81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA *(2*5$)Ë$ &$3,78/2, 6HFFLyQ /$ *(2*5$),$&202&,(1&,$ (7,02/2*Ì$ (OWpUPLQRGHJHRJUDItDIXHDGRSWDGDHQHOVLJOR,,D&SRUHOHUXGLWRJULHJR(UDWyV WHQHV /D SDODEUD GH JHRJUDItD SURYLHQH GHO YRFDEOR JULHJR ³*HRV´ 7LHUUD \ ³*UDSKRV´ 'HVFULSFLyQ R WUDWDGR ³'HVFULSFLyQ GH OD 7LHUUD´ 3RVHH FRPR REMHWRGHHVWXGLRORVIHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHV\FXOWXUDOHVGHODELRVIHUD HQ HVWUHFKD UHODFLyQ FRQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV GHO VHU KXPDQR (V XQDFLHQFLD TXH SRVLELOLWD FRP SUHQGHU OD LQWHUUHODFLyQ GHO KRPEUH FRQ HO PHGLRDPELHQWH +,6725,$ /D SUiFWLFD GH OD JHRJUDItD VH GHVDUUROOy GHVGH OD DSDULFLyQ GHO KRPEUH \FLHQWRV GHSHUVRQDVFRPRYLDMHURVWRSyJUDIRVH[SORUDGRUHV\FLHQWtILFRVKDQFRQWULEXLGR D VXGHVDUUROOR$ORVSULPHURVJHyJUDIRVOHVLQWHUHVDEDVRORH[SORUDUORVWHUULWRULRV GHVFRQRFLGRV\GHVFULELUORVUDVJRVTXHREVHUYDEDQ *(2*5$),$$17,*8$ (QWUH ORV UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GH OD JHRJUDItD DQWLJXD VH HQFXHQWUDQ ORV JULHJRV TXH WXYLHURQ FRPR VX SULPHU JHyJUDIR D +RPHUR V ,; DF SRU OD H[DFWLWXG FRQ TXH SLQWyHQVXVSRHPDVODYLGDPDUtWLPD\ODVFRQGLFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDVGHWLHUUDVOHMD QDV -- 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA D $QD[LPDQGUR GH 0LOHWR DF &RQVLGHUDGR FRPR HOSULPHU JHyJUDIRFLHQWtILFR\DTXHUHXQLyPDWHULDOHVSDUDODFRQIHFFLyQGHXQ PDSD E +HFDWHR GH 0LOHWR DF 6X REUD ³ORV YLDMHV´ VH FRQVWLWX\H HQ HO SULPHUOLEURGHFRQWHQLGRH[FOXVLYDPHQWHJHRJUiILFRSRUORTXHPXFKRVHVWX GLRVRVORFRQVLGHUDURQFRPRHOSDGUHGHODJHRJUDItDDQWLJXD F +HURGRWR¢" ¢"DF UHFRUUH(JLSWR )HQLFLD $UDELD$VLUtD %DELORQLD 3HUVLD \ 5XVLD PHULGLRQDO \ ODV GHVFULSFLRQHV TXH UHDOL]y GH ORV PHQFLRQDGRVWHUULWRULRV G $ULVWyWHOHV (VWDJLUD 0DFHGRQLD 6 ,9D& GLVFtSXOR GH3ODWyQ PDHVWUR\DPLJRGH$OHMDQGUR0DJQR)XHHOSULPHURHQDILUPDU TXH OD 7LHUUDHUDUHGRQGDEDVDEDVXKLSyWHVLVHQORVVLJXLHQWHVDUJXPHQWRV • 4XHWRGDODPDWHULDWLHQGHDFDHUKDFLD XQFHQWURFRP~Q • 4XHOD7LHUUDSUR\HFWDXQDVRPEUDFLU FXODUVREUHODOXQDGXUDQWHORVHFOLSVHV GHOXQD • < TXHVLVHYLDMDGH1RUWHD6XUSXH GHQYHUVQXHYDVFRQVWHODFLRQHVPLHQ WUDVTXHODVFRQRFGDVGHVDSDUHFHQ H (UDWyVWHQHV 1DFLy HQ &LUHQH /LELD ± DF )XH HO SULPHUR TXH FDOFXOyODFLUFXQIHUHQFLDGHOD7LHUUDFRQXQDSUHFLVLyQH[WUDRUGLQDULD DO GHWHUPLQDU D WUDYpV GH OD DVWURQRPtD OD GLIHUHQFLDGHODWLWXGHQWUHODVFLX GDGHVGH6LHQD$VXDQ\$OHMDQGUtDHQ(JLSWR I (VWUDEyQDFGFJHyJUDIRHKLVWRULDGRUJULHJRUHFRUULyODFXHQFD GHO PHGLWHUUiQHR HVWXGLDQGR*UHFLD (JLSWR \ $VLD 0HQRU HVWRV FRQRFL PLHQWRV SUiFWLFRV OH VLUYLHURQ SDUD HVFULELU VX JUDQ REUD ³JHRJUDItD´ XQD HQFLFORSHGLDGHYRO~PHQHVTXHIXHXQDLPSRUWDQWH IXHQWH GH LQ IRUPDFLyQ SDUD ORV MHIHV PLOLWDUHV \ ORVDGPLQLVWUDGRUHVS~EOLFRVGHO,PSH ULRURPDQR -- 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA J +LSDUFRGH1LFHDDVWUyQRPRIDPRVRGHODDQWLJHGDG6,,DFGHVFX EULyODSUHFHVLyQGHORVHTXLQRFFLRV\UHDOL]yHOSULPHUFDWDORJRGHHVWUHOODV FODVLILFiQGRODV SRU WDPDxRV VHJ~Q HO EULOOR DSDUHQWH 7DPELpQ VHQWy ODV EDVHV GHOD WULJRQRPHWUtD LQYHQWy OD SUR\HFFLyQHVWHUHRJUiILFD\SURSXVRH SULPHUPpWRGRFLHQWtILFRGHGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHORQJLWXGHV&RQVLGHUDGRWDPELpQ FRPRHOIXQGDGRUGHODWULJRQRPHWUtD\DVWURQRPtDGHSRVLFLyQ K 7RORPHR 1DFLy HQ (JLSWR ± 6 ,,G& FRQVLGHUDGR HO XOWLPRGHORV JUDQGHVJHyJUDIRVDQWLJXRV'LYLGLyHOFtUFXORHFXDWRULDOHQ\FRQV WUX\yXQDUHGLPDJLQDULDGHOtQHDV1RUWH6XU\HVWHRHVWHGRQGHORFDOL ]DEDODSRVLFLyQUHODWLYDGHODVPDVDVGHWLHUUDFRQRFLGDVWDQWRLVODVFRPR FRQWLQHQWHV7DPELpQSURSXVRQXHYRVPpWRGRVGHUHDOL]DFLyQGHPDSDV TXHLQFOXtDQODSUR\HFFLyQ\ODFUHDFLyQGH XQDWODV(QWUHVXVREUDVILJXUDQ³,QVWUXF FLRQHVSDUDWUD]DGRV GH PDSDV´ \ ³(O $OPD JHVWR´ GRQGH UHDOL]D XQD GHVFULSFLyQ VREUH ORFDOL]DFLRQHV JHRJUiILFDV FRQ WDO H[DFWLWXG TXH OXHJR VLUYLy D ORV KXPDQLVWDV SDUD FRQVWUXLUHOPDSDGHOLPSHULRURPDQR6XV PDSDVLQGLFDEDQFRQ FODULGDGORVSUR EOHPDVTXHVXSRQtDQHOUHSUHVHQWDUODWLH UUDGHIRUPDHVIpULFDHQXQDVXSHUILFLHSOD QD/DREUDGH7RORPHRGH$OHMDQGUtD WXYR XQJUDQ p[LWR VLQHPEDUJR VXREUDQRHVPiVTXHXQDVtQWHVLVGHWUDED MRVDQWHULRUHV3HURVXQRWDEOHWUDWDGR³VtQWHVLV´WUDGXFLGRDOiUDEH FRQHOWLWXORGH³$OPDJHVWR´EULOORHQHOPXQGRHQWHURKDVWD&RSHUQLFR *(2*5$),$(1/$('$'0(',$ &RQODFDVLGHVDSDULFLyQGHODFXOWXUD*UHFR5RPDQDSRUODVLQYDVLRQHV GHODVWULEXVJHUPiQLFDV\PRQJyOLFDVORVFRQRFLPLHQWRVJHRJUiILFRV DO LJXDO TXH RWUDV FLHQFLDV RFXSDURQXQSODQRVHFXQGDULRVLJQLILFDQGRXQSHULRGR GHUHWURFHVR (Q OD (XURSD FULVWLDQD GH OD DOWD HGDGPHGLDODJHRJUDItD6XUJH H[FOXVLYDPHQWHGHOD%LEOLD \ ODV LQWHUSUHWDFLRQHV GH HVWD VXVWLWX\HQ D ORV PpWR GRV FLHQWtILFRV \DTXHODFRQFHSFLyQJHRFpQWULFDGRPLQDEDODVRSFLRQHVVREUH WRGDVODVGLVFLSOLQDV (Q OD HGDG PHGLD ORV HXURSHRV UHDOL]DURQ SRFRV YLDMHV \ H[SORUDFLRQHV D H[FHSFLyQ GH ORV YLNLQJRV GH (VFDQGLQDYLD (Q HO VLJOR 9,,ORV HUXGLWRV iUDEHV WUDGXMHURQ ORV WUDWDGRV GH ORV JHyJUDIRV JULHJRV DO iUDEH +XERTXHHVSHUDUDTXHHVWRVWH[WRViUDEHVVHWUDGXMHUDQDOODWtQSDUDTXHHO -- 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA VDEHUGHORVJHyJUDIRVJULHJRVVHGLIXQGLHUDSRU(XURSDGHVWDFDQ$O,GULVL FRQRFLGRSRUVXVPDSDV,%1%DWXWDH,%1-DOGXQTXHHVFULELHURQVREUHVXV ODUJRVYLDMHV/RVPRQJROHV\FKLQRVWDPELpQFRQWULEX\HURQDDXPHQWDUHO FRQRFLPLHQWRJHRJUiILFRGH$VLD D 0DUFR3ROR6;,,,ODVFUX]DGDVFULVWLDQDVHQORVVLJORV ;,, \ ;,,, \ ORV YLDMHV HVSDxROHV \ SRUWXJXHVHV SDUD H[SORUDU QXHYDV WLHUUDV GXUDQWHORVVLJORV;9\;9,DEULHURQQXHYRVKRUL]RQWHVDORVHXUR SHRV\HVWLPXODURQODDSDULFLyQGHREUDV\WUDWDGRVJHRJUiILFRV E (QULTXHHO1DYHJDQWHGH3RUWXJDOLPSXOVy\DSR\yODVH[SORUD FLRQHVGHODVFRVWDVDIULFDQDV\VHFRQYLUWLyHQXQRGHORVSULQFLSDOHVSUR PRWRUHVGHHVWXGLRVJHRJUiILFRV F (ULN5XG\3HUVRQDMHTXHHQVXVYLDMHVGHVFXEULy*URHODQGLDORTXHFRQVWLWX \RXQKLWRSDUDH[SORUDUHOFRQWLQHQWHDPHULFDQRG $O,GULVL5HDOL]DXQFRQ MXQWRGHPDSDVGHOYLHMRPXQGR $VLPLVPRORVYLDMHV\FDUWDVQiXWLFDVGH*LRYDQQL&DERWR-XDQ'tD]GH6ROtV 9LFHQWH <iQH] 3LQ]yQ-XDQ GH OD &RVD \ $PpULFR 9HVSXFLR IXHURQIXQGDPHQWD OHVHQORVDYDQFHVJHRJUiILFRVGHODpSRFD/DQFHOORWR0DORFHOOLYLDMHURTXHSURED EOHPHQWHIXHHOSULPHURHQOOHJDUDODV,VODV&DQDULDV/RVYLDMHV \ HVWXGLRV TXH VH UHDOL]DURQ HQ HVWH SHULRGR SUREDURQ TXH OD WLHUUDWHQtDODIRUPDGHXQDHVIHUD *(2*5$),$02'(51$ (VWH SHULRGR VH FRQVWLWX\H HQ OD pSRFD GH UHQRYDFLyQ \ DYDQFH GH OD FLHQFLD JH RJUiILFDODTXHDPSOLDODVEDVHVGHOFRQRFLPLHQWRLPSXOVDGRVSRUODVJUDQGHV H[SORUDFLRQHV\FRQTXLVWDVGHHVSDxROHV\SRUWXJXHVHV(QWUHORVTXHGHVWDFDQ D %DUWRORPp'tD]'XUDQWHVXYLDMHGHH[SORUDFLyQHQHODxRUHFRUUH JUDQSDUWHGHOWHUULWRULRDIULFDQR E &ULVWyEDO&RORQ(QVXYLDMHDYHQWXUHURGHODxROOHJDKDVWDODV,VODV *XDUDQtDODTXHSRVWHULRUPHQWHORGHQRPLQD/DLVODGH6DQ6DOYDGRU F +HUQDQGRGH0DJDOODQHV(QWUHORVDxRV GH\ UHDOL]yHOIDPRVR YLDMHGHFLUFXQQDYHJDFLyQTXHIXHFRQFOXLGRSRUVXOXJDUWHQLHQWH6HEDV WLiQHO&DQR G -XDQ /ySH] GH 9HODVFR (Q VX IDPRVD REUD ³JHRJUDItD *HQHUDO GHODV ,Q GLDV´ VLHQWD ODV EDVHV WHyULFDV GHO SREODPLHQWR DPHULFDQR \ ODV FRQGLFLRQHV JHRJUiILFDV GHO HVWUHFKR GH %HULQJ TXH H[LVWtDQ DSRUWH TXH SRVWHULRUPHQWH IXHFRQVLGHUDGRSRU$OH[+UGOLFNDSDUDVXVWHQWDUVXKLSyWHVLV -- 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA H 0DUWtQ:DOGVHHPXOOHU$XWRUGHODFOiVLFDREUD³&RVPRJUDItDHLQWURGXF FLyQ´ HQ GRQGH UHVDOWD OD LQIRUPDFLyQ GH ODV FDUWDV GH$PpULFR9HVSX FLRFUH\HQGRDVtTXHpVWHIXHHOSUREDEOHGHVFXEULGRUGH ODV ,QGLDV 2FFLGHQ WDOHV HQ KRQRU D VXV HVWXGLRV OODPy DO QXHYRFRQWLQHQWH$PpULFD I -HDQ 3LFDUGH &RQVLGHUDGR HO SURSXOVRU GH OD *HRGHVLD DO UHDOL]DUODSUL PHUDPHGLFLyQFLHQWtILFDGHOD7LHUUDLQIRUPDFLyQTXHHQORSRVWHULRUIXH XWLOL]DGDSRU,VDDF1HZWRQSDUDGLYXOJDUVXWHRUtDGHOD*UDYLWDFLyQ8QLYHUVDO *(2*5$)Ì$&217(0325$1($/DFLHQFLDJHRJUiILFDHQHVWHSHULR GRWRPDXQQXHYRUXPERUXPERFLHQWtILFRHVSHFLDOL]DGR D 1DWKDQLHO &DUSHQWHU 6 ;9,, 'XUDQWH OD SULPHUD PLWDG GHO VLJOR ;9,, GHVWDFR OD REUD GHO JHyJUDIR LQJOHV TXH UHFDOFy ODV VLPLOLWXGHV HVSDFLDOHV HQWUHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVItVLFDVGHODVGLVWLQWDVVXSHUILFLHVGHOD7LH UUD6XHQIRTXHVHFRQYLUWLyHQXQKLWRJHRJUiILFRGHJUDQLPSRUWDQFLD E ,PPDQXHO .DQW 6 ;9,,, GLYLGLy HO FRQRFLPLHQWR DGTXLULGR D WUDYpV GH OD REVHUYDFLyQHQGRVFDWHJRUtDVD8QDFRPSUHQGHORVIHQyPHQRVUH JLVWUDGRVGHFRQIRUPLGDGFRQODOyJLFDORTXHGDOXJDUDFODVLILFDFLRQHVFR PR yUGHQHV JpQHURV \ HVSHFLHV YHJHWDOHV \ DQLPDOHV VLQ LPSRUWDU FXiQGRRGyQGHWLHQHQOXJDU\E/DRWUDLQFOX\HORVIHQyPHQRVTXHVH SHUFLEHQ HQ WpUPLQRV GH WLHPSR \ HVSDFLR OD FODVLILFDFLyQ \ GHVFULSFLyQ TXH WLHQH HQ FXHQWD HO WLHPSR VH FRQVLGHUD KLVWRULD \ OD FODVLILFDFLyQ \ GHVFULSFLyQTXHWLHQHHQFXHQWDHOHVSDFLRVHFRQVLGHUDJHRJUDItD .DQWVXEGLYLGLyODJHRJUDItDHQVHLVUDPDVXQDGHODVFXDOHV/DJHR JUDItD ItVLFDHVHQFLDOSDUDODVRWUDVFLQFR /DJHRJUDItD PDWHPiWLFD/D PRUDO/DSROtWLFD/DFRPHUFLDO\/DWHFQROyJLFD F $OH[DQGHU9RQ+XPEROGW )XHHOSULPHURHQGLVWLQJXLU\DSOLFDU ORVGRVSULQFLSLRVHVHQFLDOHVTXHKDFHQGHODJHRJUDItDXQDFLHQFLD RULJLQDO \ QR XQ FRPSXHVWR FLHQFLD ItVLFDV \ QDWXUDOHV HVWRV VRQ ORV SULQFLSLRV GH FDXVDOLGDG\FRRUGLQDFLyQ$GHPiVWUD]yODSULPHUDFDUWDGHLVRWHUPDVH KL]RHOHVWXGLRItVLFRGHORVPDUHV\FUHRODJHRJUDItDERWiQLFDVHOH FRQVLGHUDHOFUHDGRUGHODELRJHRJUDItD SXHV GLR JUDQ pQIDVLV D OD UHOD FLyQYHJHWDOFOLPD]RQDVFOLPiWLFDV G /OHJRDO3HU~HQKHKL]RHVWXGLRVGHIORUD\IDXQDHQODVFXHQFDV GHORVUtRV0DUDxyQ&KLOOyQ\5LPDF)UHQWHDODVFRVWDVGH7UXMLOORPLGLySRU SULPHUD YH] OD WHPSHUDWXUD GH OD FRUULHQWH SHUXDQD'LEXMRHOSULPHUPDSD FRQOtQHDVLVRWHUPDV6XVSULQFLSDOHVREUDVVRQ³FRVPRVµ\´9LDMHDODV UHJLRQHVHTXLQRFFLDOHVGHOQXHYRFRQWLQHQWHµ -- 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA H .DUW5LWWHU &RQVLGHUDGR FRPR HOSULPHUJHyJUDIRVLVWHPi WLFR)XQGDGRUGHODJHRJUDItDKXPDQDHVWDEOHFLHQGRUHODFLRQHVHQWUH HOPHGLRItVLFRFRQODVVRFLHGDGHVKXPDQDV\VXHYROXFLyQKLVWyULFDVHxDOD OD JUDQ LQIOXHQFLD GHO PHGLR DPELHQWH HQHOGHVDUUROORFXOWXUDOGHORVSXH EORVHKL]RKLQFDSLpHQHOHVWXGLRFRPSDUDWLYRGHiUHDVGHWHUPLQDGDV \ HQORVUDVJRVTXHFDUDFWHUL]DEDQDFDGDXQDGHHOODV I )ULHGULFK5DW]HO &DWDORJDGRFRPRHOYHUGDGHURIXQGDGRU GH OD JHRJUDItD KXPDQD \ GLVFtSXOR GH 5LWWHU &RQVLGHUDEDDOKRPEUHVRPH WLGRDODLQIOXHQFLDGHOPHGLRItVLFRFRQXQGHVWLQRFRQGLFLRQDGR SRU GLFKR PHGLR 'HWHUPLQLVPR JHRJUiILFR (QWUH VXV REUDV SULQFLSDOHV VHHQFXHQ WUDQ³$QWURSRJHRJUDILD´\³JHRJUDItD3ROtWLFD´ J 3D~O9LGDOGHOD%ODFKH 3ULQFLSDORSRVLWRUDORVSRVWXOD GRVGH)5DW]HOSDUWLGDULRGHOGHIHQGtDHOSRVLELOLVPRJHRJUiILFRHQ WDOVHQWLGRVRVWLHQHTXHH[LVWHSRVLELOLGDGHVSDUDWUDQVIRUPDUHOPHGLRJH RJUiILFR &21&(372 (O FRQFHSWR PDV DSURSLDGR SDUD GHILQLU D OD JHRJUDItD FRPR FLHQFLD HV DTXHO TXH IXH HVWDEOHFLGR HQ HO , 6HPLQDULR,QWHUQDFLRQDO GHJHRJUDItDHOPLVPRTXHDILUPDTXH³HVODFLHQFLDTXH ORFDOL]D GHV FULEH H[SOLFD \ FRPSDUD WRGRV ORV IHQyPHQRVJHRJUiILFRVTXHVXFHGHQ HQODWLHUUD\ODLQIOXHQFLDTXHHOORVFDXVDQVREUHODYLGDGHOKRPEUH´ &$032&RPSUHQGH D 3DLVDMH JHRJUiILFR (V XQD H[WHQVLyQ GH WHUUHQR \ HVSDFLR DpUHR TXH D WUDYpVGHOWLHPSRDDGTXLULGRFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVItVLFDV\ELROyJLFDV6HGLYLGH HQ 1DWXUDORItVLFR(VSURGXFWRH[FOXVLYRGHODVIXHU]DVQDWXUDOHV(MHP SORVXHORPLQHUDOHVFOLPDIORUDIDXQDHWF &XOWXUDO RKXPDQR(VHOSDLVDMHQDWXUDOWUDQVIRUPDGR SRUHOKRPEUH(MHP SOR&RQVWUXFFLyQGHYLYLHQGDVUHSUHVDVFDQDOHVDQGHQHVHWF E )HQyPHQRVJHRJUiILFRV6RQORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVJHQHUDGRVSRUODVIXHU]DV ItVLFDVGHODQDWXUDOH]DFRQVWLWX\pQGRVHHQLPSUHGHFLEOHVHLQFRQWUROD EOHV(MHPSORWRUQDGRVVLVPRVDOXYLyQKXUDFDQHVHWF F +HFKRVJHRJUiILFRV6RQORVFDPELRVSURGXFLGRVHQOHPHGLRDPELHQWH SRULQWHUYHQFLyQGHOKRPEUHTXHORVHMHFXWDDILQGHVDWLVIDFHUVXVQH FHVLGDGHV(MHPSOR7DODXUEDQL]DFLRQHVLQGXVWULDOL]DFLyQFDUUHWHUDVUH SUHVDVHWF -- 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA G $JHQWH JHRJUiILFR(VHOHOHPHQWR FDSD] GHPRGLILFDUHO SDLVDMH(MHPSORHO KRPEUHORVIHQyPHQRVDWPRVIpULFRV\ODVIXHU]DVLQWHUQDVGHODQDWXUDOH]D ,167580(1726 D 0DSDV 6LUYH SDUD FRQVLJQDU GDWRV R UHVXOWDGRV GH XQ HVWXGLRJHRJUiIL FR3HUPLWHXQDFRPSDUDFLyQHQWUHGLIHUHQWHViUHDVDWUDYpVGHOXVRGHVtPER ORVWUDPDV\FRORUHV E 6LJQRV FRQYHQFLRQDOHV R VtPERORV 6RQ XQD VHULH GH VLJQRVFRQYHQ FLRQDOHVHQORVPDSDVTXHVLUYHQSDUDLGHQWLILFDUHOHPHQWRVItVLFRVSROtWLFRV FXOWXUDOHV\HFRQyPLFRV 35,1&,3,26 35,1&,3,26 /RFDOL]DFLyQ $8725 )HGHULFR 5DW]HO 9LGDO GHOD %ODFKH +XPEROWK &RPSDUDFLyQ 5LWWHU\OD %ODFKH $OH[DQGHU &DXVDOLGDG 9RQ+XP EROW 'HVFULSFLyQ $FWLYLGDG &RQH[LyQ -HDQ %UXQKHV -HDQ %UXQKHV )81'$0(172 &RQVLVWH HQ XELFDU HO OXJDU H[DFWR GRQGH VHSURGX FHHOKHFKRRIHQyPHQRJHRJUiILFRGHEH VHU ORFDOL]DGR XWLOL]DQGR FRRUGHQDGDVJHRJUiILFDVDOWL WXG\OtPLWHV 'HVFULELU ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV SULPRUGLDOHV GHORV IHQyPHQRV\RHOHPHQWRVJHRJUiILFRV 5HDOL]DU FRPSDUDFLRQHV GH ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HQWUH GRVRPiVIHQyPHQRVJHRJUiILFRVGHWHUPLQDQ GRVHPHMDQ]DV\GLIHUHQFLDV %XVFDU OD H[SOLFDFLyQ GH OD RFXUUHQFLDH[WHQ VLyQ\GLVWULEXFLyQGHORVIHQyPHQRVJHRJUiILFRV SDUDHVWDEOHFHUFDXVDVHIHFWRV\FRQVHFXHQFLDVGH FDUiFWHU ItVLFR KXPDQR \ HFRQyPLFR GH PDQHUD LQWHJUDO (QWHQGHU TXH WRGR HOHPHQWR \ IHQyPHQR JH RJUiILFR VH HQFXHQWUD HQ FRQVWDQWH FDPELR HYROX FLyQ\WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ7RGRGLVPLQX\HRFUHFH &RQRFHU TXH FXDOTXLHU IHQyPHQR R HOHPHQWR JH RJUiILFR HVWi HQ HVWUHFKD R SHUPDQHQWHUHODFLyQ FRQ P~OWLSOHV FRQH[LRQHV FRQ OD DFWLYLGDG KXPDQD \ HO GHVDUUROOR SREODFLRQDO (VWRV IHQy PHQRVGHEHQVHUHVWXGLDGRVWHQLHQGRHQFXHQ WDVXVP~OWLSOHVFRQH[LRQHV -- 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 ',9,6,Ð1 GEOGRAFÍA *HRJUDItD JHQHUDO \ VLVWHPiWLFD 6RVWLHQHTXHFDGDIHQyPHQR GHEHVHUHVWXGLDGRHQVLPLVPR\FRPRSDUWHGHXQWRGRWUDWDQGRGHGH GXFLUXQDOH\JHQHUDODSOLFDEOHDWRGDVODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDVVHPHMDQWHV$VXYH] VHGLYLGHHQ D *HRJUDItDDVWURQyPLFD (VWXGLDODUHODFLyQGHODWLHUUDFRQORVGHPiVDVWURV GHOXQLYHUVR&RPSUHQGH • $VWURQRPtD(VWUXFWXUD\FRPSRVLFLyQGHORVDVWURV • $VWURQiXWLFD&RVPRQiXWLFD9LDMHVHVSDFLDOHV • $VWURELRORJtD,QYHVWLJDODSRVLELOLGDGGHYLGDH[WUDWHUUHVWUH • (VSHFWURJUDItD(VWXGLRGHODVHVWUHOODV • &RVPRJRQtD(VWXGLRGHORULJHQGHOXQLYHUVR E *HRJUDItD PDWHPiWLFD (VWXGLD OD IRUPD PHGLGDV \ UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV GH QXHVWURSODQHWD&RPSUHQGH • &DUWRJUDItD(VFDODV\UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVHQPDSDVFDUWDV\SODQRV • *HRGHVLD0HGLGDGHJUDQGHViUHDVPD\RUHVGHRNP • 7RSRJUDItD0HGLGDGHSHTXHxDViUHDVPHQRUHVGHRNP F *HRJUDItDItVLFD HVWXGLDORVIHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHVItVLFRVTXHVHSURDFHQ HQODELRVIHUDFRPSUHQGH • *HRPRUIRORJtD5HOLHYH\IRUPDVGHODWLHUUD • /LWRJUDItD(VWUXFWXUDLQWHUQD\ILVRQRPtDGHODOLWRVIHUD • &OLPDWRORJtD$WPyVIHUDWLHPSR\FOLPD • 0HWHRURORJtD)HQyPHQRVPHWHRUROyJLFRV • +LGURJUDItD'LVWULEXFLyQGHODJXDDVXYH]FRPSUHQGH • 2FHDQRJUDItDRFpDQRV\PDUHV • )OXYLRORJtDUtRV\DJXDVFRUULHQWHV • /LPQRORJtDODJRV\ODJXQDV • *ODFLRORJtDJODFLDUHV • &UHQRORJtDDJXDVVXEWHUUiQHDV\WHUPRPHGLFLQDOHV G *HRJUDItDELROyJLFD²ELRJHRJUDItDRFRURORJLD (VWXGLDODGLVWULEX FLyQGHORVVHUHVYLYRVVREUHODVXSHUILFLH\VXVUHODFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDV FRQHOPHGLRDPELHQWHDORODUJRGHOWLHPSR&RPSUHQGH -- 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • • GEOGRAFÍA )LWRJHRJUDItD±JHRERWiQLFDGLVWULEXFLyQGHODIORUD =RRJHRJUDItDGLVWULEXFLyQGHODIDXQD (GDIRJHRJUDILD3HGRORJtDGLVWULEXFLyQJHRJUiILFDGHORVVXHORV H *HRJUDItD +XPDQD R $QWURSRJHRJUDItD (V HO HVWXGLR GH OD UHODFLyQ TXH H[LVWHHQWUHODGLQiPLFDSREODFLRQDO\VXLQIOXHQFLDGHOHVSDFLRRPHGLRJH RJUiILFR I *HRJUDItDVRFLDO (VWXGLDORVJUXSRVKXPDQRVHQVXPHGLRDPELHQWHHQTXH VHGHVDUUROOD&RPSUHQGH • 6RFLDO5HOLJLRQHVFRVWXPEUHV\UD]DV • 'HPRJHRJUDILD3REODFLyQ • 0pGLFD6DOXGGHOKRPEUH J *HRJUDItD HFRQyPLFD (VWXGLD ORV UHFXUVRV HFRQyPLFRV&RP SUHQGH • *GHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV • *GHODVDFWLYLGDGHVH[WUDFWLYDV • *DJUDULD • *FRPHUFLDO\GHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV • *LQGXVWULDO\GHODHQHUJtD K *HRJUDItD3ROtWLFD (VWXGLDHOSDVDGR\SUHVHQWHGHXQ(VWDGRHQORUHIHUHQ WHDODHWQRJUiILFDJRELHUQRGLYLVLyQSROtWLFDOLPLWHVHWF • *8UEDQDGLVWULEXFLyQ\RUJDQL]DFLyQGHODVFLXGDGHV • *5XUDORUJDQL]DFLyQGHOHVSDFLRUXUDO • *+LVWyULFDHVSDFLRVGHOSDVDGR *HRJUDItD5HJLRQDO]RQDOR&RURJUDItD(VWXGLDODGHVFULSFLyQJHRJUi ILFDGHXQSDtVRWHUULWRULRODVGLIHUHQFLDV\VLPLOLWXGHVGHODVUHJLRQHVGHOD WLHUUD6HGLYLGH -- 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA • 0LFURJHRJUDItD(VWXGLDOD HYROXFLyQGHXQDiUHDGHSHTXHxDVGL PHQVLRQHVFLXGDG • 0DFURJHRJUDILD(VWXGLDJUDQGHViUHDVGHQRPLQDGDVPDFURGLYL VLRQHVFRPRODUHJLyQPHGLWHUUiQHDRWRGRXQFRQWLQHQWH3HUPLWH GHILQLUHQIXQFLyQGHVXVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVFXOWXUDOHVHVSHFtILFDV SDUDGLIHUHQFLDUXQiUHDGHRWUDWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDIDFWRUHVFRPROD OHQJXDHOWLSRGHHFRQRPtDGRPLQDQWHHOWHUUHQRRODFRPELQDFLyQGHYD ULRVHOHPHQWRV ,03257$1&,$ • )RUPDODFRQFLHQFLDJHRJUiILFDGHODSREODFLyQ\FRQVWUX\HXQFRQR FLPLHQWRUHIOH[LYRVREUHODUHDOLGDGQDFLRQDOFRQWLQHQWDO\PXQGLDO • 3HUPLWHFRPSUHQGHUODLQWHUUHODFLyQGHOKRPEUHFRQVXPHGLRJH RJUiILFR • 'HVFXEUHORVGHVHTXLOLEULRVTXHSXHGDQH[LVWLUHQODVUHODFLRQHVGHORV KRPEUHVFRQVXPHGLRDPELHQWH • 3HUPLWHFRQRFHUODVFXDOLGDGHV\SRWHQFLDOLGDGHVGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWX UDOHV\HODGHFXDGRXVRGHHOORV • 3RVLELOLWDRUJDQL]DU\SODQLILFDUHOHVSDFLRWHUUHVWUH • &RQWULEX\HDWHQHUXQFRQRFLPLHQWRDGHFXDGRGHORVSXHEORV. 5(/$&,21(175((/0(',2*(2*5$),&2</$$&&,21'(/ +20%5( • • • ([LVWH XQD HVWUHFKD UHODFLyQ HQWUH HO PHGLR JHRJUiILFR \ HO KRPEUH (O SULPHUR QRV RIUHFH ORV UHFXUVRV HO VHJXQGR ORV H[SORWD (O KRPEUH FUHD ODVFRQGLFLRQHVQHFHVDULDVSDUDSHUPDQHFHUDOOtGRQGHLQFOXVLYH ORVIDFWRUHVVRQDGYHUVRV 6LJQLILFDFRPRHOPHGLRQDWXUDOLQIOX\HHQODKLVWRULDGHOKRPEUHFyPR HOKiELWDWGHWHUPLQDVXYLGD\FRPSRUWDPLHQWR/RVVHUHVYLYLHQWHV \ HO KRPEUH HVWiQ VXMHWRV D H[SHULPHQWDU OD LQIOXHQFLD GHO PHGLR HQ TXH KDELWDQ /DJHRJUDItDHVFRPSDxHUDLQVHSDUDEOHGHODKLVWRULD6XHVWXGLRHVWi HVWUHFKDPHQWH OLJDGR D OD KLVWRULD HQ WDO IRUPD TXH QLQJXQD GH ODV GRV FLHQFLDVSXHGHVHUHVWXGLDGDLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 35$ &7 ,&$ (OREMHWRGHHVWXGLRGHOD D $OH[DQGHU+XPEROWGE9LGDO *HRJUDItDYLHQHDVHU GH/D%ODFKH D (O +RPEUH \ OD UHODFLyQ F .DUO9RQ5LWWHU FRQORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV G )HGHULFR5DW]HO E (O PHGLR DPELHQWH H -HDQ%UXQKHV JHRJUiILFR\ORVVHUHVYLYRV F /DVQHFHVLGDGHVYLWDOHVGHO /DV iUHDV QDWXUDOHV DFFHVLEOHV D VHUKXPDQR\ELRVIHUD ODVDFWLYLGDGHVKXPDQDVVH G /DVUHODFLRQHVGHOKRPEUH GHQRPLQD HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR \ FRQVXPHGLRJHRJUiILFR HVFRQVLGHUDGRFRPR H /D XWLOL]DFLyQ UDFLRQDO GH ORV D (OSDLVDMHJHRJUiILFR UHFXUVRV E (O IHQyPHQR JHRJUiILFR F (OKHFKRJHRJUiILFR G (OFDPSRGHHVWXGLRGHOD (Q HO VLJXLHQWH HQXQFLDGR ³(O ODJR7LWLFDFDVHXELFDHQHO JHRJUDItD VHFWRU RFFLGHQWDO GH 6XGDPpULFD H /DVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH FRQXQDH[WHQVLyQGHNP HVHOPiVJUDQGHGHOVXEFRQWLQHQ ³/RVUtRVGHOD&XHQFDGHO WH6HHQFXHQWUDDPGHDOWL 7LWLFDFDVRQGHUpJLPHQTXH QR SRVLELOLWDQODQDYHJDFLyQ´(QHO WXGURGHDGRSRUODVFRUGLOOHUDV&D HQXQFLDGR HVWD SUHVHQWH HO SULQFL UDED\D\9ROFiQLFDHVQDYHJDEOH PiVDOWDGHOPXQGR´/RVSULQFL SLRJHRJUiILFRGH SLRVJHRJUiILFRVSUHVHQWHVVRQ D /RFDOL]DFLyQ D &DXVDOLGDG'HVFULSFLyQ E $FWLYLGDG F &DXVDOLGDGG&RQH[LyQ E /RFDOL]DFLyQ±$FWLYLGDG H &RPSDUDFLyQ F &RPSDUDFLyQ±/RFDOL]DFLyQ G &DXVDOLGDG±&RQH[LyQ ³(O FOLPD )UtR SURSLR GH OD UHJLyQ H /RFDOL]DFLyQ±'HVFULSFLyQ 3XQD XELFDGR HQWUH ODV UHJLRQHV 6XQL\-DQFD\FRPSUHQGLGRV (O SDGUH GH OD JHRJUDItD DQWLJXD HQWUHORVDPVQP HV HQGRQGHVRORFUHFHHOLFKX D +HURGRWRE+HFDWHR GHELGR D ODV EDMDV WHPSHUDWXUDV F +XPEROWGG+LSyFUDWHV H[LVWHQWHV«´(QHOHQXQFLDGR H )HGHULFR5DW]HO HOSULQFLSLRJHRJUiILFRTXHVH RPLWHQHVHOGH (OSULQFLSLRGHORFDOL]DFLyQ\ D /RFDOL]DFLyQ H[WHQVLyQSDUDHOHVWXGLRGHOD E $FWLYLGDG JHRJUDItDHVHVWXGLDGDSRU - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 G F &DXVDOLGDG G &RQH[LyQ H 'HVFULSFLyQ 5HODFLRQHFRUUHFWDPHQWH D )HGHULFR5DW]HO E 5LWWHU\9LGDOGHOD%ODFKH F $9RQ+XPEROW G -HDQ%UXKHV &RPSDUDFLyQ /RFDOL]DFLyQ $FWLYLGDG &DXVDOLGDG /DUHODFLyQFRUUHFWDHV DDEFG EDEFG FDEFG GDEFG HDEFG (OWpUPLQR9ROFiQ,QDFWLYRVH RSRQH GLUHFWDPHQWH DO SULQFLSLR GH D/RFDOL]DFLyQ E$FWLYLGDG F&DXVDOLGDG G&RPSDUDFLyQ H&RQH[LyQ 5HODFLRQHVFRUUHFWDPHQWH *$VWURQyPLFD D 'HPDUFDFLyQ7HUULWRULDO \ )RUPDVGHJRELHUQR *PDWHPiWLFD E 5HODFLyQ HQWUH HO (VWDGR \ VX PHGLRJHRJUiILFR *HRJUDItD HFRQyPLFD F /DVGLPHQVLRQHVGHOD7LHUUD *HRJUDItDSROtWLFD - - GEOGRAFÍA /D WLHUUD (Q UHODFLyQ FRQ RWURVDVWURV *HRSROtWLFD H 5HFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV\HOXVRSRU HOKRPEUH /DUHVSXHVWDFRUUHFWDHV DDEFGHEEFDG HFFDEHGGH HGFDHGFHD E &XiO GH ORV HOHPHQWRV TXH VH PHQFLRQDQQRHVSURSLRGHO SDLVDMHQDWXUDO" DIORUDEIDXQDFVXHORV GFDPLQRV HUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV /DJHRJUDItDELROyJLFDHVWXGLD D +LGURJUDItD\)LWRJHRJUDItD E (FRQRPtD\=RRHJRJUDItD F 0HWHRURORJtD\=RRJHRJUDItD G )LWRJHRJUDItD\=RRJHRJUDItD H +LGURJUDItD\(GDORJtD (VHOHVWXGLRGHORVUHFXUVRVTXH FDGD UHJLyQ FXHQWD SDUD VX PHMRU DSURYHFKDPLHQWR \ pVWRV GHSHQGHQ GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV FXOWXUDOHV HFRQyPLFDV \ VRFLDOHV GH OD SREODFLyQ (VWH FRQFHSWRSHUWHQHFHDOD D %LRJHRJUDILD E *HRJUDItD5HJLRQDO F *HRJUDItDHFRQyPLFDG&OLPDWR ORJtD H =RRJHRJUDItD 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 6HFFLyQ 81,9(56225,*(1< (6758&785$ &21&(372 (O XQLYHUVRHVHO FRQJORPHUDGRGH JUDQGHVXQLGD GHV FyVPLFDV OODPDGDV JDOD[LDV HVWDV D VX YH] IRUPDGDV SRUPLOORQHVGHHVWUHOODV \VLVWHPDVSODQH WDULRV 3DUDORVFLHQWtILFRVPRGHUQRVHOXQLYHUVRHVDODYH] PDWHULD HQHUJtD HVSDFLR \ WLHPSR6XVFDUDFWHUtV WLFDVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVVRQILQLWRHLQGHWHUPLQDGR\ HQH[SDQVLyQ D 0DWHULD 6LUYHSDUDGHVLJQDUODUHDOLGDGREMHWLYDFDSWDGDSRUORVKXPDQRV E 0RYLPLHQWR (VSURSLHGDGLQVHSDUDEOHGHODPDWHULD F (VSDFLR /XJDUGRQGHFRH[LVWHQGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDVGHPDWHULD G 7LHPSR $EVWUDFWRGHFDUiFWHUGLPHQVLRQDOFRQSULQFLSLRLOLPLWDGR\FRQWLQXR 25,*(1 (O RULJHQ GHO 8QLYHUVR VH VHxDOD TXH 6XUJLy HQ XQ LQVWDQWH GHILQLGR HQWUH \ PLOORQHV GH DxRV DQWHV GHO PRPHQWR DFWXDO /RV SULPHURVLQGLFLRVGH HVWHKHFKRSURYLQLHURQGHOGHVFXEULPLHQWRSRUSDUWHGHODVWUyQRPRHVWDGRX QLGHQVH(GZLQ+XEEOH HQODGpFDGDGHGHTXHHO8QLYHUVRVHHVWiH[SDQ GLHQGR\ORVF~PXORVGHJDOD[LDVVHDOHMDQHQWUHVt 7(25Ì$6 *UDQ([SORVLyQRGHO%LJ%DQJ²ÉWRPRSULPL JHQLR$XWRU D *HRUJH(GRXDUG/HPDLWUH%HOJDFRPSOHPHQWDGD SRU*HRUJH$QWKRQ\*DPRZ((88IXHTXLHQDFXxR HOWpUPLQR%LJ%DQJ6HJ~QHVWDWHRUtDHOXQLYHUVRHQ VXV LQLFLRV HUD SHTXHxR \ PX\ GHQVR DO TXH GLHURQ HO QRPEUHGH<OHP - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA D /HPDLWUH $ILUPDED TXH ODV JDOD[LDV VRQ IUDJPHQWRV GHVSHGLGRV SRU OD H[SORVLyQ GHHVWHQ~FOHRGDQGRFRPRUHVXOWDGRODH[SDQVLyQGHO8QL YHUVR$GHPiVVRVWHQtD³VL ODV JDOD[LDV TXH SXHEODQ HO XQLYHUVR VHHVWiQ DOHMDQGRXQDVGHRWUDVHQHOSDVDGRGHELHURQHVWDUPDVFHUFD \D TXH HO XQLYHUVR GHELy VHU PDV SHTXHxR \ PDV DWUiV PDVSHTXHxRDXQH[WUDSR ODQGRPDVHQHOWLHPSROOHJDUtDDOPRPHQWRHQTXHHOHVSDFLRGHEtD VHU XQ SXQWR\SRUORWDQWR ODGHQVLGDGGHODPDWHULDHQHVHLQVWDQWHVHULQILQLWD$ HVWHHVWDGR~QLFRGHGHQVLGDGLQILQLWD VH OH FRQRFH FRPR VLQJXODULGDG FRVPROyJLFD7HRUtDGHQRPLQDGDLQLFLDOPHQWHGHOÈWRPRSULPLJHQLR E *DPRZ (O 8QLYHUVR VH FUHy HQ XQD H[SORVLyQ JLJDQWHVFD \ TXH ORVGLYHUVRV HOHPHQWRV VH SURGXMHURQ GXUDQWH ORV SULPHURV PLQXWRVGHVSXpVGHOD *UDQ([SORVLyQR%LJ%DQJ(QVXVLQLFLRVVHOHGHQRPLQy <OHP OD PLVPDTXHWHQGUtDXQDFRPSRVLFLyQGHQHXWURQHVHOHFWURQHVSURWR QHV \ IRWRQHV 'HELGR D OD GHQVLGDGFRQVLGHUDEOH HO <OHP H[SORVLRQy KDFH PLO PLOORQHV GH DxRVLQLFLiQGRVHFRQODJUDQH[SDQVLyQODPDWH ULDODHQHUJtDHOHVSDFLR\HOWLHPSR $ PHGLGDTXHVHH[SDQGtDHOXQLYHUVRIXHKDFLpQGRVHPHQRVGHQV\VXWHPSHUD WXUDGHVFHQGLy(OFRPSRQHQWHLQLFLDOGHOXQLYHUVRSHUPLWLy OD IRUPDFLyQGHO KLGUyJHQR HO FXDO SRU HIHFWRV GH OD JUDYHGDG VH IXH DJUXSDQGR SDUD GDU RULJHQ D ODV JDOD[LDV \ GHQWURGH HOODV ORV SULPHURV DVWURV HVWUHOODV DVt FRPR GH ORVGHPiVDVWURVGHO VLVWHPD$O H[SDQGLUVH HO KHOLR \ HO KLGUyJHQR VH HQIULDURQ \ VHFRQGHQVDURQHQHVWUHOODV\HQJDOD[LDV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 