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" !& ( # %# &# =!"%! #=" "!=" ! "! - !"5-! # # "H !6&" #7 ! !## "# "! # F=& -5#"# G H 4# #! F B ! "#$ %$ $" &$" ' #" &$#( 5! # # #$# ( "&! &! / .% &# =5"% "!!"! - # & :@ "/ # "" 4"# ("! 5 #&" &5"7 "! &5= ## # ! #! &"# ! "/ # ! & 4 "6! # 5#. &! ( # ! # !". ! ! "6! & ! # "" 4"# #! "!$" "!# 5" ( ."!! ""@!# # 4 & 4 "& E# - ( ! ! !"!=! &"$" "6! ! ## "&"!# - @ !" #/ #" "6! ( 5 ! " ! !$( N!"! !#I!%7 # "&" "! "6! 4 " ! ! ! ." 4&! # =" 1 4 #&"2/ 4&5 "! !! " !."." ! ## #&:!#7 "! &5= &! # # !" &0"# !" "!#/ # !" "6! " 3! #! ## &" ( # #"=! # $ # "!# 4&57 &- 5& ! # . # "!# ! # " "." ( 4= &" &! =! # 4/ # " # "! ! ."#"6! # " #&" ( &" &E9"& "5 - #= &! "# # &"# "5 !/ &! ( # &"5 ! "5 # &E#7 5# ! !". ! !. 6" # "!# # "# " #/ "!! "!# "!#!#7 # ! ."# 4 #""./ # .! !! & # # !#"! ! "6! 4# 4&!# = &! $ ". "6! # 4# $!&!# "!4!# 4&57 # 5& ! ".""% "6! "! - 4 =" ! ! "=/ #" "6! :" - =""&" # "&"#7 - ! #" #5 "# =# !&# ! 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l estado no jurídico, es decir, aquel en que no hay ninguna justicia distributiva, se llama estado natural (status naturalis). A este estado se opone, no el estado social , que pudiera llamarse un estado artificial (status artificialis), sino el estado civil (status civilis) sometido a la justicia distributiva; porque en el mis-mo estado natural puede haber sociedades legítimas (por ejemplo, la sociedad conyugal, paternal, doméstica en general y otras varias), respecto de las cuales no cabe esta ley a priori "Tu debes entrar en este estado", como puede decirse del estado jurídico que todos los hombres, cuyas relaciones pueden ser jurídicas (aun involuntariamente) deben entrar en él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l conjunto de leyes, que exige una promulgación general para producir un estado jurídico constituye el derecho público. El derecho público es, pues, un sistema de leyes para un pueblo, es decir, para una multitud de hombres, o para una multitud de pueblos que, constituidos de tal manera que ejercen los unos sobre los otros una mutua influencia, tienen necesidad de un estado jurídico que los reúna bajo una influencia única; esto es, dé una Constitución a fin de ser partícipes en el derecho. Este estado de relación mutua de los particulares reunidos era un pueblo, se llama el estado civil (status civilis); y el todo de este estado con relación a sus propios miembros se. llama ciudad (avilas). La ciudad a causa de su forma (hallándose unidos-los ciudadanos por el interés común de mantenerse en el estado jurídico) -se llama en un sentido más extenso cosa pública (res publica, latius sic dicta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l acto por el cual el pueblo se constituye en una ciudad, y propiamente la simple idea de este acto, según la cuál únicamente se puede concebir la legitimidad del acto mismo, es el contrato primitivo, según el cual todos (omnes et singulí) se desprenden de su libertad exterior ante el pueblo, para volverla a recobrar al instante de nuevo como miembros de una república, es decir, en calidad de miembros de una comunidad o del pueblo como ciudad. Y no puede decirse que la ciudad, que el hombre en sociedad haya sacrificado a un fin una parte de su libertad exterior natural; sino que ha dejado enteramente su libertad salvaje y sin freno, para encontrar toda su libertad en la dependencia legal, es decir, en el estado jurídico; porque esta dependencia es el hecho de su voluntad legislativa propia 15 . # = ( ( ! # ! " 4"#6" / = ( 4- " ! =0! # " - ! =0! "& ! &!/ #"! ( # ! #6 ! "/ ! #: ! # "!" "!# # " - "&/ & ! # $!6&!#7 ! # = & # # !0&!#/ # ## ! #/ !".# "!"="5 ! ! $! "! %6! 6" / #"! %6! E " 7 # ( 3! $" 45 ! 5 # !#"- ! ! "/ #"! " # K " 4 $! " % "!! "6!/ # "/ ! !# !#""&# ! " # :" ! #"# !6&" #/ ! #"# 5"6=" # (" !/ 5"! = !# $" "K "!=#&# # :" - !#&"&# "/ ( # !$& ! - !".# 4 4 / - &E# "&! 