World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016 3V\FKRVRFLDO5LVNVDQG2FFXSDWLRQDO+HDOWKLQD 0H[LFDQ6PDOODQG0HGLXP6L]HG(QWHUSULVHV 0DJGDOHQD (VFDPLOOD4XLQWDO7KHOPD &HWLQD&DQWR&HFLOLD $JXLODU2UWHJD 0DNLQJ UHIHUHQFH WR WKH WRSLF WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO /DERU 2UJDQL]DWLRQ >@ HVWDEOLVKHV DQG SURYLGHV DFFRUGV UHODWHG WR WKH 2FFXSDWLRQDO +D]DUGV 6\VWHP WKDW UHIHU GLUHFWO\ WR WKH RFFXSDWLRQDO KHDOWK SURJUDPV ZKLFK VHHN LQGLYLGXDO DQG FROOHFWLYH EHQHILWV IURP WKH ZRUNHUV LQ WKHLU UHVSHFWLYH RFFXSDWLRQV International Science Index, Psychological and Behavioral Sciences Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004701 Abstract²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eywords—3V\FKRVRFLDO ULVNV 60( EXUQRXW HQJDJHPHQW SV\FKRVRPDWLFFRPSODLQWV A. The SME 3HRSOHZRUOGZLGHIDFHSURIHVVLRQDOULVNVWRWKHLUKHDOWKDQG VHFXULW\7KURXJKWKH\HDUVWKHZRUOG¶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¶V KHDOWK DQG WKHLU PDWHULDO DQG ILQDQFLDO UHVRXUFHV &RPSDQLHVZRXOGQRWZLVKIRUZRUNDFFLGHQWVDQGGLVHDVHV IRU WKHLU SURIHVVLRQDO HPSOR\HHV DV WKHVH GLUHFWO\ DQG QHJDWLYHO\ DIIHFW WKH FRPSDQ\¶V QRUPDO ZRUNIORZV DQG WKXV WKH\ SXW DW ULVN LWV VROLGLW\ /LNHZLVH WKHVH ULVNV FDQ EH FRQYHUWHGLQWRIDPLO\DQGVRFLDOLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKHZRUNHUV )RU WKHVH UHDVRQV PDQDJHUV DQG KXPDQ UHVRXUFHV DGPLQLVWUDWRUV QHHG WR H[SORUH DQG DGRSW JRRG RFFXSDWLRQDO KHDOWKSUDFWLFHVWKDWFDQJXDUDQWHHWKHFRPSDQ\¶VPDLQWHQDQFH DQGLPSURYHPHQWRIHIILFLHQF\OHYHOVLQWKHLURSHUDWLRQVWKXV JLYLQJHPSOR\HHVDVDIHZRUNLQJHQYLURQPHQW 0 (VFDPLOOD LV ZLWK WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ $XWRQRPRXV RI <XFDWDQ 0HULGD 0H[LFR SKRQH ID[ HPDLO PHVFDPLOOD#FRUUHRXDG\P[ 7&HWLQDLVZLWKWKH8QLYHUVLW\$XWRQRPRXVRI<XFDWDQ0HULGD0H[LFR SKRQHHPDLOWKHOPDFHWLQD#FRUUHRXDG\P[ &$JXLODULVZLWKWKH8QLYHUVLW\$XWRQRPRXVRI<XFDWDQ0HULGD0H[LFR SKRQHHPDLOFHFLODJ#FRUUHRXDG\P[ International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016 1688 scholar.waset.org/1999.10/10004701 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016 International Science Index, Psychological and Behavioral Sciences Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004701 7KH HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH SV\FKRVRFLDO ULVNV IDFWRUV LV D FRPSOH[SURFHVVWKDWOHDGVWRDVHULHVRIDFWLRQVRUVXFFHVVLYH LQWHUUHODWHG VWDJHV 7KH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI ZRUNHUV UHJDUGLQJ ZKLFK ZKHUH DQG KRZ WKH HOHPHQWV PXVW EH HYDOXDWHG LV QHHGHG IURP WKH ILUVW SKDVH DQG XQWLO WKH PHDVXUHV GHFLVLRQ SKDVH ZKLFK PXVW EH DGRSWHG IRU WKH HQKDQFHPHQW FRQWURO DQGWUDFLQJRIWKHPHQWLRQHGSUHYHQWLYHLPSURYHPHQWV 7KH