3UXHEDVGHODH[SDQVLyQ • $OHMDPLHQWRGHODVJDOD[LDV • 5DGLDFLyQFyVPLFDGHIRQGRGHVFXELHUWDSRU$UQROG3HQ]LDV\5REHUW :LOVRQ • /DDEXQGDQFLDUHODWLYDGHORVHOHPHQWRVPiVOLJHURV • (ORVFXUHFLPLHQWRGHO(VSDFLR 'HO8QLYHUVR 2VFLODQWH ² &tFOLFD 3ODQWHDGD SRU $OEHUW (LQVWHLQ\ $OH[DQGHU )ULHGPDQ 7LHQH VXV RUtJHQHV HQ OD WHRUtD FRVPROyJLFD UHODWLYLVWD SXEOLFDGD SRU $ (LVQWHQHQ(ODXWRUHVHODVWUyQRPRUXVR$)ULHG PDQTXLHQFRQVLGHUDTXHHO8QLYHUVRHVWiHQXQSURFH VRGHH[SDQVLyQ\FRQWUDFFLyQ(VGHFLUPRVWUDQGRIDVHV GHFRQWUDFFLyQ\GHH[SDQVLyQSHULyGLFDHLQGHILQL GD &RQVLGHUD TXH HO XQLYHUVR HV FXUYR \ TXH ODV JDOD[LDVTXHDKRUDVHGLVWDQFLDQXQDVGHRWUDVUHFH VLyQYROYHUiQDDJUXSDUVHSRUGLVPLQXFLyQGHKLGUR JHQRSDUDHVWDUHQVXIDVHLQLFLDOGDQGR RULJHQ D XQDJUDQLPSORVLyQGHQRPLQDGD%LJ&UXFK\FRQHOOR VHUiHOILQGHOHVSDFLRGHOHVSDFLR\GHOWLHPSR&DGD IDVHGXUDUtDDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHGHDxRV 'HO8QLYHUVR(VWDEOH²&RQVWDQWH)XHFRQFHELGD HQ SRU ORV DVWUyQRPRV EULWiQLFRV +HUQDQQ %RQGL \ 7KRPDV *ROG H LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH SRU )UHG +R\OHTXLHQHVDILUPDQTXHSHVHDODHYROX FLyQGHJDOD[LDV\HVWUHOODVHOXQLYHUVRHQVXFRQMXQWR SHUPDQHFH LQDOWHUDEOH SRU OD FRQWLQXD FUHDFLyQ GH PDWHULD\HQHUJtDQXHYDHQIRUPDGHiWRPRVGHKLGUyJH QRHVGHFLUTXHHOXQLYHUVRQXQFDWXYRXQSULQFLSLR VLQRTXHKDHVWDGRHQFRQVWDQWHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQ \TXHHOKLGUyJHQRH[LVWHQWH HOXQLYHUVRHVWDUtDSHUPLWLHQGRODFRQVWDQWHIRUPDFLyQGHJDOD[LDV\HVWUHOODVODV TXHHVWDUtDQRFXSDQGRORVHVSDFLRVGHMDGRVSRUHODOHMDPLHQWRGHODVJDOD[LDV 'HO3URFHVR,QIODFLRQDULR7HRUtDLQIODFLRQDULDFRVPRORJtDWHRUtDGHV DUUROODGDDFRPLHQ]RVGHODGpFDGDGHSRUHOItVLFRHVWDGRXQLGHQVH$ODQ*XWK TXHWUDWDGHH[SOLFDUORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVGHORVSULPHURVPRPHQWRVGHO8QLYHUVR'H DFXHUGRFRQODWHRUtDGHOD*UDQ([SORVLyQRGHO%LJ%DQJJHQHUDOPHQWH DFHSWDGDHO8QLYHUVR6XUJLyGHXQDH[SORVLyQLQLFLDOTXHRFDVLRQyODH[SDQVLyQGH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA OD PDWHULD GHVGH XQ HVWDGR GH FRQGHQVDFLyQ H[WUHPD 6LQ HPEDUJR HQ OD IRUPXODFLyQ RULJLQDO GH OD WHRUtD GHO %LJ %DQJ TXHGDEDQ YDULRVSUREOHPDV VLQ UHVROYHU (OHVWDGRGHODPDWHULDHQODpSRFDGHODH[SORVLyQHUDWDOTXHQRVHSRGtDQDSOLFDU ODVOH\HVItVLFDVQRUPDOHV(OJUDGRGHXQLIRUPLGDGREVHUYDGRHQHO8QLYHUVR WDPELpQHUDGLItFLOGHH[SOLFDUSRUTXHGHDFXHUGRFRQHVWDWHRUtDHO8QLYHUVRVH KDEUtDH[SDQGLGRFRQGHPDVLDGDUDSLGH]SDUDGHVDUUROODUHVWDXQLIRUPLGDG *XWKEDVyVXWHRUtDLQIODFLRQDULDHQHOWUDEDMRGHItVLFRVFRPR6WHSKHQ+DZ NLQJTXHKDEtDHVWXGLDGRFDPSRVJUDYLWDWRULRVVXPDPHQWHIXHUWHVFRPRORV TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQODVSUR[LPLGDGHVGHXQDJXMHURQHJURRHQORVPLVPRV LQLFLRVGHO8QLYHUVR(VWHWUDEDMRPXHVWUDTXHWRGDODPDWHULDGHO8QLYHUVRSRGUtD KDEHUVLGRFUHDGDSRUIOXFWXDFLRQHVFXiQWLFDVHQXQHVSDFLRµYDFtR¶EDMR FRQGLFLRQHVGHHVWHWLSR/DREUDGH*XWKXWLOL]DODWHRUtDGHOFDPSRXQLILFDGRSDUD PRVWUDUTXHHQORVSULPHURVPRPHQWRVGHO8QLYHUVRSXGLHURQWHQHUOXJDUWUDQVLFLRQHV GHIDVH\TXHXQDUHJLyQGHDTXHOFDyWLFRHVWDGRRULJLQDOSRGtDKDEHUVHKLQFKDGR UiSLGDPHQWHSDUDSHUPLWLUTXHVHIRUPDUDXQDUHJLyQREVHUYDEOHGHO8QLYHUVR )XHQWH%LEOLRWHFDGH&RQVXOWD0LFURVRIW (6758&785$ *DOD[LDV(OXQLYHUVR HVWi FRQIRUPDGRSRUPDFURVFRQJORPHUDGRVGH FLHQWRV\PLOHV GH PLOORQHV GH GLIHUHQWHV HVWUHOODVFRQRFLGRVFRPR8QLYHU VRV ,VODV SROYR FyVPLFR JDV LQWHUHVWHODU \ DJXMHURV QHJURV TXH RFXSDQ XQ GHWHUPLQDGROXJDUHQHOHVSDFLR WRGDV LQWHUDFFLRQDQGR JUDYLWDWRULDOPHQWH \ RUELWDQGRDOUHGHGRUGHXQFHQWURFRP~Q /DVJDOD[LDVVHDVRFLDQHQ • • &~PXORVULFRVRUHJXODUHV TXHVRQGHVLPHWUtDHVIpULFD\FRQFHQ WUDFLyQFHQWUDOHQODVTXHSUHGRPLQDQODVJDOD[LDVHOtSWLFDVROHQWL FXODUHV &~PXORV SREUHV RLUUHJXODUHV VLQ FRQFHQWUDFLyQ QL VLPHWUtD\FRQJD OD[LDVGHWRGRWLSR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA /DV JDOD[LDV FRQWLHQHQ F~PXORV GH HVWUHOODV KLGUyJHQR DWyPLFR KLGUyJHQRPROH FXODU PROpFXODV GH KLGUyJHQR QLWUyJHQR FDUERQR \ VLOLFLR HQWUH RWURVHOHPHQWRV \ UD\RVFyVPLFRV/D9tD/iFWHDFRPRXQWRGRVHPXHYHKDFLD ODFRQVWHODFLyQ/HRDXQRVNPV D 7LSRV&ODVLILFDFLyQPRUIROyJLFDHIHFWXDGDSRU(+XEEOHHQGLVWLQJXH ORVVLJXLHQWHVWLSRVGHJDOD[LD • • • • (VSLUDOHV 6 UHSUHVHQWDQ HO 6RQ DTXHOORV TXH SRVHHQ XQQ~FOHR GHFRQJORPHUDGRGHHVWUHOODV(VWRVSXHGHQVHUGHGRVWLSRVHVSLUD OHVEDUUDGDV\HVSLUDOHVQRUPDOHV/DVJDOD[LDVHVSLUDOHVVRQGLVFRV DFKDWDGRVTXHFRQWLHQHQQRVyORDOJXQDVHVWUHOODVYLHMDVVLQRWDPELpQ XQDJUDQSREODFLyQGHHVWUHOODVMyYHQHVEDVWDQWHJDV\SROYR\QX EHV PROHFXODUHV TXH VRQ HO OXJDU GH QDFLPLHQWR GH ODV HVWUHOODV &RQ IUHFXHQFLDODVUHJLRQHVTXH FRQWLHQHQHVWUHOODV MyYHQHV EULOODQWHV\ QX EHV GH JDV HVWiQGLVSXHVWDV HQ JUDQGHV EUD]RV HVSLUDOHV TXH VH SXH GHQREVHUYDUURGHDQGRDODJDOD[LD • (VSLUDO1RUPDO6 3UHVHQWDXQQ~FOHRQRUPDOGHOFXDOVREUH VDOHQEUD]RVHQIRUPDGHHVSLUDO/DVHVWUHOODVTXHSUHVHQWDQ PD\RUEULOORHQHVWDVJDOD[LDVVRQD]XOHVo (MHPSOR 9tD/iFWHD$QGUyPHGD&DQJUHMR5HPROLQRHWF • 3RUHOJUDGRGHHQUROODPLHQWR\ OD LPSRUWDQFLD GHO Q~FOHR \ GH ORV EUD]RVVHFODVLILFDQHQDE F \ G 3RU HMHPSOR OD 9tD/iFWHD HV XQD HVSLUDO QRUPDO GHOWLSR6E (VSLUDOEDUUDGD6%3UHVHQWDXQQ~FOHRHQIRUPDGHXQDEDUUD GLDPHWUDOGHOFXDOVREUHVDOHQORVEUD]RV(QHOFHQWURH[LVWHFRQFHQ WUDFLyQGHPDWHULD(MHPSOR(O&~PXORGH+pUFXOHV0DUFDUtDQ \6H\IHU /HQWLFXODUHV/UHSUHVHQWDHOGHOWRWDOGHODVJDOD[LDV6RQPX\UL FDVHQHVWUHOODVMyYHQHV\HQKLGUyJHQRHVWHODU (OtSWLFDV(UHSUHVHQWDQHO6RQFRQJORPHUDGRVGHHVWUH OODVHQIRUPDHOtSWLFD/DVJDOD[LDVOODPDGDVHOtSWLFDVFRQWLHQHQ XQDJUDQSREODFLyQGHHVWUHOODVYLHMDVQRUPDOPHQWHSRFRJDV\SRO YR \ DOJXQDV HVWUHOODV GH QXHYD IRUPDFLyQ /DV JDOD[LDV HOtSWLFDV WLHQHQJUDQYDULHGDGGHWDPDxRVGHVGHJLJDQWHVDHQDQDV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA (VWDV JDOD[LDV SUHVHQWDQ OD IRUPD GH XQ HOLSVRLGH DVt FRPR XQUHJXODU DFKDWDPLHQWR VRQ FRQVLGHUDGDV JDOD[LDV YLDMHV SRU WHQHUFLHUWD RVFXUL GDG(MHPSOR)RUPDN\(VFXOWRU ,UUHJXODUHV6RQDTXHOODVTXHFDUHFHQGHXQDIRUPDGHILQLGD HOPDWHULDOHVWHODUVHHQFXHQWUDGHVRUGHQDGRFDUHFHQGHXQQ~FOHR VRQODVPiVSHTXHxDV\SRFRIUHFXHQWHV(VWDVWLHQHQWDPELpQ JUDQ GHVFDQWLGDGHVGHJDVSROYR \HVWUHOODVMyYHQHV SHUR VX GLVSRVLFLyQ QR HV HQ IRUPD GH HVSLUDO (MHPSORODSHTXHxD\ODJUDQQXEHGH0DJD OODQHV • E &RPSRVLFLyQGHOXQLYHUVR (OHPHQWR +LGURJHQR +HOLR 2[LJHQR 1LWUyJHQR &DUERQR F3ULQFLSDOHVJDOD[LDV 3RUFHQWDMH 9Ì$/É&7($ • • • • /DYtD/iFWHDHVXQD*DOD[LDHOtSWLFDHVSLUDOQRUPDO6E GH GLPHQVLRQHV PHGLDQDV (V FRQRFLGD FRPR ³&DPLQR D 6DQWLDJR´ SRUTXHVHUYLDGHRULHQWDFLyQDORVSHUHJULQRVTXHGHWRGD(XURSDYL VLWDEDQ ODV WXPED GHO $SyVWRO 6DQWLDJR GH &RPSRVWHOD HQ(V SDxD 6XGHQRPLQDFLyQSURYLHQHGHVXDSDULHQFLDOHFKRVDR EODQTXLQRVD<SRVHHXQ GLiPHWURHVGHDxRV /X]\VXHV SHVRUDxRVOX] 3RVHH FLHQ PLO PLOORQHV GH HVWUHOODV SROYR \ JDV LQWHUHVWHODU TXH JUDYLWDQ HQ WRUQR D VX Q~FOHR FHQWUDO \ WLHQH XQD DQWLJHGDG GH PLOORQHVGHDxRV/DGLVWDQFLDTXHVHSDUDHO6ROGHOFHQWUR GHODJDOD[LDHVGHDxRVOX] $O LJXDO TXH WRGDV ODV JDOD[LDV OD QXHVWUD VH HQFXHQWUD HQ H[SDQVLyQWHQLHQGRXQVHQWLGRGHURWDFLyQKRUDULRHQODUHJLyQGH OD9tD/iFWHDGRQGHVHHQFXHQWUDQXHVWUR6LVWHPD6RODUODYHORFL - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA GDG GH URWDFLyQ HV GH NPVHJ /R TXH VLJQLILFD TXH OD 9tD /iFWHDGHPRUDXQRVPLOORQHVGHDxRVSDUDGDUXQDYXHOWD FRPSOHWD • 3UHVHQWD FXDWUR EUD]RV HVSLUDOHV ORV FXDOHV VRQ FRQRFLGRV FRPR 3HUVHR2ULyQHQFX\RLQWHULRUVHHQFXHQWUDHOVLVWHPD SODQHWDULRVRODU6DJLWDULR&HQWDXUR\&LVQH 9LVWDGH)UHQWH • 3HUVHR • 2ULyQ636 • 6DJLWDULR • &HQWDXUR • &LVQH %UD]RVGHOD9tD/iFWHD 9LVWDGH3HUILO %XOER±1~FOHR 'LVFR±%UD]RVVRO3RVHHHOGHOD PDVDWRWDO ([LVWHSRFDSREODFLyQGHHVWUHOODVYLHMDV\ GHQHEXORVDVSODQHWDULDV • +DOR±&HUFR3UHGRPLQDHVWUHOODVYLHMDV • &RURQD6XVWDQFLDJULVTXHERUGHDOD • • • 9tD/iFWHD&DUHFHGHHVWUHOODV /$*$/$;,$(1$1$6$*,7$5,2 • 'XUDQWHFLHQWRVGHDxRVORVDVWUyQRPRVKDQLQYHVWLJDGRSRUTXp OD9tD/iFWHDVHREVHUYDFRQXQDLQFOLQDFLyQGHVGHQXHVWUR SODQHWD /D UHVSXHVWD KD VLGR HQFRQWUDGD SRU XQ JUXSR GH LQYHVWLJDGRUHVHVWDGRXQLGHQVHVTXHDILUPDQTXHOD7LHUUDQR SHUWHQHFHDHOODVLQRDODJDOD[LDHQDQD6DJLWDULR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • • • • GEOGRAFÍA (ORULJHQUHDOGHQXHVWUR6LVWHPD6RODUHVWiHQXQDJDOD[LD HQDQD/D9tD/iFWHDHVWiHQJXOOHQGRDODSHTXHxDJDOD[LD(VWH FRQMXQWRGHHVWUHOODVHQDQRIXHGHVFXELHUWRHQ (OJUXSRGHDVWUyQRPRVUHDOL]yXQPDSHRGHLQIUDUURMRVGHO FLHOR TXHPXHVWUDTXHHORULJHQUHDOGHQXHVWUR6LVWHPD6RODUHVWiHQ XQDJDOD[LDHQDQDTXHHVWiVLHQGRHQJXOOLGDSRUOD9tD/iFWHD (O SUR\HFWRGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ HQFDEH]DGRSRUOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH 0DVVDFKXVVHWVKDVLGRHOSULPHURHQPDSHDUWRGDODJDOD[LD 6DJLWDULR\PXHVWUDFRQWRGROXMRGHGHWDOOHVFRPRVXV IUDJPHQWRVHQYXHOYHQ\DWUDYLHVDQDOD9tD/iFWHD /DJDOD[LDHQDQD6DJLWDULRIXHGHVFXELHUWDHQ$QWHVGH HVWH WUDEDMR ORV DVWUyQRPRV VyOR KDEtDQ ORFDOL]DGR DOJXQDV HVWUHOODVGLVSHUVDVGHODJDOD[LDHQDQD6DJLWDULRTXHIXH GHVFXELHUWDSRULQYHVWLJDGRUHVEULWiQLFRVHQ 6HJ~QLQGLFD0LFKDHO6NUXWVNLHFRDXWRUGHOHVWXGLR\SURIHVRUGH DVWURQRPtDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH9LUJLQLDSHUWHQHFHPRVDRWUD JDOD[LDHQSURFHVRGHIXVLRQDUVHFRQOD9tD/iFWHDDKRUDSRUILQ VDEHPRVHORULJHQGHOPLVWHULRVRiQJXORTXHDSDUHFHFDGDQRFKH HQHOFLHOR 1HEXORVDV 6RQPDVDVGHJDVHV\ SHTXHxDVSDUWtFXODVGHSROYRTXHVH SXHGH HQFRQWUDU SUiFWLFDPHQWH HQ FXDOTXLHU OXJDU GHO HVSDFLR LQWHUHVWHODU FRQRFL GRV QRUPDOPHQWH FRPR F~PXORV GH HVWUHOODV (V HO OXJDU GRQGH VH FUHH TXH VH RULJLQDQODVHVWUHOODV - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 D &ODVLILFDFLyQ 'HSHQGLHQGRGHODHGDGGHODVHVWUHOODVFRQODVTXHHVWiQDVRFLDGDV $VRFLDGDVDHVWUHOODVPX\ HYROXFLRQDGDV 3ODQHWDULDV 6RQFDSDV GHPDWH ULDOGHODVTXHVH GHVSUHQGLyXQDHVWUH OODHYROXFLRQDGDGH PDVDPHGLDGXUDQWH VX~OWLPDHWDSDGH HYROXFLyQGHJLJDQWH URMDDQWHVGHFRQYHU WLUVHHQHQDQDEODQ FD 5HPDQHQWHVGH VXSHUQRYDV 6RQUDGLRIXHQWHV LQWHQVDVFRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD 'HODVH[SORVLR QHVTXHODVIRU PDURQ\ORV SUREDEOHVUHVWRV GHS~OVDUHVHQ TXHVHFRQYLUWLH URQODVHVWUHOODV RULJLQDULDV $VRFLDGDVDHVWUHOODVPX\MyYHQHV R HQSURFHVRGHIRUPDFLyQ ´REMHWRVKHUELJ KDURµ 6RQSHTXHxDVQH EXORVDVPX\EULOODQ WHVTXHVHHQ FXHQWUDQGHQWURGH GHQVDVQXEHVLQWHU HVWHODUHV\VRQ SUREDEOHPHQWH HOSURGXFWRGH FKRUURVGHJDV H[SHOLGRVSRUHVWUH OODVHQSURFHVR GHIRUPDFLyQ 0ROHFXODUHV 6RQH[WUHPDGDPHQWH JUDQGHVGHXQ DQFKRGHPXFKRV DxRVOX]FRQXQ SHUILOLQGHILQLGR\ XQ DSDULHQFLDWHQXH\ QHEOLQRVD 6HJ~Q DOSURFHVR TXH RULJLQD OD OX] TXH HPLWHQ ODV QHEXORVDV VHSXHGHQFODVL ILFDUHQ 'HHPLVLyQ 'HUHIOH[LyQ 6RQDTXpOODVHQODVTXHOD 5HIOHMDQ \ GLVSHUVDQOD UDGLDFLyQSURYLHQHGHOSRO OX]GHHVWUHOODVSRFR YR \ORVJDVHVLRQL FDOLHQWHVGHVXVFHU ]DGRVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD FDQtDV/DV3Op\DGHVGH GHOFDOHQWDPLHQWRDTXH 7DXURVRQXQEXHQ VHYHQVRPHWLGDVSRUHV HMHPSORGHHVWUHOODV WUHOODVFHUFDQDVPX\FD EULOODQWHVHQXQDQH OLHQWHV$OJXQRVGHORV EXORVDGHUHIOH[LyQ REMHWRVPiVVRUSUHQGHQWHV GHOFLHORFRPRODQHEX ORVDGH2ULyQ - - 2VFXUDV 6RQQXEHV SRFROXPLQRVDV TXHVHUHSUHVHQWDQFRPR XQDPDQFKDRVFXUDDYH FHVURGHDGDSRUXQKDOR GHOX]/DUD]yQSRUODTXH QRHPLWHQOX]HVTXH ODVHVWUHOODVTXHKD\GHWUiV VHHQFXHQWUDQDGHPD VLDGDGLVWDQFLDSDUDFD OHQWDUODQXEH 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA (VWUHOODV 6RQ FXHUSRVFHOHVWHV FRPSXHVWR GH JDVHV FDOLHQWHV TXH HPLWHQ UDGLDFLyQHOHFWURPDJQpWLFDHQHVSHFLDOOX]FRPRUHVXOWDGRGHODVUHDFFLRQHV WHUPRQXFOHDUHV/DVHVWUHOODVSUREDEOHPHQWHWLHQHQVXOXJDUGHRULJHQHQ ODVQHEXORVDV\SUHVHQWDQXQPRYLPLHQWROODPDGR³&HQWHOOHRR7LQWLQHR´ /DHVWUHOODPiVFHUFDQDDODWLHUUDHV$OSKD&HQWDXUR XQRGHORVFRPSRQHQWHV GH OD HVWUHOOD WULSOH $OSKD &HQWDXUR TXH HVWi D XQRVELOORQHVGHNLOyPHWURV GHOD7LHUUDDxRVOX]/DVPiVEULOODQWHVVLULR&DQRSH$UWXUR D 2ULJHQ GH ODV HVWUHOODV /DV HVWUHOODV WLHQHQ VX OXJDU GH RULJHQ HQ ODV QHEXORVDV SXHV PXFKDV GH HOODV VRQ HMHPSOR GH TXH VH HVWiQ IRUPDQGR HVWUHOODVHVHOFDVRGHODQHEXORVD2ULyQ/LUD7UtILGDHWF6H IRUPDQ DO LQWH JUDUVH KLGURJHQR\SROYRFyVPLFRHOHPHQWRVTXHDEXQGDQ HQ OH FRVPRV (O KLGURJHQR VH DJUXSD SRU HO FDPSRJUDYLWDFLRQDODOTXHOOHJDDDOFDQ]DU HQVXSURFHVRHYROXWLYR E (YROXFLyQGHODV(VWUHOODV1HEXORVDV $]XOHV $PDULOODV *LJDQ WHV5RMDV (QDQD%ODQFD 1RYD(VWUHOODGH1HXWURQHV 3XOVDU 6XSHUQRYD$JHUR1HJUR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA F&ODVLILFDFLyQ E 'HDFXHUGRDVXPD\RURPHQRUEULOOR • 6HJ~QVXEULOORH[LVWHQPDJQLWXGHVPDJQLWXGHVFRQRFLGDVGHVGH 7RORPHR • /DVPDJQLWXGHVGHODOVRQREVHUYDGDVDVLPSOHYLVWD'HQWURGHHVWDV ODVPiVEULOODQWHVVRQ6LULR\9HJDODVFXDOHVGHILQHQODSULPHUDPDJQLWXG • /DVPDJQLWXGHVGHODOVRQYLVLEOHVFRQORVWHOHVFRSLRV • /DVPDJQLWXGHVGHODOVRQLQYLVLEOHV\KDQVLGRGHVFX ELHUWDVFRQORVUDGLRWHOHVFRSLRV E 3RUVXWDPDxR • 6~SHUJLJDQWHVURMDVFX\RUDGLRHVPLOYHFHVPD\RUTXHHOVRO • *LJDQWHVURMDVXQDVFLHQYHFHVPD\RUHOUDGLRGHOVRO • (QDQDVVHFODVLILFDQHQWUHV • 6HFXHQFLDSULQFLSDOFRPRHOVRO • (QDQDVEODQFDVYHFHVPiVSHTXHxDVTXHHOVRO • (VWUHOODVGHQHXWURQHVYHFHVPDVSHTXHxDVTXHHOVRO - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA E 3RUHOFRORU $]XOHV PiVGH & 3OH\DGHV %ODQFDV PiVGH & 6LULR\9HJD $PDUEODQTXL]FDVPiVGH & &DEUD\&DQRSXV $PDULOODV PiVGH & 6RO $QDUDQMDGDV PiVGH & $UWXUR\DOGHOEDUDQ 5RMDV PiVGH & $QWDUHV\%HWHOJHXVH F3ULQFLSDOHV 6RO /DPiVFHUFDQDDODWLHUUD &HQWDXUR /DPDVFHUFDQDDOVRO 6LULR /DPiVEULOODQWH $QWDUHV /DPDVJUDQGHHQWUHODVYLVLEOHV7HOHVFRStDÏSWLFD %HWHOJHXVH /DPDVJUDQGHHQWUHODV REVHUYDGDVUDGLRWHOHVFRStD .XLSHU /DPiVSHTXHxD &RQVWHODFLRQHV6RQXQFRQJORPHUDGRGHHVWUHOODVTXHDOVHUXQLGDVSRU OtQHDV LPDJLQDULDV IRUPDQ ILJXUDV UHOLJLRVDV R PLWROyJLFDV DQLPDOHV X REMHWRV (VWHWpUPLQRWDPELpQVHUHILHUHDiUHDVGHOLPLWDGDVGHODHVIHUDFHOHVWH TXH FRPSUHQGHQ ORV JUXSRV GH HVWUHOODV FRQ QRPEUH /D PD\RU HV OD +LGUD +HPEUD OD PHQRU HV OD&UX] GHO 6XU (Q OD FRQVWHODFLyQ GHO &DQ0D\RU VH KDOOD OD HVWUHOODTXHYHPRVPiVEULOODQWHVLULR(VWDVSXHGHQVHU %25($/(6 =2',$&$/(6 $8675$/(6 8ELFDGDV\YLVWDVGHVGH 8ELFDGDV \ YLVWDV 8ELFDGDV \ YLVWDVGHVGH HOKHPLVIHULR1RUWH GHVGHOD OtQHDHFXDWR HOKHPLVIHULR6XU DXV ERUHDORVHSWHQWULRQDO ULDORHTXLQRFFLDO WUDORPHULGLRQDO 3ULQFLSDOHV&RQVWHODFLRQHV &2167(/$&,Ð1 $1'5Ð0('$ $17/,$ $386 $48$5,86 $48,/$ $5$ (63$f2/ &2167(/$&,Ð1 (63$f2/ 0iTXLQDQHXPiWLFD /HR /HR/HyQ $QGUyPHGD $YHGHO3DUDtVR $FXDULR ÉJXLOD $OWDU - - /DFHUWD /HR0LQRU /HSXV /LEUD /XSXV /DJDUWR /HyQ0HQRU /LHEUH /LEUD%DODQ]D /RER 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 $ULHV $XULJD %RRWHV &DHOXP &DPHORSDUGDOLV &DQFHU &DQHV9HQDWLFL &DQLV0DLRU &DQLV0LQRU &DSULFRUQXV &DULQD &DVVLRSHLD &HQWDXUXV &HSKHXV &HWXV &KDPDHOHRQ &LUFLQXV &ROXPED &RPD%HUHQLFHV &RURQD$XVWUDOLV &RURQD%RUHDOLV &RUYXV &UDWHU &UX[ &\JQXV 'HOSKLQXV 'RUDGR 'UDFR (TXXOHXV (ULGDQXV $ULHV&DUQHUR &RFKHUR %R\HUR %XULO -LUDID &iQFHU &DQJUHMR /HEUHOHV &DQ0D\RU &DQ0HQRU &DSULFRUQLR 4XLOOD &DVLRSHD &HQWDXUR &HIHR %DOOHQD &DPDOHyQ &RPSiV 3DORPD &RPD%HUHQLFHV &DEHOOHUDGH %HUHQLFH &RURQD$XVWUDO &RURQD%RUHDO &XHUYR &RSD &UX]GHO6XU &LVQH 'HOItQ 'RUDGD 'UDJyQ &DEDOOR0HQRU (UtGDQR GEOGRAFÍA /\Q[ /\UD 0HQVD 0LFURVFRSLXP 0RQRFHURV /LQFH /LUD 0HVD 0LFURVFRSLR 8QLFRUQLR 0XVFD 1RUPD 2FWDQV 2SKLXFKXV 2ULRQ 3DYR 3HJDVXV 3HUVHXV 3KRHQL[ 3LFWRU 3LVFHV 3LVFLV$XVWULQRV 3XSSLV 0RVFD (VFXDGUD 2FWDQWH 2ILXFR 2ULyQ 3DYR 3HJDVR 3HUVHR )pQL[ 3LQWRU 3LVFLV3HFHV 3H]$XVWUDO 3RSD %U~MXOD 3\[LV 5HWLFXOXP 6DJLWWD 6DJLWWDULXV 6FRUSLXV 6FXOSWRU 6FXWXP 6HUSHQV 6H[WDQV 7DXUXV 7HOHVFRSLXP 7ULDQJXOXP - - 5HWtFXOR )OHFKD 6DJLWDULR (VFRUSLR (VFXOWRU (VFXGR 6HUSLHQWH 6H[WDQWH 7DXUR7RUR 7HOHVFRSLR 7ULiQJXOR 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 )RUQD[ *HPLQL *UXV +pUFXOHV +RURORJLXP +\GUD +\GUXV ,QGXV +RUQR *pPLQLV *HPHORV *UXOOD +pUFXOHV 5HORM +LGUD +LGUD$XVWUDO ,QGLR GEOGRAFÍA 7ULDQJXOXP$XVWUDOH 7ULiQJXOR$XVWUDO 7XFDQD 8UVD0DLRU 8UVD0LQRU 9HOD 9LUJR 9RODQV 9XOSHFXOD 7XFiQ 2VD0D\RU 2VD0HQRU 9HOD 9LUJR9LUJHQ 3H]9RODGRU =RUUD )XHQWH%LEOLRWHFDGH&RQVXOWD0LFURVRIW(QFDUWD $JXMHURV QHJURV (VDTXHOODUHJLyQGHOHVSDFLRGRQGHXQDHVWUHOOD 1RYDR6XSHUQRYDHVWDOOyOXHJRGHSDVDUSRUODHVWUHOODGHQHXWURQHV(OFRQFHS WRIXHDFXxDGRSRU-RQK:KHHOHU\GHVDUUROODGRSRU.DUO6FKZDU]VFKLOGHQ VREUHODEDVHGHODWHRUtDGHODUHODWLYLGDGGH$OEHUW(LQVWHLQ 6H FDUDFWHUL]D SRU VHU XQ FXHUSR FHOHVWH FRQ XQ FDPSR JUDYLWDWRULR WDQ IXHUWH TXHQLVLTXLHUDODUDGLDFLyQHOHFWURPDJQpWLFDSXHGHHVFDSDU GH VX SUR[LPL GDG (O FXHUSR HVWi URGHDGR SRU XQD IURQWHUD HVIpULFD OODPDGD KRUL]RQWH GH VXFHVRVDWUDYpVGHODFXDOODOX]SXHGHHQWUDUSHURQRSXHGHVDOLUSRU ORTXHSDUHFHVHUFRPSOHWDPHQWHQHJUR 0LFURVRIW&RUSRUDWLRQ5HVHUYDGRVWRGRVORVGHUHFKRV ¢&yPRVHIRUPDQORVDJXMHURVQHJURV" /RV DJXMHURV QHJURV SXHGHQ IRUPDUVH GXUDQWH HO WUDQVFXUVR GH OD HYROXFLyQ HVWHODU&XDQGRHOFRPEXVWLEOHQXFOHDUVHDJRWDHQHOQ~FOHRGHXQDHVWUHOODOD SUHVLyQ DVRFLDGD FRQ HO FDORUTXH SURGXFH\DQRHVVXILFLHQWHSDUDLPSHGLUODFRQ WUDFFLyQGHOQ~FOHRGHELGDDVXSURSLDJUDYHGDG - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 6H IRUPD WUDV HO GHUUXPEH GH XQ JLJDQWHVFD HVWUHOOD FRQ XQD PDVDFXDWURYHFHV PD\RUDODGHOVROODPDWHULDGHGLFKDHVWUHOODVHFRPSULPH \ WHUPLQD SRU VHU WDQGHQVD TXHVXIXHU]D GHJUDYLWDFLyQQRSHUPLWHHOSDVRGHODOX]VRODU 3XOVDU (VWUHOOD GH QHXWURQHV HQ URWDFLyQ TXH HPLWH SXOVDFLRQHV GH RQGDV GHUDGLRFXDQGRVXFDPSRPDJQpWLFRLQWHUDFFLRQDFRQHOFDPSR PDJQpWLFR TXHORURGHDODFDUDFWHUtVWLFDSULQFLSDOGHXQSXOVDU HV TXH VX PRYLPLHQWR GH URWDFLyQ HV PX\ UiSLGD \ HVD JUDQYHORFLGDGHVRULJLQDGDSRUVXJUDQFRQWUDF FLyQ7DPELpQVHFUHHTXHODVSXOVDFLRQHVVHGHEHQDVXFRQWUDFFLyQ\H[ SDQVLyQWDQYHOR]ORTXHJHQHUDODVRQGDVSHQVDQWHV)XHGHVFXELHUWRSRU -RFHO\Q%HOOHQ 4XiVDU$FUyQLPRGHTXDVLVWHOODUUDGLRVRXUFHIXHQWHGHUDGLRFXDVLHV WHODUFXDOTXLHUREMHWRVHPHMDQWHDODVHVWUHOODVFRQXQHVSHFWUR TXH SUHVHQWDXQIXHUWHGHVSOD]DPLHQWRHVWiDSDUHQWHPHQWHPX\OHMRV\HPLWHHQRU PHV FDQWLGDGHV GH HQHUJtD /RV FXiVDUHV SDUHFHQ HVWUHOODV JLJDQWHV /RV SULPHURVTXiVDUHVGHVFXELHUWRVDILQDOHVGHIXHURQLGHQWLILFDGRVFRPRIXHQ WHV GH XQD LQWHQVD UDGLRHPLVLyQ (O SULPHU TXDVDU HVWXGLDGR HV HO & \ VH HQFXHQWUDDPLOORQHVGHDxRVOX]GHODWLHUUD (VWUHOODGHQHXWURQHV6RQHVWUHOODVTXHSDVDURQGHHVWUHOODURMD D QRYDOXHJRVHFRPSULPHODSDUWHFHQWUDOIRUPDQGRQHXWURQHV\FXDQGRHVWUH OODORVQHXWURQHVDGTXLHUHQPD\RUPRYLPLHQWR\VH FRQYLHUWHQHQ3XOVDU 1RYD (VWUHOODV HQHQDQDV TXH DXPHQWDQ VX EULOOR SRU ODV FRQVWDQWHV H[SOR VLRQHV TXHVXIUHQVHYHQFRPR HVWUHOODVQXHYDVFRQ EULOORTXHVXSHUDODVPLO YHFHVDVXEULOORLQLFLDO/DPDWHULDOLEHUDGDIRUPDDVXDOUHGHGRUXQDQXEHGHQRPL QDGDFRPRQHEXORVDSODQWHDUtD 6~SHU1RYDV(VWUHOODVTXHDOH[SORVLRQDUVHGHVLQWHJUDQGDQGRRULJHQD ODVHVWUHOODVGHQHXWURQHV\HQRWURVDDJHURVQHJURV (QDQD%ODQFDV(VWUHOODVGHQVDV\FDOLHQWHVFXOPLQDFLyQGHXQDHVWUH OODTXHSRVHHXQDPHQRUFDQWLGDGGHPDVDHQVXHWDSDILQDO - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 6HFFLyQ 6,67(0$3/$1(7$5,262/$5 &21&(372 • • • • • • (O 6LVWHPD 3ODQHWDULR 6RODU 636 HVWi IRUPDGRSRU XQD HVWUHOOD HO 6RO RFKRSODQHWDVJLUDQGRDOUHGHGRUGHOVROHQIRUPDHOtSWLFDSODQHWDV HQDQRV \ VDWpOLWHV PLOHV GH DVWHURLGHV FRPHWDV PHWHRURV SROYR \ JDVLQWHUSODQHWDULR /DVGLPHQVLRQHVGHHVWHVLVWHPDVHHVSHFLILFDQHQWpUPLQRVGH GLVWDQFLDPHGLDGHOD7LHUUDDO6RO GHQRPLQDGDXQLGDGDVWURQyPLFD 8$8QD8$FRUUHVSRQGHDXQRVPLOORQHVGHNLOyPHWURV 'LVWDQFLDSURPHGLRHQWUHHOVRO\ODWLHUUD /DIURQWHUDHQWUHHO6LVWHPD6RODU\HOHVSDFLRLQWHUHVWHODUOODPDGD KHOLRSDXVDVHVXSRQHTXHVHHQFXHQWUDD8$DOOtHVGRQGH FXOPLQDODLQIOXHQFLDGHORVUD\RVVRODUHV +DVWDQXHVWUR636HUDHO~QLFRFRQRFLGRSRUODKXPDQLGDGDxRHQ TXHORVDVWUyQRPRVGHVFXEULHURQXQSODQHWDFRQXQDPDVDFRPSDUDEOHD ODGH-~SLWHURUELWDQGRHQWRUQRDODHVWUHOOD3HJDVL VHPHMDQWHDO6RO \ HQHQHURGHVHDQXQFLyHOGHVFXEULPLHQWRGHRWURVGRVVLVWH PDVSODQHWDULRVH[WUDVRODUHV 'HVGHTXHHQVHGHVFXEULyHOSULPHU SODQHWDIXHUDGHQXHVWUR6LVWHPD6RODUVHKDQGHWHFWDGR\DPiVGHGH HVWRVSODQHWDVOODPDGRVSODQHWDVH[WUDVRODUHV 6HFDOFXODTXH636VHIRUPyDSUR[+DFHPLOORQHVGHDxRV WHQLHQGRFRPRQ~FOHRDO6ROODPLVPDTXHVHHQFXHQWUDFRQIRUPDGR SRU+LGURJHQR+HOLR2WURV 'HEHPRVUHFRUGDUTXHODOX]GHO6ROWDUGDHQOOHJDUDODWLHUUDPLQXWRV VHJXQGRVDXQDYHORFLGDGGH.PV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 7(25Ì$662%5((/25,*(1 1(%8/$5 ,PPDQXHO.DQW\ 3LHUUH6LPyQ/DSOD FH (1&8(17526 ',1É0,&26)86, )250( &KDPEHUOLQ 0RXOWRQ -HIUH\V -HDQV '(/352723/$1(7$'( .8,3(5 *HUDUG3LHWHU .XLSHU 27726&+0,'7 5HSUHVHQWDQWHV 2WWR6FKPLGW '()(6(1 .29 7HRUtDV 9DVLOL)HVHQNRY $5*80(172 GEOGRAFÍA 6HRULJLQyDSDUWLUGHXQDQHEXORVD JD VHRVDHLQFDQGHVFHQWHHQURWDFLyQ$OFRQFHQWUDU VH OHQWDPHQWH OD PDVD FHQWUDO DGTXLULy PD\RU YHORFLGDGPLHQWUDVTXHHOUHVWRVHJXLUtDHOSURFHVR GHFRQFHQWUDFLyQVXFHVLYD3RUORTXHHOVROTXHGDUtD URGHDGR GH DQLOORV XELFDGRV HQ HO PLVPR SODQR \ JLUDQGR HQ HO PLVPR VHQWLGR )LQDOPHQWH ORV HOHPHQWRVGLVSHUVRVGHFDGDDQLOORVHFRQGHQVDUtDQ GDQGRRULJHQDORVSODQHWDV 2WUD HVWUHOOD SXGR KDEpUVHOH DFHUFDGR DO VRO SURYRFDGRXQDHQRUPHPDUHDGHPDWHULDVSURYH QLHQWHV GHO VRO FRQIRUPDGR SRU GRV HQRUPHV EUD ]RV JDVHRVRV D SDUWLU GH ODV FXDOHV VH KDEUtDQ IRUPDGR OD PDWHULD VyOLGD TXH GLR RULJHQ D ORV SODQHWDV\VDWpOLWHV<ORVJDVHVFDOLHQWHVGHVRU JDQL]DGRV SRU ODV PDUHDV VH GLVSHUVDUtDQ HQ OXJDUGHFRQGHQVDUVHSDUDIRUPDUORVSODQHWDV (O636VHKDEtDIRUPDGRHPSH]DGRFRQODFRQFHQ WUDFLyQ GH JDVHV \ SDUWtFXODV TXH KDEUtDQ RULJLQDGR HOVROURGHDGRGHXQDQHEXORVDDPDQHUDGHXQ GLVFR DFKDWDGR GH OHQWD URWDFLyQ SRU VHU IUtD HUD LQHVWDEOHHQVXLQWHULRU(QXQGHWHUPLQDGRPRPHQWR OD QHEXORVD KDEUtD FRPHQ]DGR D FRQFHQWUDVH \ D LQFUHPHQWDU VX WHPSHUDWXUD SRU HOOR KDEUtD LGR IUDJPHQWiQGRVH HQ FRQFHQWUDFLRQHV PiV SHTXHxDV OODPDGDV ³SURWRSODQHWDV´ \ D SDUWLU GH HVRV SURWR SODQHWDVVHKDEUtDIRUPDGRORVSODQHWDV\ODSDUWH PiVJUDQGHKDEUtDRULJLQDGRHOVRO 9DULRVPLOORQHVGHDxRVDWUiVHOVRODWUDMRXQD HQRUPHQXEHGHJDV\SROYR/DQXEHHPSH]yD JLUDU DOUHGHGRU GHO VRO PLHQWUDV VXV SDUWtFXODV VH PRYtDQ GHVRUGHQDGDPHQWH OXHJR IXHURQ FRQVWL WX\pQGRVH ODV QXEHV SODQHWDULDV XQDV WUDV RWUDV \ OXHJRFUHFLHURQ\VHWUDQVIRUPDURQHQFXHUSRVGXURV KDVWDIRUPDUSHTXHxRVSODQHWDV 6RVWLHQH TXH HO VRO \ ORV SODQHWDV WLHQHQ OD PLVPD HGDGSRUTXHHOVRO\ORVSODQHWDVVHIRUPDURQ HQHOPLVPRWLHPSRGHODPLVPDVXVWDQFLDSULPD ULD GH JDV \ SROYR FyVPLFR D WUDYpV GH XQ SURFHVRGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQ\FRQGHQVDFLyQ - - $&78$/(6 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA /DVWHRUtDVDFWXDOHVFRQHFWDQODIRUPDFLyQGHO636FRQODIRUPDFLyQGHOVRO RFXUULGD KDFH XQRV PLOORQHV GH DxRV /D IUDJPHQWDFLyQ \ HO FRODSVR JUDYLWDFLRQDOGHXQDQXEHLQWHUHVWHODUGHJDV\SROYRSURYRFDGDTXL]i SRUODVH[SORVLRQHVGHXQDVXSHUQRYDFHUFDQDSXHGHKDEHUFRQGXFLGRD OD IRUPDFLyQ GH XQD QHEXORVD VRODU SULPRUGLDO $ JUDQGHV GLVWDQFLDV GHO FHQWURGHODQHEXORVDVRODUORVJDVHVVHFRQGHQVDQHQVyOLGRVFRPRORV TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQKR\HQODSDUWHH[WHUQDGH-~SLWHU (VWDDVRFLDFLyQGHODIRUPDFLyQGHSODQHWDVFRQODIRUPDFLyQGHHVWUH OODVVXJLHUHTXHPLOHVGHPLOORQHVGHRWUDVHVWUHOODVGHQXHVWUDJDOD[LDWDP ELpQSXHGHQWHQHUSODQHWDV/DDEXQGDQFLDGHHVWUOODVP~OWLSOHV\ELQD ULDVDVtFRPRGHJUDQGHVVLVWHPDVGHVDWpOWHVDOUHGHGRUGH-~SLWHU\ VDWXUQRDWHVWLJXDQODWHQGHQFLDGHOFRODSVRGHODQXEHGHJDVIUDJPHQWiQGR VHHQVLVWHPDVGHFXHUSRVP~OWLSOHV (6758&785$ 3ODQHWDV (QJULHJRVLJQLILFD³HUUDQWHYDJDEXQGR´ 6RQDVWURVRSDFRV TXH JLUDQ DOUHGHGRU GHO VRO VLJXLHQGR XQD WUD\HFWRULD HOtSWLFD (Q OD DFWXDOLGDG VH FRQRFHQRFKRSODQHWDVSULQFLSDOHV1RUPDOPHQWHVH GLYLGHQ HQ GRV JUXSRV 3ODQH WDV LQWHULRUHV \ SODQHWDV H[WHULRUHVSRUODSUHVHQFLDGHOFLQWXUyQGHDVWHURLGHVTXH VHHQFXHQWUDQHQWUHODVRUELWDVGH0DUWH\-~SLWHU ,17(5,25(6 6HFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUVHUSHTXH xRV\WHQHUXQDFRPSRVLFLyQ VREUHWRGRGHURFD\KLHUUR (QWUHHOORVVHHQFXHQWUDQ0HU FXULR9HQXV7LHUUD\0DUWH - - (;7(5,25(6 6HFDUDFWHUL]DQH[FHSWR3OXWyQ SRUVHUPD\RUHV\JDVHRVRV VHFRPSRQHQSULQFLSDOPHQWHGH KLGUyJHQRKLHOR\KHOLR(QWUH HOORVVHHQFXHQWUDQ-~SLWHU 6DWXUQR8UDQR\1HSWXQR 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 0iVJUDQGH 0iVSHUIHFWR 0DVGHQVR 0iVVDWpOLWHV 0DVDOHMDGR -~SLWHU 7LHUUD 7LHUUD 6DWXUQR 1HSWXQR GEOGRAFÍA 3/$1(7$6 0iVSHTXHxR 0HUFXULR 0iVDFKDWDGR 6DWXUQR 0iVOLYLDQR 6DWXUQR 0HQRVVDWpOLWHV7LHUUD 0iVFHUFD 0HUFXULR D %UHYHGHVFULSFLyQ 3/$ 029, 1(7$6 0,(1726 &$5$&7(5,67,&$6 • • 0(5&85,2 • 5 • GW 7 GtDV • WHUUHVWUHV 'HVGHODWLHUUDVHOHYHPX\RVFXURGHELGRDO GHVOXPEUDPLHQWRSURGXFLGRSRUHO6RO &DUHFHGHDWPyVIHUDFRPSXHVWRIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHSR KLHUUR 6XSHUILFLHPDUFDGDSRULPSDFWRVGHDVWHURLGHV&UiWHUHVSRUOR TXHVXVXSHUILFLHVHDVHPHMDDOD/XQD 