45! # - ( 4 &#7 ( &E9"& !# "6! # #" # !% ! # :" 7 # 5 :" ( !# "&# #" # !%/ - &E# 5"! "&# ( ! $!/ !( # !# "5 9"/ 5 :" # "="! ! !# "5 &/ ( ! 9"# ! !" !" 9! !## ( !# "&!= ".&! ! ( # ! # / # "/ # 15 & #$%& F=& -5#"# G H 4# #! F )* ! "#$ %$ $" &$" ' #" &$#( !% # :" K # "/ - #"#& 4/ ! ! #:! "!#!E!&!/ ! ."! $! "&"=!"/ $! & ( # !#"-7 # # &5"@! ( 3! " ( " # ! "&"".K @# # # ! "/ - @# # ( =""& K " # ( ! ! 5 :" / & ! 5 & "#7 ! "&"". $! "!/ " #/ ! # - ! # #:# !#"# & #!#/ # #!! # "5 9"/ # "/ ! # "5 &/ # # "!&H!!/ #"! ! #6 # # "5 9! ! ## "!# # !H!#/ #/ ! (# ( # $"! F & - -F ! &! 9!K #!"&"! ! "&" @" #"! &- !"/ ! #6 # 5 #"! ( # !"( &5"@!/ - # .. &E# ! ! # :" 7 / ! 3! " ( "5 # 5 "!#! & &"&5# ! 05" ! "/ ! (" $"# "!#! !#" ! #!" "&7 # "!" "6! #!#"5"" ! ! &! "!"="5/ "!#! ( "! #!"/ ! #!" &! "7 #: &5" ! & ! &/ "!&!!&! &! &"#&K &5" # "5 9! ! #!" ( # "6! ! # &E# (" &- % "!=# & &"&5# ! # :" K # "!# ! = &! ."#"!#/ 4 ! # "!=# # !! !"#/ # "/ $"!"".# - H "#&! "#7 4- "&!/ & &"#& 3! #I/ ! # "$" " "5 !/ #"! ( ( :/ - # # " .!/ # # "5 #.: - #"! $! ! ! # "5 ! !! " =7 3!/ " " !%E#/ ! # " "." ! # "!"# ! #K ! H #5 # " "." # $! #" ! # $" =! &! ! "6! #/ ! ! @# #6 # )C ! " K "! # & # # 4! "! .@# 4 ! 5## # $" &! !6&" #/ #/ " "./ & ! = &! # " "." & E!#" # ! &" # &- # "#/ 5"! #&! # " "." # " " / 5: # ! # 5( 4"#6" )* 4=&!/ #=0! &# " 7 # &!# " ( 3! "! # ! # ! # !"# #"! !"/ ! =5"! "6" & & $"6#$K =5"! @="&! ! Z" Z # &E# #6" #/ ! # )S "!# #! # & !"I# 7 )C !%E% J" !/ "/ 3! 9 ?#"# 4"#" # "#A/ J! "/ !! #H "/ )+SM/ 7 )*H+*7 )* $7 65/ !/ 6= # "! ""# &$#" # "! H 4 &&! 3!/ @9" / / )+CS/ 7 JH7 )S F=& -5#"# G H 4# #! F .4) 65 )3 05<5<5 "$ + "$ &$ 6" #!" =#"6! N!"! .. 5#.# E!# # "!# 4 - ! ! # &"&5# ! &!"/ #"! ! # ##/ ( # ( # 4 =!# 4 05" # ##7 ! $ / - !#""# # ##/ =! ! # ! #" "6! =/ # "/ # #" "6! # # ! - ! # "."K ! ! $& !E= & # &"&5# ! 5 # ! !! !# ! # 4/ "#&! #/ # ! #" ( # ## #=! # ! = & $"! # :" 7 $"! # ( 3! & % > Puesto que el estado natural de los pueblos, como el de los hombres en particular, debe abandonarse para entrar en un estado legal, antes que esto suceda, todo derecho de los pueblos, todo mío y tuyo exterior de los Estados, que por la guerra puede adquirirse o conservarse, es únicamente provisional; no puede tener valor perentorio, ni convertirse en un verdadero estado de paz más que en la unión universal de las ciudades (análogamente a los medios que un pueblo emplea para llegar a ser un Estado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sí una paz perpetua (último fin de todo derecho de gentes) es sin duda una idea impracticable. Pero los principios políticos que tienden a realizar estas reuniones de ciudades, como para favorecer la aproximación sin fin a este estado de paz perpetua, no son imposibles; y esta aproximación es una cuestión fundada en el deber, y por lo tanto también en el derecho de los hombres y de los Estados, es sin duda practicable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Edit. PUC. Lima.1999. PEÑALOZA R., Walter (2001) El Currículo Integral, Editores Optimice Lima – Perú. TÜNNERMANN, C. (1996). La educación superior en el umbral del siglo XXI.CRESALC/ UNESCO. Caracas, Venezuela. VILLASANA Luis. (2001) Estrategias didácticas para mejorar la educación en valores en la Universidad peruana .Tesis en Educación. UNFV WONG y WEINER (1991) en Valero, L. (1992) Aproximación a una Educación en Valores. España: Promociones y Publicaciones Universitarias. ))C F=& -5#"# G H 4# #! F E E :67F0 :/ F47.4G/4.60 !"! "6! # #! ! #" =!#/ 7 # 5E #! ! !". - & ! ! # ?9A ! @!#"# #!"!7 ) , #! ! - C )< # # )7 P! E&5" ! 5/ "6! !". & - @" !#"Q & - #"#$ " - 5! 8! = $" "! ;7 P! 7 ( 9"# ! "6! ! $& "6! $#"! I" "!# "6!Q - "!$"!" F=& -5#"# G H 4# #! F ))* ! "#$ %$ $" &$" ' #" &$#( ! # - ! # M S 1 ) ( ( ' T - "!$"!" ! # - ! # N S 1 ! $ ' ( ' $ T - "!$"!" ! # - ! # O S $ # ' % T - "!$"!" ! # - ! # C7HP "6! & - @" & # $## ! 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