VWDNHKROGHUV¶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³EXUQRXW´V\QGURPHLVDFWXDOO\FRQVLGHUHGDVRQH RIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSV\FKRVRFLDOGHWULPHQWVWRSURGXFWLYLW\ 1HYHUWKHOHVV IURP D SRVLWLYH SHUVSHFWLYH KXPDQV KDYH D JUHDW FDSDFLW\ WR DGDSW WRILQG PHDQLQJ DQG SHUVRQDOJURZWK WKURXJKWUDXPDWLFRUVWUHVVIXOH[SHULHQFHV ³%XUQRXW´ V\QGURPH KDV QRW UHPDLQHG XQWRXFKHG E\ WKH WHQGHQF\ WR IRFXV RQ EXLOGLQJ SRVLWLYH IDFWRUV $IWHU VHYHUDO \HDUV RI VWXG\ RI WKH V\QGURPH UHVHDUFKHUV UDLVHG WKH H[LVWHQFH RI DQ RSSRVLQJ VLWXDWLRQ LH D SRVLWLYH VWDWH SV\FKRORJLFDOOLQNHGZLWKZRUNRUengagement>@>@>@ 5HIHUHQFHV>@>@GHILQHWKHSV\FKRORJLFDOOLQNZLWKZRUN DV ³D SRVLWLYH PHQWDO VWDWH UHODWHG WR ZRUN DQG FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ IRUFH GHGLFDWLRQ DQG DEVRUSWLRQ´ 7KH force GLPHQVLRQ PDNHV UHIHUHQFH WR KLJK OHYHOV RI PHQWDO HQHUJ\ DQG HQGXUDQFH GXULQJ ZRUN DQG WKH GHVLUH WR HQGHDYRU HYHQ LQ GLIILFXOW VLWXDWLRQV dedication PDNHV UHIHUHQFH WR D VWURQJ LPSOLFDWLRQDVZHOODVWRIHHOLQJVRIVLJQLILFDQFHHQWKXVLDVP SULGH HWF ZKLOH absorption UHIHUV WR D OHYHO RI PD[LPXP FRQFHQWUDWLRQ B. Psychosocial Risks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¶ KHDOWKFRQFHUQV 7KH FDSDFLW\ WR FRPSUHKHQG WKLV WRSLF DQG LQFRUSRUDWH WKH VWUHVV PDQDJHPHQW LQ WKH KHDOWK RIIHUV ZLOO EH DQ LPSRUWDQW FRQVLGHUDWLRQ IRU WKH RZQHUV RI VPDOO HQWHUSULVHV WR NHHS DGYDQFLQJ %XUQRXW V\QGURPH LV DFWXDOO\ FRQVLGHUHG DV RQH RI WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW SV\FKRVRFLDO GHWULPHQWV WR SURGXFWLYLW\ ,W RULJLQDWHV DV D FRQVHTXHQFH RI FKURQLF ZRUN VWUHVV LQ ZKLFK YDULDEOHVRILQGLYLGXDOVRFLDODQGRUJDQL]DWLRQDOFKDUDFWHUDUH FRPELQHG ,W LV D V\QGURPH ZLWK QHJDWLYH FRQQRWDWLRQV WKDW DIIHFW ZRUNHUV DW SHUVRQDO VRFLDO DQG ZRUN OHYHOV >@ >@ ³%XUQRXW´ V\QGURPH LV GHILQHG DV D UHVSRQVH WR D FKURQLF HPRWLRQDOVWUHVVZKRVHPDLQIHDWXUHVDUHUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKUHH GLPHQVLRQV D H[KDXVWLRQ E F\QLFLVP RU GHSHUVRQDOL]DWLRQ DQGFORZVHOIUHDOL]DWLRQ>@>@ D.Importance of Evaluating the Psychosocial Risks in Enterprises 2FFXSDWLRQDOKHDOWK VHHNV WR PRQLWRU DFFLGHQWV DQGUHGXFH GLVHDVHULVNFRQGLWLRQVIRUZRUNHUVHQVXULQJPHQWDOVRFLDODQG SK\VLFDOZHOOEHLQJ &RPSDQLHVPXVWKDYHDSODQWRUHGXFHH[SHQVHVLQFLGHQWV DQGFRQVHTXHQFHVRQWKHLUSDUWQHUVDQGDOORZWKHPWRLPSURYH WKHLUTXDOLW\DQGSURGXFWLYLW\&RPSDQLHVKDYHDWHQGHQF\WR IXQFWLRQ WKH VDPH ZD\ DV WKH UHVW OLIH GDQJHUV ULVNV DQG WKUHDWV DUH VLPSO\ GHQLHG DQG LW LV EHOLHYHG WKDW LW ZLOO QRW KDSSHQWRXV´%XWZHNQRZWKDWDFRPPRQSUREOHPLQPRVW FRPSDQLHV LV DEVHQWHHLVP DPRQJ HPSOR\HHV DV D UHVXOW RI H[KDXVWLRQLOOQHVVRUDFFLGHQW$QGLWDOVRIUHTXHQWO\UHVXOWVLQ KLJK SHUVRQQHO WXUQRYHU ORVV