3RUVXFHUFDQtDDO6ROUHFLEHYHFHVPDVHQHUJtDTXHODWLHUUD ORTXHGHWHUPLQDODGLIHUHQFLDGH7HPSHUDWXUDGH'tD\GH 1RFKH&3UHVHQWDQGRODPD\RUDPSOLWXGWpUPLFD (VHOHQLQFOLQDFLyQGHVXRUELWDUHVSHFWRDOSODQRGHODHFOtSWL FDHQFXDQWRDODLQFOLQDFLyQGHVXHMHHVHOTXHWLHQHPHQRU LQFOLQDFLyQ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • • 9(186 • 5 • GW 7 • • GW UHWURJUDGR 0$57( 7,(55$ • 3ODQHWDTXHWLHQHPiVEULOOROXFHURGHODOEDROXFHURYHV SHUWLQR 'HVSXpVGHO6RO\ODOXQDHVHODVWURGHPD\RUEULOORHQHOVLVWH PD 6XPD\RUPRQWDxDHV0D[ZHOO0RQVFRQPWVGH DOWXUD (VHOSODQHWDHQHOTXHVXGtDGXUDPiVTXHVXDxRGHELGRD HOOR QRSRVHHFDPSRPDJQpWLFR (V UHWURJUDGR VL HVWXYLpUDPRV HQ 9HQXV YHUtDPRV DSDUHFHU HO 6ROSRUHORHVWH 1RWLHQHVDWpOLWHV 3UHVHQWD OD PD\RU WHPSHUDWXUD & GH GtD \ QRFKH UHVSHFWRDORVGHPiVSODQHWDVGHELGR DTXHVXDWPyVIHUD HVWDFRPSXHVWDSRUGLy[LGRGHFDUERQRORTXH SURGXFHHOHIHFWRLQYHUQDGHUR )XH HO SULPHUR HQ UHFLELU XQ YHKtFXOR HVSDFLDO QR WULSXODGR (O 9HQHUD\LQGLFDQTXHWLHQHJUDQDFWLYLGDGYROFiQLFD\ JUDQ FDQWLGDGGHFDGHQDVPRQWDxRVDV • (VHOPiVJUDQGHGHORVSODQHWDVLQWHULRUHV &RORUD]XOFRQSDUWHVEODQFDVSRUODVPDVDVQXERVDV (VHOPiVGHQVRFP 3UHVHQWDPHQRUDPSOLWXGWpUPLFD $WPyVIHUDULFDHQR[tJHQRWHPSHUDWXUDVPRGHUDGDVFRQ DEXQGDQWHDJXD\XQDFRPSRVLFLyQTXtPLFDYDULDGD ÒQLFRSODQHWDFRQRFLGRTXHDOEHUJDYLGD &RPSXHVWRSRUURFDV\PHWDOHVVyOLGRVHQHOH[WHULRUSHURIXQ GLGRVHQHOQ~FOHR 7LHQH~QLFRVDWpOLWHGHQRPLQDGR/XQD • • • • 3UHVHQWDXQUHOLHYHSDUHFLGRDODWLHUUD (QVXUHOLHYHHVWDODPRQWDxDPiVDOWDGHOVLVWHPDHO 2O\PSXVFX\DDOWXUDHVWUHVYHFHVODGHO(YHUHVW $WPyVIHUDFRPSXHVWRSRU&2\SHTXHxDVFDQWLGDGHVGH • • 5 • KRUDV¶\ • • 7 GtDV • KRUDV¶ • \ 5 KRUDV¶\ 7 GtDV WHUUHVWUHV GEOGRAFÍA • • • • 12\YDSRUGH+23ODQHWDVHFR\IUtRFRQFDSDVSRODUHVGH&2 %ULOODFRQOX]URML]D6XVXSHUILFLHHVDFFLGHQWDGD 3RVHHGRVVDWpOLWHV)2%26PLHGRGH.P(OPiVGH GLiPHWURVLHQGRHOPiVJUDQGH\'(,026WHUURUGH.P GHGLiPHWURHOPiVOHMDQR/DVXSHUILFLHGHDPERVHVPX\RVFXUD • 7HPSHUDWXUDVYDULDQWHVGHKDVWDFHQWUHHOGtD\OD QR FKH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 -Ó3,7(5 • 5 +RUDVWH UUHVWUHV 7 DxRVWHUUHV WUHV • • • • • • • 6$78512 • 5 ¶\ WHUUHVWUHV 7 DW • • • • • • GEOGRAFÍA (VHOPiVJUDQGHGHORVSODQHWDVFRQXQYROXPHQGHYH FHVHOGHOD7LHUUD 6XPDVDHVYHFHVPiVTXHWRGRVORVSODQHWDVGHO6LV WHPD6RODU6HSXHGHGHFLUTXHHO6RO\-~SLWHUWLHQHHO GHODPDVDGHOVLVWHPDVRODU 6XDWPyVIHUDGH+\+HFRQWLHQHQXEHVGHFRORUSDVWHO\VXLQ PHQVDPDJQHWRVIHUDDQLOORV\VDWpOLWHVORFRQYLHUWHQHQXQ VLVWHPDSODQHWDULRHQVtPLVPR (OSODQHWDSUHVHQWDFXDWURPD\RUHVVDWpOLWHVFRQRFLGRV(X URSDËR&DOLVWR\*DQLPHGHV3RVHHPiVGHVDWpOLWHV (OSULPHUYHKtFXORODQ]DGRD-~SLWHUIXHHO3LRQHHU;\OXHJROH VLJXLHURQHO9R\DJHU,\,, 6XFRORUHVHOJULVQDFDUDGR 5HJLVWUDXQDWHPSHUDWXUDGH& 6HJXQGRSODQHWDPiVJUDQGH\VHGLVWLQJXHSRUVXV HQRUPHVVHLVDQLOORVFULVWDOLQRVGHURFD\PD\RUQ~PHURGHVDWp OLWHV 7LHQHODGHQVLGDGPHQRUTXHHODJXDORTXHHTXLYDOHD GHFLUTXHSXHGHIORWDUHQHODJXD (VHOSODQHWDPDVGHIRUPH 3UHVHQWDHO6LVWHPDGHDQLOORVPiVQtWLGRVORVFXDOHVHVWiQFRQ IRUPDGRVSRUIUDJPHQWRVGHSDUWtFXODVURFRVDV\KLHOR /RVDQLOORVVRQHQWRWDO$%&'()* 3UHVHQWDDOJRGHVDWpOLWHVGHORVFXDOHV7LWiQHVHOPiVJUDQ GH\HOSULPHURHQVHUGHVFXELHUWRHQ 5HJLVWUDXQDWHPSHUDWXUDGH& - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • 85$12 • 5 • KRUDV • 7 DxRVWHUUHV • WUHV 1(37812 • • • 5 KRUDV7H UUHVWUHV • • • • 7 DW • • GEOGRAFÍA (VHOWHUFHUSODQHWDPiVJUDQGHFRORUD]XOYHUGRVRGHELGRDOD SUHVHQFLDGHOJDVPHWDQR 3UHVHQWDXQVLVWHPDWHQXHGHDQLOORVGHVFXELHUWRVHQHO WRWDOHVGH )XHHOSULPHURHQGHVFXEULUVHSRUWHOHVFRSLRSRU:LOOLDP +HUVFKHOHQ 3UHVHQWDXQHMHGHURWDFLyQPX\LQFOLQDGRORTXHOHKDFHJLUDU GHFRVWDGRIRUPDXQiQJXORGHFRQHOSODQRGHVXyUELWD 3RVHHYDULRVVDWpOLWHVGRQGH7LWDQLDHVHOGHPD\RU GLPHQVLyQ 3UHVHQWHHQVXDWPyVIHUDIUtD\FODUD\HVWDFXELHUWDGH KLHOR 7LHQHXQPRYLPLHQWRUHWUyJUDGRDOLJXDOTXH9HQXV 5HJLVWUDXQDWHPSHUDWXUDGH& /DQRFKH\HOGtDGXUDQDxRVWHUUHVWUHVFDGDXQR (VHOFXDUWRSODQHWDPiVJUDQGH 'HVFXELHUWRSRU-RKDQ*DOOHHQ 3UHVHQWDXQFRORUURMRPXHVWUDODOX]GHO6ROGLVSHUVDSRUXQD FDSDGHQHEOLQDDOUHGHGRUGHOSODQHWDVXFRQVLVWHQFLDHVJDVHR VD ([LVWHODSUHVHQFLDGHD]XOYHUGRVRTXHLQGLFDHOPHWDQR\GH PDQFKDVEODQFDVTXHVRQQXEHVHQODSDUWHDOWDGHVXDWPyVIH UD 5HJLVWUDXQDWHPSHUDWXUDGH& 'HVXVVDWpOLWHV7ULWyQHVHOPD\RU\1HUHLGDHOPDVSH TXHxR E3ODQHWDV(QDQRV(VHOWpUPLQRFUHDGRSRUOD8QLyQ$VWURQyPLFD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO 8$, SDUD GHILQLU D XQD QXHYD FODVH GH FXHUSRV FHOHVWHV GLIHUHQWH GH ODGHSODQHWD\ GHOD GH FXHUSRPHQRU GHO6LVWHPD 6RODU )XH LQWURGXFLGD HQ OD UHVROXFLyQ GH OD 8$, GH GHDJRVWR GH VREUH OD GHILQL FLyQ GH SODQHWD SDUD ORV FXHUSRV GHO 6LVWHPD 6RODU 8Q SODQHWD HQDQR HV DTXHO FXHUSRFHOHVWHTXH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • • • GEOGRAFÍA (VWiHQyUELWDDOUHGHGRUGHO6RO 7LHQH VXILFLHQWH PDVD SDUD TXH VX SURSLD JUDYHGDG KD\DVXSHUDGR ODIXHU]DGHFXHUSRUtJLGRGH PDQHUDTXHDGTXLHUDXQHTXLOLEULRKLGURVWi WLFRIRUPDFDVLHVIpULFD 1RHVXQVDWpOLWHGHXQSODQHWDXRWURFXHUSRQRHVWHODU 1RKDOLPSLDGRODYHFLQGDGGHVXyUELWD 6HJ~Q HVWDV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV OD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH ORV SODQHWDV FOiVLFRV\ORVSODQH WDVHQDQRVHVTXHHVWRV~OWLPRVQRKDQOLPSLDGRODYHFLQGDGGH VX yUELWD HVWDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVXJLHUHXQRULJHQGLVWLQWRSDUDORVGRVWLSRVGHSODQHWD/D8$, KDLGHQWLILFDGRRILFLDOPHQWHWUHVFXHUSRVFHOHVWHVTXHUHFLELHURQLQPHGLDWDPHQWHOD FODVLILFDFLyQGHSODQHWDVHQDQRV 3OXWyQ&HUHV\(ULV 1RPEUH 1~PHURGHO03& 5HJLyQGHO 6LVWHPD6RODU 3/$1(7$6(1$126 &HUHV &LQWXUyQGH DVWHURLGHV 3OXWyQ &LQWXUyQGH .XLSHU (ULV 'LVFRGLV SHUVR (O6RO(O6ROHVXQDHVWUHOODGHHGDGPHGLDTXHEULOODFRQOX]DPDULOOH UDQWDVHHQFXHQWUDHQODSHULIHULDHQXQEUD]RHVSLUDOTXHGLVWDGHOFHQWURXQRV DxRVOX]GHOD9tD/iFWHD (O6ROHVODHVWUHOODTXHSRUHOHIHFWRJUDYLWDFLRQDOGHVXPDVDGRPLQDHO VLVWHPD SODQHWDULR TXH LQFOX\H D OD 7LHUUD 0HGLDQWH OD UDGLDFLyQ GH VX HQHUJtDHOHFWURPDJQpWLFDDSRUWDGLUHFWDRLQGLUHFWDPHQWHWRGDODHQHUJtD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 D(VWUXFWXUD 3$57(6 &$5$&7(5,67,&$6 =RQDLQWHUQDIRUPDGDSRUKLGURJHQR\KHOLR 6XGLiPHWURVHFDOFXODHQDOJRPiVGHPLONP =RQDGRQGHVHSURGXFHODIXVLyQWHUPRQXFOHDU 5HJLVWUD XQD WHPSHUDWXUD GH PLOORQHV GH JUDGRV FHQWtJUDGRV \ VHHQFXHQWUDHQHVWDGROtTXLGR • (VHOFHQWURJHQHUDGRUGHODHQHUJtDVRODUHQHOQ~FOHRVHJHQHUD ODHQHUJtDHPLWLGDSRUHO6RO(QHOQ~FOHRHOKLGURJHQRVH FRQYLHUWHHQKHOLRSRUIXVLyQQXFOHDUSURFHVRHQHOTXHVHOL EHUDHQHUJtDODFXDOOOHJDDODIRWRVIHUD\DEDQGRQDHOVROHQ IRUPDGHOX]\FDORUOOHJDQGRDODWLHUUDXQDSHTXHxDIUDFFLyQ TXHDOFDQ]D\VREUDSDUDVRVWHQHUODYLGDHQQXHVWURSODQHWD • • • • 1Ó&/(2 GEOGRAFÍA - - &2521$ &52026)(5$ )2726)(5$ 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA • /D]RQDGHUDGLDFLyQHQYXHOYHDOQ~FOHRHVWD]RQDHVXQD FDSDHVIpULFDGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLO.PGHHVSHVRUFX\D SUHVLyQ \ GHQVLGDG EDMDQ XQLIRUPHPHQWH SHUR OD WHPSHUDWXUD VH PDQWLHQHHQPLOORQHVGHJUDGRVFHQWtJUDGRV • /D ]RQD GH FRQYHFFLyQ HV OD PiV DFWLYD \ OD PiV FRPSOHMD WLHQH XQRV PLO .P OD WHPSHUDWXUD EDMD DEUXSWDPHQWH /D VXSHUILFLH GHOVROHQ HOHVSHFWURYLVLEOHVHOODPDIRWRVIHUD\SUHVHQWD GLYHUVDVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHVGHODDFWLYLGDGVRODUFRPRSUR WXEHUDQFLDVHVSHFXODVDUFRVPDJQpWLFRVIiFXODV\PDQFKDV VRODUHV(VWDDFWLYLGDGDOFDQ]DVXSLFRFDGDDxRVGXUDFLyQGHO FLFORVRODUFX\RPHFDQLVPRDXQQRVHFRQRFHELHQ6XWHPSHUDWXUD HVGHJF • 6LJQLILFDHVIHUDGHOX] • &DSDH[WHUQDGHO6ROIRUPDGDSRUJDVHVLRQL]DGRVTXHHPLWHQOX] HQHVWDGRLQFDQGHVFHQWHGHXQRV.PGHHVSHVRU • 'HVGHpVWDFDSDVHLUUDGLDODWRWDOLGDGGHOX]\FDORUDOHVSDFLR • 5HJLVWUDXQDWHPSHUDWXUDGHXQRV& • $SDUHFHQODVPDQFKDVRVFXUDV\ODVIiFXODV • 6LJQLILFDHVIHUDGHFRORU • =RQDVXSHULRUGHODHQYROWXUDJDVHRVDGHO6ROGHFRORUURMR\ FRQVWLWXLGRSULQFLSDOPHQWHSRUKLGUyJHQRLQIODPDGR • 6yORSXHGHVHUYLVWDHQODWRWDOLGDGGHXQHFOLSVHGH6RO • (VWDIRUPDGDSRUJDVHVHQUDUHFLGRV\HQHOODH[LVWHQIRUWtVL PRVFDPSRVPDJQpWLFRV6XWHPSHUDWXUDHVGH& • $TXtVHSURGXFHQODVIXOJXUDFLRQHV\ODVSURWXEHUDQFLDV • &DSDGHJUDQH[WHQVLyQWHPSHUDWXUDVDOWDV\GHEDMtVLPDGHQVLGDG • (VWi IRUPDGD SRU JDVHV HQUDUHFLGRV \ JLJDQWHVFRV FDPSRVPDJQpWLFRVTXHYDUtDQVXIRUPDGHKRUDHQKRUD • (VXQDHVSHFLHGHDQLOORVyORYLVLEOHHQHFOLSVHVWRWDOGHOVRO HVWiIRUPDGRSRUYDSRUHVGHWHPSHUDWXUDVGHPLOORQHVGH& F 0RYLPLHQWRV 5RWDFLyQ(QWRUQRDVXHMHORUHDOL]DHQXQWLHPSRSURPHGLRGHDGtDVSHUR QRUHDOL]DHOPRYLPLHQWRFRPRXQFXHUSRVyOLGR\DTXHSUHVHQWD HVWDGRV OtTXLGR \ JDVHRVR (VWH PRYLPLHQWR URWDFLRQDOGLIHUHQFLDOIXHGHVFXELHUWRSRU5LFKDUG &DUULQJWRQHQ(QHO(FXDGRUGHPRUDGtDV\HQORVSRORVKDVWD GtDVDXQDYHORFLGDGGHNPVHJ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 7UDVODFLyQ (Q WRUQR D OD YtD OiFWHD HPSOHD XQ WLHPSR SURPHGLR GHPLOORQHV GHDxRVDxRFyVPLFR(QHOODSUHVHQWDXQDPHQRUGLVWDQFLDDOFHQWURGHOD YtDOiFWHDSHULJDOiFWLFR\XQDPD\RUGLVWDQFLDDSRJDOiFWLFR(QVXGHVSOD ]DPLHQWRVHGLULJHKDFLDODFRQVWHODFLyQGH+pUFXOHVGRQGHVHXELFDODHVWUHOOD 9HJD G 9LHQWR VRODU )XH GHQRPLQDGR DVt SRU HO ItVLFR 1RUWHDPHULFDQR(XJHQH 3DUNHU HQ 6H UHIHUtD D OD QXEH GH SURWRQHV TXH PDQD KDFLD IXHUD (VWRV SURWRQHV VDOHQ GHVSUHQGLGRV HQ GLUHFFLyQ D OD WLHUUD ERUGHDQGR VX FDPSR PDJQpWLFRXQDSDUWHGHHOODLQJUHVDDODDWPyVIHUDVXSHULRUGDQGROXJDUDODVDXUR UDVERUHDOHV 'H LJXDO IRUPD HVWRV YLHQWRV VRQ UHVSRQVDEOHV GH ODV FRODV GH ORV FRPHWDV SXHVORTXHKDFHHVEDUUHUKDFLDIXHUDODQXEHGHSROYR\JDVTXHURGHDDOFRPH WDFXDQGRSDVDFHUFDDO6RO 8QDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDPX\SHFXOLDUTXHSUHVHQWDHVHOOODPDGRFLFORVRODUTXH RFXUUHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHFDGDDxRVGRQGHRFXUUHQYDULDFLRQHVLPSRUWDQWHV HQVXHVWUXFWXUD\FRPSRVLFLyQ H 'DWRV • 'HQVLGDG PiVTXHHODJXD • 'LkPHWURHFXDWRULDO .P • 'LkPHWUR .P • 'LVWDQFLDPHGLD7LHUUD NP • (GDGDSUR[LPDGD PLOORQHVGHDxRV • *UDYHGDG YHFHVGHODWLHUUD • 0DJQLWXGDEVROXWD • 0DJQLWXGDSDUHQWH • 0DVD 7LHUUD • 3HUtRGRURW(FXDWRULDO GtDVWHUUHVWUHV • 3HUtRGRURW3RODU GtDVWHUUHVWUHV • 3HUtRGRURW*DOiFWLFD PLOORQHVGHDxRV • 7LSRHVSHFWUDO *9 • 9ROXPHQ YHFHVGHODWLHUUD • 7HPSHUDWXUD )RWRVIHUD&\ 1~FOHR& • &RPSRVLFLyQTXtPLFD +LGUyJHQR +HOLR2WURV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA (Q HO LQWHULRUVH FDOFXOD TXH UHJLVWUD PLOORQHV GHJUDGRVFHQWtJUDGRV6X DOWDWHPSHUDWXUDVHGHEHDXQFXHUSRJDVHRVROODPDGR3/$60$ODPLVPD TXHHVJHQHUDGRSRUODIXVLyQWHUPRQXFOHDUIXVLyQQXFOHDURUHDFFLRQHV WHUPRQXFOHDUHVSRUHOFXDOiWRPRVGHKLGUyJHQRVHIXVLRQDQWUDQVIRUPiQGRVH HQXQQ~FOHRGHKHOLR&DGDVHJXQGRHO6ROSLHUGHPHGLRPLOOyQGHWRQHODGDV GH PDVD SDUD SURGXFLU HQHUJtD SHUR SRGUi PDQWHQHU HOQLYHODFWXDOGHSURGXF FLyQGXUDQWHXQRVPLOORQHVGHDxRVPiV &XDQGR VH JDVWH HO KLGURJHQR HO 6RO VH FRQYHUWLUi HQ XQD JLJDQWHURMDDOJRPiV IUtDTXHKR\SHURYHFHVPiVEULOODQWHDFDXVDGHVXHQRUPHWDPDxRGXUDQWH VyORPLOORQHVGHDxRV'HVSXpVGHODHWDSDGHJLJDQWHURMDVHHQFRJHUi KDVWDVHUXQDHQDQDEODQFDDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHGHOWDPDxRGHOD7LHUUD\VH HQIULDUiSRFRDSRFRGXUDQWHYDULRVPLOORQHVGHDxRV D ,PSRUWDQFLD $XPHQWDODWHPSHUDWXUDDWPRVIpULFD2ULJLQDODVFRUULHQWHVGHORVYLHQWRV\ODV FRUULHQWHVGHDLUH *HQHUDHOFLFORKLGURELROyJLFRGHODJXD\WRGRORV IHQyPHQRV PHWHRUROyJLFRV 'HWHUPLQD OD H[LVWHQFLD GH OD DWPyVIHUD 3HUPLWH OD H[LVWHQFLDGHWRGRVHUYLYR 6DWpOLWHV 6RQ FXHUSRV GH PHQRU WDPDxR JLUDQGR DOUHGHGRU GH ORVSODQH WDV6XVLJQLILFDGRHWLPROyJLFRHV³DFRPSDxDQWH´ SRVLEOHPHQWHpVWRVQROOHJDURQD LQWHJUDUVHDOSODQHWDRIXHURQGHVSUHQGLGRVSRUHOPRYLPLHQWR GH URWDFLyQ 6H FRQVLGHUD WDPELpQ FRPR REMHWRVHFXQGDULR TXH JUDYLWD HQ XQD yUELWD FH UUDGD DOUHGHGRU GH XQSODQHWD3UREDEOHPHQWHIXHURQFDSWXUDGRVSRUORV FDPSRVJUDYLWDWRULRVGH ORV SODQHWDVDOJ~QWLHPSRGHVSXpVGHODIRUPDFLyQGHO 6LVWHPD6RODU0XFKRVDVWUyQRPRVFUHHQTXH3OXWyQTXHVHPXHYH HQ XQD yUELWD LQGHSHQGLHQWH DOUHGHGRU GHO 6RO SXGR KDEHUVH RULJLQDGR FRPR VDWpOLWH GH 1HSWXQRUHFLHQWHPHQWHVHKDGHVFXELHUWRTXHHOPLVPR3OXWyQWLHQHXQVDWpOLWH (OPDVJUDQGHHV*DQtPHGHVHQRUELWDDOUHGHGRUGH-~SLWHUPLGH NP GHGLiPHWUR(OPiVFHUFDQR D VX SODQHWDHV )RERV TXH GLVWDNP0DUWH(O PDVDOHMDGRGHHOORVHV &DQRSH TXHRUELWD-~SLWHU DXQDGLVWDQFLDPHGLDGH NP1HUHLGDWLHQHODRUELWDPDVDODUJDGD(Q,R VDWpOLWHGH -~SLWHU KD\ QXPHURVRV YROFDQHV 0LUDQGD VDWpOLWH GH 8UDQR HV HO TXH PXHVWUD XQUHOLHYHPDVDFFLGHQWDGR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA $VWHURLGHV6RQ SHTXHxRV FXHUSRV URFRVRV TXH JLUDQ DOUHGHGRU GHO 6RO VREUHWRGRHQWUHODVyUELWDV GH0DUWH\-~SLWHU HQ XQD IUDQMD TXH VH FRQRFH FRPRHO&LQWXUyQGH$VWHURLGHV 3RVHHQXQPRYLPLHQWRGHURWDFLyQGHD KRUDV(VWRV VRQ GH GLIHUHQWHV WDPDxRVGHVGH&HUHV FRQ XQ GLiPHWUR GH NPKDVWDJUDQRVPLFURVFySLFRV (O PiV JUDQGH HV &HUHV FRQ XQ GLiPHWUR NP 3DODV \ 9HVWD FRQ NP,FDUR 8QRGHORVPD\RUHVDVWHURLGHVLQWHULRUHVHV (URV GHIRUPDDODUJDGD FRQXQDORQJLWXGGHXQRVNP $OJXQRV GH ORV DVWHURLGHV TXH FUX]DQ OD yUELWD GH OD 7LHUUD SXHGHQVHUUHVWRVURFRVRVGHFRPHWDVH[WLQJXLGRV 6H FUHH TXH XQ LQPHQVR DVWHURLGH FKRFy FRQWUD OD 7LHUUD KDFH PLOORQHV GH DxRV SURGXFLHQGR JUDQGHV LQFHQGLRVFX\RKXPRWDSyODOX]GHO6ROORTXHSURYRFyOD DQXODFLyQ GHO SURFHVR GH IRWRVtQWHVLV \ SRU HQGH OD PXHUWH GH PXFKDV SODQWDV \ GH ORV GLQRVDXULRV TXH VH DOLPHQWDEDQGHHOODV D 8ELFDFLyQ6HSXHGHVXEGLYLGLUVHJ~QVXSRVLFLyQRUELWDOHQ • • • &LQWXUyQSULQFLSDO(QWUH0DUWH\-~SLWHU 3HTXHxRVSODQHWDV7UR\DQRV o *UXSR$TXLOHV o *UXSR3HWURFOR *UXSR$SROR\$PRUHUUDQWHV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 E ,PSRUWDQWHVSODQHWRLGHV $VWHURLGH 1 $VWUDHD $WKDPDQWLV %DPEHUJD %HOORQD &HUHV (XQRPLD (XWHUSH )ORUD +HEH +\JLHD ,ULV -XQR 0DVVDOLD 0HOSRPHQH 0HWLV 1DXVLND 1\VD 3DODV 9HVWD )HFKDGHORFDOL]DFLyQ GHPD\R GH GHQRYLHPEUHGH GHRFWXEUH GH GHIHEUHURGH GHVHSWLHPEUH GH GHMXOLR GH GHPDU]R GH GHDJRVWRGH GHQRYLHPEUHGH GHPD\R GH GHIHEUHURGH GHQRYLHPEUHGH GHMXQLRGH GHVHSWLHPEUH GH GHIHEUHUR GH GHRFWXEUHGH GHDEULOGH GHPD\R GH GHPDU]R GH GEOGRAFÍA F 'DWRVVREUHORVSODQHWRLGHV &HUHV 3ULPHURHQVHUGHVFXELHUWR\HOPDVJUDQGHGH WRGRV 9HVWD%ULOODQWH ÒQLFRYLVLEOHGHVGHODWLHUUDSRUVHUHOPiV EULOODQWH 3RVHHODRUELWDPiVSHTXHxD $WpQ $SROR\DPRU 6RQORVPHURGHDGRUHVGHODWLHUUD ,&$52 (OPiVFHUFDQRDOVRO +HUPHV 3DVyFHUFDGHODWLHUUDHQ 0HOSyPHQH 3RVHHXQVDWpOLWHSURSLR 4XLUyQ *UDYLWDHQWUHODVRUELWDVGH6DWXUQR\8UDQR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 &RPHWDV 6RQ FXHUSRV FHOHVWHV GH URFD KLHOR \ SROYR TXH SDUHFHQ WHQHU XQD ODUJD FROD 6RQ ORV PiV DOHMDGRV GHO 6RO VXV yUELWDVVRQPX\H[FpQWULFDVSRUORTXHSDVDQ SRFR WLHPSR FHUFD GHO 6RO H[WHQGLpQGRVH KDVWD8$RPiV $ PHGLGD TXH ORV FRPHWDV VH DSUR[LPDQ DO 6RO OLEHUDQ VX SROYR \ JDVHV IRUPDQGR XQD FDEHOOHUD \ XQD FROD HVSHFWDFXODUHV /RV FRPH WDVVHHQFXHQWUDQ HQWRUQRDO6ROHQGRVJUDQGHV JUXSRV (Q HO FLQWXUyQGH.XLSHU (VWD VLWXDGR PiV DOOi GH OD yUELWD GH 1HSWXQR FRQ XQRV PLO PLOORQHV GH FRPHWDV OD PD\RUtD FRQ SHULRGRV LQIHULRUHV D DxRV (Q VH LGHQWLILFy GHQWUR GHO FLQWXUyQ GH .XLSHU XQ FXHUSR FHOHVWH EDXWL]D GR SURYLVLRQDOPHQWH FRPR ³4XDRDU´ GH XQRV NPGHGLiPHWURHOPiVJUDQGHKDOODGR RUELWDQGR HO 6RO GHVGH TXH VH GHVFXEULy 3OXWyQHQ GEOGRAFÍA (Q OD QXEH GH2RUW (V HQ WHRUtD XQD FDSD HVIpULFD GH FRPHWDVVLWXDGDKDFLD OD PLWDG GH OD GLVWDQ FLD HQWUH HO 6RO \ OD KHOLRSDXVD D 3DUWHV • 1~FOHR 3DUWHFHQWUDOEULOODQWHIRUPDGRSRUKLHORSROYR\URFD • &DEHOOHUD *DVHVFRQJHODGRV • &ROD 3URORQJDFLyQGHODFDEHOOHUD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA E3ULQFLSDOHVFRPHWDV • +DOOH\ 3DVySRU~OWLPDHQUHDSDUHFHUiFDGDDxRV • 'RQDWWL 5HWRUQDUiHQ • .RKXWHK 5HDSDUHFHUiHQDxRV • .H\D6HNL 5HWRUQDUiHQHODxRGHO • %HQQHWW &RPHWDPiVJUDQGHSDVyHQ • +D\DNXWDNL 3DVyHQPDU]RGH • 'D\OLJWK (OPiVEULOODQWHGHOVLJOR;;SDVRHQ F &ODVLILFDFLyQ 6XHOHQFODVLILFDUVHVHJ~QVXVSHULRGRVRUELWDOHV • 3HULRGR FRUWR $SDUHFHQ GH D DxRV 7HPSHOO )RUEHV'DQLHO &ROPHV'HELGRDTXHVHDSUR[LPDQFRQPD\RUIUHFXHQFLDDO6RO VHUiQORVSULPHURVHQH[WLQJXLUVH • 3HULRGR,QWHUPHGLR6HDSUR[LPDQHQWUHDDxRVHOHMHPSOR WtSLFRGHOFRPHWD+DOOH\SDVDFDGDDxRVSDVDUDHQHO • 3HULRGRODUJR WLHQHQRUELWDVPX\ODUJDVTXHORVOOHYDDPDVGH 8$ GHO VRO FRPR PDUNRV FRQXQSHULRGRGH PDV GHDxRV 0HWHRURV6RQFXHUSRVVyOLGRVSpWUHRVRPHWiOLFDTXHDOHQWUDUHQFRQWDFWR FRQ OD DWPyVIHUD GH OD WLHUUD VH YXHOYHQ LQFDGHFHQWHV SRU ODIULFFLyQ FRQ HO DLUH \ SRU OD YHORFLGDG FRQ OD TXH VH GHVSOD]DQ /RV PiV SHTXHxRV VH GHVWUX\HQ DO HQWUDU HQ FRQWDFWR FRQ OD DWPyVIHUDGH QXHVWUR SODQHWDVHOHV FRQRFHFRQ HO QRPEUH GH ³HVWUHOODVIXJDFHV´\ORVPiVJUDQGHVUHFLEHQFRQHOQRPEUHGHEyOL GRV (QVXPD\RUtDQRORJUDQOOHJDUDOVXHORVyORORVPiVJUDQGHV$OJXQRVGH HOORV VH GHVLQWHJUDQ HQ WUR]RV PiV SHTXHxRV TXH FDHQ D OD 7LHUUD VH OHV OODPD PHWHRULWRV D &ODVLILFDFLyQ $HUROLWRV3pWUHRV &RQGULWRV $FRQGULWRV &RPSXHVWRVSRUURFDSXUD\VLOLFDWRV &yQGUXORV'LPLQXWRVHVIpULFRV 1RFRQWLHQHQ&RQGUXORV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6LGHULWR &RPSXHVWRVSRU+LHUUR\1tTXHO 2FWDHGULWURV +H[DHGULWRV $WD[LWDV 6LGHUDOLWR &RPSXHVWRVSRUKLHUURQLTXHOVLOLFDWRV\URFD 3ULQFLSDOHVPHWHRULWRVTXHFROLVLRQDURQHQ7LHUUD /8*$5 +RED:HVW 6( $IULFD $KQLJKLWR*URHOQDGLD &KLQJR&KLQD %DFXELULWR0p[LFR $UPDQW\0RQJROLD 0$6$ 7 7 7 7 7 - - $f2 " " GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6HFFLyQ /$7,(55$ GEOGRAFÍA &21&(372 (VHOWHUFHUSODQHWDGHVGHHO6RO\TXLQWRHQFXDQWRDWDPDxRSUHVHQWDXQGLVWDQ FLD PHGLD GH OD 7LHUUD DO 6RO HV GH NP 4XH HTXLYDOH D XQD 8$ PLOORQHVGH.P ',0(16,21(6 &LUF(FXDWRULDO .P &LUF3RODU .P 'LkPHWURHFXDWRULDO NP 'LkPHWURSRODU NP 'LVWDQFLD7LHUUD/XQD.P *UDYHGDG PV ,QFOLQDFLyQ C¶¶ 6XS7LHUUD 0DVD [.J (GDG PLOORQHVGHDxRV 3XQWRPiVDOWR (YHUHVWPVQP 3XQWRPiVEDMR 0DU0HGLWHUUiQHRP 6XS7RWDO .P (92/8&,Ð1'(/$6&21&(3&,21(6 (GDG$QWLJXD D 0HVRSRWDPLD$OUHGHGRUGHO DxRD&FUHtDQTXHOD7LHUUDHUDHOFHQWUR GHO8QLYHUVR\TXHWRGRVORVGHPiVFXHUSRVFHOHVWHVJLUDEDQDVXDOUHGH GRU\OOHJDURQDSUHGHFLUORVHOLSVHV E &KLQD/OHYyXQUHJLVWURGHORVHFOLSVHVF0D\D/OHJDURQDSUHFLVDUORVHFOLS VHV (GDG0HGLD D $ULVWDUFRGH6DPRV ±D&6RVWHQtDTXHOD7LHUUDJLUDDOUHGHGRU GHO 6RO 6LQ HPEDUJR GHELGR VREUH WRGR D OD DXWRULGDG GH$ULVWyWHOHVODLGHD GHTXHOD7LHUUDHUDHOFHQWURGHO8QLYHUVRVHPDQWXYRGXUDQWHVLJORV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA E &ODXGLR7RORPHR ±GF3ODQWHDEDTXHODWLHUUDHUDHOFHQWUR GHO XQLYHUVR \ ORV DVWURV JLUDEDQ D VX DOUHGHGRU $XWRU GH OD 7HRUtD *(2&e1 75,&$HVWDWHRUtDVHFRQYLUWLySDUDODLJOHVLDHQDOJRLUUHIXWDEOH([SOLFDED TXHODVHVWUHOODVVHPRYtDQGHQRFKHSRUTXHHVWDEDQILMDVHQHVIHUDVURWDWR ULDV F$ULVWyWHOHV ±DF&UHtD\VRVWHQtDTXHOD7LHUUDHUDHOFHQWURGHO 8QLYHUVR G (UDVWRVWHQHV ±DF&DOFXOyODORQJLWXGGHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH H +LSDUFR ±DF)XHXQGHORVDVWUyQRPRVGHPD\RUSUHVWLJLR OOHJyDSUHFLVDUTXHODWLHUUDHUDUHGRQGD I 3LWiJRUDV ±DF6RVWXYRTXHQXHVWURSODQHWDHUDHVIpULFD J 3ODWyQ ±DF/OHJyDVRVWHQHUTXHODWLHUUDHUDUHGRQGDEDViQGRVH HQODIRUPDGHODVRPEUDSUR\HFWDGDSRUpVWDVREUHODOXQD K 6HOXFR ±DF2EVHUYyTXHODVPDUHDVHVWXYLHURQUHODFLRQD GDVFRQODVIDVHVOXQDUHV L7DOHVGH0LOHWR ±DF&RQFLELyODUHGRQGH]GHODWLHUUD 7LHPSRV0RGHUQRV D *DOLOHL *DOLOHR ± 2EVHUYy D WUDYpV GH VX WHOHVFRSLR \FRQILUPy OD WHRUtD GH &RSpUQLFR SHUR OD LQTXLVLFLyQ OR REOLJy DUHWUDFWDUVH\IXH FRQGHQDGRDHQFHUUDUVHHQVXFDVD E 1LFROiV&RSpUQLFR±3XEOLFyVXREUD'HUHYROXWLR QLEXV RUELXP FDHOHVWLXP 6REUH ODV UHYROXFLRQHV GH ORVFXHUSRV FHOHVWHV TXH SURSRQtD XQ VLVWHPD HQ HO FXDO ORV SODQHWDVJLUDEDQHQyUELWDVFLUFXODUHV DOUHGHGRUGHO6ROTXHHVWDEDVLWXDGRHQHOFHQWUR GHO 8QLYHUVR$WULEXtD OD SRVLFLyQGHODVHVWUHOODVDODURWDFLyQGHOD7LHUUDVREUHVXHMH $XWRU GH D 7HRUtD KHOLRFpQWULFD HQ GRQGH FRQVLGHUDED DO VRO FRPRHOFHQWUR GHO VLVWHPD SODQHWDULR VRODU 636 (VWD WHRUtD HUD FRQVLGHUDGD SRU - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 0DUWtQ/XWHURFRPRDQWLEtEOLFDHLQWROHUDQWH F-RKDQQHV .HSSOHU ± $GRSWy HO VLVWHPD FRSHUQLFDQR \GHVFXEULy TXHORVSODQHWDVJLUDQHQyUELWDVHOtSWLFDVDYHORFLGDGYDULDEOHGHDFXHUGR FRQODV7UHV/H\HVGH.HSOHUDFHUFDGHORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHORVSODQHWDVIRU PXODGDVDSULQFLSLRVGHOVLJOR;9,, • /D SULPHUD OH\ /RV SODQHWDV JLUDQ DOUHGHGRU GHO 6RO HQ yUELWDVHOtSWLFDV HQODVTXHHO6RORFXSDXQRGHORVIRFRVGHODHOLSVH • /DVHJXQGDOH\ )RUPXODTXHODViUHDVEDUULGDVSRUHOUDGLRYHFWRU TXHXQHHOFHQWURGHOSODQHWDFRQHOFHQWURGHO6ROVRQLJXDOHVHQODS VRVLJXDOHVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDFXDQWRPiVFHUFDHVWiHOSODQHWDGHO6RO FRQPiVUDSLGH]VHPXHYH • /DWHUFHUDOH\ (VWDEOHFH TXH OD UHODFLyQ GH ODGLVWDQFLDPHGLD GGH XQ SODQHWDDO6ROHOHYDGDDOFXERGLYLGLGDSRUHOFXDGUDGRGHVXSHULRGRRU ELWDOWHVXQDFRQVWDQWHHVGHFLUGWHVLJXDOSDUDWRGRVORVSODQH WDV 3RUORWDQWR.HSOHUURPSLyODYLHMDFUHHQFLDGHVLJORVGHTXHORVSODQHWDV VH PRYtDQ HQ yUELWDV FLUFXODUHV (VWDV OH\HV GHVHPSHxDURQXQ SDSHO LPSRU WDQWHHQHOWUDEDMRGHODVWUyQRPRPDWHPiWLFR\ItVLFRLQJOpV GHO VLJOR;9,, ,VDDF1HZWRQ\VRQIXQGDPHQWDOHVSDUDFRPSUHQGHUODVWUD\HFWRULDVRUELWD OHVGHOD/XQD\GHORVVDWpOLWHVDUWLILFLDOHV G ,VDDF1HZWRQ'HPRVWUyTXHODVOH\HVGH.HSOHUVREUHHO PRYLPLHQWRSODQHWDULRSRGtDQGHULYDUVHGHODVOH\HVJHQHUDOHVGHOPRYL PLHQWR\GHODJUDYLWDFLyQGHVFXELHUWDVSRUpOLQGLFDQGRDVtTXHHVWDVOH \HVItVLFDVHUDQYiOLGDVHQWRGRHO8QLYHUVR)XHTXLHQGHVFXEULyODJUD YLWDFLyQXQLYHUVDO/H\GHOD*UDYHGDGPVHJ H )ULHGULFK:LOKHOP %HVVHO ± $ SULQFLSLRV GHO VLJOR ;,;GHVFXEULy TXHODFHUFDQDHVWUHOOD&\JQLHVWDEDXQDVYHFHVPiVOHMRVGHOD 7LHUUDTXHHO6RO I +DUORZ 6KDSOH\ ± (Q FDOFXOy TXH OD JDOD[LD GH OD7LHUUDOD 9tD/iFWHDWLHQHXQGLiPHWURGHXQRVDxRVOX] - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA J -HDQ +HQGULN 2RUW ± $VWUyQRPR KRODQGpV GHVFXEULy TXH HO 6RO WDUGDPLOORQHVGHDxRVHQ FRPSOHWDU XQDUHYROXFLyQHQWRUQR DOFHQWUR GHQXHVWUD JDOD[LD \ GH HVWDIRUPDSXGRFDOFXODU TXH OD PDVD GH OD 9tD/iFWHDHVGHXQRVPLOORQHVGHYHFHVODPDVDGHO6RO K (GZLQ +XEEOH $VWUyQRPR HVWDGRXQLGHQVH HQ ORJUy GHVFXEULUHVWUHOODVLQGLYLGXDOHVHQDOJXQRGHHVWRVREMHWRVHQWUHHOORVOD IDPRVD$QGUyPHGD9DULDVGHHVWDVHVWUHOODVHUDQSXOVDQWHV OODPDGDV YD ULDEOHV FHIHLGDV 0LGLHQGR VX SHULRGR GHSXOVDFLyQORVDVWUyQRPRVSXH GHQGHWHUPLQDUVXEULOORLQWUtQVHFR&RPSDUDQGRHOEULOORDSDUHQWHGHHV WDVFHIHLGDVFRQHOEULOORFRQRFLGRGHODVFHIHLGDVFHUFDQDV+XEEOHFRP SUREyTXHORVREMHWRVTXHHVWXGLDEDHVWDEDQIXHUDGHODJDOD[LD /(< '( +8%%/( (Q +XEEOH GHVFXEULy TXH FXDQWR PiV OHMRV HVWDED OD JDOD[LD PiV DOWD HUDVX YHORFLGDG GH UHFHVLyQ $ HVWD UHODFLyQ VH OD FR QRFH FRPR OD OH\ GH ORVGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVKDFLDHOURMRR OH\GH+XE EOH GHWHUPLQD TXH OD YHORFLGDG GH XQD JDOD[LD HV SURSRUFLRQDO D VX GLVWDQFLD/DUHODFLyQHQWUHODYHORFLGDGGHUHFHVLyQGH XQD JDOD[LD \ VX GLVWDQFLD HV OD FRQVWDQWH GH +XEEOH (O YDORU GH HVWDFRQVWDQ WH VH FDOFXOD TXH HVWi HQWUH ORV \ ORV NPV SRU PHJD SiUVHF PHJD SiUVHF HTXLYDOH D PLOOyQ GH SiUVHF DXQTXH ORV GDWRV PiV UHFLHQWHVDSXQWDQD XQYDORUFRPSUHQGLGRHQWUHORV\ NPVSRUPHJDSiUVHF )250$ $QD[LPDQGUR\3LWiJRUDVVRQORVTXHDILUPDURQVREUHODUHGRQGH]GHODWLHUUD DXQTXH QR FRQWDEDQ FRQ DUJXPHQWRV VyOLGRV (VWXGLRV HQ OD pSRFD PRGHUQD GHWHUPLQDURQTXHOD7LHUUDQRHVXQJHRLGHSHUIHFWRVLQRFiOFXORV EDVDGRVHQODVSHUWXUEDFLRQHVGHODVyUELWDVGHORVVDWpOLWHVDUWLILFLDOHVUHYHODQ TXHOD7LHUUDHVXQDHVIHUDLPSHUIHFWDSRUTXH • (O(FXDGRUVHHQJURVDNP • (OSRORERUHDOHVWiGLODWDGRP • (OSRORDXVWUDOHVWiKXQGLGRXQRVPHWURV - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 )DFWRUHVTXHGHWHUPLQDQODUHGRQGH]GHODWLHUUD • *UDYHGDGWHUUHVWUH • 0RYLPLHQWRGHURWDFLyQJHQHUDGRVIXHU]DVFHQWULIXJD\FHQWUtSHWD • 3ODVWLFLGDGGHODVURFDVGHQVLGDGGHVXVPDWHULDOHV 3UXHEDVGHODUHGRQGH]GHODWLHUUD • )RUPDGHOVRO\GHODOXQD • $XPHQWRGHOKRUL]RQWHYLVLEOHFRQHODVFHQVRGHOREVHUYDGRU • )RUPDHQTXHDSDUHFHQ\GHVDSDUHFHQORVEDUFRVHQHOKRUL]RQWH • 6RPEUDFyQLFDGHODWLHUUDVREUHODOXQDHQORVHFOLSVHV • 9LDMHGHFLUFXQQDYHJDFLyQGH0DJDOODQHV\(OFDQR • 9LDMHVDOHVSDFLR &RQVHFXHQFLDVGHODUHGRQGH]GHODWLHUUD • 'LIHUHQFLD HQ ORV JUDGRV GH LOXPLQDFLyQ KD\ XQ KHPLVIHULR LOXPLQDGR \ RWURDRVFXUDVDOPLVPRWLHPSR • 'LVPLQXFLyQGHODWHPSHUDWXUDGHO(FXDGRUDORV3RORV • 9DULDFLyQFOLPiWLFDHQWUHODVGLVWLQWDVUHJLRQHVGHODWLHUUDHQIXQFLyQ • D ODVODWLWXGHV • 'HWHUPLQDODH[LVWHQFLDGHODGLYHUVLGDGGHIORUD\IDXQD • 'LIHUHQFLDSURSRUFLRQDOGHODJUDYHGDGGHJUDYHGDG ! (6758&785$ $70Ð6)(5$ +,'526)(5$ /,726)(5$ (V OD FXELHUWD JDVHRVD TXH URGHD HO FXHUSR VyOLGR GHO SODQHWD $XQTX WLHQH XQ JURVRU GHPiVGHNP DSUR[LPD GDPHQWH OD PLWDG GH VX PDVD VH FRQFHQWUD HQ ORV NP PiVEDMRV D E F H I 7URSRVIHUD (VWUDWRVIHUD 0HVRVIHUDG ,QRVIHUD ([RVIHUD 0DJQHWRVIHUD &RPSXHVWD VREUH WRGR SRU OD IUtD UtJLGD \UR FRVD FRUWH]D WHUUHVWUH VHH[WLHQGHD SURIXQ GLGDGHV GH NP FXEUH HO GH OD VXSHUILFLHGHOD7LHUUD - - /DV URFDV GH OD