H n= = _ -_B: f = f HC; f HIj D:IHIjU_ = NH = :'j $ _ @:CHIj : f j H f j-:KH f _ -_B:Kj j-_ H = : f nj D_ _d:Ij &D_ ; HIjlj_ ;`_ = D: <_ f D_ _ @ Nj j-:IH = : <;`_:Ij :Ij;^HIj f _%F_ f _ F_ = :;`:IHIj f _T:Ijlj gH f _Oj H = >@_ T:Ij5j f U;`HIj = :C;`:CHIj i; >@_ J = D_ f @j D_hj ; Bj :Ij-_ _ : hj U;E: = @:IHIj j f= j Nj _dH _ -_l_ f H `_ j <; f ; U;^j j = = :C; <; = :; = U; = :C; <; = j j j ; Bj j< HC; U_ = n= H = = j E_U; <; = j = j j E_#H @ Ij<H =l= Mj J = @HC;^j f _ -_ j j `_ = j = @HIj <; _B:C; Q;`: f ; lj f = = lj D_ = ; Bj `_ j <; j; f j =Bf" _ lj<H : f= Bj f : =& j ; Bj f _ HIj j j i <_ U; nj `_ _0 = = <_ j =5 f #`_ _5F_ f HC; f f :Ij `_UH j j `_5 f _ Bj NH B = f ;E_ j = :C; <; = Q_ j H fC= Y J j j-:IHC_Q_) H f _) ò¥ ¥ ò _ = ` . 0; /U_ fC= n= _ ¥ ò ¥ ò$# õ w¦ f© !" " ò$# 12/lj &3 _ =Bf ; 3 j45D:Ij =76 HC;^j j78 <; = :Ijd_B: ¦ t© j-:_^H = : & % ('*) / / j = lj H = Y ò 9 % !: ;: =<>: =?@: Y 'DC B A J % ,J + ' J 9 H FE 9GE Y I I $# N IM I $# E ] I I $# I I $# 9 PI O ) IJ L # K ò ò ò ù' % J j 9 H Q Q $# Q J I [L# " I $# ] I I $# # S UT I V %W I $# E YX I Z I $#\[ '^] I " I $# 1 j j =76 HIj j f :Ijd>@_ <;`j n= @1 : =0 jPj-:IHC_B: = :C; <; = j `_lH f _`-_ba_&cn 9I ò C ò 7/ ' = :"F_ f _ lj<H fC= : /Q; 0; /U;0`-_ :%HC;^j = = = n= NH ; f j - - . D_ ; U; -_ <; J <_ W f O_OH Nj f= HIj HIj lj j0E_A j fC=% j `_ & U;^HIjd:C;`j f H = = ; n = ::Ij J = <;`j = f _`_H f _ Bj NH B = f ;`_ c =Bf U_ <; = _B :%_ D_ j-: _ D_ 5 _ j%: = ceH _ f j nj-: f ; ; ; f j @jE_; j-:IHC_ f _B :_^H ; = :: = U; n = :C; D; ` ; = = : J ; Bj j<HIj f U; H f _B: j j = HIj f Uj J = j ` _B: L_RH E_ f _ f j-: :IHC_0 = :%#E_ U;^j j NH f O_OH j f ;^H = D_ NH = :; ; D_ _ D_B:H f _ -_B: fC= j-: J ; lj f Bj = = :; j< H =n=A _PH f _ -_ H f _ -_ j-: = _ ;^H =Bf H f jPj = : J f j NHC_Uj n= j M 8 ' ò ò õ MdC E eH 9J eH 9J ò$# % 9 Qgfih 9 h ! ò$# % 9 QYf\h 9 h ! ò ò % ,J R ' % ,J _ ' j-: P 9 f j 5 ; >@_B: 9% : : =< : =? : Y '' M B A - <M 9 % !j: : =<>: =?@: Y '' M 7 A - ?M % J û' û_ W a_ j F_ f / ; ;0/U; `-_ U _7 /lj<H fC= : # ' <; = 41 = C 1 ò$# 9 J 9 g Q fih 9 h He # 9 QYf\h 9 J _ ;`:j f :; = 1# / 6 1 "-/0 . 21+3 0&! 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IN 8 IPO 8-7 IPO q :RQ IPO 3 H C \ q :RQ $ TC R0y L S : 8Y : < > 8* 3 :W S QC ^! : 7-* }:{ *Y*(S : 8 }:{ *(S } *J8 : * , Y ,: S :U}:mW?>z{ *C 7 !#= W?> ML \ | ' /L \ ( ,' + G ( C \ n j w j h j( ' 3 n( D + ' ( D D n m D D @ > ! Z ] i 'G @ #& W S QC !^: 7-* }:6F 7-*Y*(S : 8 }=: { *(S } * }: Y : <+Y >} *(8J<+* ! * { *Y*(S : 8 2(>!A!>MF> 7 > S > C S 2l=W *8 * C W?,?} * H 3 S Y ,?0: !F * }=:^:=<sF *(8 , < , *(C S v 3 F *7 : S=< ,p!J>}:W 5c>W *7 }:z: S : 7 2 XC > H $ +< *(S=8 ,?}: 7 > S } * S > 8 F: 7 < ,:z}: :=<^F *(8 , < , *(C S 3:8| ' ( % ' 3 3 ('( & D & D D D h ' /L \ ( } *(S }: F ' ( : 8 :W: 8 F: <+Y7-* F 76*Y *(C S , <+* : S ! IN 8 IPO 87 IPO q :RQ IPO > 8 Q!J,?: S } * S { *(S } * , 8 *C Y7-* F * $ % ' 3 3 (: 8 W?>z:' < ,: S=< ,?>^}:m}=: Y : <R< , *(C S F> 7 > < >}=>^:W:0J! : S[Y* }=:: S : 7 2 X C > 3 }, 7 : <R< , *(C S $ 8 F: 7 < ,?: L d >^: < => < , *(C S > S[Y : 7 , *7 F:=:}: : 8-<+7 ,9,, 768 : <+* ! * | UCx_ " ! !$# F )UC v r ! X X ' ( F ' ( D ' /L \l( } *(S }: X X ' (C+* ! * # % ' 3 3 ('( & D & D : 8 W?>_> < :'F Y > S=< ,u>J>W 5c>W *7 }: : S : 7 2 X C > $ 8 :`!J,?}:M: S ! N 8-7 L H : 8 :W > C S 2l=W * 8 * C W?C ,?} * >3 W 7 :}:} *7 }: W?>m{j: SbY : 3 W * 8 < ,: S[Y :0!J: S[Y :}2 7 > S }: <+* ! * F> 7 > <+*(S=8 ,?3 }=: 7 > 7 8 < ,: SbY : :W'{ *(S } * F 7-*Y *(S , <+* }:s> < : 7 } *<+*(S W *(8 : 8Y =}=, *(8 K *(S[Y : < > 7 W * L S :W < > 8* }:WwI<KML : 8-Y* <+*767 : 8 F *(S }:>F 7-* <`,p!J>}=>!^: SbY :]>H S >>F: 7-Y 7 >> S 2l=W?> 7 ,92l>W>W-, (/. }:W }: Y : <+Y*7 ' >W 7 :}:} *7 }: \ 2 7 >} * F> 7 >z:ZW L S#3 2 7 >} *(8 F> 7 >z:W %I d 3 8 > S } * S >z: 8Y ,"!> < , *(C S"<+*(S=8 : 7 5c>} *7 >~( L \ * ! * W?>> < :'F Y > S=< ,?> 8 : +< *(S*`< :U2: S : 7 >W"!^: SbY :F> 7 > Y* } * : W < >!-F * } :#50, 8 , *(C S 3 e > $ /:z, SbY7-* }Q < , 7 S 2{ > <+Y*7 }:M: 8-< >W?>: S[Y7 : X X ' (> X X ' ( ' : 8-Y* : 8 3 8 F *(S ,: S } * > < :'F Y > S=< ,?>U S ,{ *7 !^:~F> 7 > :W Y * } * :W < >!-F * }:)50, 8 , *(C S ( | )UC v c ! X X ' ( F ' ( D ' /L \ z ( > > < :'F Y > S=< ,?>}=:4F 7-*Y*(S : 8 : 7-7 *(C S :>!^: S[Y : Y* !J>} *(8 F *77 >},?> < , *(C S 2(>!A!>J: 8MS*7 !J>W"!J: S[Y : <+*(S=* N d < ,u}=> <+* ! * :WMW X C !J, Y : , S {|: 7 , *7 }: 8 7 :W?> < , *(C Si<+*(S Wu>V> < :'F Y > S=< ,u>%2(>!A!> L 8 }: < , 7 3 : 8Y >g> < :'F Y > S=< ,u> F 7-*Y *(C S , < > 8 : :=<sF 7 : 8 > S*7 !J>Wp!^: S[Y : <+* ! * :W <+*`< ,: SbY :M: SbY7 :mW?>_> < :'F Y > S=< ,u>U2(>!A!J> $ {2> <+Y*7 }: 7 : <e >d7 * | )UC v r ! X X ' ( ' \ (9 @ ' /L RP~( F ' (D L0: e >: S<+*(S[Y7 >} * S W X C !J, Y :", S {;: 7 , *7 F> 7 > !^:}=,u> S[Y :eW *(8 : 8Y =}, *(8 K *(S[Y : < > 7 W * FZ> 7 >:W 7 > S 2 * <+* !-FW: Y* _I d >W S ,95:W }: Rs \'P ( [ ^ 3$ \'PMF> 7 >:W 7 > S 2 * }:W4L S >W }=: S ,95:W }=: <+*(S > S 7> L \ > 7 >$: 8Y : }=: Y : <+Y*7 S*$8 : e > <+*(S=8 ,?