RI SURGXFWLRQ DQG GDPDJH WR PDFKLQHU\ HTXLSPHQW RU WRROV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH FRVWV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK HPSOR\HH EHQHILWV DQG FRPSHQVDWLRQ LQFUHDVHV DVZHOO DV WKHERQXV SD\DEOH E\ WKH SROLF\KROGHUV¶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ositive Occupational Health 3RVLWLYH RFFXSDWLRQDO KHDOWK SV\FKRORJ\ 32+3 FDQ EH GHILQHG DV WKH VWXG\ DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKH FRQGLWLRQV DQG SURFHVVHV WKDW FRQWULEXWH WR WKH RSWLPDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH ZRUNSODFH,WSURPRWHVKHDOWKDWZRUNDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI ZRUNHUV DQG H[DPLQHV KRZ WKH SRVLWLYH SKHQRPHQD International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016 1689 scholar.waset.org/1999.10/10004701 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No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psychological link with work. 7KH UHOLDELOLW\ &URQEDFK V DOSKDRIWKHWRWDOVFDOHLV )RU 3V\FKRVRPDWLF &RPSODLQWV SK\VLFDO KHDOWK SDUW % D UHGXFHG YHUVLRQ RI QLQH LWHPV ZDV PHDVXUHG WKURXJK WKH 6SDQLVK DGDSWDWLRQ RI D VKRUW YHUVLRQ RI WKH Occupational Stress Indicator Management Guide >@ 7KHUHVSRQVH VFDOH LVD/LNHUWW\SHVFDOHZLWKVL[DQFKRUSRLQWVIURP1HYHURU UDUHO\WR9HU\RIWHQ International Science Index, Psychological and Behavioral Sciences Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004701 ,,0(7+2' A. Sample and Procedure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ata Analysis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nstruments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the Survey of Welfare and Labor WKH 6SDQLVK DGDSWDWLRQ RI WKH VKRUW YHUVLRQ RI WKH Utrecht Work Engagement Scale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nternational Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016 1690 scholar.waset.org/1999.10/10004701 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No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nternational Science Index, Psychological and Behavioral Sciences Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004701 )LQDOO\DSRVLWLYHDQGVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWUHODWLRQVKLSDW SEHWZHHQWKH*HQGHUDQG3V\FKRVRPDWLF&RPSODLQWV YDULDEOHV LV REVHUYHG 7KLV PHDQV WKDW PHQ SUHVHQW KLJKHU OHYHOVRI3V\FKRVRPDWLF&RPSODLQWVVHH7DEOH,,, A. Implications and Future Directions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yQ GHO EXUQRXW 1XHYDV SHUVSHFWLYDV ,Q 3 *LO0RQWH 0 6DODQRYD - / $UDJRQ DQG : % 6FKDXIHOL (GV -RUQDGD (O VtQGURPH GH TXHPDUVH SRU HO WUDEDMR HQ VHUYLFLRVVRFLDOHVSS9DOHQFLD9DOHQFLD'HSXWDWLRQ >@ 6DODQRYD0DQG/ORUHQV6(VWDGRDFWXDO\UHWRVIXWXURVHQHO HVWXGLRGHOEXUQRXW3DSHOHVGHO3VLFyORJR >@ *LO0RQWH 3 5 ,QIOXHQFLD GHO JpQHUR VREUH HO SURFHVR GH GHVDUUROOR GHO VtQGURPH GH TXHPDUVH SRU HO WUDEDMR %XUQRXW HQ SURIHVLRQDOHVGHHQIHUPHUtD3VLFRORJtDHP(VWXGR0DULQJD >@ 0DVODFK&-DFNVRQ6(DQG/HLWHU030DVODFK%XUQRXW ,QYHQWRU\0DQXDOUG(G3DOR$OWR&$&RQVXOWLQJ3V\FKRORJLVWV >@ %DNNHU $ DQG 5RGULJXH] 0XxR] $ ,QWURGXFFLyQ D OD 3VLFRORJtDGHOD6DOXGRFXSDFLRQDOSRVLWLYD3VLFRWKHPD >@ 6DODQRYD 0 *UDX 5 0 DQG 0DUWtQH] , 0 'HPDQGDV ODERUDOHV \ FRQGXFWDV GH DIURQWDPLHQWR (O URO PRGXODGRU GH OD DXWRHILFDFLDSURIHVLRQDO3VLFRWKHPD >@ 6DODQRYD 0 DQG 6FKDXIHOL : % (O HQJDJHPHQW GH ORV HPSOHDGRV 8Q UHWR HPHUJHQWH SDUD OD GLUHFFLyQ GH ORV UHFXUVRV KXPDQRV(VWXGLRV)LQDQFLHURV >@ 6FKDXIHOL : % $UQROG % %DNNHU $ % DQG 6DODQRYD 0 7KH PHDVXUHPHQW RI ZRUN HQJDJHPHQW ZLWK D VKRUW TXHVWLRQQDLUH $FURVVQDWLRQDO VWXG\ (GXFDWLRQDO DQG 3V\FKRORJLFDO 0HDVXUHPHQW £""" >@ &RRSHU&/6ORDQ6/DQG:LOOLDPV62FFXSDWLRQDO6WUHVV ,QGLFDWRU0DQDJHPHQW*XLGH:LQGVRU1)(51HOVRQ >@ $QWRQLRX $ 6 3RO\FKURQL ) DQG 9ODFKDNLV $ 1 *HQGHU DQG DJH GLIIHUHQFHV LQ RFFXSDWLRQDO VWUHVV DQG SURIHVVLRQDO EXUQRXW EHWZHHQ SULPDU\ DQG KLJKVFKRRO WHDFKHUV LQ *UHHFH -RXUQDO RI 0DQDJHULDO3V\FKRORJ\ >@ &RURQDGR/.)DFWRUHVODERUDOHV\QLYHOHVGHHVWUpVODERUDOHQ HQIHUPHURV GH ORV VHUYLFLRV GH iUHDV FUtWLFDV \ PHGLFLQD GHO +RVSLWDO 1DFLRQDO 'DQLHO $ &DUULyQ 8QSXEOLVKHG XQGHUJUDGXDWH WKHVLV /LPD 3HU~8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO0D\RUGH6DQ0DUFRV >@ .RVPDOD$QGHUVRQ - DQG :DOODFH / 0 'LIHUHQFLDV GH JpQHURHQODVUHDFFLRQHVSVLFRVRPiWLFDVGHORVHVWXGLDQWHVDIHFWDGRVSRU HOHVWUpVGHORVH[iPHQHV(OHFWURQLF-RXUQDORI5HVHDUFKLQ(GXFDWLRQDO 3V\FKRORJ\ >@ 3DGLOOD 9 0 3HxD - $ DQG $UULDJD $ ( 3DWURQHV GH SHUVRQDOLGDG WLSR $ \ % HVWUpV ODERUDO \ FRUUHODWRV SVLFRILVLROyJLFRV 3VLFRORJtD\6DOXG International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016 1691 scholar.waset.org/1999.10/10004701 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016 International Science Index, Psychological and Behavioral Sciences Vol:10, No:5, 2016 waset.org/Publication/10004701 >@ *RQ]iOH]0RUDOHV 0 * (VWUpV ODERUDO DIURQWDPLHQWR VXV FRQVHFXHQFLDV (O SDSHO GHO JpQHUR 8QSXEOLVKHG GRFWRUDO GLVVHUWDWLRQ 8QLYHUVLGDGGH9DOHQFLD9DOHQFLD(VSDxD >@ 6HOLJPDQ 0 ( 3 DQG &VLNV]HQWPLKDO\L 0 3RVLWLYH SV\FKRORJ\$PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLVW >@ 6LPPRQV % / DQG 1HOVRQ ' / (XVWUHVV DW ZRUN 7KH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ KRSH DQG KHDOWK LQ KRVSLWDO QXUVHV +HDOWK &DUH 0DQDJHU5HYLHZ International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 10(5) 2016 1692 scholar.waset.org/1999.10/10004701