OLWRVIHUDWLHQHQ XQDGHQVLGDGPHGLDGH YHFHV OD GHODJXD \ VHFRP SRQHQ FDVL SRUFRPSOHWR GHHOHPHQWRVTXHMXQWRV IRUPDQHOGHVXPDVD D F H I 6LDOE 6LPD $VWHQRVIHUDG 3LURVIHUD 1~FOHR6XSHULRU 1~FOHR,QIHULRU 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 029,0,(1726 %LEOLRWHFD GH &RQVXOWD 0LFURVRIW (QFDUWD 0LFURVRIW $QWLJXDPHQWHVHFUHtDTXHODWLHUUDQRJLUDED(QHOItVLFR)UDQFpV-HDQ )RXFDXOWGHPRVWUyORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHODWLHUUDDWUDYpVGHXQSpQGXOR(O SpQGXOR GH)RXFDXOWHVWiIRUPDGRSRUXQDJUDQPDVDVXVSHQGLGDGHXQFDEOHPX\ODUJR 029 &$5$&7(5Ë67,&$6 • /R UHDOL]D DOUHGHGRU GH VX HMH LPDJLQDULR HQ VHQWLGR DQWL 1 Ð , & $ 7 2 5 &216(&8(1&,$6 • • KRUDULR VLJXLHQGR XQD WUD\HFWR 7,(032 6XFHVLyQGHGtDV\QRFKHV $FKDWDPLHQWRSRODU\HQVDQFKDPLHQWRHFXDWR ULDO • 9HORFLGDG GH .PV HQ OD • OtQHDHFXDWRULDO • ULD GH 2HVWH D (VWH D XQD 'HWHUPLQDORVSXQWRVFDUGLQDOHV *HQHUDHOHIHFWRGHFRULROLV K 3URGXFFLyQGHXQFDPSRPDJQpWLFRGHSUR WHFFLyQFRQWUDHO3/$60$VRODU • /RUHDOL]DDOUHGHGRUGHOVRO • UHFRUULHQGRXQDWUD\HFWRULDGH YLVLyQ \ XELFDFLyQ GH HVWUHOODV \ FRQVWHODFLR PLOORQHVGH.PVVLJXLHQGR 1 Ð , & $ / 6 $ 5 7 XQDRUELWDHOtSWLFDDXQDYH QHV • ORFLGDGGHDSUR['H .PVHJXQGR • 'XUDQWHHVWHPRYLPLHQWRVH &DPELR DSDUHQWH GHO WDPDxR GHO VRO GH OD • 6ROGHPHGLDQRFKHHQORVSRORVGHELGRDO JUDGRGHLQFOLQDFLyQ6ROVWLFLR%RUHDO G 'HWHUPLQDFLyQ GH ODV HVWDFLRQHV GXUDQWH ORV K\ 62/67,&,26\(48,12&&,26 UHJLVWUDQORV3(5,+(/,26 GHHQHUR\ORV$)(/,26GH MXOLR - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • 6RQ ORV OLJHURV VREUHVDOWRV \ FDEHFHRV 1 Ð , & $ 7 8 1 • 1 Ð , & ( 6 ( 5 3 • 2 ( 6 ( 6 2 µ • 3URYRFD XQ FDEHFHR GH VHJXQGRV GH DUFR WHUUHVWUH HQ HO HMH WHUUHVWUH 3HUR HVR UHVXOWD LPSHUFHS FXDQGR UHDOL]D HO PRYLPLHQWR WLEOH SDUD HO FRQRFLPLHQWR FRP~Q SRU FRP GHSUHFHVLyQGHELGRDODIXHU]D SUHQGHU HVWH ³&DEHFHR´ XQ ODUJR SHULRGR GH GH DWUDFFLyQ GHO VRO \ GH OD /X WLHPSR &DGD DxRV SDUD IRUPDU QD VHJXQGRVGHDUFRHQHOHMHWHUUHVWUH DxRV 0RYLPLHQWR TXH OD WLHUUD UHDOL]D • 1R H[LVWH FRQVHFXHQFLDV LQPHGLDWDV &DGD HQ SDUD ³HQGHUH]DU´ OD LQFOLQDFLyQ YLVWD TXH GHPRUD YDULRV PLOHV GH DxRV GH VX HMH $TXt VH FRPSRUWD SHUR VL OD WLHUUD OOHJDUtD D WUDYpV GH FRPRXQFRQRPDOHTXLOLEUDGR HVWH PRYLPLHQWR DHQGHUH]DUVXHMH OD DxRV 5HFRUGHPRVTXHHOHMHWHUUHVWUH WLHUUD QR H[SHULPHQWDUtD ORV HTXLQRFFLRV QL ORV SUHVHQWDXQDLQFOLQDFLyQ\ VROVWLFLRV (V HO PRYLPLHQWR TXH UHJLVWUD • DSUR[LP DGDPHQWH 0HGLDQWH HVWH PRYLPLHQWR OD WLHUUD VH DOHMD OD WLHUUD GXUDQWH VX PRYLPLHQWR GHVXWUD\HFWRULDHOtSWLFDSHUIHFWDXQDGLIH GH WUDVODFLyQ GHELGR D ODGLIH UHQFLDGH.P'HDPSOLWXG 6LPXOWi UHQFLD GH PDVDV FRQ OD /XQD QHDPHQWH \ HO 6RO (V GHFLU TXH OD WLHUUD FRQHO0RY QR VLJXH XQD WUD\HFWRULD HOtS GH7UDVODFL WLFDSHUIHFWDVLQRHQ³6´ 6 ´ 2 & , 7 & É / $ * ( ( HMH • / ( ' 5 2 ' ( ' ( 5 / $ GHO yQ • (VHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHODWLHUUDH[SHULPHQWDMXQWRDO636DOUHGHGRUGHOD YtD/iFWHD • LPSHUFH /D7LHUUDVHPXHYHSRUHOHVSDFLRDUD]yQGHXQRVNPVRNPKKDFLD ODFRQVWHODFLyQGH+pUFXOHV0LHQWUDVTXHOD9tD/iFWHDFRPRXQWRGRVHPXHYH KDFLDODFRQVWHODFLyQ/HRDXQRVNPV SWLEOHSDUD HOVHUKXPD QR (67$&,21(6 'HELGRDOPRYLPLHQWRGHWUDVODFLyQ\DODLQFOLQDFLyQGHOHMHWHUUHVWUHUHVSHF WR DO VRO ORV UD\RV VRODUHV OOHJDQ FRQ PiV LQWHQVLGDG D XQDV ]RQDVTXH D RWUDV HVWR JHQHUD YDULDFLyQ HQ OD WHPSHUDWXUD OD KXPHGDG \ JHQHUDSUHFLSLWDFLRQHVHV GHFLUODVHVWDFLRQHV - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 020(172 +(0,6)(5,2 $67521Ð0,&2 1257( 6ROVWLFLR $XVWUDO ,QYLHUQR (TXLQRFFLR 3ULPDYHUD (TXLQRFFLR 2WRxR 6ROVWLFLR %RUHDO +(0,6)(5,2 685 9HUDQR 9HUDQR 2WRxR ,QYLHUQR 3ULPDYHUD ,1,&,2 GHGL FLHPEUH GHPDU]R GHMXQLR GHVHS WLHPEUH 'Ì$6 6ROVWLFLRV (V FXDQGR ORV UD\RV VRODUHV FDHQ SHUSHQGLFXODUPHQWHVREUH XQR GH ORV WUySLFRV SURGXFLHQGR HQ HVH KHPLVIHULR HO9HUDQR\ HQ HO RWUR HO ,QYLHU QR /RV GtDVVRQ ODUJRV HQ YHUDQR\FRUWRVHQLQYLHUQR (TXLQRFFLRV (VFXDQGRORVUD\RV VRODUHV FDHQ SHUSHQGLFXODUPHQWH VREUH OD /tQHDHFXDWRULDO\VHSURGXFHQODVHVWDFLRQHVGHSULPDYHUD\2WRxR/RVGtDV WLHQHQLJXDOGXUDFLyQ TXHODVQRFKHV &DXVDV D 7UD\HFWRULDHOtSWLFD'XUDQWHHOPRYLPLHQWRGHWUDVODFLyQODWLHUUDJLUDDOUH GHGRUGHOVROVLJXLHQGRXQDWUD\HFWRULDHOtSWLFDSRUORTXHH[LVWHGRVPRPHQ WRVHQTXHVHDFHUFDPDVDOVRO3(5,+(/,2\RWURVGRVPRPHQWRVHQTXH VHDOHMDQ$)(/,2 - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA E ,QFOLQDFLyQ GHO (MH 'HWHUPLQD XQD LQFLGHQFLD GLVWLQWD GH ORV UD\RV VRODUHV HQ ORV KHPLVIHULRV GXUDQWH HO PRYLPLHQWR GH WUDVODFLyQ JHQHUDQGR ORV 6ROVWLFLRV\(TXLQRFFLRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 /$/81$ 6HFFLyQ GEOGRAFÍA &21&(372 6XQRPEUHGHULYDGHOYRFDEORJULHJR6HOHQHHVHO~QLFR VDWpOLWHQDWXUDOGHOD7LHUUD2UELWDDOUHGHGRUGHODWLHUUD /D /XQD RUELWD OD 7LHUUD D XQD GLVWDQFLD PHGLD GH NPFRQXQDYHORFLGDGPHGLDGH.PK &$5$&7(5,67,&$6 • &DUHFHGHOX]SURSLD\VROROOHJDDUHIOHMDUODOX]GHOVRO • &DUHFH GH DWPyVIHUD SRU OR TXH VX VXSHUILFLH OXQDU SUHVHQWD JUDQGHV FUiWHUHVKR\RV\YROFDQHVGHELGRDODFROLVLyQGHORVPHWHRULWRV • 3UHVHQWDDFFLGHQWHVRURJUiILFRVVHHQFXHQWUDQFUiWHUHVFDGHQDVGHPRQ WDxDVOODQXUDVRPDUHVIUDFWXUDVFLPDVILVXUDVOXQDUHV\UDGLRV • ³UD\RV´ • • /RV FUiWHUHV VH IRUPDURQ SRU LPSDFWRV H[SORVLYRV GH PHWHRULWRV 6LQHP EDUJRDOJXQRVFUiWHUHVILVXUDVOXQDUHV\FLPDVSUHVHQWDQFDUDF WHUtVWLFDVTXHVRQLQGLVFXWLEOHPHQWHGHRULJHQ\DFWLYLGDGYROFiQLFD /RVPDUHVVRQFUiWHUHVGHLPSDFWRJUDQGHVTXHIXHURQLQXQGDGRVGHV SXpVSRUODYDIXQGLGD(OPDUPiVJUDQGHGHODOXQDHVHO0DUH,PEULXP GHNPGHGLiPHWUR 5(/,(9( D 0DUHV /RVSULPHURV REVHUYDGRUHV HQHO VLJOR ;9,, ORV WRPDURQFRPRJUDQGHV H[WHQVLRQHVGHDJXD6RQ]RQDVOODQDVPX\H[WHQVDV(QWUHORVPDUHVOXQDUHV GHVWDFDQ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 1RPEUH HQODWtQ 0DUH$QJXLV 0DUH $XVWUDOH 0DUH &RJQLWXP 0DUH&ULVLXP 0DUH)HFXQGLWDWLV 0DUH)ULJRULV 0DUH +XPEROGWLDQXP 0DUH +XPRUXP 0DUH,PEULXP 0DUH,QJHQLL 0DUH ,QVXODUXP 0DUH0DUJLQLV 0DUH 0RVFRYLHQVH 0DUH1HFWDULV 0DUH1XELXP 0DUH 2ULHQWDOH 0DUH 6HUHQLWDWLV 0DUH 6P\WKLL 0DUH6SXPDQV 0DUH 7UDQTXLOOLWDWLV 0DUH8QGDUXP 0DUH9DSRUXP 2FHDQXV 3URFHOODUXP 1RPEUH HQODWtQ /DFXV$HVWDWLV /DFXV$XWXPQL /DFXV%RQLWDWLV /DFXV'RORULV /DFXV([FHOOHQWLDH /DFXV )HOLFLWDWLV /DFXV*DXGLL /DFXV+LHPDOLV /DFXV/HQLWDWLV /DFXV/X[XULDH 0$5(6/81$5(6 1RPEUH HQFDVWHOODQR 0DUGHOD6HUSLHQWH 0DU$XVWUDO 0DU&RQRFLGR 0DUGHOD&ULVLV 0DUGHOD)HUWLOLGDG 0DU GHO )UtR 0DUGH$OH[DQGHUYRQ +XPEROGW 0DUGHOD+XPHGDG 0DUGHOD/OXYLD 0DUGHO,QJHQLR 0DUGHODV,VODV 0DU0DUJLQDO 0DUGH0RVFRYLD 0DUGHO1pFWDU 0DUGHODV1XEHV 0DU2ULHQWDO 0DUGHOD6HUHQLGDG 0DUGH:LOOLDP +HQU\ 6P\WK 0DU(VSXPRVR 0DUGHOD7UDQTXLOLGDG 0DUGHODV2ODV 0DUGHORV9DSRUHV 2FpDQRGH ODV 7RUPHQWDV /$*26 /81$5(6 1RPEUH HQFDVWHOODQR /DJR GHO 9HUDQR /DJR GHO 2WRxR /DJR GHOD %RQGDG /DJR GHO 'RORU /DJR GHOD ([FHOHQFLD /DJR GHOD )HOLFLGDG /DJR GHO *R]R /DJR GHO ,QYLHUQR /DJR GHOD %ODQGXUD /DJR GHOD /XMXULD - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 /DFXV0RUWLV /DFXV2EOLYLRQLV /DFXV2GLL /DFXV 3HUVHYHUDQWLDH /DFXV6ROLWXGLQLV /DFXV6RPQLRUXP /DFXV6SHL /DFXV7HPSRULV /DFXV7LPRULV /DFXV9HULV /DWtQ /DJR GHOD 0XHUWH /DJR GHO 2OYLGR /DJR GHO 2GLR /DJR GHOD 3HUVHYHUDQFLD /DJR GHOD 6ROHGDG /DJR GHORV 6XHxRV /DJR GHOD (VSHUDQ]D /DJR GHO 7LHPSR /DJR GHO 0LHGR /DJR GHOD 3ULPDYHUD %$+Ì$6<0$5,60$6/81$5(6 &DWHOODQR 3DOXV (SLGHPLDUXP 0DULVPDGH OD (SLGHPLD 3DOXV6RPQL 0DULVPDGHO 6XHxR 3DOXV 3XWUHGLQLV 6LQXV$HVWXXP 6LQXV$PRULV 6LQXV$VSHULWDWLV 6LQXV&RQFRUGLDH 6LQXV)LGHL 6LQXV+RQRULV 6LQXV,ULGXP 6LQXV/XQLFXV 6LQXV0HGLL 6LQXV5RULV 6LQXV6XFFHVVXV GEOGRAFÍA 0DULVPDGH OD 3RGUHGXPEUH %DKtD)XULRVD %DKtDGHO $PRU %DKtDGHOD $VSHUH]D %DKtDGHOD &RQFRUGLD %DKtDGHOD )LGHOLGDG %DKtDGHO +RQRU %DKtDGHO $UFRV ,ULV %DKtDGH /XQLN %DKtDGHO 0HGLR %DKtDGHO 5RFtR %DKtDGHO e[LWR E &RQWLQHQWHV 5HJLRQHV FODUDV PRQWDxRVDV \ OOHQDV GH FUiWHUHV 6X PRQWDxD PiVDOWDHVHO0RQWHGH/HLEQL]PDVtPLVPRVHHQFXHQWUDQORV$OSHV $SHQLQRVNDUSDWRV&DXFDVRV\3LUHQHRV F &UiWHUHV)RUPDGRVFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHODFROLVLyQGHPHWHRULWRV 1HZWRQ P &DVDWXV P &DUWLXV P &DOLSSXV P - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA ',0(16,21(6 'HQVLGDG JFP 'LiPHWUR .PSDUWHGHOGHOD7LHUUD )RUPD (VIHURLGH *UDYHGDG GHODWLHUUD ,QFOLQDFLyQ2UELWDO ¶ 0DVD GH.J ÏUELWD .PGH7LHUUD 6XSHUILFLH .P 7HPSHUDWXUD &GHGtD\GHQRFKHGH±&D&$SUR[ 7(25,$6$&(5&$'(6825,*(1 /RVFLHQWtILFRVGHVDUUROODURQGLIHUHQWHVWHRUtDVSULQFLSDOHVVREUHHORULJHQGHODOXQD 7(25Ì$6 )LVLyQ GHOD 7LHUUD 3/$17($0,(172 /D/XQDIXHH[SXOVDGDHVSRQWiQHDPHQWHGHOD7LHUUDFXDQGRpVWD HVWDEDUHFLpQIRUPDGD\JLUDEDFRQUDSLGH]VREUHVXHMH3XHGDTXHVHD SRUTXHODGHQVLGDGGHOVDWpOLWHHVODPLVPDTXHODGHODVURFDVGHOPDQ WRVXSHULRUGHOD7LHUUD6LQHPEDUJRHVWDWHRUtDSUHVHQWDXQDGLIL FXOWDGHOPRPHQWRDQJXODUGHOD7LHUUDSDUDORJUDULQHVWDELOLGDGUR WDFLRQDOWHQGUtDTXHKDEHUVLGRPD\RUTXHHOPRPHQWRDQJXODUGHOVLV WHPDDFWXDO7LHUUD/XQD )RUPDFLyQ HQyUELWD FHUFDQD D OD7LHUUD (VWDWHRUtDSURSRQHTXHOD7LHUUDOD/XQD\ORVGHPiVFXHUSRVGHO6LVWH PD6RODUVHFRQGHQVDURQLQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHGHODHQRUPHQXEHGH JDVHVIUtRV\SDUWtFXODVVyOLGDVTXHFRQVWLWX\HURQODQHEXORVDVRODU SULPRUGLDO/DPD\RUSDUWHGHHVWHPDWHULDOILQDOPHQWHVHDFXPXOyHQHO FHQWURSDUDIRUPDUHO6RO )RUPDFLyQ GHOD/XQD OHMRVGHOD 7LHUUD (VWDEOHFHTXHOD/XQDVHIRUPyHQXQOXJDUGLIHUHQWHGHO 6LVWHPD 6RODUDOHMDGRGHOD7LHUUD6HSUHVXSRQHHQWRQFHVTXHODVyUELWDVGHDP ERVODVDSUR[LPDURQGHIRUPDTXHOD/XQDIXHDWUDtGDDXQDyUELWDSHUPD QHQWHDOUHGHGRUGHOD7LHUUD ,PSDFWR SODQHWHVLPDO +DFHXQRVPLOORQHVGHDxRVOD7LHUUDIXHJROSHDGDSRUXQHQRUPH FXHUSR OODPDGR SODQHWpVLPR (O LPSDFWR FDWDVWUyILFR H[SXOVy SDUWHV GH OD 7LHUUD\GHHVWHFXHUSRVLWXiQGRODVHQODyUELWDWHUUHVWUHGRQGHORVGH WULWRVGHOLPSDFWRVHUHXQLHURQIRUPDQGROD/XQD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 029,0,(1726 5RWDFLyQ /RUHDOL]DDOUHGHGRUGHVXHMHVLJXLHQGR XQDyUELWDHOtSWLFD 7UDVODFLyQ /R HIHFW~D DOUHGHGRU GH OD WLHUUD 6H SURGXFH HO 3HULJHRDFHUFDPLHQWR Pi[LPR \ $SRJHR DOHMDPLHQWR Pi[L PR /LEUDFLyQ 5HYROXFLyQ 0RYLPLHQWR GH EDODQFHR SURGXFLGR SRU ODDWUDFFLyQJUDYLWDWRULDGHODWLHUUD 0RYLPLHQWRTXHUHDOL]DSDUDFRPSOHWDUVX FLFOROXQDU - - GEOGRAFÍA GtDV KRUDV PLQXWRV \ VHJXQGRV VHJ~Q HO WLHPSRVLGpUHR'tDK\0HV (O PLVPR WLHPSR TXH HO PRYLPLHQWR GH URWDFLyQ LVR FURQLVPR -RVHSK /RXLV /DJUDQJH GtDVKRUDV\ GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 )$6(6 0RPHQWR $VWURQyPLFR 3HULRGR 8ELFDFLyQ /XQDU 9LVWDGHVGH WLHUUD 1RYLOXQLRR /XQD 1XHYD &XDUWR &UHFLHQWH )$6(6 3OHQLOXQLRR /XQD/OHQD &RQMXQFLyQ /XQDU 3ULPHUD &XD GUDWXUD 2SRVLFLyQ /XQDU &XDQGR OD OXQD VH HQ FXHQWUD HQWUH OD 7LHUUD \ HO 6RO &XDQGR OD /X QD VH HQFXHQ WUD IRUPDQGR XQ iQJXOR GH VREUH OD WLHUUD (V FXDQGR OD WLHUUD TXHGD HQ WUHODOXQD\HO VRO HQ OtQHD UHFWD 1R HV REVHU YDEOH 6H LQLFLD D ORV GtDV 6HLQLFLDDORV GtDV 9LVLEOH OD PL WDGGHODFDUD OXQDU 4XHGD FRPSOH WDPHQWH LOXPL QDGR &XDUWR 0HQJXDQWH VHJXQGD FXD GUDWXUD 6H LQLFLD D ORV GtDV &XDQGR OD /XQD VH HQ FXHQWUD IRU PDQGR XQ iQJXORGH VREUH OD WLHUUD 6H REVHUYD LOXPLQDGD OD ³RWUD´ PLWDG GHODFDUD ,1)/8(1&,$6 D (FOLSVHV(VHORVFXUHFLPLHQWRGHXQFXHUSRFHOHVWHSURGXFLGRSRURWURFXHU SR /RV HFOLSVHV VH SURGXFHQ FXDQGR VH GD HO IHQyPHQR GH6,&,*,$+D\GRV FODVHVGHHFOLSVHVTXHDIHFWDQDOD7LHUUD • 6RODU 6HSURGXFHFXDQGRODOXQDVHSURGXFHHQ&RQMXQFLyQ • /XQDU 7LHQHOXJDUFXDQGRHOPRPHQWRDVWURQyPLFRHV2SRVLFLyQ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA E 0DUHDV (V HO PRYLPLHQWR UHJXODU \ SHULyGLFR GH ODV DJXDV GHO PDUTXHFX EUHQ\DEDQGRQDQVXFHVLYDPHQWHODRULOODGHELGRDODDWUDFFLyQJUDYLWD WRULDGHOD/XQD\HO6ROVREUHORVRFpDQRVGHOSODQHWD'HELGRDTXHOD /XQDHVWiPiVFHUFDGHOD7LHUUDTXHHO6ROSRVHHXQDPD\RUIXHU]DJUDYLWDWR ULDTXHpVWHFDVLHOGREOH&XDQGROD/XQDHVWiVLWXDGDGLUHFWDPHQWHVREUHXQ GHWHUPLQDGR SXQWR GH ODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHHMHUFHXQDSRGHURVDDWUDFFLyQVR EUH ODV DJXDV \HODERPEDPLHQWRSURGXFLGRJHQHUDHQDOWDPDUXQD DPSOLD RQGXODFLyQ /D IDVH GH Pi[LPR DVFHQVR VH OODPD SOHDPDU \ OD GH GHVFHQVRVHGHQRPLQDEDMDPDU /DVPDUHDVSXHGHQVHU /D /XQD GHWHUPLQD OD SURGXFFLyQ GH ODV PDUHDV HQ XQ \ HO 6RO HQ XQ GHELGRDODIXHU]DJUDYLWDWRULD\ODGLVWDQFLDTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQUHV SHFWRDOD7LHUUD 9,9$6 &XDQGRHO QLYHO SURPHGLR YDU tDFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH 6HSUR GXFH GXUDQWH OD RSRVLFLyQ \ FRQMXQFLyQ 08(57$6 &XDQGR HO QLYHO GH ODV DJXDV SHUPDQHFHVLQPXFKDYDULDFLyQ 6HSURGXFHHQODVFXDGUDWXUDV • 5HWDUGDHOPRYLPLHQWRGHURWDFLyQGHODWLHUUD • 0DQWLHQHODLQFOLQDFLyQGHO(MHGH5RWDFLyQWHUUHVWUH • 5HIOHMDODOX]VRODU - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 35$&7,&$ (O XQLYHUVR SRVLEOHPHQWH VH IRUPy H6LGHULWRV GHVGH XQ SXQWR LQILQLWHVLPDO H LQLFLy FRQ XQD JUDQ H[SORVLyQ %LJ %DQJ /RV SODQHWDV LQWHULRUHV GHO VLVWHPD SRU OD LQWHUDFFLyQ GH )RWRQHV TXH VRODUVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUVHU JHQHUDURQ XQ VXSHUiWRPR GHQRPL D /LJHURV FRPSXHVWRV SRU R[LJHQR \ URFD QDGR E*UDQGHVFRPSXHVWRVSRUURFDV\ D+LGURJHQR E3ODVPD KHOLR F<OHP F 'HQVRV FRPSXHVWRV SRU KLHOR \ G1HXWURQHVH(OHFWURQHV +HOLR G *DVHRVRV FRPSXHVWRV SRU R[t &XHUSRVURFRVRVTXHVHPXHYHQ JHQRVHKLGURJHQR H 3HTXHxRVFRPSXHVWRVGHURFD\ HQyUELWDVVREUHWRGRHQWUHODV yUELWDVGH0DUWH\-~SLWHU\GH KLHUUR WHUPLQDQODH[LVWHQFLDGHSODQHWDVLQ WHULRUHV\H[WHULRUHV /RVSODQHWDVH[WHULRUHVVHFDUDFWHUL D6DWpOLWHV ]DQSRU E0HWHRURLGHV D3HTXHxRVFRPSXHVWRVSRUR[L JHQR\URFD F$VWHURLGHV E'HQVRVFRPSXHVWRVSRUKLHOR\ G&RPHWDV H6LGHULWRV URFDV F*UDQGHVGHKLGUyJHQRKLHOR\ 6RQFXHUSRV TXH HVWiQ FRPSXHV KHOLR WRV EiVLFDPHQWH GH SROYR \ JDVHV G/LJHURVFRPSXHVWRVSRUR[LJHQR KHODGRVDPHGLGDTXHVHDSUR[LPDQ \ PHWDQR H'HQVRVFRPSXHVWRVSRUJDVHV DO6ROOLEHUDQVXSROYR\JDVHV SHVDGRV D6DWpOLWHV E0HWHRURLGHV -~SLWHUWLHQHDWUDSDGRVGRVF~PXORV F$VWHURLGHV GHDVWHURLGHVOODPDGRV G&RPHWDV D/DEHULQWRV H6LGHULWRV E7LQWLQHRV F7UR\DQRV 6HHQFXHQWUDQHQWRUQRDO6ROHQ G&HQWHOOHRV GRVJUDQGHVJUXSRVHOFLQWXUyQGH H*DORV .XLSHU\ODQXEHGH2RUW D6DWpOLWHV E0HWHRURLGHV F$VWHURLGHV G&RPHWDV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 (UD XQD QXEH GH JDV TXH VH IUDJ PHQWy HQ DQLOORV TXH OXHJR VH FRQ GHQVDURQ IRUPDQGR ORV SODQHWDV (O 6ROVHKDEUtDIRUPDGRHQODUHJLyQ FHQWUDOPiVGHQVD(VWHHQXQFLDGR SHUWHQHFHDOSODQWHDPLHQWRGH D*/DPDWULH E3/DSODFH F(PDQXHO.DQW G-HDQV\-HIUH\VH.XLSHU /DFRPSRVLFLyQIXQGDPHQWDOGHOVRO HV D2[LJHQR\1HRQ E+LGURJHQR\+HOLR F+HOLR\2[LJHQR G$UJRQ\&ULSWyQ H&ULSWRQ\5DGRQ /DV 0DQFKDV VRODUHV IXHURQ GHVFX ELHUWRV HQ SRU *HRUJH (OOHU\ +DOHVHU\VHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRU D 6HUODViUHDVPiVIUtDVGHODIR WRVIHUD E 6HUHOFDPSRPDJQpWLFRGHOVRO F&RQVWLWXLUVHHQODDWPyVIHUDVR ODU G 6HUOD=RQDGHFRQYHFFLyQ H 'HQRPLQDUVH3OD\DVFURPRVIHUL FDV /DV««««««VRQFKRUURVGH KLGURJHQRTXHVHSURGXFHHQOD FDSDVRODUGHQRPLQDGD««««\ SHUWHQHFHDOD««««6RODU D3URWXEHUDQFLDV±&RURQD± FURPRVIHUD E3URWXEHUDQFLD±IRWRVIHUD DWPRVIHUD - - GEOGRAFÍA F0DQFKDVVRODUHV±IRWRVIHUD± VXSHUILFLH G0DFXODV±QXFOHR±DWPRVIHUD H5D\RV±FURPRVIHUD±FRURQD /DPD\RUSDUWHGHODFRURQDVH FRPSRQHGHJUDQGHVDUFRVGH JDVFDOLHQWH\VHH[WLHQGHGHVGH D/DIRWRVIHUDKDVWDODUHJLyQ LQLFLDOGHODFURPRVIHUD E/DFURPRVIHUDKDVWDHOOtPLWH FRQHOHVSDFLRLQWHUSODQHWDULR F/DFURPRVIHUDKDVWDODUHJLyQ LQLFLDOGHODIRWRVIHUD G/DIRWRVIHUDKDVWDHOOtPLWH FRQHOHVSDFLRLQWHUSODQHWDULR H(OQ~FOHRKDVWDOD]RQDGH 5DGLDFLyQ (VWDEOH]FDODUHODFLyQFRUUHFWD 0HUFXULR 9HQXV 7LHUUD 0DUWH -~SLWHU 6DWXUQR 8UDQR 1HSWXQR 3OXWyQ D 0D\RUFDQWLGDGGHVDWpOLWHVE 3ODQHWDURMR F (OGHPiVEDMDWHPSHUDWXUD G (OGHOGtDPiVODUJRTXHHODxRH $WPyVIHUDGH1LWUyJHQR I 3ODQHWDUHWURJUDGR\YHUGHJ PiVYHOR]HQWUDVODFLyQ K (OGHPD\RUWDPDxRGHO636, 3UHGRPLQDODKLGURVIHUD 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 6HxDOH OD DILUPDFLyQ LQFRUUHFWD UHVSHFWRDOSODQHWDWLHUUD D (OQ~FOHRLUUDGLDFDORUDWUDYpVGH ODVFDSDVFRQFpQWULFDV E /DVFRUULHQWHVGHFRQYHFFLyQ GHOPDQWRWUDVODGDQODHQHUJtD WpUPLFD F (OYDSRUGHDJXDFRQGHQVDGR /DIRUPDGHODWLHUUDQRHVXQDHVIH UDSHUIHFWDVLQRTXHWLHQHIRUPD IRUPyORVSULPHURVRFpDQRVGHO GHPDQGDULQDSRUTXHHQHO PXQGR D (FXDGRUVHGLODWDNPSR G (OPDJQHWLVPRWHUUHVWUHHVSRU ORQRUWHVHHQVDQFKD.P TXHOD7LHUUDVHFRPSRUWDFRPR 3ROR6XUHVWiKXQGLGR.P XQHQRUPHLPiQ H/RVSRORVPDJQpWLFRVGHOD7LH E (FXDGRUVHKXQGHPSRORQRU WHVHGLODWD.P3ROR6XU UUDFRLQFLGHQFRQORVSRORVJH HVWiHQVDQFKDGR.P RJUiILFRVGHVXHMH F (FXDGRUVHHQJURVDP SRORQRUWHVHKXQGH.P 6HxDOH OD DILUPDFLyQ LQFRUUHFWD 3ROR6XUHVWiGLODWDP UHVSHFWRDOSODQHWDWLHUUD D ([LVWHQWUHVVLVWHPDVHOpFWULFRV G (FXDGRUVHGLODWDNPSR JHQHUDGRVHQOD7LHUUD ORQRUWHVHKXQGHP3ROR 6XUHVWiHQJURVDP E /DLRQL]DFLyQGHODDWPyVIHUD H (FXDGRUVHHQJURVDNP YDUtDFRQODDOWXUDODKRUDGHOGtD SRORQRUWHVHGLODWDP3R \ ODODWLWXG OR6XUHVWiKXQGLGRXQRVP F /DJUDYHGDGHVPD\RUHQHO HFXDGRU G /DVXSHUILFLHGHOD7LHUUDWLHQH 6HSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUTXHOD7LHUUDVH FDUJDHOpFWULFDQHJDWLYD GLYLGHHQFLQFRSDUWHVWDOHVFRPR H (OIOXMRGHHOHFWULFLGDGSRVLWLYDVH D$WPyVIHUDKLGURVIHUDOLWRVIHUD PXHYHGHVGHODDWPyVIHUDKDFLD IRWRVIHUD\Q~FOHR OD7LHUUD E$WPyVIHUDOLWRVIHUDFRURQD KLGURVIHUD\Q~FOHR /DIXHU]DGHODJUDYHGDGWHUUHVWUH F$WPyVIHUD+LGURVIHUD/LWRVIHUD SURYRFD 0DQWR\1~FOHR D 'LVSHUVLyQGHODPDWHULD G$WPyVIHUDFURPRVIHUDKLGURVIH E $JOXWLQDFLyQGHODPDWHULD UDOLWRVIHUD\PDJQHWRVIHUD F 8QDHVIHUDSHUIHFWD H$WPyVIHUDIRWRVIHUDOLWRVIHUD G $SODVWDPLHQWRGHOSRORVXU KLGURVIHUD\PDQWR H 'LYHUVLGDGFOLPiWLFD /DUHODFLyQFRUUHFWDHV DDELGKFIHJ EEFKGDHIJG FGELDKFIHJ GJGLEKDIHF HFHLEKDIJG - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6HxDOHODDILUPDFLyQFRUUHFWDUHV SHFWRDOSODQHWDWLHUUD D /DJUDYHGDGHVPD\RUHQORV SRORV E (OUDGLRWHUUHVWUHHVPD\RUHQORV SRORV F /DLQFLGHQFLDGHORVUD\RVHV XQLIRUPH G (QHOHFXDGRUHVWiODPD\RU IXHU]DJUDYLWDFLRQDO H /RVWUySLFRVSRVHHQPD\RUFLU FXQIHUHQFLD 6LHQODWLHUUDVyORH[LVWLHUDODIXHU]D GHJUDYHGDGHQWRQFHVVXIRUPDVHU tD D (VIHURLGH E (OLSVRLGH F (VIHUDSHUIHFWD G *HRLGHHQUHYROXFLyQ H 2YRLGHHQIRUPDFLyQ (OHIHFWRGHFRULROLVHVFRQVHFXHQFLD GHOPRYLPLHQWRGHOURWDFLyQTXHVH FDUDWHUL]DSRUHOPRYLPLHQWROLEUHGH XQFXHUSRTXHVHPXHYHHQORV KHPLVIHULRVGHVYLiQGRVHKDFLD D /DL]TXLHUGDHQHOQRUWH\DODGH UHFKDHQHOVXU E /DSDUWHFHQWUDOHQHOHFXDGRU\ DUULEDHQORVSRORV F /DGHUHFKDHQHOQRUWH\DODL] TXLHUGDHQHOVXU G /DSDUWHDEDMRHQORVSRORV\ DUULEDHQHOHFXDGRU H /DSDUWHDUULEDHQORVWUySLFRV\ DEDMRHQHOHFXDGRU - - GEOGRAFÍA 6LHOPRYLPLHQWRGHURWDFLyQVHUtD PiVYHOR]HQWRQFHVVHH[SHULPHQ WDUtD D 0D\RUDFKDWDPLHQWRHFXDWRULDO E (ODxRPiVODUJR F 'tDVPiVFRUWRV G 0D\RUHQVDQFKDPLHQWRSRODU H 'tDVPiVODUJRV /DWHRUtDTXHVRVWHQtDTXHOD7LHUUD JLUDEDVREUHVXHMH\HQWRUQRDO6RO HV\IXHGHVDUUROOD GRSRU D *UDYLWDFLyQXQLYHUVDO±1HZWRQ E +HOLRFHQWULVPR±&RSpUQLFR F *HRFHQWULVPR±7RORPHR G 5HODWLYLGDG±(LQVWHLQH1HEX ODU±/DSODFH 6LQXHVWURSODQHWDWXYLHUDXQ PRYLPLHQWRLJXDODOGH9HQXV HQWRQFHVHO~OWLPROXJDUSHUXDQR HQDPDQHFHUVHUtD D 8FD\DOL E 5RVDVSDWDF6XOODQD G 7DFQD H 3XHUWR0DOGRQDGR 1XHVWUR SODQHWD 7LHUUD GXUDQWH VX PRYLPLHQWR GH WUDVODFLyQ VH DOHMD GRV YHFHV DO 6RO OR FXDO UHFLEH HO QRPEUHGH D $SRJDOiFWLFR E $SKHOLR F $SRJHR G 3HULKHOLR H 3HULJHR 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6LODYHORFLGDGGHURWDFLyQHVPi[L PDHQHO HFXDGRU\GLVPLQX\H HQORVSRORVHQWRQFHV¢(QFXDOGH ORVOXJDUHVHVPD\RUODYHORFLGDG" D%UDVLO E&DQDGi F(VSDxD G&KLOH H3DQDPi 6HxDOHODDOWHUQDWLYDFRUUHFWDDFHUFD GHODVHVWDFLRQHVGHODxR D 6H SURGXFHQ VROR SRU OD LQFOLQD FLyQGHHMHWHUUHVWUH E 6XWUD\HFWRULDHOtSWLFDJHQHUD GHVLJXDOGXUDFLyQ F(ORWRxRWLHQHQPD\RUHQHO KHPLVIHULRQRUWH G(OLQYLHUQRWLHQHPHQRUGXUDFLyQ HQHOKHPLVIHULRVXU H(OYHUDQRHVPiVGXUDGHURHQHO KHPLVIHULRVXU 6HJ~Q ORV HVWXGLRV FLHQWtILFRV OD HGDG GH OD 7LHUUD HV GH $SUR[LPD GDPHQWH DHRQHV EHRQHV FHRQHV GHRQHV HHRQHV 8QRGHORVHQXQFLDGRVQR FRUUHVSRQGHDODVSUXHEDVGHOD IRUPDWHUUHVWUH¢&XiO" D (OYLDMHGHFLUFXQQDYHJDFLyQ E /DSODVWLFLGDGGHODVURFDV F /DVRPEUDSUR\HFWDGDHQORV HFOLSVHVOXQDUHV - - GEOGRAFÍA G /DVIRWRJUDItDVWRPDGDVSRUHO HVSDFLR H /DIRUPDFRPRDSDUHFHQR GHVDSDUHFHQORVEDUFRVHQHO KRUL]RQWH /D IRUPD UHDO GH OD 7LHUUD DFHSWDGD SRUODFLHQFLDJHRJUiILFDHVHO*HRL GHHQ5HYROXFLyQTXHFRQVLVWHHQ D (VIHUDLGHDOGHH[WHQVLyQLOLPLWD GD E /DGHIHUHQFLDGHODSURWXEHUHQFLD \ ODHVIHUD F $FKDWDPLHQWRSRODU\HQVDQFKD PLHQWRHFXDWRULDO G 'LIHUHQFLDHQHOQLYHOGHOUHOLHYH WHUUHVWUH H /DIRUPDFRQYHQFLRQDOGHOD7LH UUDGHWHUPLQDGDSRUOD*HRGHVLD /RVGLVWLQWRVJHRIRUPDVRWLSRVGH UHOLHYHWHUUHVWUHVHGHEHQDODDFFLyQ GH D /DVIXHU]DVFHQWUtIXJD\FHQWUtSH WD E /RVIDFWRUHVJHRJUiILFDV\IXHU ]DVWHFWyQLFDV F /RVIDFWRUHVFOLPiWLFRV\VtVPL FRV G /DIXHU]DGHJUDYHGDGWHUUHVWUH H /DVIDOODVJHRJUiILFDV\ODHUR VLyQ 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 (QODHYROXFLyQGHOD7LHUUDVXDQWL JHGDGIXHGHWHUPLQDGRDWUDYpVGH D /RVUHVWRVIyVLOHV E /DHVWUXFWXUDLQWHUQDGHODJHyV IHUD F (OHVWXGLRGHODVURFDV G /DIORUD\ODIDXQDDQWLJXD H /DYDULDFLyQGHODWHPSHUDWXUD (QORVVLJXLHQWHVHQXQFLDGRVXQRGH HOORVQRHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHOD7LHUUD D (VWiHQWUH0DUWH\-~SLWHU E (VHOSODQHWDPiVGHQVRGHO636 F (VHOTXLQWRSODQHWDPiVJUDQGH G 7HUFHUSODQHWDHQGLVWDQFLDDO6RO H (VHOSODQHWDPHQRVGHQVRGHO 636 /DHVWUHOODVLWXDGDVREUHHO3ROR 1RUWHQRHUDODHVWUHOODSRODUVLQROD $OID (VWR GHELGR D TXH OD WLHUUD VH FRPSRUWDFRPRXQJUDQFRQRPDO HTXLOLEUDGR GHQRPLQDGR PRYLPLHQWR GH D 1XWDFLyQ E 3UHFHVLyQ F 7UDVODFLyQ G 5RWDFLyQ H (Q³6´ /DV SDODEUDV TXH PHMRU FRPSOHWD HO HQXQFLDGRVRQ³/DIXHU]DFHQWUtIXJD RULJLQDGR SRU OD URWDFLyQ HQVDQFKD OD]RQD\ODIXHU]DFHQWUtSH WDRULJLQDGDSRUODJUDYHGDGDFKD WDODV]RQDV´ D SRODU±HFXDWRULDO E HFXDWRULDO±ODWLWXGLQDO F SRODU±ORQJLWXGLQDO G HFXDWRULDO±SRODUHV - - GEOGRAFÍA H HFXDWRULDO±WyUULGDV 'XUDQWH HO PRYLPLHQWR URWDFLRQDO GH OD 7LHUUD FDGD XQR GH VXV SXQWRV VXSHUILFLDOHV YDQ SDVDQGR VXFHVLYDPHQWHIUHQWHDO6ROHVWR GHWHUPLQD D /DGHVYLDFLyQGHORVYLHQWRV E /DVSURGXFFLyQGHODVPDUHDV F/DGHVYLDFLyQGHODVFRUULHQWHV PDULQDV G/DGHVYLDFLyQGHOFDPSRPDJQp WLFR H/DGLIHUHQFLDGHKRUDV /RV HFOLSVHV VRQ OD LQWHUSRVLFLyQ GHXQDVWURFRQUHVSHFWRDORWUR ORVHFOLSVHVGHO6ROVHSURGXFHQ FXDQGR D (O6ROSDVDSRUODLQWHUVHFFLyQGH ODVyUELWDVWHUUHVWUH\OXQDU E /D/XQDSDVDSRUODLQWHUVHFFLyQ GHODVyUELWDVWHUUHVWUH\VRODU F/D/XQDSDVDSRUODLQWHUVHFFLyQ GHODVyUELWDVWHUUHVWUH\OXQDU G/D7LHUUDSDVD SRU OD LQWHU VHFFLyQ GH ODVyUELWDV VRODU \ OX QDU H/D7LHUUDSDVD SRU OD LQWHU VHFFLyQGHODVyUELWDVWHUUHVWUH\ OXQDU /DV GLVWLQWDV SRVLFLRQHV TXH DGRSWD OD /XQD GXUDQWH VX PRYLPLHQWR GH UHYROXFLyQUHFLEHHOQRPEUHGH D (O,VRFURQLVPROXQDU E /DVIDVHVOXQDUHV F /RVHFOLSVHVVRODUHV\OXQDUHV G /DVPDUHDV\ORVHFOLSVHV H 1RYLOXQLR\SOHQLOXQLR 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 (OKHFKRGHTXHODWHPSHUDWXUD VHDH[WUHPDHQODOXQDWDQWRGH GtDFRPRGHQRFKHVHGHEHSULQFL SDOPHQWHD D /DLQWHUIHUHQFLDGHOD7LHUUD E (OEDMRDOEHGRGHOD/XQD F (OHOHYDGRDOEHGRGHOD/XQD G /DDXVHQFLDGHODDWPyVIHUD OXQDU H /DFRPSRVLFLyQURFRVDGHVX UHOLHYH 6H FRQVLGHUD TXH ORV PDUHV OXQDUHV FRPRWLSRGHVXUHOLHYHVRQHOUH VXOWDGRGH D /DSUHVHQFLDGHODV]RQDVVtVPL FDVHVWDEOHV\DFWLYRV E(OUHFXEULPLHQWRGHODVXSHUILFLH SRUODYDVYROFiQLFDV F/DDFFLyQGHLQWHQVRVSURFHVRV HURVLYRV G/DSDVDGDH[LVWHQFLDGHDJXDHQ HVWDGROtTXLGR H/DH[LVWHQFLDDFWXDOGHDJXDHQ HVWDGROtTXLGR - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6HFFLyQ 3(5,2',),&$&,21(92/8&,21 '(/$7,(55$< (5$6*(2/2*,&$6 GEOGRAFÍA ,1752'8&&,Ð1 • 'H ORV HVWXGLRV HIHFWXDGRV KDVWD HO SUHVHQWH VH FRQFOX\H TXH OD WLHUUD WLHQHXQDDQWLJHGDGGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPLOORQHVGHDxRV • • • • • • • /DWLHUUDIXHHQVXVRUtJHQHVXQDSRUFLyQGHQXEHHVWHODUTXHJUDYLWDED DOUHGHGRUGHOVROWDPELpQHQIRUPDFLyQ /RVPDWHULDOHVTXHODFRQIRUPDEDQVHFRQGHQVDURQOHQWDPHQWHKDVWD FRQVWLWXLUXQDPDVDVyOLGD /D WLHUUD SULPLWLYD IXH HQIULiQGRVH $O HQIULDUVH OD DWPyVIHUD HPSH]y OD FRQGHQVDFLyQ GHO YDSRU GH DJXD TXH H[LVWtD HQ HOOD 6H IRUPDURQJUDQ GHV PDVDV GH QXEHV \ HVWDV GLHURQ OXJDU D OOXYLDV WRUUHQFLDOHVTXHFD\H URQ GXUDQWH PLOORQHV GH DxRV (O DJXD YROYtD D HYDSRUDUVH \ UHWRUQDED QXHYDPHQWHDODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHHQIRUPDGHOOXYLDJUDQL]RJDU~D QLHYH /DVDJXDVSURYHQLHQWHVGHODVOOXYLDVIXHURQGHSRVLWiQGRVHHQODVGH SUHVLRQHVGHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHIRUPiQGRVHORVPDUHV\RFpD QRVODJRV\UtRV (O SURFHVR HYROXWLYR GH OD WLHUUD FRQWLQ~R FRQ OD DSDULFLyQ GH ORV IHQyPHQRVWHO~ULFRV/DDFWLYLGDGYROFiQLFDORVPRYLPLHQWRVRURJpQLFRV\ ORVPRYLPLHQWRVVtVPLFRVGHWHUPLQDURQODIRUPDFLyQGHODVFRUGLOOHUDVGHO PXQGRHOUHOLHYHSULPLWLYRVHDOWHUR /DVFRUGLOOHUDVTXHGDURQH[SXHVWDVDODDFFLyQGHORVIHQyPHQRVDW PRVIpULFRV YDULDFLyQ GH OD WHPSHUDWXUD KXPHGDG OOXYLDV YLHQWRVODVUR FDV FRPHQ]DURQ D VHU GHVLQWHJUDGDV TXHGDQGR H[SXHVWDV D OD DFFLyQ HURVLYDGHODVDJXDVFRQWLQHQWDOHV (O SURFHVR FRQWLQ~D D WUDYpV GH ODV HUDV JHROyJLFDV ORV PDWHULDOHV GH HURVLyQYDQGHSRVLWiQGRVHHQORVIRQGRVPDULQRVRULJLQDQGRYDULDV IRUPDVGHUHOLHYHGRQGHVHDOWHUQDQPRQWDxDVPHVHWDVOODQXUDVDOXYLD OHVGHSUHVLRQHVTXHEUDGDVFROLQDVSRQJRVFDxRQHVHWF - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA ',9,6,Ð1(1(21(6 3DUD HO HVWXGLR GH OD FRUWH]D WHUUHVWUH\ ELRVIHUD VH KDGLYLGLGR HO WLHPSRJHROy JLFRHQ(yQHVHUDVSHULRGRV\pSRFDV (RQHV/RVHRQHVVRQODVPD\RUHVXQLGDGHVTXHVHXWLOL]DSDUDPHGLUOD WLHUUD\VRQ D $UTXHR]RLFR &RPSUHQGH GHVGH OD IRUPDFLyQ GH OD WLHUUD KDVWD KDFH PLOORQHVDxRV (PSLH]DGHVGHTXHQXHVWUR SODQHWDVH HQIUtDGXUDQWH HVWH (yQVHIRUPDURQORVFRQWLQHQWHVORVRFpDQRV\ODDWPyVIHUDHQHVWH(yQ DSDUHFLyWDPELpQODYLGD E 3URWHUR]RLFR &RPSUHQGH GHVGH PLOORQHV GH DxRV KDVWD KDFHPLOOR QHVGHDxRV(QHVWH(yQODVURFDVSURWHUR]RLFDVHQFLHUUDQDEXQGDQWHYLGD$O SULQFLSLR GH HVWH (yQ DSDUHFHQ FpOXODV FRPSOHMDV HXFDULRWD \ DOJDV YHUGH D]XODGDVFRQFDSDFLGDGGHUHDOL]DUODIRWRVtQWHVLVORTXHDXPHQWDODFDQWLGDG GHR[LJHQRHQODDWPyVIHUD F )DQHUR]RLFR$EDUFDGHVGHPLOORQHVGHDxRVKDVWDODDFWXDOLGDG (VHO PDV UHFLHQWH\ EUHYH/RV IyVLOHVGH ODV URFDV GHHVWHWLHPSRLOXVWUDQ FRPRODYLGDHYROXFLRQyGHVGHORVSULPHURVRUJDQLVPRV KDVWD ODV SODQWDV \ DQLPDOHV WHUUHVWUHV SDUD DOFDQ]DU ODGLYHUVLGDGDFWXDO$OGHVFXEULUVHODUD GLRDFWLYLGDGVHLGHDURQPpWRGRVGHGDWDFLyQQXHYRVSXGLHQGRDVLJQDUDVtHGD GHVDEVROXWDVHQPLOORQHVGHDxRVDVt6XUJHQODVHUDVJHROyJLFDVTXHPHQFLR QDPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQ %LEOLRWHFDGH&RQVXOWD0LFURVRIW(QFDUWD 0LFURVRIW&RUSRUDWLRQ5HVHUYDGRVWRGRVORVGHUHFKRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA ',9,6,Ð1(1(5$6 $UFDLFD&ULSWR]RLFDR$]RLFD³6LQYLGD´'XUDFLyQGHPLOORQHVD PLOORQHVGHDxRV(VWiFRPSUHQGLGRSRUWUHVSHULRGRV$OJRQTXLHQVH +XURQLHQVH/DXUHQWLHQVH • • • • &RQILJXUDFLyQ*HRJUiILFDGHOD7LHUUD/DWLHUUDHUDXQDPDVDVyOLGD PiVRPHQRVHVIpULFDHQSURFHVRGHHQIULDPLHQWRFRQDXVHQFLDWRWDO GH PDUHV \ RFpDQRV SRU ODV DOWDV WHPSHUDWXUDV GH OD PDVD VyOLGD GH QXHVWUR SODQHWD ODV DJXDV VH HQFRQWUDEDQ HQODDWPyVIHUDHQIRUPDGH YDSRUGHDJXD /D WLHUUD HPSH]y D HQIULDUVH HO YDSRU VH FRQGHQVR IRUPiQGRVHQXEHV TXHGLHURQRULJHQDOOXYLDVWRUUHQFLDOHVIRUPiQGRVHPDUHV\RFpDQRVGH SRFDSURIXQGLGDG6HIRUPyXQPDUDOTXHOODPDURQ3$17+$/$66$GH FX\RVIRQGRVFRPHQ]DURQDHPHUJHUORVFRQWLQHQWHV (QHO+HPLVIHULR6XUH[LVWtDXQVRORFRQWLQHQWHOODPDGR:RQJ ZDQDIRUPDGRSRU%UDVLOÈIULFD0DGDJDVFDU,QGLD,QGRFKLQD,QVX OLQGLD$XVWUDOLD\$QWiUWLFD (QHO+HPLVIHULR1RUWHH[LVWtDQWUHVPDVDVFRQWLQHQWDOHV(OHVFXGR VLEHULDQR/LEHULD&KLQDHOHVFXGREiOWLFR(VFDQGLQDYD\HOHVFXGR FDQDGLHQVH&DQDGi*URHQODQGLDHQWUHDPERVKHPLVIHULRVH[LVWtDXQ PDUOODPDGR7KHW\V 3ULPDULDR3DOHR]RLFD &RUUHVSRQGHDODVIDVHVPiVDQWLJXDVGHODHYROX FLyQGHODYLGD$FRQWHFLyHQWUHORVPLOORQHV\ORVPLOORQHVGHDxRV • 'XUDQWH HVWD HUD VH SURGXFHQ ORV SULPHURV PRYLPLHQWRV RURJpQLFRV \ HO YXOFDQLVPR/DYLGDDQLPDOVHGHVDUUROOyHQIRUPDDVRPEURVD HO PDU HUD XQKHUYLGHURGHVHUHVYLYLHQWHVSHURVyORGHLQYHUWHEUDGRVHQWUHORVPiV FRQRFLGRVILJXUDQORVWULORELWHVDSDUHFHQWDPELpQORVFHIDOySRGRVSDUHFL GRVDORVDFWXDOHVFDODPDUHV • • • (Q HVWHSHULRGR DSDUHFH WDPELpQ HOSULPHUDQLPDO FRQ FROXPQDYHUWHEUDO HUDQSHFHVFRQSXOPRQHVTXHSRGtDQUHVSLUDUHODLUHGHODDWPyVIHUD\SRU ORWDQWRYLYLUHQODV]RQDVFRQWLQHQWDOHV 7DPELpQVHGHVDUUROODQORVDQILELRVVREUHVDOHQHOEUDQTXLRVDXULRPX\SD UHFLGRDODVDODPDQGUDDFWXDOLQVHFWRV\EDWUDFLRV /DYLGDYHJHWDOORJUyXQH[WUDRUGLQDULRGHVDUUROORGHVWDFDQORVKHOHFKRV DUERUHVFHQWHVIRUPDQGRLQPHQVRVERVTXHVTXHFXEULHURQORVFRQWLQHQWHV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA D 3HULRGRV • &iPEULFR DPLOORQHVGHDxRV&DPEULDQRPEUHTXHORVDQWLJXRV URPDQRVGDEDQDODVURFDVVHGLPHQWDULDVGH*DOHV • /DPD\RUtDGHODVPDVDVWHUUHVWUHVVHHQFRQWUDEDQHQORVWUySL FRV1RUWHDPpULFD\(XURSDHVWDEDQVHSDUDGDV\VHHQFRQWUD EDQHQORVWUySLFRV*RQGZDQDVHH[WHQGtDKDVWDFDVLHO3ROR6XU • (QFXDQWRDOGHVDUUROORGHODYLGDDSDUHFLHURQODVDOJDVPDUL QDV $SDUHFHQ ORV LQYHUWHEUDGRV PDULQRV PLHQWUDV TXH HQOD WLHUUD WRGDYtD QR KDEtD YLGD HO PDU VH HQFRQWUDED OOHQR GHHVSRQMDVJX VDQRVEUDTXLySRGRVPROXVFRV\DUWUySRGRV • 2UGRYtFLFR ± PLOORQHV GH DxRV 6X QRPEUH SURYLHQH GHODDQWL JXDWULEXJDOHVD\DTXHODVURFDVGHHGDGVHHVWXGLDURQGHIRUPDVLVWHPi WLFDHQ*DOHV • (QFXDQWRDODVSHFWRJHROyJLFR1RUWHDPpULFD\(XURSDTXHDQWHV HVWDEDQ VHSDUDGDV VH MXQWDQ SDUD IRUPDU XQD FRUGLOOHUDPRQWDxRVD 7DFRQLF $VLD HVWDED GLYLGLGD HQ /LEHULD \ &KLQD*RQGZDQDDEDU FDED6XGDPpULFD$QWiUWLGD$XVWUDOLD,QGLD • (Q FXDQWR DO GHVDUUROOR GH OD YLGD DSDUHFHQ ODV SULPHUDVSODQ WDV SULPLWLYDV \ ORV LQYHUWHEUDGRV VHJXtDQ VLHQGR OD IRUPDGH YLGD GRPLQDQWH • 6LOXULFR DPLOORQHVGHDxRV7RPDHOQRPEUHGHODDQWLJXD WULEXEULWiQLFDGHORV6LOXUHV • /RV FRQWLQHQWHV GHO 6XU IRUPDEDQ HO VXSHUFRQWLQHQWH *RQGZDQD PLHQWUDV TXH HO 1RUWH HVWDED IRUPDGR SRU (XURSD1RU WHDPpULFD\$VLD • $SDUHFHQIyVLOHVGHSODQWDVOODPDGDVSVLORILWDV/RVDUUHFLIHVGH FRUDO FUHFtDQ HQ DJXDV PDULQDV FDOLGDV DSDUHFHQ ORV SHFHV FRQ PDQGtEXOD\ORVSULPHURVLQVHFWRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • 'HYyQLFR DPLOORQHVGHDxRV6XQRPEUHGHULYDGH'HYyQ ,QJODWHUUD • /RV FRQWLQHQWHV GH 1RUWHDPpULFD \ (XURSD VH HQFRQWUDEDQ HQ HO (FXDGRU $ULFD\ 6XGDPpULFD HVWDEDQ FHQWUDGRVHQHOSROR6XU • (Q FXDQWR D IORUD DSDUHFHQ ORV SULPHURV ERVTXHV GHO SODQHWD \ HQ IDXQD DSDUHFHQ HQ WLHUUD ILUPH ODV DUDxDV \ iFDURV (Q ORVPDUHV DSDUHFHQ XQRV PROXVFRV SDUHFLGRV D ORV FDODPDUHV DFWXDOHV /RVSHFHV\DWHQtDQDOHWDVHVFDPDV\ PDQGtEXODVDSDUHFHQORV DQILELRV &DUERQtIHUR ±PLOORQHVGHDxRV6XQRPEUHVHGHEHDORVHV WUDWRVSRUWDGRUHVGHFDUEyQGH,QJODWHUUD\*DOHV • *RQGZDQDVHXELFDWRWDOPHQWHDO6XU • • • GEOGRAFÍA $EXQGDQODVSODQWDVVLQIORUTXHVHUHSURGXFHQSRUHVSRUDV+DE tDQKHOHFKRV\FRQtIHUDV $SDUHFHQORVSULPHURVUHSWLOHVYHUGDGHURVDEXQGDQORVLQ VHFWRVFRPXQHVVRQORVWLEXURQHV\SHFHVSULPLWLYRV 3pUPLFR ±PLOORQHVGHDxRV3HULRGRJHROyJLFRHQKRQRUD 3HUPXQDDOGHDGHOHVWHGH5XVLD • 1RUWHDPpULFD(XURSD\$VLDVHXQHQD*RQGZDQDSDUDIRUPDUXQ VRORFRQWLQHQWHOODPDGR3DQJHD • $SDUHFHQORVKHOHFKRVFRQVHPLOODV\IORUHFLyODYLGDPDULQDLQYHU WHEUDGD$ILQDOHVGHHVWHSHULRGRVHXQDJUDQH[WLQFLyQODPD\RUGH ODVTXHVHFRQRFHKDVWDHOPRPHQWR\SXVRILQDJUDQGHVJUXSRV GH FRUDOHV \ HTXLQRGHUPRV /RV UHSWLOHV VH LEDQ GHVDUUROODQGR VRUSUHQGHQWHPHQWH$SDUHFHQORVDQWHFHVRUHVGHORVGLQRVDXULRV 6HFXQGDULDR0HVR]RLFD &RUUHVSRQGHDXQDIDVHLQWHUPHGLDGHOD HYROX FLyQGHODVHVSHFLHV6HGHVDUUROOyHQWUHORV\PLOORQHVGHDxRV • 9,'$9(*(7$/ 6HPDQLIHVWyHQODDSDULFLyQGHORVFRQtIHURVFX\DV HVSHFLHVSULQFLSDOHV VRQ ORV SLQRV\ ORV DEHWRVTXHLQYDGLHURQ ORV FRQWLQHQWHV IRUPDQGR JUDQGHV ERVTXHV DSDUHFHQWDPELpQDOJXQDVSODQ WDVFRQIORUHVRKHOHFKRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • GEOGRAFÍA 9,'$ $1,0$/ (Q HO PDU GHVDSDUHFLy ORV WULORELWHV \ SHFHVDFRUD ]DGRVVHGHVDUUROODQORVDPRQLWDVFRQVXVFRQFKDVHQHVSLUDO(VWD HVDVLPLVPRODHUDGHORVUHSWLOHVRVDXULRVJLJDQWHVXQRVHUDQDFXiWLFRV SURYLVWRVGHDOHWDVFRPRHOLFWLRVDXURGHGLH]PHWURVGHODUJRFRQXQ FXHUSRGHSH]FDEH]DGHODJDUWRSDWDVGHFHWiFHR\FXHOORGHVHUSLHQWH 2WURVHUDQWHUUHVWUHVFRPRORVGLQRVDXULRV%URQWRVDXURVHVWHJR VDXULRV'LSORGRFRVHWF D 3HULRGRV • 7ULiVLFR±PLOORQHVGHDxRV*U7UtDVFRQMXQWRGHWUHV$SDUH FHQGLQRVDXULRVGHSHTXHxDVGLPHQVLRQHV • (/JUDQFRQWLQHQWH3DQJHDFRPLHQ]DDGHVPHPEUDUVH • 3UHGRPLQDEDQORViUEROHVSHUHQQLIROLRVTXHVRQORVTXHFRQ VHUYDQVXIROODMHGXUDQWHWRGRHODxR • $SDUHFHQORVSULPHURVGLQRVDXULRVGHSHTXHxDVGLPHQVLRQHVFRPR ORVLFWLRVDXURVUHSWLOHV PDULQRV \ DSDUHFHQ ORVSULPHURVPDPtIHURV YHUGDGHURV • -XUiVLFR ± PLOORQHV GHDxRV'H -XUD FRUGLOOHUDHXURSHD $SDUHFHQORVJUDQGHVGLQRVDXULRV • (QHVWDHWDSDGHODKLVWRULDODWLHUUDWHQtDGRVVXSHUFRQWLQHQWHV/DX UDVLD\*RQGZDQDVHSDUDGRVSRUHOPDUGH7KHWLV1RUWHDPpULFDWR GDYtDXQLGDD*RQGZDQD\D(XURSD2FFLGHQWDO HPSH]y VXVHSDUD FLyQGH*RQGZDQD6XGDPpULFD\ÈIULFDFRPHQ]DURQDVHSDUDUVH • $SDUHFHQ ODV SODQWDV FRQ IORU \ KHOHFKRV FRQ VHPLOOD (Q FXDQWR D IDXQD OD IRUPD GH YLGD GRPLQDQWH HUDQ ODV UHSWLOHV FRPR HO LFWLR VDXULRGHYLGDPDULQDRWURVGHYLGDDpUHDFRPRHO3WHURVDXULR • &UHWiFLFR ± PLOORQHV GH DxRV 'HO ODWtQ *UHGD )&DUER QDWRGHFDOWHUURVR(OQRPEUHDOXGHDORVDEXQGDQWHVHVWUDWRV GH FUHWDGHSRVLWDGRVDOILQDO GHO SHULRGR HQ,QJODWHUUD \)UDQFLD • (Q HVWH SHULRGR ÈIULFD VH GHVSUHQGH GH *RQGZDQD \ VH IRUPDQ ODV UDtFHVGHOR$OSHVHXURSHRV/DLQGLDHPSLH]DDSOHJDUORVSUHGHFH VRUHVGHO+LPDOD\D$SDUHFHQODVPRQWDxDVURFRVDVHQ1RUWHDPpULFD \ ORV$QGHVHQ6XGDPpULFD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • GEOGRAFÍA (QHVWHSHULRGRODVSODQWDV\DWRPDQXQDDSDULHQFLDPRGHUQDFRPR HOUREOHODKD\D\HODUFH 6HH[WLQJXHQUHSWLOHVFRPRORVGLQRVDXULRVSOHURVDXULRVLFWLR VDXULRVSOHVLRVDXULRV\PHVRVDXULRVSRVLEOHPHQWHSRUODFDtGDGH XQPHWHRULWRGHJUDQGHVGLPHQVLRQHVHQQXHVWURSODQHWD 7HUFLDULD R FHQR]RLFD &RUUHVSRQGH D IRUPDV GH YLGD PiV UHFLHQWHV GXUDFLyQGHDPLOORQHVGHDxRV • • • 6H SURGXFHQ JUDQGHV PRYLPLHQWRV RURJpQLFRV TXH IRUPDURQ ODVDFWXDOHV FRUGLOOHUDVHQORVDFWXDOHVFRQWLQHQWHV/DHUDWHUFLDULDHVODHUDGHORV PDPtIHURVFRQFDUDFWHUHVPX\GLIHUHQWHVDVtFRPRORV FDEDOORVGH SHTXHxRWDPDxRH[KLEtDQFLQFRGHGRVSRFRVHIXHURQDWURILDQGRGL FKDVXxDVKDVWDFRQYHUWLUVHHQOD~QLFDSH]XxDTXHSRVHHQ 7DPELpQVHGHVDUUROODQORVPDUVXSLDOHV]DULJH\DVFDQJXURVDSDUHFH HOULQRFHURQWHPDVWRGRQWH\HOHIDQWHTXH6XUJLHURQDOILQDOGHODHUD 7DPELpQVHGHVDUUROODURQHOPDPXWHORVR\HOWLJUHGLHQWHVGHVDEOH /DYLGDYHJHWDOSUHVHQWDEDORVFDUDFWHUHVTXHKR\GtDVHDSUHFLDQ HQODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH D 3HULRGRV 3DOHRFHQRPLOORQHVGHDxRV • • • *URHQODQGLDVHDOHMDGH1RUWHDPpULFD/HYDQWDPLHQWRGHO+LPDOD\D /RVPDPtIHURVHPSLH]DQDGRPLQDUODWLHUUDFRPRODVPDUVXSLDOHVORV FUHRGRQWHVTXHVRQORVDQWHFHVRUHVGHSHUURV \ JDWRV\ORVXQJXODGRVTXHGDQRULJHQDFDEDOORVFHUGRVULQRFHURQ WHV\FDPHOORV (RFHQRPLOORQHVGHDxRV • (VWHSHULRGRUHVDOWDHQLPSRUWDQFLDSRUTXHVHGDHOOHYDQWDPLHQWR GHODV JUDQGHVFRUGLOOHUDVGHORHVWHGH1RUWHDPpULFD\6XGDPpULFD<VHGDHO SOHJDPLHQWRGHORV$OSHV\HO+LPDOD\D • $SDUHFHQIRUPDVDQFHVWUDOHVGHOFDEDOORFDPHOORULQRFHURQWHPXUFLpOD JRSULPDWHV\URHGRUHV(QHOPDUVHHQFRQWUDURQUHVWRVGHXQDQLPDO SHUHFLGRDODEDOOHQD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 2OLJRFHQR PLOORQHVGHDxRV • • GEOGRAFÍA (QIORUDVHGDQGLYHUVDVYDULHGDGHVGHSLQRV 'HVWDFDQORVULQRFHURQWHV/RVSULPHURVHOHIDQWHVGLHURQOXJDUDORVPDV WRGRQWHV ORV FUHRGRQWHV GDQ OXJDU D SHUURV \ JDWRVHVWRV FRPSUHQGtDQ GRVJUXSRV\GHXQRGHHOORV6XUJHHOWLJUHGLHQWHVGHVDEOH 0LRFHQR PLOORQHVGHDxRV • • • 6HGDODHOHYDFLyQGHJUDQGHVFRUGLOOHUDV$OSHVHQ(XURSD+LPDOD\D HQ$VLD\ODVFDGHQDVPRQWDxRVDVGHOFRQWLQHQWHDPHULFDQR (QHOKHPLVIHULR1RUWHDSDUHFHQSUDGHUDV 0DPtIHURV FRPR HO ULQRFHURQWH FDPHOOR JDWR \ FDEDOOR SUHGRPLQDEDQ $SDUHFHHOPDVWRGRQWHHOPDSDFKHODFRPDGUHMD\YLYtDQHQHVWDpSRFD ORVVLPLRV 3OLRFHQR PLOORQHVGHDxRV • • 3RU WHQHU XQ FOLPD WHPSODGR H[LVWHQ HQFLQRV KD\DV DEHGXOHV IUHVQRV iODPRV\SLQRV /RVPDPtIHURVHUDQHOWLSRGHYLGDGRPLQDQWH\ODHYROXFLyQUiSLGDGH ORVSULPDWHVRULJLQyHVSHFLHVFRQVLGHUDGRVDQWHSDVDGRVGLUHFWRVGHOKRPR VDSLHQV (UDFXDWHUQDULDRDQWURSR]RLFD PLOORQHVGHDxRVDODDFWXDOLGDG (VWDHVODHUDTXHHVWDPRVYLYLHQGRVXSULQFLSDOFDUDFWHUtVWLFDHVOD DSDULFLyQ GHO KRPEUHFX\RV YHVWLJLRV GHVXDFWLYLGDGVHUHPRQWDQ DO SOHLVWRFHQR +D WHQLGR XQDGXUDFLyQDSUR[LPDGDGHXQPLOOyQGHDxRV D 3HULRGRV 3OHLVWRFHQRFRQPLOORQHVGHDxRV±PLODxRV (VWHSHULRGRVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUODSUHVHQFLDGHJODFLDUHVHQPiVGHXQDFXDUWD SDUWHGHODVXSHUILFLHGHODWLHUUD (VWHSHULRGRHVOODPDGRDYHFHVODHUDGHOKRPEUHSRUTXHVHFUHHTXHORVSULPH URVVHUHVKXPDQRVHYROXFLRQDURQHQHOOD(QHVWHSHULRGRVHGDODH[WLQFLyQGHO WLJUHGLHQWHVGHVDEOHHOPDVWRGRQWH\HOSHUH]RVRWHUUHVWUH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 +RORFHQRFRQPLODxRVDOWLHPSRDFWXDO • • • GEOGRAFÍA /DWHPSHUDWXUDVHHOHYDHQHVWHSHULRGRORTXHRULJLQDXQGHVKLHORTXH DXPHQWDHOQLYHOGHOPDU3RUHODXPHQWRGHODWHPSHUDWXUDDSDUHFHXQ SDLVDMHSUHGRPLQDQWHIRUHVWDOFRPRODFRQLIHUDVUREOHVHWF $QLPDOHVFRPRHOHIDQWHVULQRFHURQWHVKLSRSyWDPRELVRQWHFDEDOORVRQ FDUDFWHUtVWLFRVHQHVWDpSRFD /RVFRQWLQHQWHV\ORVRFpDQRVVRQORVTXHDFWXDOPHQWHH[LVWHQORVPRYL PLHQWRVRURJpQLFRVFRQWLQ~DQHYROXFLRQDQGROHQWDPHQWH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 6HFFLyQ /Ë1($6< &Ë5&8/26,0$*,1$5,267(55(675(6 ,1752'8&&,Ð1 (O VLVWHPD GH FRRUGHQDGDV JHRPpWULFDV R JHRJUiILFDV VH XWLOL]D SDUD GHILQLU OD ORFDOL]DFLyQGH OXJDUHV HQOD VXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUH /DV OtQHDV GH ODWLWXG\ORQJLWXG VHXWLOL]DQSDUDILMDUODSRVLFLyQGHORVSXQWRVGHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHDWUDYpV GHXQVLVWHPDGHFRRUGHQDGDV 35,1&,3$/(6/,1($6 3DUDOHORV&RQRFLGRVFRPROtQHDVGHODWLWXG6RQORVFtUFXORVPHQRUHV SDUDOHORVDO(FXDGRUHVWRVVRQLQQXPHUDEOHV\VHH[WLHQGHQGHVGHOD OtQHDHFXDWRULDOKDVWDORVSRORV6XORQJLWXG YD VLHQGR PHQRU D PHGL GD TXH VH DOHMDQ GHO PLVPR KDVWDFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQSXQWRHQORVSRORV7LHQHQ GLUHFFLyQGH(VWHD2HVWHYLFHYHUVD 8WLOLGDG ¢4Xp 0LGHQ" /$7, 78'(6GLVWDQFLDTXHH[LVWHGH XQSXQWR FXDOTXLHUD GH OD WLHUUD DO (FXDGRU HVWD SXHGH VHU /DWLWXG 6XU1RUWHVHH[SUHVDHQJUD GRVPLQXWRV\VHJXQGRV/D ODWLWXG SURSRUFLRQD OD ORFDOL]DFLyQ GH XQ OXJDU DO 1RUWH R DO 6XU GHO (FXDGRU 3ULQFLSDOHV3DUDOHORV D /tQHD HTXLQRFFLDO (V XQ FtUFXOR Pi[LPR LPDJLQDULR HTXLGLVWDQWH GH ORV SRORV TXHGLYLGHOD7LHUUDHQGRV KHPLVIHULRV 1RUWH \ 6XU /D OtQHDGHO(FXDGRUIRUPD iQJXORUHFWRFRQHOHMH GHOD7LHUUD\DSDUWLUGHHOODVHPLGHQODVODWLWXGHV KDFLDHO1RUWHRKDFLDHO6XUHQJUDGRVVH[DJHVLPDOHVKDVWDODODWLWXGHQ FXDOTXLHUSXQWRGHO(FXDGRUHVVLHPSUHJUDGRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA E 7UySLFRV6RQGRVSDUDOHORVGHODWLWXGWHUUHVWUHHTXLGLVWDQWHVGHO(FXDGRU VLWXDGRVD GHODWLWXG1RUWH\D GHODWLWXG6XUGRQGHORVUD\RVGHO 6RO LQFLGHQ SHUSHQGLFXODUPHQWH VREUH OD 7LHUUDDOPHGLRGtDDOPHQRVXQGtDDO DxR • 7UySLFR GH &iQFHU 8ELFDGR HQ HO+HPLVIHULR1RUWH 3RUTXHHO6RO HQHOVROVWLFLRGHYHUDQRHQWUDHQOD FRQVWHODFLyQGH&iQFHU • 7URSLFR GH &DSULFRUQLR 8ELFDGR HQHO+HPLVIHULR6XU(VWD]RQDGH OD VXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUH VH FRQRFH FRPR ]RQD WURSLFDO LQWHUWURSLFDO R WyUULGD F&tUFXORVSRODUHV • ÉUWLFR(VWDVLWXDGRD¶DO1RUWHGHO(FXDGRU6HxDODHOOtPLWHPHUL GLRQDOGHOiUHDHQODTXHHO6ROQRVHSRQHHQHOKRUL]RQWH • $QWiUWLFR (V XQ SDUDOHOR GH OD 7LHUUD VLWXDGR D DO 6XU GHO(FXD GRU6HxDODHOOtPLWHVHSWHQWULRQDOGHXQiUHDGRQGHKDFLDHOVROVWLFLRDXV WUDOQRVHSRQHHOVROHQHOKRUL]RQWH %LEOLRWHFDGH&RQVXOWD0LFURVRIW(QFDUWD0LFURVRIW &RUSRUDWLRQ5HVHUYDGRVWRGRVORVGHUHFKRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 0HULGLDQRV6HFRQRFHQWDPELpQSRUOtQHDVGHORQJLWXG(VWiQQXPHUD GRV GH D WDQWR KDFLD HO (VWH FRPR KDFLD HO 2HVWH DSDUWLUGHOPHULGLDQR GH *UHHQZLFK FRQVLGHUDGR FRPR HO PHULGLDQR RULJHQ 6RQ DTXHOORV FtUFXORV Pi[LPRVSHUSHQGLFXODUHVDO(FXDGRUTXHGLYLGHQDODWLHUUDHQGRVKHPLVIHULRV (67(<2(67(\TXHSDVDQSRUORVSRORV6XV([WUHPRVVRQORVSRORV 8WLOLGDG ¢4Xp 0LGHQ" /RQJLWXGHV (V OD GLVWDQFLD TXH KD\ HQ XQ SXQWR FXDO TXLHUD GH OD WLHUUD DO PHULGLDQR EDVH R GH *UHHQZLFK HVWD PHGLGD WDPELpQ VH H[SUHVDHQJUDGRVPLQXWRV\VHJXQGRV/DVORQJLWXGHV SURSRUFLRQDQ OD ORFDOL ]DFLyQ GH XQ OXJDU DO (VWH X 2HVWHGHO0HULGLDQRGH*UHHQZLFK 3ULQFLSDOHV0HULGLDQRV D 0HULGLDQRGH*UHHQZLFKR0HULGLDQR%DVH(VXQDOtQHDLPDJLQDULD TXHIRUPDODPLWDGGHXQFtUFXORPi[LPR\XQHORVSRORV1RUWH\6XU 'LYLGHDOPXQGRHQGRVKHPLVIHULRV2ULHQWDO\2FFLGHQWDO/DVORQJLWXGHV(\ 2 FRQYHUJHQ HQ HO ODGR RSXHVWR GH OD WLHUUD VREUH HOPHULGLDQRGHORQJLWXG TXHVHGHILQHFRPRHODQWLPHULGLDQRSULQFLSDOFRQDOJXQDVGHVYLDFLRQHV PDUFDGDVSRUODOtQHDLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHFDPELRGHIHFKD 6LUYH • • (VWDEOHFHUORVYDORUHVGHORQJLWXG (VWDEOHFHUHOFiOFXORGHODKRUDLQWHUQDFLRQDO E 0HULGLDQRGHRDQWHPHULGLDQRGH*UHHQZLFK(VODOtQHDLPDJLQDULD GHO WLHPSR 6H XVD SDUD GHWHUPLQDU HO FDPELR GHO GtD \ ODIHFKD/tQHDLUUHJXODU - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA WUD]DGDVREUHHOPDSDGHORFpDQR3DFtILFRSUy[LPDDOPHULGLDQR\TXHHQ PXFKRVOXJDUHVFRLQFLGHFRQpO6HxDODHOOXJDUHQHOTXHORVQDYHJDQWHVDGHODQWDQ R UHWUDVDQ XQ GtDODIHFKDHQXQ YLDMHWUDQVRFHiQLFR$O HVWHGHODOtQHD HVXQGtD DQWHVTXHDORHVWHGHODPLVPD 87,/,'$''(/$6/,1($6<&,5&8/26,0$*,1$5,26 +RUD RILFLDO (OKRUDULRRILFLDOEDVDGRHQHOWLHPSRVRODUIXHLQWURGX FLGRHQSRUDFXHUGRLQWHUQDFLRQDOSDUDHYLWDUFRPSOLFDFLRQHVHQ ORVKRUDULRVGHWUHQHVFXDQGRFDGDFRPXQLGDGHPSOHDEDVXSURSLDKRUDVRODU 6HGLYLGLyOD7LHUUDHQKXVRVKRUDULRVSDUWLHQGRGHOPHULGLDQRGHORQJLWXGFHUR TXHSDVDSRUHO5HDO2EVHUYDWRULRGH*UHHQZLFKHQHO6XUGH,QJODWHUUDORVKXVRV VHQXPHUDQVHJ~QVXGLVWDQFLDDO(VWHRDORHVWHGH*UHHQZLFK 'HQWURGHFDGDKXVRKRUDULRWRGRVORVUHORMHVGHEHQPDUFDUODPLVPDKRUD\ HQWUHXQKXVR\HOVLJXLHQWHKD\XQDGLIHUHQFLDGHXQDKRUD (Q HO PRGHOR FLHQWtILFR HQ HO TXH VH EDVDQ ORV KXVRV KRUDULRV FDGDKXVRDEDUFD GH ORQJLWXG VLQ HPEDUJRORV OtPLWHV GH ORV KXVRV VHKDQDGDSWDGRD ODV IURQWHUDVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVRDORVOtPLWHVUHJLRQDOHV HQ SDtVHV H[WHQVRV SDUDIDFLOLWDUODVDFWLYLGDGHVFRPHUFLDOHV (QQDYHJDFLyQORVUHORMHVVHVLQFURQL]DQIUHFXHQWHPHQWHFRQODKRUDORFDO GH *UH HQZLFK GHQRPLQDGD *07 SRU VXV VLJODV HQ LQJOpV /RVDVWUyQRPRVXVDQHVHQ FLDOPHQWHHOPLVPRVLVWHPDDXQTXHORGHQRPLQDQ87& VLJODV HQLQJOpV GH &RRUGHQDGDV 7HPSRUDOHV8QLYHUVDOHV &RRUGHQDGDV*HRJUiILFDV/DVFRRUGHQDGDVFRPSUHQGHQGRVFRQMXQWRVGH OtQHDVSDUDOHODVVHSDUDGDVSRUGLVWDQFLDVLJXDOHVTXHVHFUX]DQIRUPDQGRiQJX ORVUHFWRV\GLYLGHQHOPDSDHQFXDGUDGRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 6HFFLyQ (6758&785$,17(51$'(/$*(26)(5$ &21&(372 6HFRQRFHFRPR*HRVIHUDDODPDVDVyOLGD GHOSODQHWDWLHUUD6XHVWUXFWXUD VH GHGXFH SRUPpWRGRVLQGLUHFWRVDQDOL]DQGR ODWUD\HFWR ULD\YHORFLGDGHVGHODVRQGDVVtVPLFDVTXH ODDWUDYLHVDQSXHVWRTXHODREVHUYDFLyQGLUH FWDVRORKDDOFDQ]DGRORNPGHSURIXQGL GDG 8QD HPSUHVD DOHPDQD LQLFLy OD SHUIRUD FLyQGHXQW~QHO YHUWLFDO GH .P(QFX\D SURIXQGLGDG OD URFD HVWD VRPHWLGD D GH SUHVLyQ\& (QODHVWUXFWXUDLQWHUQDGHODWLHUUDDPD\RUSURIXQGLGDVHLQFUHPHQWDODWHPSHUD WXUDODGHQVLGDGGHODVURFDV\ODSUHVLyQ/DWHPSHUDWXUDVHLQFUHPHQWD D & P GHSURIXQGLGDG ',9,6,21 &RUWH]D ± .P &RPSXHVWDV SRU URFDV PiV OLYLDQDV2[LJHQR 6LOLFLR $OXPLQLR +LHUUR &DOFLR6RGLR 3RWDVLR0DJQHVLR6H6XEGLYLGHHQ D 6,$/ 6L 6LOLFLR \ $O $OXPLQLR &DSD *UDQtWLFD FRQIRUPDGR SRU URFDV YROFiQLFDVVHGLPHQWDULDV\PHWDPyUILFDV'HQVLGDGGHODVURFDV*FP .PGHSURIXQGLGDGPi[LPD(VODPDVJUXHVD\ PDVGHQVDGHODRFHiQL FD 3RVHH ODV URFDV PiV DQWLJXDV 7LHQH FRPR OtPLWH OD GLVFRQWLQXLGDG GH &215$' E 6,0$6L 6LOLFLR0D 0DJQHVLR&RPSUHQGLGRVHQWUHORV\.P&DSD %DViOWLFD%DVDOWR 5RFDPDVDEXQGDQWHIRUPDGRVHQODVGRUVDOHVRFHiQL FDV.PGHHVSHVRU6RQODV]RQDVGHSULPLGDVIRUPDQODEDVHGHORV FRQWLQHQWHV \ ODV FXHQFDV RFHiQLFDV 'HQVLGDG JFP (VWD FXELHUWD GH VHGLPHQWRV\ODYD)RQGR2FHiQLFR7LHQHFRPROtPLWHODGLVFRQWLQXLGDG GH02+2529,&,& 0HVRVIHUDR 0DQWR &RPSUHQGLGRHQWUHHOQ~FOHR\ODOLWRVIHUD .P &RPSXHVWR SRU 6LOLFDWRV 3RVHH HO GHOYROXPHQ WRWDO \ HO GHODPDVDWRWDOGHODJHRVIHUD6HVXEGLYLGHHQ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA D $VWHQRVIHUD±.PVXFHGHQODVFRUULHQWHVFRQYHUJHQWHVIXVLRQD GRV\ GLYHUJHQWHVRSXHVWRV$TXt VH RULJLQDQ ORVPRYLPLHQWRV WHO~ ULFRV RURJpQLFRV \ HSLURJpQLFRV &RPSXHVWR6LOLFDWR GH PDJQHVLR \ KLHUUR3RUGHEDMRVHHQFXHQWUDODFDSDGHQRPLQDGD'XQLWD(VSHVRUGH .P&RQIRUPDGRSRUURFDVVLOLFLDV/tPLWHGLVFRQWLQXLGDGGH5(3(77< E 3LURVIHUD±.P&DSDGH3HURVTXLWD&RPSXHVWR6LOLFLR0DJQHVLR R[LJHQRKLHUURFDOFLR\DOXPLQLR/tPLWHGLVFRQWLQXLGDGGH*87(0%(5* 1~FOHR ² EDULVIHUD (QGRVIHUD1LIH%DULVIHUD6LGHURVIHUD6HFUHHTXH HOFHQWURGHODWLHUUDSXHGDTXHHVWDFRQIRUPDGRSRUKLHUUR D ([WHUQR ² /LTXLGR ± .P (VSHVRU GH .P'HWHUPLQD HO FDPSR PDJQpWLFR GH OD WLHUUD 6H SUHVXSRQH TXH SRVHH F 6H HQ FXHQWUD HQ HVWDGR SODVPiWLFR 'HQVLGDG GH *FP 3UHVLyQ GH PL OORQHVGHDWPyVIHUDV7LHQHFRPROtPLWHODGLVFRQWLQXLGDGGH:(,&+(57 E ,QWHUQR.P(VSHVRUGH.P6HHQFXHQWUDHQHVWDGR 6yOLGR\HVWiIXHUDGHOFRQWDFWR(VOD]RQDPiVFDOLHQWH\GHQVD3RVHHXQD SUHVLyQGHPLOORQHVGHDWPyVIHUDV3D PP GH +J HV GHFLU TXH HMHUFHXQD3DGHJFP6HVXSRQHTXHORVHOHPHQWRVPHWiOLFRVDO VRSRUWDUDOWDVWHPSHUDWXUDVGHELHUDQ HVWDU HQ HVWDGR OLTXLGR SHUR HVWR QR RFXUUH GHELGR D TXHORVPDWHULDOHVVHHQFXHWUDQFRPSDFWRVSRUODVIXHUWHVSUH VLRQHVTXHVRSRUWDQ 'LVFRQWLQXLGDGHV (VHOOXJDUHQGRQGHODV RQGDVVtVPLFDVVHUHIOHMDQ \ UHIUDFWDQDOSDVDUGHXQPHGLRDRWURHVGHFLUXQDGHVYLDFLyQTXH DODUJDVXUHFRUULGR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6HFFLyQ ),62120Ë$$&78$/'(/$7,(55$ GEOGRAFÍA 7(25,$'(/$'(5,9$&217,1(17$/ 3ODQWHDGD SRU $OIUHG :HJHQHU TXLHQ SRVWXOy D SULQFLSLRV GHO VLJOR ;; ODH[LVWHQFLDGHHVWHJUDQ FRQWLQHQWHSDUDSRGHUH[SOLFDUYDULRVIHQyPHQRV JHROyJLFRV \ ELROyJLFRV 6HxDOy TXH KDFH PL OORQHVGHDxRV/DWLHUUDHUDXQVROREORTXHGHQR PLQDGR 3DQJHD < TXH SRVWHULRUPHQWH VH IUDJ PHQWyHQGRV /DXUDVLD6HSWHQWULRQDO $GHO1RUWH(XUR$VLD\*URHODQGLD *RQGZDQD0HULGLRQDO ÈIULFD$6XU$QWiUWLFD,QGLD$XVWUDOLD$PERVVHSDUDGRV SRUHOPDUGH7KHWLV3ULPHU 0DU3KDQWDODVD23 3UXHEDV D /DVHPHMDQ]DHQWUHVLVWHPDVPRQWDxRVRVSDOHR]RLFRVGHDPERVODGRVGHO $WOiQWLFR E /DGLVWULEXFLyQGHDOJXQRVJUXSRVGHVHUHVYLYRVFRPRORVPDUVXSLD OHV F /D FRLQFLGHQFLD HQWUH ORV SHUILOHV FRVWHURV GH ORV FRQWLQHQWHV FRPR ÈIULFD ,QGLD$6XU\$XVWUDOLD G )yVLOHV GH IORUD \IDXQD LGpQWLFRV GH $ 6XU ÈIULFD ,QGLD \ $XVWUDOLD&DUERQt IHUR 6HHVWDEOHFHTXHODVFDXVDVGHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHODVSODFDVWHFWyQLFDVVHGHEDQ D ODV &RUULHQWHV &RQYHFWLYDV HQ HO 0DQWR 7UDQVPLVLyQ GH FDORU HQ XQ IOXLGR SRU PRYLPLHQWRGHFDSDVGHDVWHQRVIHUD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 'XUDQWHHO&HQR]RLFRVHSURGXMHURQORV~OWLPRVDFRQWHFLPLHQ WRVTXHFRQILJXUDURQ OD DFWXDO GLVSRVLFLyQ VH XQLHURQ ODV GRV $Pp ULFD PHGLDQWH HOLWPVR GH3DQDPiGHELGRDO GHVSOD]DPLHQWRKDFLDHO 1RUWH GH $PpULFD GHO 6XU /D SODFD FRQWLQHQWDO GH OD ,QGLD VH GHV SOD]DDO1RUWHKDVWDFKRFDUFRQ$VLD+LPDOD\D /RV PRYLPLHQWRV FRQWLQHQWDOHV FRQWLQ~DQ HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG \ VH VLJXHSURGXFLHQGRXQFLFORTXHFRPHQ]yFXDQGRVHIRUPy 3DQJHD6LQHPEDUJRHVWHFRQWLQHQWHHVHOUHVXOWDGRGHXQFLFOR DQWHULRU HQ HO TXH RWUDV PDVDV FRQWLQHQWDOHV VH GHVSOD]DURQ KDVWD TXHGDUXQLGDV 0RGHUQDPHQWHVHKDEODGH3DQJHD,,SDUDUHIHULUVHDOVXSHUFRQWLQHQWH TXH VH IRUPy D ILQDOHV GHO SDOHR]RLFR \ VH GLVJUHJy D OR ODUJR GHO PHVR]RLFRUHVHUYDQGRHOWpUPLQRGH3DQJHD,SDUDXQDDQWHULRU DJUXSDFLyQFRQWLQHQWDOKDELGDDILQDOHVGHOSURWHUR]RLFRSUHFiPEULFR 'HHVWDPDQHUDVHKDEtDSURGXFLGRXQFLFORGHGLVJUHJD FLyQ\UHDJUXSDFLyQHQWUH3DQJHD,\3DQJHD,,TXHSRVLEOHPHQWH UHSURGXMHUD FLFORV DQWHULRUHV GHVDUUROODGRV HQ HO 3URWHUR]RLFR SDQ JHDVPiVDQWLJXDVGHODVTXHVLQHPEDUJRQRKD\SUXHEDV 7(25,$'(/$7(&7Ð1,&$'(/$63/$&$6²81,),&$'25$ 3ODQWHDGDSRU+HQUU\+HVVHQ&RQILUPDOD7HRUtDGH'HULYD&RQWL QHQWDO 6RVWHQtD TXH ODOLWRVIHUDHVWiFRPSXHVWD SRU GRFH SODFDVUtJLGDV\ XQLGDVHQWUHVtHQFRQVWDQWHPRYLPLHQWR3DFLILFD1RUWHDPHULFDQD(XURDVLiWLFD DIULFDQDVXGDPHULFDQDH,QGRDXVWUDOLDQDODVPLVPDVTXHWHUPLQDQHQ • 'RUVDOHV2FHiQLFDV /XJDUGHGLYHUJHQFLDGHGRVSODFDV&RUGLOOHUD VXEPDULQD\SRUGRQGHHPHUJHQHOPDJPD • )DOODVWHFWyQLFDV )UDFWXUDGHODFRUWH]DWHUUHVWUH+XQGLPLHQWRSRUOD VDOLGDGHODPDJPD • )RVDV (V HO ERUGH GH ODV SODFDV TXH VH IRUPDQ SRU OD FRQYHUJHQFLD GH GRV SODFDV XQD GH HOODV VH VXPHUJH KDFLD HO PDQWR $TXt VRQ ODV ]RQDV GRQGHVHGHVWUX\HQERUGHVGHSODFDVSRUSURFHVRVGHVXEGXFFLyQ (OFKRTXHGHODVSODFDVSURGXFHSOHJDPLHQWRIRUPDQGRODVPRQWDxDV\FDGH QDVPRQWDxRVDVGHJUDQHOHYDFLyQWDOFRPRHO'RUVDOGHO$WOiQWLFR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA )XQGDPHQWR6HGHVFXEUHFRUGLOOHUDVVXEPDULQDVSRU0DXULFH(ZLQJHQ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6HFFLyQ *(2',0$1,&$(;7(51$( ,17(51$ GEOGRAFÍA ,1752'8&&,21 6RQODVIXHU]DVJHRJUiILFDVTXHPRGLILFDQORVUHOLHYHVH[LVWHQWHV7LHQHQVXRULJHQ HQODDWPyVIHUDHKLGURVIHUD/RVDJHQWHVPRGHODGRUHVVRQ D &OLPiWLFRV9LHQWRKXPHGDGWHPSHUDWXUDE0DUtWLPRV&RUULHQWHVPDULQDV\ RODV F %LyWLFRV/RVVHUHVYLYRV *(2',0$0,&$(;7(51$ 'HJUDGDFLyQRGHQXGDFLyQ'HVFRPSRVLFLyQ\GHVJDVWHGHODVXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUH D 0HWHRUL]DFLyQ²LQWHPSHULVPR'HVLQWHJUDFLyQ\GHVFRPSRVLFLyQGHODURFD PDGUH • )tVLFD²0HFiQLFD 'HVLQWHJUDFLyQSURJUHVLYDGHODVURFDV1RVHSURGX FHQFDPELRVHQVXFRPSRVLFLyQ,QWHUYLHQHQ7HPSHUDWXUD+HODGDV6DOHV