}: 7 >} * W?> <+*7-7 : <R< , *(C S 2: * !J>d2 S : C Y , < > >W {|> <+Y*7 }: 7 : <e >d7 * > 7 2lQ!^: SbY >}=>^: S :W < >F XC Y =W * f L *(S W *(8 !>F> 8 }:=: <^F *(8 , < , *(C S 2: * !J>d2 S : C Y , <+*(8 F * }:0! *(8Y : S : 7 : S^< =: S[Y >: 8-Y ::R{;: <+Y* }:!J> S : 7 >)! > C 8G7 :>W?, 8Y > L W`: 8 F: <+Y7-* F 7-*Y *(C S , <+* 8 _: F> 7 >!^: Y7 ,"7><F> 7 > Y7 : 8 ,> S }=> 8 2: * !>d2 S : C Y , < > 8 }=,{|: 7 : SbY : ' 8 Ld >]>F 7-* <`,p!J> < , *(C S Y ,?W?9, 7>}=> 8 F *(S k: S : 8 F: <+Y7-* F 7 ", !J> 7 , * , S , < ,?>} * > S > > ,> S }=A > 2: * !Jd> 2 S : C Y , < ~> ( $ : 8 9, 2l=:UW?>JW: $ }': S ,?}=>z: S [ ^ L < ,?: 7-Y >J: S : 7 2 X C >J}: <+*7-Y : :U}=:'F~: S }:m}: Wu+ \ > 7 >z:W~: 8 F: <+Y7-* F *7 }:8,>b * }:W 5c>W *7 }: <+*76Y : 3 8 : 8 F *(S : 6 S e > 8Y > Y7 : 8 8 8: 2l!^: S[Y*(8 }: }=,{|: 7 : S[Y :W: $ }: 3 F *Y : S=< ,u> : 8 F: <+Y7 >W }': F: S }=,?: S } * > 8 ", !J, 8 ! * }=:W?i > ,> S }=i> 2: * !d> 2 S : C Y , < > L S , < e*(8G8 8: 2l!^: S[Y*(88 : * , Y ,?: S : S }=:mW?> Y >d,W?> L }k : [ ^ L []\O^ [ Rg^ [f ^ [ ^ [ ^ [ Rg^ [f ^ [ ^ [ ^ [ ^ [ ^ * W"! (* SbY 3 ' L $ L0:85`,?W?W?> 3 L : Y >W L I<KML *Y : RP2P NQPARNQP4\ $ ' W?,: S * ' W"! *(SbY 3 Y : 8 , 8 } *0<+Y*7 >W F 7 : 8 : SbY >}=> : S W?> ] S ,95: 768 ,u}=>} }: K *(SbY F:W?W?,: 7 RP2P ( 3 ebYY F | & e* !^:'FZ>d2: L !J> < L <+* ! b*=W?,: S L , * W"! *(S[Y d *7 , S }:=< F e } L ebY !JW 7 S 3 L >}:0!J> : 768 3 b L K I f z ' \ z2z ( W\ $ ebYY F | & 7-*0*Y L < : 76S L <He L0:85`,?W?Wu> 3 L I<KL *Y :RP2P NQP f NQP f "M> 7-* W?} 3 L $ :0!^: Ye 3 \ L K": ebY > 3 L I#KMLONQPAR \ > $ W * >} S[Y :82 7 > Y , *(S "M> 7 }d> 7 : SbY : 7 {|> < : 8 L I<LInbBW?,92 ebY \ 76* b : <+Y S ,95`, 8 , *(S S 7 >k{ Y ' RP2P4\m( ebYY F | & e :> 8 > 7f< L 2 8 { < L S > 8 > L 2 * 5 } *`<R8 7-*(8 > Y L`>k:R:}> L`>bcb>} 3 Y : 8 , S > F 7 : 8 : SbY >}=> : S Wu> ] S ,95: 768 ,?}>} }: K *(SbY F:W?W?,: 7 ' RP2PARl( 3 ebYY F | & dEdEd L WGF Y > L S ,"5*N ! *(SbY FR L { 7 >! 8 L 7 :R: Q!> 7 3=\ L : Y >W L I~F ' * z ' \ z2z l( R f "} SbY : 7 3 L L S L : Y >W L I}F ' W\ ' \ z2z ( RP : 7 2 8Y76* ! 3 dGL ;$ ] W?Wu, * 3 \ L < W: $3 ' L " L I 8Y7-* F L \ e $ 8 L z ' \ z2z l(O\ f \ > * W * K >k: 8Y7-* 3 Y : 8 , 8 } *0<+Y*7 >W`F 7 : 8 : SbY >}=>z: S :W b ] S ,95: 7f8 ,?}=>}}:\L,: S > ' RP2P f ( L IF2l=,?W?> 7 3 K L : Y >W L \ e $ 8 L :'F L f ' RP2PARl( ff \ \

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