HWF • 4XtPLFD 'HVFRPSRVLFLyQRULJLQDFDPELRVHQVXIRUPD$OWHUDORVPLQH UDOHV TXH OR LQWHJUDQ )DFWRUHV $JXD 2[LGDFLyQ +LGUyOLVLV \ &DUERQDWD FLyQ E (URVLyQ5HWLURGHSDUWtFXODVGHURFDVPLQHUDOHVVHJPHQWRVTXHVHWUDVODGDQ \ VRQGHSRVLWDGRVSRUODIXHU]DGHODJUDYHGDG\UDGLDFLyQVRODU$JHQWHV5tRV DJXDV VXEWHUUiQHDV YLHQWRV JODFLDUHV PDUHV YHJHWDOHV DQLPDOHV \ DFFLyQ DQWUySLFD • (yOLFD(VHOHIHFWRGHO9LHQWRTXHOHYDQWDD ODVSDUWtFXODVGHDUHQDTXHFKRFDQFRQWUD ODVURFDVTXHSHGHVWDOHVSLODUHV\DUFRVHy OLFRV • )OXYLDO 'HVJDVWHSURGXFLGRSRUODDFFLR QHVGHORVUtRVTXHRULJLQDQ FDWD UDWDV FDxRQHV SRQJRV YDOOHV FDVFDGDV PHDQGURVFDWDUDWDVHWF • *ODFLDU 6RQ ORV PiV SRGHURVRV DJHQWHV GH HURVLyQ GHVJDVWDQ OD VXSHUILFLH GH ODV PRQ WDxDVIRUPDQYDOOHVHQ8SRQJRV$EUDV3DVRVDEUDV\ILRUGRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • GEOGRAFÍA &iUVWLFD'HVJDVWHSURGXFLGRSRUDJXDVVXEWHUUiQHDV\WHUPR PHGLFLQDOHV /D URFD PiV VROXEOH HV &$/,=$ FRPSRQH&DOFLR (O DJXD VXEWHUUiQHR GLVXHOYH HVWDV URFDV \ IRUPDQFDYHUQDVFXHYDV JUXWDVVXPLGHURVGROLQDVHWF 0DULQD,QWHUYLHQHQODVRODVPDULQDV\PDUHDV)RUPDQDFDQWLOD GRV FXHYDV FDYHUQDVFDWHGUDOHV DEUDVLyQ JROIRVSHQtQVXODV \ EDKtDV $JUDGDFLyQ(VHOGHSyVLWRGHPDWHULDOHVDOXYLyQLFRVSRUSHUGLGDGHYHORFL GDG D 6HGLPHQWDFLyQ²'HSyVLWR'HSyVLWRGHPDWHULDOHVDOXYLyQLFRVHQODVGHSUHVLR QHVFRQWLQHQWDOHV (yOLFRV )RUPDQ'XQDVPpGDQRV\/RHVV )OXYLDOHV )RUPDQ&RQRVGH\HFWLYRVWHUUD]DVGHOWDVHVWXDULRV &iUVWLFR )RUPDHVWDODJPLWDV\HVWDODFWLWDV 0DULQRV )RUPDQSOD\DVWRPERORVFRUGRQHVHVSLJDV *ODFLDUHV )RUPDQPDUPLWDVPRUUHQDVEORTXHVHUUiWLFRVGHVSUHQGLPLHQWRV E &RQVROLGDFLyQ(VODFRPSDFWDFLyQGHORVPDWHULDOHVDOXYLyQLFRVTXHVH FRQYLHUWHQHQ5RFDV6(',0(17$'$6SRUHIHFWRVGH3UHVLyQ&RQWLHQH 3HWUyOHRFDUEyQUHVWRVIyVLOHV *(2',1É0,&2,17(51$ 6RQODVIXHU]DVLQWHUQDVJHROyJLFDVTXHGHIRUPDQODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH/DIRUPD FLyQGHOD0$*0$\ 5(/,(9(6HVSURGXFWRGHOFDORULQWHQVRGHODWLHUUD5DGLR DFWLYLGDGGHODV5RFDVGHO0DQWR 7HFWRQLVPR²'LDVWURILVPR $OWHUDFLyQ\GLVORFDFLRQHVGHODFRUWH]D D 0RY2URJpQLFRV+RUL]RQWDO)RUPDGRUHVGHPRQWD xDVWLHQHOXJDUGRQGHODVSODFDVFRQYHUJHQ • )DOODPLHQWR (VODUXSWXUDTXHVHSURGXFH GHXQDVXSHUILFLHHQXQDRPiVEORTXHVGHEL GRDODSUHVLyQ\ODSRFDSODVWLFLGDGGHODVUR FDV3RUVHUURFDVUtJLGDVVRQODV'(35(6,21(6(QXQIDOODPLHQWR OD SDUWH HOHYDGD VHGHQRPLQD³+RUVW´PLHQWUDVTXHODSDUWHGHSULPLGDVH GHQRPLQD³*UDEHQ´ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • GEOGRAFÍA *HRVLQFOLQDOHV /XJDUHV GRQGH QDFHQ ODV PRQWDxDV FXDQGR H[LVWH XQD'(35(6,Ï1HQPHGLRGHGRVSODFDVJUDQGHVHQPRYLPLHQWRODV SODFDVSUHVLRQDQHQHOPHGLR\KDFHQTXHORVVHGLPHQWRVVHFRPSUL PDQHVDKtGRQGH6XUJHQODVPRQWDxDV 3OHJDPLHQWRV0RYLPLHQWR\&ROLVLyQHQWUHJUDQGHVSODFDV2ULJLQDQ KXQGLPLHQWRV\OHYDQWDPLHQWRV6LQFOLQDO 3DUWHFyQFDYD$QWLFLQDO 3DUWH FRQYH[D 2ULJLQy HO +LPDOD\D ORV $QGHV ORV $OSHV ORV $SHQLQRV ORV 3LUHQHRV ORV 8UDOHV\&DUSDWRV E0RY(SLURJHQLFRV9HUWLFDO$EDUFDJUDQGHViUHDVSURGXFLHQGRXQPRYLPLHQ WROHQWRTXHRULJLQDHOHYDFLRQHV\SURFHVRVGHKXQGLPLHQWRHQH[WHQVDV]RQDV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA /DFDXVDGHGHEHDOD,VRVWDVLD • ,VRVWDVLD ´(VWDELOLGDGµ /DV URFDV PiV OLJHUDV6,$/ TXHIRUPDQ ORVFRQWLQHQWHVIORWDQVREUHODVURFDVPiVGHQVDV6,0$3URYRFDOHYDQ WDPLHQWRV\KXQGLPLHQWRVFRPRHQODFRVWDSHUXDQD 9XOFDQLVPR(UXSFLyQGHODVURFDVPDJPiWLFDV D ([WUXVLYR • )XPDURODV(VFDSHVRILVXUDV9HQDVSRUGRQGHVDOHQORVJDVHV • \ YDSRUGHDJXD • *HLVHU(VODILVXUDVXEWHUUiQHDTXHVHUHOOHQDFRQDJXDIUtD\FXDQGR HODJXDDOFDQ]DHOSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQHVDUURMDGRDOH[WHULRU • 0DQDQWLDOHV&DOLHQWHV6XUJHFXDQGRHODJXDVXEWHUUiQHDHVFDOHQWD GDSRUODVJUDQGHVPDVDVGHPDJPD5LFRVHQKLHUURFDOFLRPDJQH VLRIORXUHWF • 9ROFDQHV$EHUWXUDVGHODFRUWH]DWHUUHVWUHSRUGRQGHIOX\HODPDJPD GHOLQWHULRUDOH[WHULRU E ,QWUXVLWR²3OXWyQLFR • $OFRKROLWRV 0DJPD6ROLGLILFDGR • %DWROLWRV0DJPD3HWULILFDGR • 'LTXH 0DJPD&RPSDFWDGR • 6LOO 0DJPDSDUDOHODDORVHVWUDWRVURFRVRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 35$&7,&$ /D OtQHD HFXDWRULDO FUX]D ORV F+RUDVRODU VLJXLHQWHV SDtVHV GH $PpULFD GHO G +RUDDUWLILFLDO 6XU H (VWDFLyQ D &RORPELD3HU~\9HQH]XHOD E %UDVLO3HU~\(FXDGRU $PD\RUODWLWXG F&RORPELD(FXDGRU\3HU~ D 0HQRUWHPSHUDWXUD G (FXDGRU&RORPELD\%UDVLO E 0D\RUDOWLWXG H 9HQH]XHOD&RORPELD \ F 0HQRUORQJLWXG %UDVLO G +RUDPiVDWUDVDGD H 8QDIHFKDDWUDVDGD (O PHULGLDQR TXH FUX]DQ SRU HO 3HU~HV (Q ORV OXJDUHV GRQGH FRQYHUJHQ D (OFLUFXORSRODUDQWiUWLFR GRVSODFDVWHFWRQLFDVHVSRVLEOHHQ E (O7UySLFRGHFDSULFRUQLR FRQWUDU D $QXODFLyQVtVPLFD F/DOtQHDHFXDWRULDO E )RVDVPDULQDV G E\F F 3OHJDPLHQWRVFRQWLQHQWDOHV H G 3URFHVRVGHVXEGXFFLyQ H &RUGLOOHUDVVXEPDULQDVH[WHQVDV /RV WUySLFRV \ ORV FtUFXORV SRODUHVH[LVWHQJUDFLDV (OJHRItVLFRDOHPiQ $OIUHG :HJHQHU D $OD,QFOLQDFLyQWHUUHVWUH DILUPyTXHORVDFWXDOHVHVSURGXFWR E $OPRYLPLHQWRGHWUDVODFLyQF GHODIUDJPHQWDFLyQGHXQSULPLWL $OPRYLPLHQWRGHQXWDFLyQ YRFRQWLQHQWHGHQRPLQDGR G $ODVHVWDFLRQHV D 3DQWDODVD H $ORVPHULGLDQRV E *RQGZDQD F 7KHWK\V /DDOWXUDGHODHVWUHOODSRODU G 3DQJHD VLUYHSDUDGHWHUPLQDUOD H /DXUDVLD D /RQJLWXG E /DWLWXG F+RUDVRODU G +RUDDUWLILFLDO H (VWDFLyQ 6L GRV SDtVHV VH HQFXHQWUDQ XELFDGRVHQXQPLVPRSDUDOHORHQ WRQFHVWLHQHSRUFRP~Q D /RQJLWXG E /DWLWXG - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 (O GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH ORV FRQWLQHQ WHVVHGHEHD D &RUULHQWHVFRQYHFWLYDVGHOPDQ WR E (OPRYLPLHQWRGHURWDFLyQ F $WUDFFLyQ JUDYLWDFLRQDO GHO VRO \ OXQD G (OPRYLPLHQWRGHWUDVODFLyQ H &UHFLPLHQWR GH ODV GRUVDOHV RFHiQLFDV (V HO OXJDU VXEPDULQR GRQGH VH HQFXHQWUDQDOHMiQGRVHGRVSODFDV\ HVSRUDOOtGRQGHHPHUJHHOPDJPD D 'RUVDOHV E )RVDV F /DPLQDV G )DOODPLHQWR H 9ROFDQHV )RVD&RQYHUJHQFLD D 9ROFiQ±SOHJDPLHQWR E 'RUVDO±6XEGXFFLyQ F 'RUVDO±GLYHUJHQFLD G &RUGLOOHUD±SOHJDPLHQWR H )RVD6XEGXFFLyQ (QXQOXJDUGRQGHGLYHUJHQSODFDV WHFWyQLFDVVHSXHGHREVHUYDU D )RVDV0DULQDV E 'RUVDOHVPDULQDV F 9LEUDFLRQHVWHO~ULFDV G 0DUHDVDOWDV H 3ODWDIRUPDVFRQWLQHQWDOHV 6RQ PRYLPLHQWRV RURJpQLFRV \ HSLURJpQLFRV SURGXFLGRV SRU IDOODV HQODFRUWH]DRULJLQDGRVSRUODVFR UULHQWHVFRQYHFWLYDV - - D E F G H 6LVPR 6XEGXFFLyQ 'LYHUJHQFLD 0DUHD 7HFWRQLVPR GEOGRAFÍA /D FRUGLOOHUD GHO +LPD\DOD $OSHV \ ODGHORV$QGHVVHIRUPySRU D 3OHJDPLHQWR E 6XEGXFFLyQ F *HRVLQFOLQDO G )DOODPLHQWR H (SLURJHQHVLV (OODJR7LWLFDFDHVGHRULJHQ ««««««GHELGRDOSURFHVRGH «««« D 7HFWyQLFR±3OHJDPLHQWR E 7HFWyQLFR±JHRVLQFOLQDO F (SLURJHQLFR,VRVWDWLFR G 7HFWyQLFR)DOODPLHQWR H 2URJpQLFR±3OHJDPLHQWR (VHOSURFHVRGHGHVJDVWHGHOD URFD PDGUH SRU HIHFWR GH VXH[SR VLFLyQ D OD DWPyVIHUD ODPLVPD TXH HV FRQYHUWLGD HQ SROYR \ JUDQRV D 0HWHRUL]DFLyQ E (URVLyQ F $JUDGDFLyQ G 6HGLPHQWDFLyQ H &RQVROLGDFLyQ (V HO SURFHVR FDXVDGD SRU OD JUDYHGDG\ODUDGLDFLyQVRODUSRU HOFXDOVHUHWLUDODVSDUWtFXODVGHURFD \ VXHOR WUDVODGiQGROHV GH XQ OXJDU D RWUR 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 D E F G H 0HWHRUL]DFLyQ (URVLyQ $JUDGDFLyQ 6HGLPHQWDFLyQ &RQVROLGDFLyQ (Q ODV UHJLRQHV GH EDMD ODWLWXG OD WHPSHUDWXUD HV PiV DOWD GHELGR D TXH D /RVUD\RVVRODUHVFDHQSHUSHQ GLFXODUPHQWHDOHFXDGRUJHRJUi ILFR E /RV YLHQWRV DOLVLRV FRQYHUJHQ GHVGHDPERVKHPLVIHULRV F+D\FRUULHQWHV PDULQDVPiVFD OLGDVHQOD]RQDWyUULGD G /D WHPSHUDWXUD \ OD KXPHGDG VRQDOWDV H 3UHVHQWDQ]RQDVFiOLGDVSRUQD WXUDOH]D /DWHRUtDGHODGHULYDFRQWLQHQWDOVH GLIXQGLy D SDUWLU GH XQD REUD SXQ EOLFDGD HQ DOHPiQ HQ FX\R DXWRUHV D &KDUOHV'DUZLQ E $OH[DQGHU9RQ+XPEROWG F.DUORQ5LWWHU G )HGHULFR5DW]HO H $OIUHG:HJHQHU /D FDXVD GHO PRYLPLHQWR GH ODV SODFDVWHFWyQLFDVHV D /RVYLHQWRVFLFOyQLFRV E (O PRYLPLHQWR URWDFLRQDO GHOD 7LHUUD F /RVPRYLPLHQWRVVtVPLFRV G (OPRYLPLHQWRRUELWDOGHOD7LH UUD H /DVFRUULHQWHVFRQYHFWLYDVGHOD - - GEOGRAFÍA JHyVIHUD (VFRQRFLGRFRPRODOtQHDHTXLQRF FLDO\HOSDUDOHOREDVH D (OPHULGLDQREDVHR*UHHQZLFK E (O(FXDGRUJHRJUiILFR F(O7UySLFRGH&iQFHU G (O7UySLFRGH&DSULFRUQLR H &tUFXORSRODU$QWiUWLFR 4Xp KRUD VHUi HQ /RQGUHV VL HQ /LPD XQ HVWXGLDQWH OOHJD D ODV DPDVXFROHJLR" D P E DP F DP G 30 H 30 /DODWLWXGHVODGLVWDQFLDDQJXODU GH XQ SXQWR FXDOTXLHUD GH OD 7LHUUD UHVSHFWRD D &tUFXORSRODU$UWLFR E &tUFXORSRODU$QWiUWLFR F7UySLFRGH&DSULFRUQLR G (FXDGRUJHRJUiILFR H 0HULGLDQR%DVHR*UHHQZLFK /DV FRRUGHQDGDV JHRJUiILFIDV TXH FRUUHVSRQGH D OD LQWHUVHFFLyQGH ODOtQHDHTXLQRFFLDOFRQHO0HULGLDQR %DVHHV D /DWLWXG/RQJLWXG E /DWLWXG/RQJLWXG F /DWLWXG/RQJLWXG G /DWLWXG/RQJLWXG H /DWLWXG/RQJLWXG 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 (V OD DFXPXODFLyQ GH ODV SDUWtFXODV WUDQVSRUWDGDV HQ ]RQDV GH GHSUH VLyQFRPRODV'XQDV D 0HWHRUL]DFLyQ E (URVLyQ F$JUDGDFLyQ G 6HGLPHQWDFLyQ H &RQVROLGDFLyQ (V HO SURFHVR GH FRPSDFWDFLyQ GH ORV PDWHULDOHV DOXYLyQLFRV TXH SRVWHULRUPHQWHGDUiOXJDUDOSHWUy OHR D 0HWHRUL]DFLyQ E (URVLyQ F $JUDGDFLyQ G 6HGLPHQWDFLyQ H &RQVROLGDFLyQ /DDJUDYDFLyQHVXQSURFHVRGH D 7UDQVSRUWHGHPDWHULDODOXYLDO E (OGHVJDVWHGHOUHOLHYHRULJLQDO F/DDFXPXODFLyQGHPDWHULDOHV VXHOWRV G (OGHVJDVWHGHODURFDPDGUH H /DVHGLPHQWDFLyQGHPDWHULDOHV HURVLRQDGRV /DHQHUJtDVRODUDFW~DGLUHFWDPHQWH GXUDQWHHOSURFHVRGH D 0HWHRUL]DFLyQPHFiQLFD E (URVLyQHyOLFD F 7UDQVSRUWHDOXYLyQLFR G 6HGLPHQWDFLyQ H 0HWHRUL]DFLyQTXtPLFD - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 &$3,78/2,, GEOGRAFÍA (63$&,23(58$12025)2/2*Ë$&/,0$+,'52*5$)Ë$< 5(&856261$785$/(6 7(55,725Ì23(58$12 6HFFLyQ $63(&726*(1(5$/(6 D 8ELFDFLyQ5HJLyQ2FFLGHQWDOGH$PpULFDGHO6XUFRQ.PGHIURQWHUDV 5HVSHFWRDO(FXDGRU6HXELFDHQHOKHPLVIHULR6XUHQWUHORV\ GH/DWLWXG6XU5HVSHFWRDO0HULGLDQRGH*UHHQZLFK 6H XELFD HQ HO KHPLVIHULR 2FFLGHQWDO HQWUH ORV \GHORQJLWXG2FFL GHQWDO E /LPLWHV 1RUWH (FXDGRU \&RORPELD (VWH %UDVLO 6XU (VWH %ROLYLD6XU&KLOH 2HVWH±6XURHVWH2FpDQR3DFtILFR F([WHQVLyQNPðLQFOXLGDLVODV&RQXQGRPLQLRPDUtWLPRGH PLOODVDORODUJRGHODFRVWD(VHOWHUFHUSDtVPiVJUDQGHGH$PpULFDGHO6XU GHVSXpVGH%UDVLO\$UJHQWLQD 6XSHUILFLHFRQWLQHQWDO.P 6XSHUILFLHODFXVWUH.P 6XSHUILFLH,QVXODU.P G 'LYLVLyQ SROtWLFD DGPLQLVWUDWLYD 5HJLRQHVGHSDUWDPHQWRVSURYLQFLDV\GLVWULWRV H *RELHUQR 5HSXEOLFDQR VRFLDO \ GHPRFUiWLFR FRQJUHVR QDFLRQDO XQLFDPHUDO FRQJUHVLVWDV±GHQRPLQDGR&RQJUHVRGHOD5HS~EOLFD I /HQJXDV 6HJ~Q OD FRQVWLWXFLyQ VRQ OHQJXDV RILFLDOHV HO HVSDxRO TXHFKXD \ D\PDUi\ODVOHQJXDVDERUtJHQHV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA J 3ULQFLSDOHVFLXGDGHV/LPDIXQGDGR HO FDSLWDO GHO3HU~&DOODR 3ULQFLSDOSXHUWRSHVTXHURGHOSDtV$UHTXLSD&HQWURLQGXVWULDO\DJUtFROD 7UXMLOOR&HQWURFRPHUFLDO&XVFR&DSLWDOKLVWyULFRGHO3HU~$GHPiVGH /DPED\HTXH&KLFOD\R&KLPERWH3LXUD+XDQFD\R,TXLWRV6XOODQD\3XFDOOSD K (GXFDFLyQ\FXOWXUD/DHGXFDFLyQSULPDULDHVREOLJDWRULDSDUDWRGRVORV QLxRVGHHGDGHVFRPSUHQGLGDVHQWUHORV\ORVDxRV L )ORU QDFLRQDO&DQWXWD &DQWXD EX[LIROLD IORU FDPSDQXODGDGH FRORUURMRDQD UDQMDGR M3HVFD /DLQGXVWULDSHVTXHUD HV GH JUDQ UHOHYDQFLD HQ OD HFRQRPtDGHOSDtV\ FRQVWLWX\HXQLPSRUWDQWHVHJPHQWRGHODVH[SRUWDFLRQHV N 0LQHUtD (O SDtV HV XQR GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV SURGXFWRUHV PXQGLDOHV GH FREUH SODWDSORPR\FLQF7DPELpQSURGXFHSHWUyOHRJDVQDWXUDOPLQHUDOGHKLHUUR PROLEGHQRWXQJVWHQR\RUR O (QHUJtD$ FRPLHQ]RVGHODGpFDGDGH3HU~FRQWDEDFRQXQDVLQVWDODFLR QHV HOpFWULFDV GH DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH PLOORQHV GH .Z GHSRWHQFLD(Q ODSURGXFFLyQDQXDOGHHQHUJtDHOpFWULFDHUDGHPLOORQHVGH.ZK&HU FDGHXQGHOWRWDOGHODHOHFWULFLGDGSURGXFLGDHUDJHQHUDGDSRULQVWDODFLR QHVKLGURHOpFWULFDV P 0RQHGD /DXQLGDGPRQHWDULDGH 3HU~ HV HO 1XHYR 6RO GLYLGLGR HQ FpQWL PRV (O %DQFR &HQWUDO GH 5HVHUYD GHO 3HU~ IXQGDGR HO GH PDU]R GH HQ HO JRELHUQR GH $XJXVWR % /HJXtD TXH LQLFLyVXVRSHUDFLRQHVHOGHDEULO GHHVHPLVPRDxRHVODHQFDUJDGDGHODUHJXODFLyQGHHPLVLyQGHPRQHGD Q &RPHUFLR H[WHULRU 'HVGHOD,,*XHUUD0XQGLDO 3HU~ KD DXPHQWDGR\ PHMRUD GR HO VLVWHPD GH VXV YtDV IpUUHDV FDUUHWHUDV \ DHURSXHUWRV IDFLOLWDQGR HO FR PHUFLRH[WHULRU R 7UDQVSRUWH (O IHUURFDUULO /LPD+XDQFD\R DVFLHQGH KDVWD ORVP GH DOWLWXG SRU OR TXH HVWi FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR OD OtQHD IpUUHDPiVDOWDGHOPXQ GR S 3XHUWRV(QWUHORVSULQFLSDOHVWHQHPRVD&DOODR&KLPERWH6DODYHUU\ 3DFDVPD\R3DLWD0DWDUDQL\6DQ-XDQ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 025)2/2*Ì$68%0$5,1$ GEOGRAFÍA =yFDOR&RQWLQHQWDOPEQP • • • 6XSHUILFLHVXEPDULQDVXDYHPHQWHLQFOLQDGDTXHVHH[WLHQGHSRUHOERU GH GH ORV FRQWLQHQWHV GHVGH OD FRVWD KDVWD HO FRPLHQ]R GHO WDOXGFRQWL QHQWDOPHWURVGHSURIXQGLGDG&RQVWLWX\HXQDSURORQJDFLyQGHOFRQWL QHQWH 6XLPSRUWDQFLDUDGLFDHQODDPSOLWXGTXHWLHQHHQODFRVWDFHQWUDOGHV GH 3LXUD KDVWD ,FD NP IUHQWH D &KLPERWH SRU KXQGLPLHQWR GH OD DQWLJXD FRUGLOOHUD FRVWDQHUD HQ HO SOHLVWRFHQR (Q HVWD iUHD VHGHSRVLWDQ HQ JUDQ FDQWLGDG ORV VHGLPHQWRV RUJiQLFRV H LQRUJiQLFRVDFDUUHDGRV SRU ORV UtRV GH OD YHUWLHQWH GHO 3DFtILFR 0LHQWUDV TXH HQOD ]RQD VXU HV PX\ DQJRVWR DTXt HO DQWLJXR ]yFDOR VH HOHYy \ HQ ODDFWXDOLGDGIRUPDORVWD EOD]RV (VHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRGHHOHYDGDSURGXFFLyQELROyJLFD 7DOXGFRQWLQHQWDO²PEQP • • • • 6XDYH SHQGLHQWH QRUPDOPHQWH HQWUH \ TXH VHSDUD HO ERUGH GH OD SODWDIRUPDFRQWLQHQWDO\FRQVWLWX\HORTXHDOJXQRVDXWRUHVOODPDQHOIRQGR RFHiQLFRPHGLR 3UHVHQWDXQDDQFKXUDYDULDEOH.P$SUR[0HGLD $TXtVHHQFXHQWUDQORVFDxRQHVVXEPDULQRVRJDUJDQWDVRFHiQLFDVGH SDUHGHVHVFDUSDGDV 3RUpOVHGHVOL]DQVHGLPHQWRVPDULQRVTXHVHGHSRVLWDQVREUHODOODQX UDDELVDO - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 )RVDVPDULQDVR$ELVDO²PEQP • • • • GEOGRAFÍA (V XQD GHSUHVLyQ ODUJD \ PX\ SURIXQGD DELHUWD HQ HO IRQGR RFHiQLFR OD SURIXQGLGDG FRP~Q GHO IRQGR PDULQR RVFLOD HQWUH \ P7DP ELpQFRQRFLGDFRPR IUDFWXUDVVHDEUHQHQODFRUWH]DSURGXFWRGHODFRQ YHUJHQFLDGHODVSODFDVWHFWyQLFDV 6LWXDGDV IUHQWH D OD FRVWD SHUXDQD KLSRFHQWURV GH PXFKRV PRYLPLHQWRV VtVPLFRV(VWiQHQFRQVWDQWHDFWLYLGDGRURJpQLFD\HSLURJpQLFDHQHO &LQWXUyQGH)XHJRGHO3DFtILFR6XU 6H RULJLQDQ FXDQGR FRQYHUJHQ GRV SODFDV RFHiQLFDV \ XQD VH VXPHUJH SRUGHEDMRGHODRWUDGDQGROXJDUDXQDIRVDR]RQDGHVXEGXFFLyQ $PEDVVHPXHYHQDOJXQRVFHQWtPHWURVSRUDxR /DVIRVDVPDUFDQORVOXJDUHVHQTXHGRVSODFDVFROLVLRQDQ\DOOtHVWiQ ORFDOL]DGRVPXFKRVKLSRFHQWURVGHORVPRYLPLHQWRVVtVPLFRV /DVPiVSURIXQGDVGHO3HU~ • )RVD0HULGLRQDO 6HHQFXHQWUDQHQWUH$ULFD\0ROOHQGRDOFDQ]DVXPi[ SURIXQGLGDGIUHQWHDOOLWRUDOGH7DFQDRIRVDGH7DFQD • )RVD&HQWUDO 6HXELFDQHQWUH,FD\/DPED\HTXH6XPi[SUR IXQGLGDGHVWiHQHO&DOODR&KLPERWH,FD /$0É6,03257$17(6 • &KDOOHQJHUHQODIRVDGHODV 0DULDQDVP • 7RQJDP • )LOLSLQDVP • .XULOHV.DPFKDWNDP - - /$60É6/$5*$6 • • • 3HUX&KLOH.P -DYD.P $OHXWLDQDV.P 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 'RUVDOHVRFHiQLFDV • • • GEOGRAFÍA ([WHQVDV FDGHQDV PRQWDxRVDV VXEPDULQDV FRQ DFWLYLGDG YROFiQLFD QRU PDOPHQWHVLWXDGDVHQODV]RQDVFHQWUDOHVGHORVJUDQGHVRFpDQRV $O RHVWH GH ,FD DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH D .P VH XELFD OD GRUVDO GH1D] FD\VHH[WLHQGHSRUPiVGHNP /DV GRUVDOHV RFHiQLFDV VRQ FHQWURV GH IRUPDFLyQ GH IRQGR PDULQR HO IHQyPHQRPHGLDQWHHOFXDOVHFUHDODFRUWH]DRFHiQLFDWLHQHOXJDUHQORV OtPLWHVHQWUHGRVSODFDVGHFRUWH]DRFHiQLFDGRQGHODODYDRPDJPD DUGLHQWH IXQGLGR DVFLHQGH KDVWD OD VXSHUILFLH VH HQIUtD \ VHVROLGLILFDDO WLHPSRTXHODFRUWH]DPiVDQWLJXDVHYDVHSDUDQGRDDPERVODGRVGH ODGRUVDO 3ODFDGH1D]FD • • • /D3ODFDGH1D]FDVHGHVSOD]DOHQWDPHQWHSRUHOIRQGRPDUtWLPRFXEUH XQD HQRUPH VXSHUILFLH GHVGH OD IRVD SHUXDQR FKLOHQD KDVWD ODFRUGLOOHUD GHO3DFtILFRRULHQWDO\DFXPXODJLJDQWHVFDVFDQWLGDGHVGHHQHUJtDTXHDO VHUOLEHUDGDVSURGXFHQGLYHUVRVWLSRVGHPRYLPLHQWRVVtVPLFRVGHVGHSH TXHxRVWHPEORUHVKDVWDJUDQGHVWHUUHPRWRV /DSODFDGH1D]FDVHH[WLHQGHHQHOVHQWLGRGHODODWLWXGIUHQWHDWRGD ODFRVWDHFXDWRULDQDKDFLDHOQRUWH\HQHOVXUIUHQWHODVFRVWDGH(FXDGRU 3HU~\&KLOH /DFRQYHUJHQFLDHQWUHODSODFDGH1D]FD\ODSODFD$PHULFDQDFRQV WLWX\HQ HO HOHPHQWR JHQHUDGRUGH ORV PRYLPLHQWRV VtVPLFRV \ODVHUXSFLR QHVYROFiQLFDVDORODUJRGHORVDQGHVVXGDPHULFDQRV 025)2/2*Ì$'(/$&267$ • 5HSUHVHQWDHO.PGHOWHUULWRULRSHUXDQRVXORQJLWXGGHV GH7XPEHVD7DFQDGH.P - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • GEOGRAFÍA (VWUHFKD VX DQFKXUD YDUtD HQWUH ORV \ NLOyPHWURV VLHQGR VX Pi[LPD DPSOLWXG HQ 0RUURSyQ \3LXUD .P \ HO PtQLPRDQFKR HVHQ 3XQWD/RERV$UHTXLSDGH.P /DUHJLyQHVDWUDYHVDGDSRU UtRVTXHGHVFLHQGHQ GHOD FRUGLOOHUD2FFL GHQWDOGHORV$QGHVSHUXDQRV\GHVHPERFDQHQHO3DFtILFR • 5HOLHYHiULGRRGHVpUWLFRYDOOHVLUULJDGRV SRU UtRV TXH VH FRQYLHUWHQ HQXQDHVSHFLHGHRDVLVHQHVWRVGHVLHUWRV • 7LHQHXQDQFKRYDULDEOHSUHVHQWDVXPD\RUDPSOLWXGHQHO1RUWHHQWUH 3LXUD\/DPED\HTXHGRQGHDOFDQ]DXQDQFKRGH.P &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV D 9DOOHV )RUPDFLRQHV GH GHSyVLWRV IOX YLDOHV DOXYLDOHV JODFLDOHV \ VRQ ORV VXHORVPiVSURGXFWLYRVSDUDODDJULFXOWX UD LQWHQVLYD GHVWLQDGDDODH[SRUWDFLyQ GHFXOWLYRVFRPRHODOJRGyQHVSiUUD JRV2ULJLQDGRVSRUORV UtRV GH OD YHUWLHQ WH GHO 3DFtILFR7LHQHQODIRUPDGHFRQRV GHIHFWLYRV6RQPX\~WLOHVSDUDODVDFWLYL GDGHVKXPDQDV $OQRUWHORVYDOOHVVRQPDVDPSOLRVFRPR HO 5tPDF&KLUD&KDQFD\-HTXHWHSHTXH &KLFD]D HQWUH RWURV 0LHQWUDV TXH HQ HO VXU VRQ PDV HVWUHFKRV FRPR HO 7DPER 0DMHV/RFXPEDHWF - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 9$//( = D U 7 X P & KL 3L / 6 - X D D H & 6 U U x T R D P E D D / KL 0 X X F F Q 1 H S & D V + X D F K H H K H W H P H D S D H T X H x P U V '(3$57$0(172 D W H D H D LOO D D P H 7 X P E H V 7 X P E H V 3L X U D 3L X U D 3 D U 3 D WL & K 5 t / D P E D \ H T X H & / D P E D \ H T X H 3L / D /L E H U W D G , F /L E H U W D G 0 / D /L E H U W D G 9L $ Q F D V K $ Q F D V K $ Q Q F F D D V V K K 7 D 2 / & R H U P D D J \ /L /L H '(3$57$0(172 D V R R X & E P F D W Q U P SOL Q KLOL E D P D /L P D /L P , D F F D D $ U H T XL S D $ U H T XL S D U 7 7 H R D D D 0 D D P $ H P /L , M R V R F F F F H R D W Q D x V P YLO D D D D P D / $ \ 9$//( T T F F XL X Q Q S H D D D J X D E 3DPSDV5DVJRPRUIROyJLFRPiVLPSRUWDQWHGHOD&RVWDVHFDUDFWHUL]D SRUVHUKRUL]RQWDO\GHJUDQH[WHQVLyQIRUPDGRVSRUPDWHULDOHVDOXYLyQLFRV VLWXDGRV HQWUH ORV YDOOHV SHUR TXH FDUHFHQ GHDJXD SRU VHU GHVpUWLFRV 3ULQFL SDOHV2OPRV ,PSHULDO &OHPHVL HWF(QWUHORVSULQFLSDOHV 3$03$ 3X\DQGR &KLUD 2OPRV 6DxD &KLPERWH &KDYLPRFKLF &KLQHFDV $QFyQ &DxHWH +RMD 5HGRQGD 9LOODFXUt /DV 0HVDV fRFR '372 7XPEHV 3LXUD /DPED\HTXH $QFDVK $QFDVK $QFDVK /LPD /LPD ,FD ,FD ,FD ,FD 3$03$ &RORUDGD 1D]FD <DXFD /D -R\D <DVHUD 0DMHV 6LKXDV &OHPHVL 3DVWR *UDQGH ,WH <DUDGD &DEH]D GH 9DFD '372 ,FD ,FD $UHTXLSD $UHTXLSD $UHTXLSD $UHTXLSD $UHTXLSD 0RTXHJXD 0RTXHJXD 7DFQD 7DFQD 7DFQD F7DEOD]RV(VWUXFWXUDVURFRVDVHQSURFHVRGHOHYDQWDPLHQWRTXHVREUHVDOHQ HQSDPSDV\YDOOHV&RQVWLWX\HQORVGHSyVLWRVGHSHWUyOHR\JDVQDWX UDO3ULQFLSDOHV0iQFRUD7DODUD/RELWRV/D%UHDÏUJDQRV1HJULWRV3DUL xDVH,FDTXHSULPLWLYDPHQWHHVWXYLHURQEDMRHOQLYHOGHOPDU G 'HSUHVLRQHV ÈUHDV FRVWHxDV GH KXQGLPLHQWR VH HQFXHQWUDQ EDMR HO QLYHO GHO PDU (QODVGHSUHVLRQHV VH H[SORWDODVDO TXHVLUYHSDUD HOFRQVXPRKXPDQR 2WXPD&HUUR6DOLQDV&DxDPDF&KLOFDHWF6DOLQDV\$OEXIHUDV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA H (VWULEDFLRQHV $QGLQDV &DGHQDV VXFHVLYDV GH FHUURV R FROLQDV TXH IRUPDQ SDUWHGHODEDVHGHODFRUGLOOHUDGHORV$QGHVTXHHQRFDVLRQHV IRUPDQ DFDQWLODGRV PX\DEUXSWRV FRPR 3DVDPD\R \0RUUR6RODU I 'HVLHUWRV ÈUHDV LPSURGXFWLYDV iUHDV DOJXQDV YHFHV FXELHUWDV GH DUHQD GRQGH VH IRUPDQ GXQDV \ PpGDQRV /DV GXQDV VRQ GH IRUPDV GLYHUVDV SHUR SUHGRPLQDQODVTXHWLHQHQIRUPDGHPHGLDOXQDVXELVHFWUL] LQGLFD OD GLUHF FLyQ GHO YLHQWR GRPLQDQWH /RV PpGDQRV VRQORVFHUURVFXELHUWRVtQWHJUDPHQWH GHDUHQD3ULQFLSDOHV6HFKXUD,FD0RUURSRQ3DLMiQ\/D-R\D '(6,(5726 '(3$57$0(172 6HFKXUD 3LXUD 0RUURSyQ 3LXUD $QFyQ /LPD ,FD ,FD 6HFWRUHVGHODFRVWD 0(5,',21$/ 7DFQD %DKtDGH 3DUDFDV 9DOOHV&DSOLQD 5tRV7DPER9tWRU 0DMHV\2FRxD0DMHV &ROFD 3DPSDV/D<DUDGD\ 1D]FD 7DEOD]R*UDQ7DEOD]R GH,FD/RPDV$WLTXLD 'HSUHVLRQHV2WXPD &(175$/ 3HQtQVXODGH3DUDFDV± 3HQtQVXODGH,OOHVFDV 3DPSDV2OPRV9LU~ 0RFKH&KLFDPD3DLMiQ -HTXHWHSHTXH6DxD3D FDVPD\R&KHSpQ\&KL FOD\R 9DOOHV\5tRV3LVFR\ &KLQFKD 'HSUHVLRQHV6DOLQDV (VWULEDFLRQHV&DVPD +XDUPH\&KDQFD\\ &DxHWH - - 6(37(175,21$/ 3HQtQVXODGH,OOHVFDV IURQWHUDFRQHO(FXDGRU 3DPSDV =DUXPL OOD7XPEHV&RQWUDOPL UDQWH9LOODU6XOODQD 3LXUD\0RUURSyQ 'HVLHUWRV6HFKXUD 'HSUHVLRQHV&HUUR0LQD fDPXF3LXUD PVQP 7DEOD]RV7DODUD\ 3LXUD 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 025)2/2*Ì$'(/$6,(55$²$1'(6 • • • • GEOGRAFÍA 8ELFDGDHQODFDGHQDPRQWDxRVDGH ORV $QGHV(VWDUHJLyQ FRPSUHQGHFDVLXQDWHUFHUDSDUWHGHOSDtVTXHUHSUHVHQWDDO NP6HH[WLHQGHGHOVXUHVWHDOQRURHVWHFRQXQDDQFKXUDGH .PHQHOVXU\.PHQHOQRUWH 6X HVWUXFWXUD HVWi IRUPDGD SRU URFDV FDOL]DVGHOSHULRGRFUHWiFLFR *ODFLDUHV \ DOWLSODQRV FRQVLGHUDGRV FRPR ORV PiV HOHYDGRV GHOPXQGR +XDVFDUiQ P HO QHYDGR PiV DOWRGHO3HU~ 2ULJHQ WHFWyQLFR YLHQH D VHU OD FR OXPQDYHUWHEUDOGHOWHUULWRULRSHUXDQR \ GHWHUPLQDODH[LVWHQFLDGHODFRU GLOOHUD GH ORV $QGHV$GHPiV FXP SOH OD IXQFLyQ GH 'LYRUWLXP $FXDULXP (VWiGLYLGLGDHQWUHVJUDQGHVVHFWRUHV &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV D &DxRQHV 3DUWHGHODVFRUGLOOHUDVTXHIXHURQHURVLRQDGDVSRUODDFFLyQGH ORVUtRV7LHQHQODIRUPDGHHVWUHFKD\SURIXQGD(QWUHHOORVWHQHPRVD • &RWDKXDVL2FRxD • &ROFD$UHTXLSD\0DMHV • 7RPiV&DxHWH\/LPD • 3DWR$QFDVK E &RUGLOOHUDV([WHQVDFDGHQDPRQWDxRVD TXHLQFOX\HQRVRORFRUGLOOHUDVVLHUUDVR PDFL]RV SDUDOHORV VLQR WDPELpQ YDOOHV PHVHWDVFXHQFDVLQWHUPRQWDxDV\RWURV HOHPHQWRVGHOUHOLHYHSHUWHQHFLHQWHVD XQDVRODXQLGDGRURJpQLFD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA /DVFRUGLOOHUDVVHKDQIRUPDGRDSDUWLUGHODFRPSUHVLyQ\SOHJDPLHQWR GHODFRUWH]DWHUUHVWUHGHELGRDODDSUR[LPDFLyQGHGRVSODFDVWHFWyQLFDV F 9DOOHV LQWHUDQGLQRV 6RQ UHOLHYHV GH RULJHQ WHFWyQLFR OODPDGDVWDPELpQ GHSUHVLRQHV LQWHUDQGLQDV VH FDUDFWHUL]DQ SRU OD DEXQGDQWHSURGXFFLyQDJUtFR ODIRUPDGRVSRUHURVLyQ\VHGLPHQWDFLyQIOXYLDO6RQODV]RQDVPiVSREODGDV SRUWHQHUXQUHOLHYHSRFRDFFLGHQWDGR6RQLPSRUWDQWHVHO9DOOHGHO0DQWD UR(OFDOOHMyQGH+XD\ODV9LOFDQRWD0DUDxyQ&DMDPDUFD\+XDQFDEDPED G 3DVRV DEUDV =RQDV EDMDV GH ODV FRUGLOOHUDV DFFHVLEOHV TXHSHUPLWHQ ODFRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHORVSXHEORVPHGLDQWHFDUUHWHUDV\OtQHDV IpUUHDV VRQ SURGXFWR GH OD HURVLyQ JODFLDO (O PiV LPSRUWDQWH\DOWRHV$QWLFRQD/LPD±/D 2UR\D0LHQWUDVTXH3RUFXOOD2OPRV±&DMDPDUFDHVHOPiVEDMR H 0HVHWDV 5HOLHYHVUHODWLYDPHQWHSODQRVHQORV$QGHV6HXELFDQHQWUHORV \PHWURV)RUPDGRVSRUHOYXOFDQLVPR\ODVHURVLRQHV(OFOLPD GHHVWDUHJLyQFRQGLFLRQDXQDOLPLWDGDYHJHWDFLyQGRQGHUHVDOWDHOLFKX XWLOL]D GRSDUDHODOLPHQWRGHOJDQDGR 0(6(7$6 8%,&$&,Ð1 &ROODR 3XQR %RPEyQ -XQtQ &DVWURYLUUH\QD +XDQFDYHOLFD 3DULQDFRFKDV $\DFXFKR +XDPDFKXFR /D/LEHUWDG <DX\RV /LPD &RQRFRFKD $QFDVK &KXPELYLOFDV &XVFR &DQJDOOR $\DFXFKR 3DPSD*DOHUDV $\DFXFKR $QWDSRQJR +XDQFDYHOLFD 0DUFDKXDVL /LPD 3DVFR 3DVFR 025)2/2*,$'(/$6(/9$ 6HOYD %DMD X 2PDJXD /ODQXUDDPD]yQLFD]RQDLQXQGDGOHGHQVD YHJHWDFLyQUHOLHYHSODQRSRFDDOWXUDDJULFXOWXUDHVWDFLRQDOHVWLDMHV%DMR&DXGDO - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA D 7DKXDPSDV7DPELpQOODPDGDV7DKXD $JXDMDOHV R &HWLFDOHV SREODGDV GH 3DO PHUDV ÈUHDV PiV EDMDV GH OD OODQXUD DPD]yQLFD =RQDV GHSDQWDQRR GHSUH VLRQHVTXHSHUPDQHFHQLQXQGDGDVGXUDQ WH WRGR HO DxR (Q VXV SDUWHV EDMDV VH GHVSOD]DQORV0HDQGURVGHFX\RVFDXFHV VHIRUPDQORVWLSLVKFDV E %DUUL]DOHV /XJDUHV GHVFXELHUWRV TXH FRQWLHQH JUDQ FDQWLGDG GH PLQHUDOHV UD]yQSRUODFXDOVHFRQYLHUWHQHQVXHORV VH FRQYLHUWHQHQ VXHORV IpUWLOHV GH OD VHOYDDUUR]\XFD F 5HVWLQJDV ÈUHDV OLJHUDPHQWH PiV DOWDV TXH VH LQXQGDQ VyOR HQ ODpSRFDGH JUDQGHVFUHFLHQWHV $SWRVSDUDHO FXOWLYRWHPSRUDOGHDUUR]PDt] \ \XFD $TXt VHHQFXHQWUDQXELFDGRV3XFDOOSD\HOSREODGRGH5HTXHQD G $OWRV 3RUFLRQHV TXH VREUHVDOHQ HQ HO UHOLHYH DPD]yQLFR SODQDV \H[WHQVDV FRQIRUPDGRVSRUFROLQDV\WHUUD]DVQRLQXQGDGOHV$TXtVHFRQVWUX\HURQOD PD\RU SDUWH GH ODV FLXGDGHV GH OD 6HOYD %DMD DSWRV SDUD ODV DFWLYLGDGHV DJUtFRODVLQWHQVLYDV H )LORV 3RUFLRQHV WHUPLQDOHV PiV VREUHVDOLHQWHV GH OD OODQXUD DPD]yQLFD 6LUYH FRPROtPLWHVQDWXUDOHVHQWUHODVGRVUHJLRQHVVHOYiWLFDV I %DUUDQFRV'HVQLYHOHVH[LVWHQWHVHQWUHSLVRVHFROyJLFRVSUHFLSLFLRV J 7LSLVFKFDV 0HDQGUR /DJXQDV GH DJXDV FULVWDOLQDV GRQGH FUHFHQHOSDLFKH ]~QJDURERTXLFKLFRHQWUHRWURV6HIRUPDSRUHURVLyQIOXYLDO 6HOYD$OWDR5XSD5XSD&HMDGHPRQWDxDDPVQP=RQDGH ORVSRQJRVGHFOLPD7URSLFDO D 9DOOHV/ODQXUDORQJLWXGLQDOORFDOL]DGDHQWUHPRQWDxDVDSWRVSDUDODDJULFXOWXUD LQWHQVLYDÈUHDVPiVSREODGDVGHODUHJLyQ6HHQFXHQWUDQORVSREOD GRVGH-DpQ2[DSDPSD\OD&RQYHQFLyQ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA E &ROLQDV \ HVWULEDFLRQHV&XELHUWDV GHHVSHVD YHJHWDFLyQ FRQSDUHGHV HURVLRQDGRV SRU DJXDV VXEWHUUiQHDV GDQGR RULJHQ D JUXWDVFDYHUQDV\RFXH YDV F &ODURV²WHUUD]DVIOXYLDOHV9DOOHVVXPDPHQWHEHQHILFLRVRVSDUDODDJULFXOWXUD LQWHQVLYD&DIpWDEDFRIUXWDVHWF G &RQWUDIXHUWHVDQGLQRV &DGHQDVPRQWDxRVDVTXHVHGHVSUHQGHQGHODFRUGL OOHUDGHORV$QGHV H *UXWDV)RUPDGRSRUHURVLyQNiUVWLFD&XHYDGHWDOORV/HFKX]DV.XHODS HWFKDFLDHO(VWH I 3RQJRV\FDxRQHV3DVRDQJRVWR\HVWUHFKRHURVLRQDGRSRUORVUtRVDO DWUDYHVDUXQDFRUGLOOHUDOOHJDQDIRUPDUUDELRQHV3ULQFLSDOHV • • • • • • 0DQVHULFKH 5HQWHPD $JXLUUH 0D\QLTXH (O7DPER %RTXHUyQGHOSDGUH$EDG $1'(63(58$126 5tR0DUDxyQDOFRUWDUODFRUGLOOHUD2ULHQWDO 5tR0DUDxyQDOFRUWDUODFRUGLOOHUDFHQWUDO 5tR+XDOODJDDOSDVDUODFRUGLOOHUD2ULHQWDO 5tR8UXEDPEDDOSDVDUOD&2ULHQWDO 5tR7DPER 5tR7XUDF\DFX /DFRUGLOOHUDGHORV$QGHVHVXQDFDGHQDGHPRQWDxDVGHVXGDPpULFD TXHVHH[WLHQGHFDVLSDUDOHODDODFRVWDGHO3DFtILFRGHVGH&DERGH+RUQRV KDVWD HO0DUGHODV$QWLOODVFHUFDD3DQDPi(VXQRGHORVVLVWHPDVPRQWDxRVRV PiVLPSRUWDQWHVGHOPXQGR (VWDFDGHQDPRQWDxRVDWLHQHXQDORQJLWXGGH.P8QDQFKRGHNP<XQ SURPHGLR GH P GHDOWXUD$WUDYLHVD ORVWHUULWRULRVGH $UJHQWLQD &KLOH 3HU~ %ROLYLD (FXDGRU &RORPELD\9HQH]XHOD(QWUHVXVSLFRVPiVHOHYDGRV7HQHPRV • $FRQFDJXDP$UJHQWLQD • +XDVFDUiQP3HU~ • $QFRKXPDP%ROLYLD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 2ULJHQ 7HFWyQLFR SRU HO FKRTXH GH OD SODFD 6XGDPHULFDQD FRQ ODGH1D] FDGRQGHpVWD~OWLPDSRUVHUPiVGHOJDGDSHURDVXYH]PiVSHVDGDVHKXQGH GHEDMRGHODSODFDVXGDPHULFDQDTXHHVPiVJUXHVDSHURPiVOLYLDQDRULJL QDQGRHODUUXJDPLHQWRGHpVWD(QWHUULWRULRSHUXDQRORV$QGHVWLHQHQXQDJUDQ LQIOXHQFLD • &RQVWLWX\HHOHMHRURJUiILFRHQQXHVWURWHUULWRULR • 'HWHUPLQDORVGLIHUHQWHVSLVRVHFROyJLFRV\FOLPDV • 'LVWULEX\HODVDJXDVGHORVUtRVKDFLDGLIHUHQWHVGHVWLQRV3DFtILFR $PD]RQDV7LWLFDFD\0DGUHGH'LRV 6HFWRUHV • 6HSWHQWULRQDO &RPSUHQGHGHVGHODGLYLVRULDIOXYLDOGH3DVFRKDVWDOD IURQWHUDFRQ(FXDGRU'LYLGLGRVHQWUHVFDGHQDVRFFLGHQWDOFHQWUDO \ RULHQWDO • &HQWUDO &RPSUHQGH GHVGH OD GLYLVRULD IOXYLDO GH 3DVFR KDVWD ODGLYLVRULD GH9LOFDQRWD&RPSUHQGHWUHVFDGHQDVRFFLGHQWDOFHQWUDO\RULHQWDO • 0HULGLRQDO &RPSUHQGHGHVGHODGLYLVRULDIOXYLDOGH9LOFDQRWDKDVWDOD IURQWHUDFRQ&KLOH&RPSUHQGHGRVFDGHQDVRFFLGHQWDO\RULHQWDO $QGHVGHO6XUR0HULGLRQDOHV &RPSUHQGLGDVHQWUHODVIURQWHUDVGH &KLOH\%ROLYLD\HOQXGRGH9LOFDQRWD)RUPDQGRVFDGHQDVRFFLGHQWDO\RULHQ WDO &$'(1$2&&,'(17$/ D9ROFiQLFD$TXtVHHQFXHQWUDQ ODPD\RUFDQWLGDGGHYROFDQHV FRPR2PDWH8ELQDV<XFD PDQH7XWXSDFD0LVWL E%DUURVR6REUHVDOHHOQHYDGR GH7DFRUD - - &$'(1$25,(17$/ D &DUDED\D6HSDUDODVDJXDV GHODYHUWLHQWHGHO$PD]RQDV\ GHO7LWLFDFD'HQWURGHHOORVH HQFXHQWUDQODJR7LWLFDFD\PH VHWDGH(O&ROODR E$SROREDPED VREUHVDOH QHYDGR GH&KDXSL2UFR 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA $QGHVVHSWHQWULRQDOHV1RUWH&RPSUHQGLGRV HQWUH HOQXGR GH3DVFRSRU HO6XU\ODIURQWHUDFRQHO(FXDGRUSRUHO1RUWH(VWiQFRQIRUPDGRVSRU &$'(1$2&&,'(17$/ /DPiVHOHYDGDHLPSRUWDQWH &$'(1$&(175$/ 0HQRULPSRUWDQFLD &$'(1$25,(17$/ (VFDVDHOHYDFLyQ D +XDVKXDVKQXGR GH3DVFR D 5DXUD /D PiV ODUJDD +XDQFKyQ6HFWRU GH ± 7XFR 6REUHVDOH HO QHYD )RUPD HO SRQJR GH 5HQ ODFDGHQD2ULHQWDO GR GH <HUXSDMi FRQ WHPD GHORVDQGHVGHO1 PVQP /LPD $QFDVK \ KDFLDHO12GHO +XiQXFR /tPLWH HQWUH $Q E&yQGRU6HSDUDODVDJXDV QXGRGH3DVFR6R FDVK\+XiQXFR GHOUtR0DUDxyQ\HO+XD EUHVDOHHOQHYDGRGH OODJD (O UtR 0DUDxyQ +XDJDUXQFKR E%ODQFDQXGRGH7XFR\3H IRUPD HO SRQJR GH 5HQ ODJDWRV³0ROOHSDWD´6HFD WHPD'SWRGH$PD]R E$]XO6HSDUDGRV SRU UDFWHUL]D SRU WHQHU QXPH QDV FRUGLOOHUD GHO HOSRQJRGH0DQVH ULFKH\SRQJRGH URVDVODJXQDVSLFRVPiVDO &yQGRU~QLFRSRQJR WRVGHO3HU~ $JXLUUH +XDVFDUiQ +XDQGR\ &&DSDQTXLV$O1RUWH $OSDPD\R )URQWHUDFRQ(FXD GRU /DJXQDV 4XHURFRFKD$QFDVK//DQJDQX 3RQJRV FR(QWUH+XDVFDUiQ\+XDQ • 0DQVHULFKHUtR GR\ 0DUDxyQ&HUFD 3DUyQ1(GH+XDQGR\ GH/RUHWR • $JXLUUHUtR+XD F1HJUD0HQRUHOHYDFLyQHQ OODJD WUHHOQXGRGH7XFRKDVWD3H ODJDWRV$TXtVHHQFXHQWUD HO&DxyQGH3DWR G+XDPDQLGHPHQRULPSRUWDQ FLD+XDQFDEDPEDGHPHQRU HOHYDFLyQ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA $QGHV &HQWUDOHV&RPSUHQGLGRV HQWUH HO QXGR GH 9LOFDQRWD KDVWDHOQXGR GH3DVFR &$'(1$2&&,'(17$/ &25',//(5$6 D &KLOD E +XDQ]R F &KRQWD±7XUSR G0RQWH0HLJJV H /D9LXGD &$'(1$&(175$/ &$'(1$25,(17$/ &25',//(5$6 &25',//(5$6 D0DUFD9DOOH+XD\WD D$X]DQJDWH SDOODQD5D]R:LOFD E9LOFDQRWD 1HYDGRGH/DVXQWD\ F&HUURVGHOD 6DO E9LOFDEDPEDQHYDGR GH6DOFDQWD\ 3RQJRV 3RQJR • $SXUtPDF5Ly$SXUtPDF • 3RQJRGH0D\QL TXH5tR8UXEDPED • 0DQWDUR5Ly0DQWDUR • 9LOFDQRWD5tR9LOFDQRWD • 3RQJRGH7DPER 5Ly7DPER ,QIOXHQFLDGHODFRUGLOOHUDGHORVDQGHV • 'LYHUVLGDGGHUHJLRQHVJHRJUiILFDV • 9DULHGDGGHFOLPDVSRUORVSLVRVDOWLWXGLQDOHV • &XDWURJUDQGHVUHJLRQHV+LGURJUiILFDV • 9DULHGDGGHHVSHFLHVYHJHWDOHV\DQLPDOHV • 'LYHUVLGDGGHWLSRVGHVXHORV • $EXQGDQFLDGHUHFXUVRVPLQHUDOHV • 'LIHUHQWHVQLYHOHVGHYLGD\GHVDUUROOR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 3,626(&2/Ð*,&26 GEOGRAFÍA 6HJ~Q-DYLHU3XOJDU9LGDO HO3HU~SRVHHRFKRSLVRVHFROyJLFRVTXHVHLQWHUUH ODFLRQDEDQHQWUH$OWLWXG)ORUD\)DXQD 5(*,Ð1 &RVWD&KDOD ² <XQJD ² ´YDOOHFiOLGRµ 4XHFKXD ² ´'HVSHQVDGHO 3HU~µ 6XQL ´5HJLyQ$OWDµ 3XQDR-DOFD ´0DOGH$OWX UDµ -DQFDRFRUGL OOHUD ² ´5HJLyQGHORV JODFLDUHVµ &/,0$ 6HSWHQWUtRQDO VHPLWURSLFDO OOXYLRVR\FDOXURVR &HQWUDO\PHULGLRQDOVXEWURSLFDO iULGR DEXQGDQWH KXPHGDG \ DXVHQFLDGHOOXYLDVUHJXODUHV 7HPSODGRFiOLGR\VHFR <XQJDPDUtWLPDD FDOLGRPRGHUDGROLJHUDPHQWH K~PHGR <XQJDIOXYLDOD FiOLGRK~PHGR\VHFR 5(/,(9( • ÈULGRV FRQIRUPDGR SRU YD OOHV SDPSDV WDEOD]RV \ GH VLHUWRV • &RPSUHQGHQ WUHV VHFWRUHV FRVWD QRUWH R VHSWHQWULRQDO FRVWDFHQWUDOFRVWDVXURPH ULGLRQDO • (VWULEDFLRQHVDQGLQDVHVWUH FKRVYDOOHVRTXHEUDGDV • 6XHORURFRVR\H[LVWHQQXPH URVRVFDXVHVGHKXD\FRV • (VWUHFKDV\EDMDVGHORVYDOOHV LQWHUDQGLQRV • &RQIRUPDGRSRUPRQWDxDV GHVXDYHSHQGLHQWH • 3LVRHFROyJLFRPiVSREODGR • 9DOOHVLQWHUDQGLQRV • 7HPSODGRFRQJUDQGLIHUHQFLD GHWHPSHUDWXUDHQWUHHOGtD\OD QRFKH • (VFDVDXPHGDGDWPRVIpULFD\ HVWiDMROLQIOXMRGHORVYLHQWRV GRPLQDQWHVGHOVXGHVWH • 7HPSODGRIUtR(VODUHJLyQ • 5HOLHYHHVFDUSDGR\DEUXSWR GHLQLFLRGHODVKHODGDV • )RUPDQORVERUGHVGHODV GLIHUHQWHVPHVHWDVDQGLQDV • )UtR FRQ HVFDVD KXPHGDG • )RUPDGRSRUPHVHWDVDQGLQDV 6HHYLGHQFLD HVWH KHFKRHQ \ ODJXQDV ODVHTXHGDG • ([XEHUDQWHYHJHWDFLyQGH • 3UHFLSLWDFLRQHVVyOLGDVFRQ LFKX UD\RVUHOiPSDJRV\WUXHQRV • 3ULQFLSDO]RQDJDQDGHUDGHO 3HU~ • 0X\IUtR\VHFRJODFLDO • (VDEUXSWR\URFRVRFXELHU WRGHJODFLDUHV\QLHYH • $WPyVIHUD PX\ VHFD \ SUHFLSL WDFLRQHVGHQLHYH • 6LQYHJHWDFLyQHVXQGHVLHUWR KHODGR • (QHVWDUHJLyQVHIRUPDQORV • JODFLDUHVDSDUWLUGHODQLHYH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6$OWD2 5XSD5XSD ´5HJLyQ &DOLHQWHµ 6%DMDX 2PDJXD ´5HJLyQGH SUHFLSLWDFL RQHVµ 5(*,Ð1 &+$/$ ² <81*$ 48(&+8$ 681, -$/&$ • &iOLGRK~PHGR\OOXYLRVR • 5HJLyQODPiVOOXYLRVD\ QXERVDGHO3HU~H[FHVLYD KXPHGDGDWPRVIpULFD • &XELHUWRGHXQDGHQVDYHJHWD FLyQWURSLFDO • &RQIRUPDGRSRUSRQJRVFD GHQDVPRQWDxRVDVUtRVWRUUHQ WRVRV • 6HHQFXHQWUDFRQIRUPDGD SRUODOODQXUDDPD]yQLFD • 6HFDUDFWHUL]DSRUVXVOOX YLDVWRUUHQFLDOHV • 6RQORVOXJDUHVPiVEDMRV • 7URSLFDOFiOLGROOXYLRVR • 7HPSHUDWXUDV PXFKR PDV HOHYD • GDVTXHHQODVHOYDDOWD • /DVOOXYLDVVRQHQFDQWLGDG LQIHULRUDODGHOD6HOYD$OWD )/25$ • &DxDEUDYD SiMDURERER FDUUL]RPDQ JODUHV JUDPtQHDV DOJDUURER • 0ROOHFDUUL]R WDUDDFKX SDOODViELOD PDJXH\FD EX\DPLWR • $OLVRUHWDPD DUUDFDFKD HXFDOLSWRFD ODED]DJUD QDGLOOD • 4XLVKXDU VDXFRFDQ WXWDFKDPL]R • ,FKXSXV KXQFRWRWRUD SX\DGHUDL PRQGLFXKX URWD\D )$81$ • $YHVJXDQH UDVORERV PDULQRV FDPDURQHV LJXDQD • 7yUWROD KXDQFKDFR SLFDIORUSD SDJD\RSH ULFR • 3HUGL] MLOJXHURV UXLVHxRU KDOFyQ]R UURJDWR PRQWHV • 3iMDURFDU SLQWHUR FHUQtFDOR YL]FDFKD ]RUUDOQHJUR • 9LFXxD DOSDFD JXDQDFR xDQG~WUX FKDUDQDV - - GEOGRAFÍA $&7,9,'$'(6 • &DxDGH D]~FDUDO ERJyQDUUR] IUXWDOHV HVSiUUDJRV &,8'$'(6 • &RVWD • )UXWLFXOWXUD SHSLQR • 0RTXHJXD7DFQD &KRVLFD&KDFKD SR\DV+XDQXFR • =RQDGH PD\RUSUR GXFFLyQDJUt FRODGHO 3HU~³GHVSHQ VDGHO3HU~´ • &XOWLYRV SDSDROOXFR PDVKXDTXL QXDFHEDGD KDEDV • *DQDGHUtD FDPpOLGD RYLQD • &XVFR+XDQFD\R &DMDPDUFD+XD UD]$UHTXLSD • -XOLDFD3XQR/D 2UR\D • &HUURGH3DVFR\ -XQtQ 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 -$1&$ 583$² 583$ ² 20$*8$ • 0XVJRV OtTXHQHV KXDPDQULSD FKXFKXKXD\ WD • %DUEDVR RUTXtGHD SDOPHUDDFHL WHUDFDXFKR iUEROGHOSDQ WDPXVKLFDIp • 3DOPHUDV DJXDMHFDX FKRFDRED FHGURWRUQLOOR LVKSLQJR PHDQGURV MHEHILQR GEOGRAFÍA • &yQGRU FKLQFKLOOD • (VFDVDDFWL YLGDGPLQHUD • 3RFDV3REODFLR QHV • 6DFKDYDFD VKXKXSH JDOOLWRGH ODVURFDV JXDFKDURV VDMLQRV • 3DLFKH JXDFDPD\R FDUDFKDQJD FKDUDSDV URQFRVR • $JULFXOWXUD IUXWDOHV FDIp&DFDR WpFRFD • -DpQ%DJXD7LQJR 0DULD&KDQFKD PD\R4XLOODEDP ED6DWLSR7DP ERSDWD • 3HVFDH[SOR WDFLyQIRUHV WDOFRPHUFLR • ([SORWDFLyQ GHSHWUyOHR • 3XFDOOSD,TXLWRV 3WR0DOGRQDGR /$6(&255(*,21(6'(/3(58 6HJ~Q$QWRQLR%UDFN(JJWRPDQGRHQFRQVLGHUDFLyQODVFODVLILFDFLRQHVSDUFLD OHV\DQDOL]DQGRVXVFRUUHODFLRQHVVHKDQORJUDGRHVWDEOHFHUHFRUUHJLRQHV 8QDHFRUUHJLyQHVXQiUHDJHRJUiILFDTXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUFRQGLFLRQHVEDVWDQWH KRPRJpQHDVHQORUHIHUHQWHDOFOLPDDORVVXHORVDODKLGURORJtD IORUD \ IDXQD \ GRQGH ORV GLIHUHQWHV IDFWRUHV DFW~DQ HQ HVWUHFKD LQWHUGHSHQGHQFLD $GHPiV HV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA GHOLPLWDEOH JHRJUiILFDPHQWH \ GLVWLQJXLEOH GH RWUDV FRQ EDVWDQWH FODULGDG (Q HO 3HU~VHKDQGHWHUPLQDGRHFRUUHJLRQHV \ VRQODVVLJXLHQWHV (OPDUIUtRGHOD&RUULHQWH3HUXDQD&RPSUHQGHODSRUFLyQGHO3DFtILFR2ULHQ WDO GRQGH HMHUFH VX LQIOXHQFLD OD &RUULHQWH 2FHiQLFD 3HUXDQD GHDJXDV IUtDVFRQXQDQFKRGHXQDVPLOODV (O PDU WURSLFDO &RPSUHQGH OD SRUFLyQ PDULQD DO 1RUWH GH ORV / 6 \ VH H[WLHQGHKDVWD%DMD&DOLIRUQLD6HFDUDFWHUL]DSRUDJXDVFiOLGDV\SRUIORUD\ IDXQDSURSLDVGHORVPDUHVWURSLFDOHV (OGHVLHUWRGHO3DFtILFR6HH[WLHQGHDORODUJRGHODFRVWDGHVGHORV KDVWD ORV/6FRQXQDQFKRYDULDEOHVLHQGRVXOtPLWHDOWLWXGLQDOSURPHGLR ORVPVQPHQHOFHQWURGHO3HU~ (O ERVTXH VHFR HFXDWRULDO &RPSUHQGH XQD IDMD FRVWHUD GH D .P GH DQFKR HQ ORV GHSDUWDPHQWRV GH 7XPEHV 3LXUD /DPED\HTXH \ /D/LEHUWDG KDVWD ORV / 6 HQ ODV YHUWLHQWHV RFFLGHQWDOHV \ OD SRUFLyQ VHFDGHOYDOOHGHO 0DUDxyQKDVWDORV /6 (O ERVTXH WURSLFDO GHO 3DFtILFR 6HH[WLHQGH D OR ODUJR GH OD FRVWD GHO3DFtIL FR GHVGH HO 1RUWH GHO 3HU~ KDVWD $PpULFD &HQWUDO (Q HO 3HU~FRP SUHQGH XQ iUHD SRFR H[WHQVD HQ HO LQWHULRU GHO GHSDUWDPHQWR GH7XP EHV /DVHUUDQtDHVWHSDULD6HH[WLHQGHDORODUJRGHOIODQFRRFFLGHQWDODQGL QR GHVGH HO GHSDUWDPHQWR GH /D /LEHUWDG / 6 KDVWD HO 1RUWH GH&KLOH HQWUHORV\PVQPHQSURPHGLR /D SXQD \ ORV DOWRV DQGHV 6H H[WLHQGH HQFLPD GH ORV PVQPGHVGH&DMDPDUFDDO6XUGHOSDVRGH3RUFXOODKDVWD&KLOH\$U JHQWLQD (OSiUDPR6HH[WLHQGHGHVGH9HQH]XHODKDVWDHO1RUWHGHO3HU~DO1RUWH GHOSDVRGH3RUFXOODHQODVDOWXUDVDQGLQDVHQFLPDGHORVPVQP - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA /D VHOYD DOWD 6H H[WLHQGH SRU WRGR HO IODQFR 2ULHQWDO DQGLQR (Q HO 1RUWHGHO 3HU~SHQHWUDSURIXQGDPHQWHKDFLDDPERVIODQFRVGHOYDOOHGHO0DUDxyQ\SDVD D ODVYHUWLHQWHVGHO3DFtILFRHQ3LXUD/DPED\HTXH\&DMDPDUFD (O ERVTXH WURSLFDO DPD]yQLFR R VHOYD EDMD &RPSUHQGH OD $PD]RQtD SRU GHEDMRGHORVPVQP\HVODPiVH[WHQVDGHOSDtV /D VDEDQD GH SDOPHUDV 6H SUHVHQWD HQ HO 3HU~ VyOR HQ ODV SDPSDV GHO UtR +HDWKHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH0DGUHGH'LRV - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 35$&7,&$ (V HO OXJDU VXEPDULQR GRQGH VH HQFXHQWUDQ DOHMiQGRVH GRV SODFDV WHFWyQLFDV\ HVSRUDOOtGRQGHHPHU JHHOPDJPD D'RUVDOHV E)RVDV F/DPLQDV G)DOODPLHQWR H9ROFDQHV D E (O IDFWRU JHRJUiILFR PiV LPSRUWDQWH F SDUD OD YDULHGDG H[LVWHQWH HQ QXHV G WURSDtV H D /DVFRUULHQWHVPDULQDV E /DFRUGLOOHUDGHORVDQGHV F /DXELFDFLyQWURSLFDOGHO3HU~G (ODQWLFLFOyQGHOSDFtILFRVXU H /RVYLHQWRVDOLVLRV (V OD UHJLyQ GRQGH VH JHQHUD XQD PD\RU SURGXFFLyQ DJUtFROD GHVWLQDGDD/LPD\ GRQGHXELFDPRV D ODIORUGHUHWDPD D <XQJD E 4XHFKXD F -XQ G 3XQD H 5XSD± 5XSD 6HxDOH OR YHUGDGHUR R IDOVR VHJ~Q FRUUHVSRQGD UHVSHFWR D OD FRUGLOOHUD GHORV$QGHV &ROODR\7LWLFDFDVHORFDOL]DQHQWUH ODFRUGLOOHUDRFFLGHQWDO\RULHQWDOGH ORVDQGHVVHSWHQWULRQDOHV /RVDQGHVFHQWUDOHVHVWiQFRP SUHQGLGRVHQWUHHOQXGRGH9LOFD QRWD\HOQXGRGH3DVFR - - /RVQHYDGRVGH&RURSXQD$PSD WR&KDFKDQLVHORFDOL]DQHQ $UHTXLSD /DFRUGLOOHUDGH$X]DQJDWHVHHQ FXHQWUDORFDOL]DGDHQORVDQGHV VHSWHQWULRQDOHV (OQXGRGH3HODJDWRVVHORFDOL]D HQORVDQGHVPHULGLRQDOHV 99)9) ))99) )99)) 9))99 )9))9 (VWDEOH]FD ORV YHUGDGHUR \ IDOVR VREUHODFRUGLOOHUDGHORVDQGHV D E F G H 6DONDQWD\\/DVXQWD\VHHQFXHQ WUDQHQODFRUGLOOHUDFHQWUDOGH ORVDQGHVFHQWUDOHV /DFRUGLOOHUD%ODQFDVHFDUDFWHUL]D SRUJODFLDUHVODJXQDV\SLFRVPiV DOWRV /D3X\DGH5DLPRQGLFUHFHHQOD FRUGLOOHUDQHJUD (OSRQJRGH5HQWHPDVHSDUDDOD FDGHQDFHQWUDOGHORVDQGHVVHS WHQWULRQDOHV 99)9 ))9) 99)) )))9 9)9) 6L OD PRUIRORJtD SHUXDQD FDUHFHUtD GHXQUHOLHYHPRQWDxRVRHQWRQFHV D 6HORJUDUtDXQPD\RUGHVDUUROORLQ GXVWULDO\HFRQyPLFR E ([LVWLUtDXQDJUDQGLYHUVLGDGGH UtRV 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 F 1RH[LVWLUtDODDFWLYLGDGPLQHUD G 6XFOLPDGRPLQDQWHVHUtDWURSLFDO H /DSURGXFFLyQGHDXTXpQLGRVVHU tDGHILFLHQWH /RV PRYLPLHQWRV RURJpQLFRV TXH H[SHULPHQWDODWLHUUDVRQJHQHUDGRV SRU D (ODOXGGHORVJUDQGHVJODFLDUHV E /DFRQYHUJHQFLDGHSODFDVWHFWyQL FDV F /DDFFLyQGHOYXOFDQLVPR G )DOODVDOLQWHULRUGHODFURPRVIHUD H /DLQFLGHQFLDGHORVUD\RVVRODUHV /DHURVLyQGHVXHORVHQHOSDtVVH DJXGL]DHQ D /DFRVWDFHQWUDO E /DSDPSDVGHODFRVWDF/RV YDOOHVLQWHUDQGLQRV G /RVDQGHV H /DDPD]RQtD 6RQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDIXQGDPHQWDOGH ODPRUIRORJtDGHODFRVWDTXHVH FDUDFWHUL]DQSRUHQFRQWUDUVHHQSOH QRSURFHVRGHOHYDQWDPLHQWR D 3DPSDV E 7DEOD]RV F 'HSUHVLRQHV G (VWULEDFLRQHV H 'XQDV /D]RQDPiVGHSUHVLRQDGDGHOD UHJLyQ2PDJXDHV««««\VH GHVDUUROOD«««««««« D 5HVWLQJDV±HOFXOWLYRGHODUUR] E &HWLFDOHVHODJXDMDO F 5HVWLQJDV±HOFXOWLYRGHFRFD G )LORV±HOFXOWLYRGHFDIp H 3RQJRV±ODDJULFXOWXUDLQWHQVLYD - - GEOGRAFÍA /RVSRQJRVVHKDQIRUPDGRSRUOD DFFLyQGH««««\VRQ~WLOHVSDUD« D /RVJODFLDUHVHOWXULVPR E /RVGHSyVLWRVIOXYLDOHVODDJUL FXOWXUD F /DVWHUUD]DVJDQDGHUtD G /RVUtRVFRQVWUXLUKLGURHOpFWULFDV H /DPLQHUtDFRQVWUXLUFHQWURVGHH[ SHULPHQWDFLyQ )RUPDHOUHOLHYHSUHGRPLQDQWHHQOD VHOYDEDMD D 3RQJRV E 5HVWLQJDV F %DUUL]DOHV G 7DKXDPSDV H %DUUDQFRV 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6HFFLyQ &21&(372 GEOGRAFÍA $7026)(5$ /DSDODEUDDWPyVIHUDHWLPROyJLFDPHQWHSURYLHQHGHODVYRFHVJULHJDV$WPRV YDSRUDOLHQWR6SKDLUD HVIHUD(VODPH]FODGHYDULRVJDVHVTXHURGHD D OD ELRVIHUD FXDQGR pVWH FXHQWD FRQ XQ FDPSR JUDYLWDWRULR VXILFLHQWH SDUD LPSHGLU TXH HVFDSHQ /D DWPyVIHUD WHUUHVWUH SRVHH XQ HVSHVRU YDULDEOH HO FXDO GHSHQGHGHODODWLWXGDOWLWXGWHPSHUDWXUD\RUDGLDFLyQVRODUHVWUDQVSDUHQWH FRPSXHVWDSRUQXPHURVRVJDVHV\YDSRUGHDJXDGHQRPLQDGRDLUHODPLVPD TXHLQFRORURLQRGRURLQVtSLGRFRPSUHVLEOH\H[SDQVLEOH )$&725(648(&21',&,21$168(;,67(1&,$ /DDWPyVIHUDGHEHVXH[LVWHQFLDDODDFFLyQGHGRVIXHU]DVTXHDFW~DQHQIRUPD FRQWUDULDHVWDVVRQ D /D JUDYHGDG WHUUHVWUH (V SRU OD IXHU]D GH JUDYHGDG TXH OD DWPyVIHUD VH PDQWLHQHDOUHGHGRUGHODWLHUUD\DTXHHVWDIXHU]DLPSLGHOD IXJDGHJDVHVDW PRVIpULFRDOHVSDFLR E (QHUJtD VRODU HV OD TXH GLQDPL]D D ODV PROpFXODV GH DLUH DXPHQWDQGR OD YHORFLGDGGHVXPRYLPLHQWRPROHFXODUORTXHOHSHUPLWHDVFHQGHUVREUHOD VXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUHHYLWDQGRTXHHVWDV UHSRVHQVREUHODWLHUUDFXDOVLIXHUDQ PHUDVSDUWtFXODVGHSROYR )250$&,Ð1 /D DFWXDO PH]FOD GH JDVHV VH KD GHVDUUROODGR D OR ODUJR GH PLOORQHV GH DxRV/DDWPyVIHUDSULPLJHQLDVHFUHHTXHSXGRHVWDUFRPSXHVWD~QLFDPHQWH GH HPDQDFLRQHV YROFiQLFDV GH XQD PH]FOD GH YDSRU GH DJXDGLy[LGRGHFDUER QRGLy[LGRGHD]XIUH\QLWUyJHQRVLQUDVWURDSHQDVGHR[tJHQR6LpVWDHUDOD PDVDJDVHRVDSUHVHQWHHQODDWPyVIHUDSULPLWLYDKDQWHQLGRTXHGHVDUUROODUVH XQDVHULHGHSURFHVRVSDUDGDUOXJDUDODDWPyVIHUD DFWXDO 8QR GH HOORV IXH OD FRQGHQVDFLyQ $O HQIULDUVH OD PD\RUSDUWH GHO YDSRU GH DJXD GH RULJHQ YROFiQLFR VHFRQGHQVyGDQGROXJDUDORVDQWLJXRVRFpDQRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 7DPELpQ VH SURGXMHURQ UHDFFLRQHV TXtPLFDV 3DUWH GHO GLy[LGR GH FDUERQRGHELy UHDFFLRQDUFRQODVURFDVGHODFRUWH]DWHUUHVWUHSDUDIRUPDUFDUERQDWRV DOJXQRVGHORVFXDOHVVHGLVROYHUtDQHQORVQXHYRVRFpDQRV 0iVWDUGHFXDQGRHYROXFLRQyHQHOORVODYLGDSULPLWLYDFDSD]GHUHDOL]DUODIRWRVtQ WHVLVORVRUJDQLVPRVPDULQRVUHFLpQDSDUHFLGRVHPSH]DURQDSURGXFLUR[t JHQR6HFUHHTXHFDVLWRGRHOR[tJHQRTXHHQODDFWXDOLGDG VHHQFXHQWUDOLEUHHQ HODLUHSURFHGHGHODFRPELQDFLyQIRWRVLQWpWLFDGHGLy[LGRGHFDUERQR\DJXD +DFH XQRV PLOORQHV GH DxRV HO FRQWHQLGR HQ R[tJHQR GH OD DWPyVIHUD \ ORV RFpDQRV DXPHQWy OR EDVWDQWH FRPR SDUD SHUPLWLU OD H[LVWHQFLD GH OD YLGD PDULQD 0iV WDUGH KDFH XQRV PLOORQHV GH DxRV OD DWPyVIHUD FRQWHQtD HO R[tJHQR VXILFLHQWHSDUDSHUPLWLUODHYROXFLyQGHDQLPDOHVWHUUHVWUHVFDSDFHVGHUHVSLUDU DLUH &20326,&,Ð1 (OHVWXGLRGHPXHVWUDVLQGLFDTXHKDVWDORV.PSRUHQFLPDGHOQLYHOGHOPDUOD FRPSRVLFLyQ GH OD DWPyVIHUD HV VXVWDQFLDOPHQWH OD PLVPD TXH DO QLYHO GHO VXHOR (O PRYLPLHQWR FRQWLQXR RFDVLRQDGR SRU ODV FRUULHQWHV DWPRVIpULFDV FRQWUDUUHVWDODWHQGHQFLDGHORVJDVHVPiVSHVDGRVDSHUPDQHFHUSRUGHED MRGHORVPiVOLJHURV • • • • *$6(63(50$1(17(6 1LWUyJHQR 2[tJHQR $UJyQ 'Ly[LGRGHFDUERQR • • • • *$6(69$5,$'26 9DSRUGHDJXD $QKtGULGRFDUEyQLFR 2]RQR $GHPiVGHYDSRUGHDJXDH[LV WHQKLGUyJHQRR]RQRPHWDQR PRQy[LGRGHFDUERQRKHOLR QHyQFULSWyQ\[HQyQHQSHTXHxDV SURSRUFLRQHV /RVHOHPHQWRVJDVHRVRVTXHFRPSRQHQODDWPyVIHUDVHGLVSRQHHQHOODHQ RUGHQ D VX GHQVLGDG ORV PiV SHVDGRV FRPR HO R[tJHQR\ HO QLWUyJHQR VHVLW~DQ HQODVFDSDVPiVEDMDVDOWDV(VWRVJDVHVFXPSOHQGHWHUPLQDGDVIXQFLRQHV FRPR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • (/1,75Ð*(12 'LOX\HHOR[tJHQRKDFLpQGRORUHVSL UDEOH 5HJXODODFRPEXVWLyQ (6758&785$ • • • GEOGRAFÍA (/2;Ì*(12 0DQWLHQHODWHPSHUDWXUDGHOFXHUSR KXPDQR 3HUPLWHODFRPEXVWLyQ (VHOPiVLPSRUWDQWHSDUDODYLGD 3RUVXFRPSRVLFLyQ D +RPyVIHUD HVODFDSDLQIHULRUVXHVSHVRUDOFDQ]DD.P(FXDGRU FRQWLHQHHOGHODLUH E +HWHUyVIHUD HVODFDSDVXSHULRU/RVFRPSRQHQWHVTXHODIRUPDQVRQGLVWLQ WRVDOD+RPyVIHUDHQFRQWUiQGRVHDOJXQRVLRQHVGHVRGLR\SULQFLSDOPHQWHJD VHVGHKHOLRHKLGUyJHQR 3RUVXWHPSHUDWXUD D 7URSRVIHUD (VIHUDGHFDPELRV • /DWHPSHUDWXUDVXHOHEDMDU&SRUFDGDPHWURV • (VODFDSDHQODTXHVHIRUPDQODPD\RUSDUWHGHODVQXEHV • 6HH[WLHQGHKDVWDXQRV.PHQODVUHJLRQHVWURSLFDOHVFRQXQD WHPSHUDWXUDGH&\KDVWDXQRV.PHQODWLWXGHVWHPSODGDV FRQXQDWHPSHUDWXUDGHXQRV& • (V OD FDSD LQIHULRU GH OD DWPyVIHUD VH H[WLHQGH GHVGH HO QLYHO GHO PDU KDVWDORVNP(QHO(FXDGRU\ NP(QORVSRORVVHFDUDFWHUL]D SRU VHU OD ]RQD HQ OD FXDO VH SURGXFH OD PD\RUtD GHORVIHQyPHQRVPH WHRUROyJLFRV • /DWHPSHUDWXUDVXHOHEDMDUHQODWURSRVIHUDDUD]yQGH&SRUFDGD PHWURVGHDOWLWXG • (O OtPLWH VXSHULRUHQGRQGH ODWHPSHUDWXUD SHUPDQHFH FDVLFRQVWDQ WHVHGHQRPLQDWURSRSDXVD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA E (VWUDWRVIHUD(VIHUDGHORVHVWUDWRV • &RPSUHQGHHQWUHODWURSRSDXVD\ORV.PGHDOWXUDSUHVHQWDXQD DWPyVIHUDHQUDUHFLGDFRQDXVHQFLDWRWDOGHR[LJHQR • (Q VX SDUWH LQIHULRU OD WHPSHUDWXUD HV SUiFWLFDPHQWH FRQVWDQWH R ELHQ DXPHQWDOLJHUDPHQWHFRQODDOWLWXGHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQODVUHJLRQHVWUR SLFDOHV • (QWUHORV\.PVHORFDOL]DODFDSDGHR]RQRTXHHVYLWDOSDUDHO KRPEUHSXHVSURWHJHDpVWHGHORVUD\RVXOWUDYLROHWD • 6XOtPLWHVXSHULRUHVODHVWUDWRSDXVDGRQGHODWHPSHUDWXUDHQDVFHQVR DOFDQ]D VX Pi[LPR SUy[LPR D & (Q OD HVWUDWRVIHUD VH GDQ YLHQWRV GH KDVWDNPK • 'HVSOD]iQGRVHHQIRUPDKRUL]RQWDOHVWUDWRVGHGRQGHYLHQHVXQRPEUH F 0HVRVIHUDDWPyVIHUDPHGLD • 4XHYDGHVGHORVDORVNP6HFDUDFWHUL]DSRUXQPDUFDGRGHVFHQ VRGHODWHPSHUDWXUDDOLUDXPHQWDQGRODDOWXUD • &RPSUHQGH HQWUH OD HVWUDWRSDXVD\ORVNP´0HVR´ HQJULHJRVLJQLILFD PHGLR(QODPHVRVIHUDODWHPSHUDWXUDYXHOYHDEDMDUKDVWDORVF (V OD UHJLyQ HQ OD TXH HPSLH]DQ D HQFRQWUDUVH DOJXQRV LRQHV HQ OD DWPyVIHUD • (Q HVWD FDSD VH XELFD OD VRGLyVIHUD YDSRU GH VRGLR TXH DEVRUEH UDGLD FLRQHVGHFRORUD]XOGiQGROHHVWDSHFXOLDULGDGDQXHVWUDDWPyVIHUD G ,RQRVIHUD7HUPRVIHUD HVIHUDGHFDORURFDSDGHODVFRPXQLFDFLRQHV • 6HH[WLHQGHSRUDUULEDGHODPHVRSDXVDKDVWDORV.PGHDOWLWXG HQHVWD]RQDODWHPSHUDWXUDDVFLHQGHDOFDQ]DQGRDF • (VWDFDSDUHIOHMDGHYXHOWDDOD7LHUUDFLHUWDVIUHFXHQFLDVGHRQGDVGH UDGLR 'HELGR D OD FRQFHQWUDFLyQ UHODWLYDPHQWH HOHYDGD GH LRQHV HQ OD DWPyVIHUDSRUHQFLPDGHORVNP • 6HH[WLHQGHKDVWDORV.P • 7DPELpQVHODFRQRFHFRPRWHUPRVIHUDDFDXVDGHODVDOWDVWHPSHUD WXUDVHQWRUQRDORV.PVHDOFDQ]DQXQRV • & • (VFRP~QHQHVWHVHFWRUGHODDWPyVIHUDODIRUPDFLyQGHXQRVPHWHR URVHOpFWULFRVOODPDGRVDXURUDVSRODUHV • =RQDGHSURSDJDFLyQ\ODUHIOH[LyQGHODVRQGDVGHUDGLR • (ODLUHHVWRWDOPHQWHHQUDUHFLGRWDOHVDVtTXHHOSHVRGHDWPyVIH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • • • • GEOGRAFÍA UDUHSUHVHQWDHOGHOSHVRWRWDO $ SDUWLU GH ORV .P OD UDGLDFLyQ XOWUDYLROHWD ORV UD\RV ; \ ODOOXYLDGH HOHFWURQHV SURFHGHQWHV GHO 6RO LRQL]DQ YDULDV FDSDV GH OD DWPyVIHUD FRQORTXHVHFRQYLHUWHQHQFRQGXFWRUDVGHODHOHFWULFLGDGSRUHOORVH OHFRQRFHFRPRLRQRVIHUD 3HUPLWHODWUDQVPLVLyQGHUDGLR\XELFDPRVD /DFDSDNHQHOO\SHUPLWHODWUDQVPLVLyQGHUDGLR /DFDSDDSSOHWRQSHUPLWHODWUDQVPLVLyQWHOHYLVLYD (QHVWDUHJLyQHOKRPEUHFRORFDVXVVDWpOLWHVDUWLILFLDOHV H ([RVIHUD$WPyVIHUDH[WHULRU • 5HJLyQTXHKD\PiVDOOiGHODLRQRVIHUD\VHH[WLHQGHKDVWDORV .PORTXHFRQVWLWX\HHOOtPLWHGHODDWPyVIHUD • (VOD]RQDGHODVUDGLDFLRQHVFyVPLFDV$TXtGHHQFXHQWUDHQUDUHFL GDTXHFRPLHQ]DDORVNP'HDOWXUD\VHFRPSRQHVRORGHJDVHV FRPRHOKLGUyJHQR\HOKHOLR • 7LHQH~QLFDPHQWHXQRVFHQWHQDUHVGHSDUWtFXODVSRUFP5DVJRV GHH[RVIHUDVHGHWHFWDQKDVWDORV.PGHDOWXUD I0DJQHWRVIHUD5HJLyQH[WHULRURDQLOORVGH9DQ$OOHQ • 'HQRPLQDGR WDPELpQ R DQLOORV GH 9DQ +DOOHQ HQ KRQRU D -DPHV 9DQ +DOOHQTXLHQORVGHVFXEULyHQFRQXQGHWHFWRUGHSDUWtFXODV LQVWDODGRHQHOSULPHUVDWpOLWHHVWDGRXQLGHQVHHO([SORUHU, • 6RQ GRV FLQWXURQHV GH UDGLDFLRQHV XQD HVSHFLH GH JLJDQWHVFRVGHSyVL WRV GH SDUWtFXODV HOHFWUL]DGDV (O DQLOOR LQWHULRU FRPSXHVWRSRUSURWRQHV HVWDHQWUHORVD.PHODQLOORH[WHULRUFRPSXHVWRSRUHOHF WURQHVVHHQFXHQWUDHQWUHORV\ORVNP 'HVWUXFFLyQGHOR]RQR (Q OD SDUWH PiV EDMD GH OD DWPyVIHUD HVWi SUHVHQWH HQ SURSRUFLRQHV PX\UHGXFL GDVHOR]RQRXQLVyWRSRGHOR[tJHQRFRQWUHViWRPRVHQFDGDPROpFXOD/D FDSDDWPRVIpULFDTXHYDGHORVDORV.PWLHQHXQPD\RUFRQWHQLGR HQR]RQR SURGXFLGR SRU ODUDGLDFLyQXOWUDYLROHWD SURFHGHQWHGHO6RO3HURLQFOXVRHQHVWH HVWUDWR HO SRUFHQWDMH HV VyOR GH XQ SRU YROXPHQ /DV SHUWXUEDFLRQHV DWPRVIpULFDV \ ODV FRUULHQWHV GHVFHQGHQWHV DUUDVWUDQ GLVWLQWDV SURSRUFLRQHV GH R]RQRKDFLDODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH(QODVFDSDVEDMDVGHODDWPyVIHUDODDFWLYLGDG KXPDQDLQFUHPHQWDODFDQWLGDGGHR]RQRTXHVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQFRQWDPLQDQWH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA FDSD]GHRFDVLRQDUGDxRVJUDYHVHQODVFRVHFKDV /DFDSDGHR]RQRVHKDFRQYHUWLGRHQPRWLYRGHSUHRFXSDFLyQGHVGHFR PLHQ]RVGHODGpFDGDGHFXDQGRVHGHVFXEULyTXHORVFORURIOXR URFDUERQRV&)&HVWDEDQVLHQGRYHUWLGRVDODDWPyVIHUDHQJUDQGHVFDQWL GDGHV D FRQVHFXHQFLD GH VXHPSOHRFRPRUHIULJHUDQWH \ FRPRSURSHOHQWHV HQ ORV DHURVROHV/DSUHRFXSDFLyQVHFHQWUDEDHQODSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHHVWRVFRPSXHV WRVDWUDYpVGHODDFFLyQVRODUSXGLHVHQDWDFDUIRWRTXtPLFDPHQWH\GHVWUXLU HOR]RQRHVWUDWRVIpULFRTXHSURWHJHODVXSHUILFLHGHOSODQHWDGHOH[FHVRGH UDGLDFLyQXOWUDYLROHWD ,03257$1&,$ • 5HJXODODWHPSHUDWXUDGHOGtD\GHODQRFKH • 3HUPLWHODSURSDJDFLyQGHOVRQLGR • 3RVLELOLWDTXHODOX]VHSURSDJXHHQHOHVSDFLR • 6LUYHFRPRXQHVFXGRSURWHFWRU • 2IUHFHUHVLVWHQFLDGHORVYLHQWRVVRODUHV • 3HUPLWHORVSURFHVRVGHFRPEXVWLyQ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 35$&7,&$ /DWLHUUD\VXDWPyVIHUDVHPDQWLH G /DWHPSHUDWXUDGLVPLQX\HFRQOD QHQFDOLHQWHVSRUTXH DOWLWXG D $WUDSDQHOFDORU\ORGLVWULEX\HQ H (QVXSDUWHVXSHULRUKD\JUDQGHV HQWRGDVXPDVD FDQWLGDGHVGHR]RQR E 'LVWULEX\HQHQHUJtDVRODUD 6HOHFRQRFHWDPELpQFRPROD³ GLIHUHQWHVODWLWXGHV &DSDGHODV&RPXQLFDFLRQHV´ F ,PSXOVDQODHQHUJtDHQORVRFpD QRV D (VWUDWRVIHUD G 5HFLEHQODHQHUJtDFRQJUDQ E 7HUPRVIHUD IDFLOLGDG F ([RVIHUD H $EVRUEHQODUDGLDFLyQVRODUHQ G 0DJQHWRVIHUD IRUPDGHFDORU H 7URSRVIHUD /DFDSDGH2]RQRVHHQFXHQWUDHQ 'HHVWDVDILUPDFLRQHVXQDQRHVXQD OD FRQVHFXHQFLDGHODGLVPLQXFLyQGHOD D 7URSRVIHUD FDSDGH2]RQR E ,RQRVIHUD D 2FDVLRQDFiQFHUDODSLHO F 0DJQHWRVIHUD E 'HELOLWDHOVLVWHPDLQPXQROyJLFR KXPDQR G (VWUDWRVIHUD F 2ULJLQDRODVGHFDORU H /LWRVIHUD G ,QIOX\HVREUHODGHIRUPDFLyQ (VHOHOHPHQWRJDVHRVRTXHPiV JHQpWLFDGHODVSODQWDV DEXQGDHQODDWPyVIHUD H (VFDXVDGHOHQYHMHFLPLHQWR D 2[LJHQR SUHPDWXUR E +LGURJHQR $FRQWLQXDFLyQSUHVHQWDPRV DOJXQDV F 1LWUyJHQR DILUPDFLRQHV GH ODV FXDOHV XQD HV G 9DSRUGHDJXD XQDFRQVHFXHQFLDGHO&DOHQWDPLHQWR H 2]RQR JOREDO D $FLGLILFDORVVXHORV 0DUFDODUHVSXHVWDLQFRUUHFWD E 'HELOLWDHOVLVWHPDLQPXQROyJLFR UHVSHFWRDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOD KXPDQR WURSRVIHUD F 'LVXHOYHPHWDOHVWy[LFRVGHODV D &RQWLHQHFDVLODWRWDOLGDGGHYD WXEHUtDV SRUGHDJXDH[LVWHQWHHQOD G ,QIOX\HVREUHODGHIRUPDFLyQ DWPyVIHUD JHQpWLFDGHODVSODQWDV E ([SHULPHQWDIUHFXHQWHVPRYL H /RVFDPELRVHQHOFOLPDVHPD PLHQWRVYHUWLFDOHV QLILHVWDQSRUODSUHVHQFLDGHRODV F 7LHQH PD\RUHVSHVRUHQHO GHFDORU\VHTXtD HFXDGRU - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 (VODFDSDGHODDWPyVIHUDTXH SHUPLWHODWUDQVPLVLyQWHOHYLVLYD D 1HZWRQ E .HQHOO\ F $SSOHWRQ G +XEEOH H -HIUH\ /DVRGLRVIHUDTXHODTXHFDSD TXHDEVRUEHUDGLDFLRQHVGHFR ORUD]XO6HXELFDHQOD D 7URSRVIHUD E (VWUDWRVIHUD F 0HVRVIHUD G ([RVIHUD H 0DJQHWRVIHUD (VXQIDFWRUTXHFRQGLFLRQDODH[LV WHQFLDGHODDWPyVIHUD D /DWLWXG E /RQJLWXG F *UDYHGDGWHUUHVWUH G ,QFOLQDFLyQGHOHMHWHUUHVWUH H )XHU]D&RULROLV 1RHVXQJDVSHUPDQHQWHGHOD DWPyVIHUD D $UJyQ E +LGURJHQR F 2]RQR G 2[LJHQR H 1HRQ /DFDSDGHR]RQRVHXELFDGHQWURGH ODFDSDGHQRPLQDGD D ,RQRVIHUD E 7HUPRVIHUD F +HWHURVIHUD G +RPRVIHUD H )RWRVIHUD - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6HFFLyQ $63(&726*(1(5$/(6 GEOGRAFÍA +,'526)(5$ &RQFHSWR (V HO FRQMXQWR WRWDO GH ODV DJXDV GH OD WLHUUD IRUPDGD SRU RFpDQRVPDUHVJODFLDUHVDJXDVVXEWHUUiQHDVYDSRUHQODDWPyVIHUDODJRV UtRV\KXPHGDGGHOVXHOR/DKLGURJUDItDHVODUDPDGHODJHRJUDItDItVLFDTXHHVWX GLD OD KLGURVIHUD SHUR GHELGR D TXH ODVDJXDV VRQ GXOFHV \ VDODGDV VH KDQ RULJLQDGR GRV FLHQFLDV OD OLPQRORJtD TXH HVWXGLD ODV DJXDV GXOFHV \ OD RFHDQRJUDItDTXHHVWXGLDODVDJXDVVDODGDV 'LVWULEXFLyQ/DVDJXDVSRUVXGLVWULEXFLyQHQQXHVWURSODQHWDVHFODVLILFDQ HQ D /yWLFDV/DVTXHVHGHVSOD]DQVREUHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHUtRV E /HQWLFDV/DVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQDFXPXODGDVVREUHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHODJRV ODJXQDVPDUHV\RFpDQRV F )UHiWLFDV/DVTXHVHXELFDQHQHOVXEVXHORQDSDVIUHiWLFDVDFXtIHURV G $WPRVIpULFDV/DVTXHHVWiQHQODDWPyVIHUDHQIRUPDGHKXPHGDG 35,1&,3$/(6)8(17(6'($*8$ /DJRV 6RQ UHVHUYDVGH DJXDV FRQWHQLGDV HQ ODV GHSUHVLRQHV GH ORV FRQWLQHQWHV pVWDV VRQ DOLPHQWDGDV SRU ORV UtRV GHQRPLQDGRV DIOXHQWHV \ GHVDJXDQSRUORVUtRVOODPDGRVHIOXHQWHVRHPLVDUtRV D &ODVHV • • 7HFWyQLFR 6RQORVPiVSURIXQGRVVH IRU PDQ SRU KXQGLPLHQWR GH ODFRUWH]DWHUUHV WUHHVGHFLUSRUIDFWRUHVJHROyJLFRV7LWLFDFD 9LFWRULD %DQFDO 0DU 0XHUWR$VLD 1LDVD 7DQJDQLNDÈIULFD *ODFLDO 6H IRUPDQ SRU GHSUHVLRQHV H[FDYD GDVSRUORV JODFLDUHV GHVDSDUHFLGRV VRQPXFKRPiVQXPHURVRVTXHWRGRVORVGH PiVMXQWRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • GEOGRAFÍA 9ROFiQLFR )RUPDGRHQORVFUiWHUHVGHORVYROFDQHVDSDJDGRV&UiWHU HQ((88\/DYLQ(Q)UDQFLD %DUUHUD 6RQSHOLJURVRV\GHFRUWDGXUDFLyQ)RUPDGRSRUORVGHUUXP EHVFDtGRVODVDJXDVGHOUtRVHUHSUHVDQ2KLR\7HQQHVVHHQ ((88 • 5HVLGXDOHV 6RQORVODJRVPDVDQWLJXRVVHIRUPDQHQORVUHVWRVGHDQWL JXRVPDUHV%DLNDO&DVSLRHQ5XVLD$UDOHQ.D]DMVWiQ • +HUUDGXUD )RUPDGRV HQ FDXFHV GH UtRV DEDQGRQDGRV &RPXQHV HQ OD DPD]RQLD SHUXDQD \ EUDVLOHxD <DULQDFRFKD 4XLVWRFRFKDHQ3HU~ • $UWLILFLDOHV 6H IRUPDQFXDQGRHOKRPEUH UHDOL]DREUDV GHUHSUHVD PLHQWR9ROWDHQ*KDQDHOPiVJUDQGH E 3ULQFLSDOHV/DJRV $ QLYHOGHOPXQGR • 0DU&DVSLR • 6XSHULRU • 9LFWRULD • 0DUDFDLER • 7LWLFDFD • %DLNDO 5XVLD &DQDGi((88 .HQLD±7DQ]DQLD 9HQH]XHOD 3HU~%RO 5XVLD 0iVJUDQGHGHOPXQGR GRPDVJUDQGHGHOPXQGR\UR 'H$PpULFD URPDVJUDQGHGHOPXQGR 0iVJUDQGHGH$PpULFDGHO6XU 0iVDOWR\QDYHJDEOHGHOPXQGR 0iVSURIXQGRGHOPXQGRP 'HDJXDGXOFH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA $ QLYHOGHO3HU~ • 7LWLFDFD 0HVHWDGHO&ROODRRULJHQWHFWyQLFRFRQ .P • &KLQFKD\FRFKD± 5H\HV 0HVHWDGH%RPEyQ6XUGH3DVFR&RQNP • 5LPDFKL (Q/RUHWR /DJXQDVLPSRUWDQWHVGHO3HU~ • $UDSD 0HVHWDGHO&ROODR&RQNP • 0DUFDSRPDFRFKD 12GH-XQtQ\ HQODYHUWLHQWH2ULHQWDODQGLQD • 3DFD (Q-XQtQSURYLQFLDGH-DXMD • 3DULQDFRFKDV$\DFXFKRW.PGHODUJR\DQFKR.P • 6LEPDFRFKD&XVFR±&DQFKDVORQJLWXGGH.PFRQNP /DJXQLOODV • /DJXQLOODV\6DUDFRFKD 3XQRHQODFXHQFDGHOUtR&DEDQLOODV • 8PD\R 12GH3XQR • /DQJXL±/D\R 6XUGH6LFXDQL&XVFR • $ULFyWD 7DFQD F ,PSRUWDQFLD • 5HJXODQODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWDO • 9tDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ • 3RWHQFLDOKLGURHOpFWULFR • 3RVLELOLWDQODYLGD • 'LYHUVLGDGGH)ORUD\)DXQD • $FWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV • 5HJXODQHOFDXGDOGHORVUtRV *ODFLDUHV(QRUPHV DFXPXODFLRQHV GH KLHOR TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQODViUH DVPiVVREUHVDOLHQWHVGHODOLWRVIHUDo (Q HO FDVR SHUXDQR ORV JODFLDUHV VH FRQFHQWUDQ SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ OD FRUGLOOHUD %ODQFD FRUGLOOHUD WURSLFDO PiV DOWD GHO PXQGR TXH WLHQH XQD VXSHUILFLH JODFLDUGHNP $GHPiVHQODVFRUGLOOHUDVGH+XD\KXDVK 5DXUD \ &DUDED\D IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH 6XV FXPEUHV HVWiQ UHFXELHUWDV SRU KLHOR FRPR RFXUUH FRQ HO &KDFKDQL&RURSXQD$XVDQJDWH+XD\WDSDOODQDHQWUHRWUDV 1XHVWURV JODFLDUHV VRQ GH SRFR HVSHVRU FRQ JUDQ PXOWLWXG GH JULHWDV SRU GRQGH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA SHQHWUD HO DJXD GH OD OOXYLD \ GH OD IXVLyQ VXSHUILFLDO GHOKLHORORTXHRULJLQDOD IRUPDFLyQGHJUDQGHVEROVDVGHDJXDHQHOLQWHULRUGHODVOHQJXDVJODFLDUHV D &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV • (VFDVRHVSHVRUGHQLHYH • 1XPHURVDVJULHWDVILVXUDV3HQHWUDDJXD • 3HOLJURFRQVWDQWH'HVPRURQDPLHQWRVRDYDODQFKDV E ,PSRUWDQFLD • 5HVHUYDQDWXUDOGHDJXDV • $IOXHQWHVGHUtRV\ODJXQDV • &RQVWLWX\HHQXQHOHPHQWRWHUPRUUHJXODGRUGHOFOLPDSODQHWDULR • 2IUHFHSRVLELOLGDGHVWXUtVWLFDV $JXDV VXEWHUUiQHDV 6RQ DTXHOODV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ GHEDMR GHODFDSD VLiOLFDTXHVHILOWUDURQSRUDFFLyQGHODJUDYHGDG(VWDVDJXDVDOJXQDVSHUPD QHFHQ GHSRVLWDGDV HQ ODV URFDV VHGLPHQWDGDV RWUDV VH WUDVODGDQ OHQWDPHQWH DO LQWHULRUGHODFRUWH]D D,PSRUWDQFLD • $EDVWHFHGRUHVGHDJXDSDUDODIORUD\IDXQD • )XHQWHVGHDOLPHQWDFLyQSDUDSR]RV\PDQDQWLDOHV • 5HVHUYDVTXHSRVLELOLWDODSHUPDQHQFLDGHORVELyWLFRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 5tRV &RUULHQWHV GH DJXD GXOFH TXH UHFRUUHQ SDUWH GH OD VXSHUILFLHWHUUHV WUH LPSXOVDGRV SRU HO UHOLHYH GHO VXHOR \OD JUDYHGDG 'XUDQWHVXUHFRUULGRIRUPDQ YDOOHVTXHEUDGDVSRQJRVDEUDV\SDVRVÒWLOHVSDUDODDFWLYLGDGDJURSHFXDULD\ SRVLELOLWDQOD LQWHJUDFLyQ GH ORVSXHEORVSRUVHUYtDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ7DPELpQ FRQVWLWX\HQUHVHUYDVGHUHFXUVRVHQHUJpWLFRVSRUVHUIXHQWHVGHJHQHUDFLyQHOpFWUL FD D (OHPHQWRV • • • • • 2ULJHQRQDFLHQWH/XJDUGRQGHQDFHXQGHWHUPLQDGRUtRPDQDQ WLDORQHYDGR &XUVR7UD\HFWRULDGHOUtRFRPSUHQGLGRGHVGHHORULJHQKDVWDODGHVHP ERFDGXUD &DXFH /HFKR&DQDOSRUGRQGHWUDQVFXUUHODVDJXDVGHOUtR &DXGDO(VHOYROXPHQRFDQWLGDGGHDJXD TXHWUDQVSRUWDHOUtR PVHJ 5pJLPHQ 9DULDFLyQ GHO FDXGDO GHO UtR HQ GHWHUPLQDGRVPRPHQ WRV 5HJXODU&XDQGRODYDULDFLyQHVOLJHUD ,UUHJXODU&XDQGRHOFDXGDOYDUtDFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • GEOGRAFÍA 'HVHPERFDGXUD(VHOOXJDUGRQGH³WHUPLQDHOUHFRUULGR´GHOUtR (QGRUUHLFR 'HVHPERFD SRU XQ SHULRGRGH WLHPSR \ QR SRVHHVDOLGDDO PDU ([RUUHLFR'HVHPERFDQDOPDU $UUHLFRVHHYDSRUDQRILOWUDQDOVXEVXHOR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 6HFFLyQ 6,67(0$2&8(1&$+,'52*5È),&$'(/3(5Ò &21&(372 • • • • 6HHQWLHQGHSRU&XHQFD DOiUHDGHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHGUHQDGDSRU XQ~QLFRVLVWHPDIOXYLDO6XVOtPLWHVHVWiQIRUPDGRVSRUODVGLYLVRULDV GHDJXDVTXHODVHSDUDQGH]RQDVDG\DFHQWHVSHUWHQHFLHQWHVD RWUDVFXHQFDVIOXYLDOHV (O WDPDxR \ IRUPD GH XQD FXHQFD YLHQH GHWHUPLQDGR JHQHUDOPHQWHSRU ODV FRQGLFLRQHV JHROyJLFDV GHO WHUUHQR (O SDWUyQ \ GHQVLGDG GHODV FR UULHQWHV \ UtRV TXH GUHQDQ HVWH WHUULWRULR QR VyOR GHSHQGHQ GHVXHVWUXF WXUDJHROyJLFDVLQRWDPELpQGHOUHOLHYHGHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHHO FOLPDHOWLSRGHVXHORODYHJHWDFLyQ\FDGDYH]HQPD\RUPHGLGD GHODVUHSHUFXVLRQHVGHODDFFLyQKXPDQDHQHOPHGLRDPELHQWH /DVFXHQFDVUHFLEHQDJXDHQIRUPDGHSUHFLSLWDFLRQHVFRPRSDUWHGHO FLFORKLGUROyJLFR /DVDJXDVTXHVHLQILOWUDQ \ DOFDQ]DQ OD ]RQD GH DJXDV VXEWHUUiQHDVSHU PDQHQWHPHQWH VDWXUDGD DJXD IUHiWLFD SRU GHEDMR GHO QLYHOIUHiWLFR DFW~DQFRPRFDXGDOEDVDOGHORVUtRVGHODFXHQFDODVDJXDVGHOD ]RQDSDUFLDOPHQWHVDWXUDGDDJXDYDGRVDIOX\HQSRUDFFLyQGHODJUD YHGDGSRUHOVXHOR\SRUODViUHDVVLWXDGDVSRUHQFLPDGHOQLYHOIUHi WLFR/DVDJXDVTXHQRORJUDQILOWUDUVHHQHOVXHORGLVFXUUHQSRUODVX SHUILFLH - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 35,1&,3$/(6&8(1&$6'(/3(5Ó 9HUWLHQWHKLGURJUiILFDGHO3DFtILFR &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV ,PSRUWDQFLD )RUPDQIpUWLOHVYDOOHVSDUDOD DJULFXOWXUDLQWHQVLYD $EDVWHFHGRUHVGHDJXDSDUD ODVFLXGDGHV 6RQIXHQWHVHQHUJpWLFDVSDUD ODSURGXFFLyQGHHQHUJtD HOpFWULFD 6RQUtRVGHFRUWDORQJLWXG7DPERFRQ • 6RQIXHQWHVGHUHFXUVRV .P 0DMHV FRQ .P 6DQWD FRQ .P KLGURELROyJLFRVWUXFKDV &KLOLFRQNP2FRxDFRQNPHWF FDPDURQHVOLVDVSHMHUUH\HV 6RQWRUUHQWRVRVFDtGDYLROHQWD\HVWUHSLWRVDFRQJUDQ EDJUHVULFRHQODQJRVWLQRV IXHU]DHURVLYD • 6HRULJLQDQHQHOIODQFRRFFLGHQWDOGHODFRUGLOOHUDGH • ORVDQGHV (VWi FRQVWLWXLGR SRU ORVUtRVTXHWLHQHQVX RULJHQHQORVDQGHV\YLHUWHQVXVDJXDVHQHO2FpDQR • 3DFtILFR • 'HVHPERFDQXQWRWDOGHUtRVSULQFLSDOHV5HFR • UUHQGHHVWHDRHVWH • • • • • (URVLRQDQSURIXQGDPHQWHVXFDXFHIRUPDQSRQJRV\ FDxRQHV • 5pJLPHQLUUHJXODU\QRVRQQDYHJDEOHVH[FHSWRWXP EHV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 35,1&,3$/(65Ì26'(/$&267$ /$/,%(57$' /$0%$<(48( 3,85$ 780%(6 =DUXPLOOD 1DFHHQHO(FXDGRUIRUPDNP'HIURQWHUDFRQHVWHSDtV5tRIURQWHUL ]R 7XPEHV~QLFRUtRQDYHJDEOH\HOPDVFDXGDORVRGHODFRVWDQDFHHQHO(FXDGRU FRQHOQRPEUHGHUtR3X\DQJR6XORQJLWXGHQHO3HU~HVGHNP &KLUD 1DFHDOQRUWHGHODFLXGDGGH/RMDHQHO(FXDGRUHQVXFXUVRVHHQFXHQWUD HOUHVHUYRULRGH3RHFKRV/RQJLWXGDSUR[LPDGDGHNP(VHOUtRPiVLUUHJXODU GH OD FRVWD )RUPD XQ LPSRUWDQWH YDOOH HQ OD SURGXFFLyQ GH DOJRGyQ SLPD OLPRQHV\PDQJRV 3LXUD1DFHHQODSURYLQFLDGH+XDQFDEDPED\GHVHPERFDHQODEDKtDGH6HFKXUD /RQJLWXGDSUR[LPDGDGHNP6XFDXFHSHUPDQHFHVHFR D ORODUJRFDVLGHWRGRVXUHFRUULGRSRUORTXHVHKDFRQVWUXLGRHOUHVHUYR ULRGH6DQ/RUHQ]RTXHDOPDFHQDODVDJXDVGHORVUtRV&KLSLOOLFR\ 4XLUR] /DOHFKH 1DFHHQ&XWHUYR&DMDPDUFD/RQJLWXGHVGHNP/DVDJXDV GHHVWHUtRVRQPX\ELHQDSURYHFKDGDVSRUORTXHQROOHJDDGHVHPERFDUHQ HOPDU /DPED\HTXH1DFHHQODSURYLQFLDGH6DQWD&UX]&DMDPDUFDHQVXFXUVR VHXELFDHOUHVHUYRULRGH7LQDMRQHV 6DxD1DFHHQORVOtPLWHVGH&DMDPDUFD\/DPED\HTXHIRUPDXQYDOOHGHGLFDGRDO FXOWLYRGHFDxDGHD]~FDU -HTXHWHSHTXH 1DFHHQODSURYLQFLDGH&DMDPDUFDIRUPDHOYDOOHDUURFHUR PiVJUDQGHGHO3HU~(QVXFXUVRVHHQFXHQWUDHOUHVHUYRULRGHO*DOOLWR&LHJR\OD FHQWUDOKLGURHOpFWULFDGHOPLVPRQRPEUH6XORQJLWXGHVGHNP &KLFDPD 1DFH HQ OD SURYLQFLD GH +XDPDFKXFR HQ /D /LEHUWDG )RUPD HO YDOOH D]XFDUHURPiVJUDQGHGHO3HU~7LHQHXQDORQJLWXGGHNP 0RFKH1DFHHQOD/DJXQD*UDQGHHQODVFHUFDQtDVGHOSXHEORGH4XLUXYLO FD FRQ HO QRPEUH GH UtR *UDQGH D OD DOWXUD GH OD ORFDOLGDG GH 6DQ -XDQ WRPD HO QRPEUHGHUtR0RFKH6XORQJLWXGHVGHNP 9LU~6HIRUPDHQ6DQWLDJR GH&KXFRHQ/D/LEHUWDGIRUPDHOSULQFLSDOYDOOHSUR GXFWRUGHHVSiUUDJRV6XORQJLWXGHVGHNP &KDR7LHQHVXRULJHQDOSLHGHOFHUUR8UXUXSDHQODVSUR[LPLGDGHVGHOSDUDMHORV 7RULWRV)RUPDXQLPSRUWDQWHYDOOHGHSURGXFWRVHVSHFLDOPHQWHWRPDWHV - - ,&$ /,0$ $1&$6+ 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 6DQWD 1DFHHQODVFHUFDQtDVGHOQXGRGH7XFR(QVXFXUVRVXSHULRU IRUPDHO&DOOHMyQGH+XD\ODVHVXQRGHORVUtRVPiVFDXGDORVRVGHOD &RVWD&RUWDDODFRUGLOOHUD1HJUD\IRUPDHOFDxyQGHO3DWR7LHQHXQDORQJLWXGGH NP 1HSHxD1DFHHQODVDOWXUDVGHODODJXQD&KXSLFRFKDIRUPDXQYDOOHGHVWL QDGRDOFXOWLYRGHFDxDGHD]~FDU &DVPD7LHQHVXRULJHQHQODVFXPEUHVGHODFRUGLOOHUD1HJUD/RQJLWXGGHNP )RUPD XQ YDOOH GRQGH VH FXOWLYD PDt] DOJRGyQ HVSiUUDJRV \ SURGXFWRV GH SDQ OOHYDU +XDUPH\1DFHDODDOWXUDGHOSREODGRGH+XDPEDHQODFRUGLOOHUDQHJUD7LHQHXQD ORQJLWXG GH XQ SRFR PDV GH NP )RUPD XQ YDOOH SURGXFWRV GH DOJRGyQ IUXWDV PDt]\IUtMRO 3DWLYLOFD 1DFHHQODSURYLQFLDGH%RORJQHVLHQ$QFDVKHQVXFXUVRVHKDFRQVWUXL GRODKLGURHOpFWULFDGH&DKXD )RUWDOH]D1DFHHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH$QFDVKIRUPDXQYDOOHGHGLFDGRDOFXOWLYR GHFDxDGHD]~FDUD]~FDUSDUDPRQJD +XDXUD 1DFH HQ ORV QHYDGRV GH &DMDWDPER VXV DJXDV VH XWLOL]DQ HQ OD FHQWUDO KLGURHOpFWULFDGH6DQWD5RVD)RUPDXQYDOOHGHVWLQDGRDOFXOWLYRGHIUXWDVKRUWDOL ]DVIORUHVFDxDGHD]~FDU\DOJRGyQ &KLOOyQ 'HVFLHQGHSRUODTXHEUDGDGH&DQWDFUX]DHOQRUWHGH/LPDPHWUR SROLWDQD 5LPDF (QVXFXUVRPHGLRIRUPDHO&DxyQGHO,QILHUQLOOR(QVXGHV HPERFDGXUDVHXELFDHOSXHUWRGHO&DOODRIRUPDHOYDOOHPiVSREODGRGHO3HU~(V HO UtR TXH FXHQWD FRQ PDV FHQWUDOHV KLGURHOpFWULFDV FRPR +XLQFR %DUED %ODQFD -XDQ&DURVLR+XDPSDQL\3DEOR%RQHU /XUtQ1DFHHQ+XDURFKLUtIRUPDXQYDOOHSURGXFWRUGHDOJRGyQIUXWDV\SURGXFWRV GHSDQOOHYDU 0DOD 1DFHHQ0DWXFDQD/LPDIRUPDXQYDOOHDOJRGRQHUR\IUXWtFRODHVSH FLDOPHQWHGHPDQ]DQDV\SOiWDQRV &DxHWH 6HIRUPDHQORVGHVKLHORVGHOJODFLDU7LFOOD3RUVXLPSRUWDQWHFDX GDOVXVDJXDVVRQXWLOL]DGDVHQODLUULJDFLyQ,PSHULDO &KLQFKD 1DFHHQ+XDQFDYHOLFD7LHQHXQDORQJLWXGGHNP6XYDOOHHVSURGXF WRUGHDOJRGyQIULMROYLGSDSD\IUXWDOHV 3LVFR1DFHHQ+XDQFDYHOLFD7LHQHXQDORQJLWXGGHNP6XYDOOHFXOWLYD YLG\DOJRGyQ *UDQGH 1DFHHQ$\DFXFKR)RUPDXQYDOOHGHVWLQDGRDOFXOWLYRGHDOJRGyQ\ YDULHGDGGHIUXWDOHV(OUtRJUDQGHILQDOPHQWHWRPDHOQRPEUHGHVDQ-XDQ ,FDQDFHHQODSURYLQFLDGH&DVWURYLUUH\QD6XORQJLWXGHVGH.P - - 7$&1$ 02(48(*8$ $5(48,3$ 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA $FDULIRUPDXQYDOOHSURGXFWRUGHROLYRHVXQUtRGHSRFRFDXGDO<DXFD IRUPDXQYDOOHPX\DQJRVWRGHGLFDGRDOFXOWLYRH[FOXVLYRGHROLYR 2FRxD&RWDKXDVLIRUPDHOFDxyQGHOPLVPRQRPEUHHQHOSREODGRGHTXHFKXDF OODDOUHFLELUODVDJXDVGHOUtRFKLFKDVSDVDDOODPDUVHRFRxD6XORQJLWXGHVGH NP &ROFD0DMHV²&DPDQi$WUDYLHVDODSDPSDGH&ROFDGRQGHWRPDHVHQRPEUH 7LHQHFRPRSULQFLSDODIOXHQWHDOUtR1HJULOORGRQGHVHKDFRQVWUXLGRODUHSUH VDGH&RQGRURPD$OFRQIOXLUFRQHOUtR$QGDPD\RWRPDHOQRPEUHGH0DMHV \ HQVXFXUVRLQIHULRUVHOODPDUtR&DPDQD)RUPDHOYDOOHSURGXFWRUGHDUUR] PDt]\IUXWDOHV &KLOL9tWRU²6LKXDVDQWHVGHODHVWDFLyQGH,PDWDWRPDHOQRPEUHGHUtR&KLOL\ IRUPDHOYDOOHGH$UHTXLSD7LHQHXQDORQJLWXGGHNP$OFRQIOXLUFRQHOUtR<XUD WRPDHOQRPEUHGHUtR9tWRU\HO9tWRUDOFRQIOXLUFRQHOUtR6LJXDVIRUPDHO4XLOFD KDVWDGHVHPERFDUHQHO3DFtILFR(QVXFXUVRVHKDFRQVWUXLGRODVUHSUHVDVGH HO)UDLOH$JXDGD%ODQFD\(O3DxH7DPELpQVXVDJXDVVLUYHQDODFHQWUDOKLGUR HOpFWULFDGH&KDUFDQL9 7DPER7LHQHFRPRDIOXHQWHSULQFLSDODOUtR&DUXPDV6XORQJLWXGHVGH NP&RQVLGHUDGRFRPRHOUtRPDVODUJRGHODYHUWLHQWHGHO3DFtILFR 0RTXHJXD² 2VPRUH² ,OR 1DFHDOHVWHGHOYROFiQ3LFKX3LFKX\HOYROFiQ 0LVWL(VXQRGHORVUtRVPiVWRUUHQWRVRV)RUPDXQYDOOHSURGXFWRUGHROLYRV(Q VXFXHQFDVHKDGHVDUUROODGRHO3UR\HFWR(VSHFLDO3DVWR*UDQGH\VHKD FRQVWUXLGRODSODQWDGHWUDWDPLHQWRGHDJXDSRWDEOHGH&KHQ&KHQ /RFXPED 1DFHHQ0RTXHJXD/RQJLWXGGH.P6XVDJXDVVHDFXPXODQ HQODUHSUHVDGH$ULFRWD$QWHVGHGDUVXVDJXDVDOPDUUHFLEHORVUHODYHVPLQHURV GH 7RTXHSDOD UD]yQ SRU OD FXDO OD ]RQD GHO PDU HQ OD TXH GHVHPERFD HO UtR QR H[LVWHQLQJ~QWLSRGHIORUD\IDXQD 6DPDDOWpUPLQRGHODJXHUUDFRQ&KLOHHVWHUtRIXHILMDGRFRPROtPLWHHQWUHHVWRV GRVSDtVHV &DSOLQD(VWHUtRVyOROOHYDDJXDHQVXUHFRUULGRSRUODVLHUUDVXFDXFHHQODFRVWD VHVHFDOOHYDPX\SRFRFDXGDOGXUDQWHODPD\RUSDUWHGHODxRVLQHPEDUJR VXSRFDDJXDHVDSURYHFKDGDSDUDHOFXOWLYRGHYLG\RWURVIUXWDOHV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 6LVWHPD+LGURJUiILFRGHO$PD]RQDV´&XHQFD3XOPyQGHO0XQGRµ &$5$&7(5Ì67,&$6 • • • • • • • • • 8ELFDGR DO HVWH GHODFRUGLOOHUDGH ORVDQGHVFRQIRUPDGRSRUORVUtRV PiV ODUJRV \ FDXGDORVRV GH QXHVWUR SDtV 9LHUWHQVXVDJXDVHQHOUtRPiVJUDQGH \ FDXGDORVRGHOPXQGRTXHGHVDJXDHQ HO2FpDQR$WOiQWLFRHOUtR$PD]RQDV 6XRULJHQHVWiHQHOQXGRGH3DVFR \ 9LOFDQRWDSDUWHRULHQWDO 6RQ GH PD\RU ORQJLWXG 8FD\DOL RULJHQ HQ OD FRUGLOOHUD GH &KLOD FRQ NP 6RQ WRUUHQWRVRV GH OHQWR UHFRUULGR SRFDLQFOLQDFLyQ\IRUPDQPX\XQDV R UHPROLQRV 6RQGHUpJLPHQUHJXODUSRUVXDEXQGDQ WH FDXGDO TXH RVWHQWDQ GXUDQWH WRGR HO DxR 6XV FDXFHV VRQ DUHQRVRV FRQ VXHORV DUFLOORVRV)RUPDQ SRQJRV PHDQGURV \ FRFKDV 6RQORVPiVFDXGDORVRVGHO3HU~LQXQ GDFLyQHQWDKXDPSDVRDJXDMDOHV 6RQ XQD UHG IOXYLDO QDYHJDEOH PiV JUDQGH GHO PXQGR \ VH HQFXHQWUDQ ORV LPSRUWDQWHVSXHUWRV ,03257$1&,$ • 6RQYtDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQ\SHQH WUDFLyQDODVHOYD • )RUPDQLPSRUWDQWHVYDOOHVDJURSH FXDUtRVHQODVHOYDDOWD • (OYDOOHGH-DpQHVLPSRUWDQWHSRU VXJUDQSURGXFFLyQDUURFHUDFDIH WDOHUD\IUXWDOHV • 6RQ IXHQWHV GH UHFXUVRV LFWLROyJL FRVSDLFKHHO]~QJDURHOGRUD GR OD SDORPHWD HO ViEDOR HO ER TXLFKLFRODJDPLWDQDHOWXFX QDUHODSDxDRSLUDxDHOFDUD FKD]D \ YDULDV HVSHFLHV GH WRUWX JDFRPRODFKDUDSDHOFDLPiQ R ODJDUWRODDQDFRQGDHWF • 6RQ LQPHQVDV UHVHUYDV DFXtIHUDV TXHSXHGHQVHUDSURYHFKDGDVHQOD LUULJDFLyQGHODVSDPSDVFRVWHxDV • 6RQ JUDQGHV IXHQWHV HQHUJpWLFDV FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH KLGURHOpFWULFDV SULQFLSDOPHQWHHQORVSRQJRV 3ULQFLSDOHVUtRV D $PD]RQDV • 2ULJHQ 1HYDGR0LVPLHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH$UHTXLSD • 'HVWDFD SRU VX FDXGDO ILJXUD FRPR HO PD\RU GHO PXQGR HQ WpUPLQRV GH FDSWDFLyQGHDJXDQ~PHURGHDIOXHQWHV\YROXPHQTXHGHVFDUJD/RVDSRU WHVDQXDOHVGHOUtRVXPDQXQDTXLQWDSDUWHGHOWRWDOGHDJXDGXOFHTXHGHV HPERFDHQORVRFpDQRVHQWRGRHOPXQGR • $IOXHQWHV 1DSR3XWXPD\R7LJUH3XUXV<DUDYt • 'HVHPERFDGXUD 2FpDQR$WOiQWLFR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA E0DUDxyQ • 2ULJHQ 1DFHDPHWURVVREUHHOQLYHOGHOPDUHQHOJODFLDUGHOQHYDGR GH <HUXSDMD HQ OD ODJXQD GH /DXULFRFKD D .P DO VXURHVWH GHO GHSDUWD PHQWRGH+XiQXFR • /RQJLWXG )OX\H GHVXU D QRUWH D OR ODUJR GH XQRV NLOyPHWURVKDVWD XQLUVHFRQHOUtR8FD\DOLSDUDIRUPDUHO$PD]RQDV • &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV 3RVHH HO PD\RU SRWHQFLDO KLGURHOpFWULFR 5HFRUUH GHSDU WDPHQWRV3DVFR+XiQXFR$QFDVK/D/LEHUWDG&DMDPDUFD$PD]RQDV\ /RUHWR3RUVXFDQWLGDGGHFDVFDGDV\UiSLGRVHVXQUtRQDYHJDEOHVyORHQ VXFXUVREDMR • $OVXUFDUSRUHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH$PD]RQDVFRUWDODFRUGLOOHUDFHQWUDOHQHO SRQJRGH5HQWHPD\DODFRUGLOOHUDRULHQWDOHQHOSRQJRGH0DQVHULFKH GLFKD UHJLyQ GH ORV SRQJRV HV PX\ LPSRUWDQWH SRU TXHGHQRH[LVWLUHO0D UDxyQQROOHJDUtDDMXQWDUVHFRQHO8FD\DOL • $IOXHQWHV &KDPD\D8UXEDPED&HQHSD6DQWLDJR0RURQD3DVWD]D+XD OODJD\7LJUH • 'HVHPERFDGXUD HQHOUtR$PD]RQDVDOFRQIOXLUFRQHO8FD\DOL F 0DQWDUR • 2ULJHQ VXQRPEUHTXHFKXD+DWXQPD\RUtRJUDQGH1DFHHQ&HUUR GH3DVFRHQODODJXQDGH$FDFRFKD\HQVXUHFRUULGRFUX]DORVGHSDUWDPHQ WRVGH-XQtQ+XDQFDYHOLFD\$\DFXFKRSDVDSRUODSURYLQFLD GH 6DWL SRGRQGHFRQIOX\HFRQHOUtR$SXUtPDFSDUDIRUPDUHOUtR(QH • /RQJLWXG WLHQHXQDORQJLWXGGHNLOyPHWURV • &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV6XUHFRUULGRHVGHQRURHVWHDVXUHVWH\GDRULJHQDOYDOOH GHO 0DQWDUR SULQFLSDO SURYHHGRU GH DOLPHQWRV GH OD FLXGDG GH/LPD • (QVXFRUULHQWHVHKDFRQVWUXLGRODFHQWUDOKLGURHOpFWULFDPiVJUDQGHGHO 3HU~6DQWLDJR$QW~QH]GH0D\ROR<5HVWLWXFLyQJHQHUDQGRFHUFDGHO GHWRGDODHQHUJtDHOpFWULFDTXHVHJHQHUDHQHOSDtV • 'HVHPERFDGXUD UtR(QH G 3HUHQH • 2ULJHQ 5HJLyQFHQWUDOHQHOODGRRULHQWDOGHORVDQGHVQDFHHQ-XQtQ DOQRUWHGHOSXHEORGH6DQ$QWRQLRGH2FRSDGRQGHVHHQFXHQWUDXQ PRQDVWHUtRGHODRUGHQGHORVIUDQFLVFDQRV • &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV(QVXFXUVRVXSHULRUUHFLEHHOQRPEUHGH&KDQ FKDPD\RIRUPDQGRXQYDOOHSURGXFWRUGHPDGHUDVFDIp\IUXWDVTXH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA OOHYDVXQRPEUH/ODPiQGRVHUHFLpQ3HUHQpDSDUWLUGHODFRQIOXHQFLDFRQHO UtR3DXFDUWDPER • 3RVHHFRUWRUHFRUULGRSHURXQUpJLPHQSOXYLDO\SHULJODFLDO\XQJUDQFDXGDO WRGRHODxR • 'HVHPERFDGXUD 5tR3HUHQpTXHFRQIOX\HFRQHOUtR(QHHQHOSXHEOR GH3XHUWR3UDGRDPVQPSDUDIRUPDUHOUtR7DPER H+XDOODJD • 2ULJHQ QDFHFHUFDGHOQXGRGH3DVFRQHYDGRGH3XFD\DFR\GHV FLHQGHSRUXQDTXHEUDGD\FDOOHMyQFRQLQQXPHUDEOHVUiSLGRVHQWUHOD FRUGLOOHUDEODQFDDORHVWHSDUWHGHODFRUGLOOHUDFHQWUDO\ODFRUGLOOHUD$]XO DOHVWHFRUGLOOHUDRULHQWDOGHORVDQGHVHQHOWUDPRHQWUH+XiQXFR\3D FKL]D • /RQJLWXG 3RVHHNLOyPHWURVGHORQJLWXG • &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV &RUWD OD FDGHQD RFFLGHQWDO HQ HO SRQJR GH $JXLUUH $IOXHQWH GHO 0DUDxyQ SRU OD PDUJHQ GHUHFKD 3RVHH XQD JUDQ ULTXH]D LF WLROyJLFD VLHQGR QDYHJDEOH HQ EDOVDV \ FDQRDV (V QDYHJDEOH VX WUDPR VHOYiWLFR DXQTXH SUHVHQWD SDVRV GLItFLOHV (Q VXV RULOODV VH HQFXHQWUDQ PXFKDV SREODFLRQHV LPSRUWDQWHV FRPR +XDULDFD $PER +XiQXFR 7LQJR 0DUtD-XDQMXt3LFRWD<XULPDJXDV6DQWD&UX]\/DJXQDV • $IOXHQWHV5tR7XOOXPD\RFRUGLOOHUD$]XO\&KLSXUDQDSRUODL]TXLHUGD<D QDKXDQFD&D\DPED0RQ]yQ0DJGDOHQD0D\R\+XD\DEDPED • 'HVHPERFDGXUD5tR0DUDxyQ I8UXEDPED • 2ULJHQ RXUXSDPSDQDFHHQHOQXGRGH9LOFDQRWD5HFRUUHJUDQSDUWH GHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGHO&XVFRFRQHOQRPEUHGHUtR9LOFDQRWD • /RQJLWXG NLOyPHWURV • &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV(QVXWUDPRVXSHULRUHVGHQRPLQDGRUtR6DJUDGRR+XLO FDPD\RSRUORTXHGDYLGDDO9DOOH6DJUDGRGHORVLQFDV$OSDVDUSRU ODFLXGDGGH8UXEDPEDUHFLEHHOQRPEUHGHUtR8UXEDPED(QVXV RULOODVVHHQFXHQWUDQORVUHVWRVDUTXHROyJLFRVGH0DFKX3LFFKX2OODQWD\ WDPER\3tVVDF&RUWDODFRUGLOOHUDRULHQWDOGHORVDQGHVDWUDYpVGHO SRQJRGH0DLQLTXH$OSDVDUSRU2OODQWD\WDPERHOUtR8UXEDPEDVH HVWUHFKD\VHSURIXQGL]D)RUPDHOFDxyQGH7RURQWR\%DxDODVSREOD FLRQHVGH6LFXDQL&XVFR8UXEDPED\4XLOODEDPED • $IOXHQWHV 6XV SULQFLSDOHV DIOXHQWHV VRQ SRU OD GHUHFKD HO <DQDWLOH 3DX FDUWDPERGH9LOFDQRWDWDPELpQFRQRFLGRSRU<DYHUR7LPSLD&DPLVHD 0LVKDKXD6HSDKXDH,QL\DSRUODL]TXLHUGD&DVLUHQL\0DQWDOR - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • 'HVHPERFDGXUD HQHOUtR8FD\DOLDOFRQIOXLUFRQHOUtR7DPER J 8FD\DOL • 2ULJHQ 1DFH HQ HO GHSDUWDPHQWR GH 8FD\DOL VH IRUPD GH ODDIOXHQ FLD GHO UtR 7DPER \ GHO 8UXEDPED DO HVWH GH ORV DQGHV FHUFDGH$WDOD\D FRQXQDGLUHFFLyQVXUQRUWH • /RQJLWXG NLOyPHWURV GH ORQJLWXG VREUH XQ WHUULWRULR GH VXDYH SHQ GLHQWH&RQVWLWX\HQGRXQDYtDGHWUDQVSRUWHLPSRUWDQWH • $IOXHQWHV 3RU HO PDUJHQ GHUHFKD VRQ HO 7DPD\D \ HO 7DSLFKH \ SRU OD PDUJHQL]TXLHUGDHO3DFKLWHD\HO$JXD\WLDV • FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV6XVSULQFLSDOHVSXHUWRVHVWiQHQODVFLXGDGHVGH3XFDOOSD &RQWDPDQD\5HTXHQD • 'HVHPERFDGXUD HQHOUtR$PD]RQDVDOFRQIOXLUFRQHOUtR0DUDxyQ 5tRVGHODFXHQFD$PD]yQLFD 7LJUH 3DVWD]D 0RURQD 6DQWLDJR 1LHYD &HQHSD ,PD]D &KLQFKLSH 8WFXEDPED &KDPD\D /ODXFDQR &ULVQHMDV $OWRPDUDxyQ %DMRPDUDxyQ 0D\R %LDER 6LVD 6DSRVRD +XDOODEDPED %DMR+XDOODJD $OWR+XDOODJD 3XWXPD\R 1DSR 1DQD\ <DYDUL ,QWHUFXHQFD GHODPD]R QDV $JXD\WLD 3DFKLWHD 8UXEDPED <DYHUR - - 3HUHQH 7DPER (QH 0DQWDUR $SXUtPDF 3DPSDV 8FD\DOL <DUXD 3XUXV 'HODVSLHGUDV 7DPERSDWD ,QDPEDUL $OWRPDGUHGHGLRV ,QWHUFXHQFDVPDGUHGH GLRV 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA +R\D+LGURJUiILFDGHO7LWLFDFD • • • • • )RUPDGRSRUHOODJR7LWLFDFDTXHKDFHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHPHGLRPLOOyQ GHDxRVIRUPySDUWHGHOJUDQODJRFHQWUDOOODPDGR%DOOLYLDQMXQWRFRQHO 3RRSRGH%ROLYLD\RWURVODJRVPHQRUHV 6XSHUILFLHDSUR[LPDGDGHNPGHORVFXDOHVOHFRUUHVSRQGHDO3HU~ NP 6HHQFXHQWUDDPVQP\HVHOODJRQDYHJDEOHPiVDOWRGHO PXQGR 7LHQHLPSRUDWDQWHVLVODVHQWUHODVTXHGHVWDFDQ(Q3HU~7DTXLOH$PDQ WDQ6RWR\HQ%ROLYLDOD,VODGHO6ROODPiVJUDQGH\GHOD/XQD $O7LWLFDFDVHGLULJHQYDULRVUtRV\GHpOVDOHXQ~QLFRHIOXHQWHHO'HVDJXD GHURTXHOOHYDVXVDJXDVDOODJR3RRSRGH%ROLYLD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • GEOGRAFÍA /DVDJXDVGHO7LWLFDFDFXPSOHQXQDIXQFLyQHVWDELOL]DGRUDGHODWHPSHUDWX UDGHODV]RQDVDOHGDxDV &$5$&7(5Ì67,&$6 • 6X RULJHQ VH HQFXHQWUD HQ ODV FRUGLOOH UDV9ROFiQLFD&DUDED\D\QXGRGH9LO FDQRWD • 'HVHPERFDHQHOODJR7LWLFDFD • 6RQ GH FRUWD ORQJLWXG \ SRFR WRUUHQWR VRV • 6RQ GH VXDYH GHFOLYH SRU OR TXH VRQ SRFR WRUUHQWRVRV FRQ FDXFH SRFR SUR IXQGR • 6H DOLPHQWDQ GH ODV OOXYLDV VRQ GH UpJLPHQ,UUHJXODUSRUORTXHQRSRVLELOL WDQODQDYHJDFLyQ 3ULQFLSDOHVUtRV ,03257$1&,$ • )RUPDQXQDFXHQFDHQGRUUHL FDYDOOHVRFHQWURVDJUtFRODV GHODUHJLyQ • &RQIRUPDQHOPD\RUFHQWUR JDQDGHURGHO3HU~ • )DYRUHFHODJDQDGHUtDH[WHQ VLYD • &RQVWLWX\HQHQ]RQDVWXUtVWL FDV • 6RQIXHQWHGHUHFXUVRVKLGUR ELROyJLFRV D6XFKHV /LPLWHHQWUH3HU~\%ROLYLD E5DPLV (OPiVODUJRFDXGDORVRHLPSRUWDQWHGHO7LWLFDFD F&RDWD 6XVDIOXHQWHVVRQORVUtRV/DPSD\&DEDQLOODV G,ODYH 6HIRUPDGHOD XQLyQGHOUtR+XHQTXH\GHO$JXDV&D OLHQWHV H'HVDJXDGHUR ÒQLFRUtRHIOXHQWH (QWUH RWURV UtRV GH HVWD FXHQFD VH HQFXHQWUDQ +XDQFDQp &DEDQLOODV ,OOSD=DSDWLOOD&DOODFDPH0DXUHFKLFR - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 &XHQFDGHOUtR0DGUHGH'LRVR$PDUX0D\R • • • • • &$5$&7(5Ì67,&$6 (VFRQVLGHUDGRFRPRFXDUWDFXHQFDSRUODRULHQWDFLyQ GHORVUtRVTXHVHGLULJHQKDFLD%ROLYLD\%UDVLO 6HHQFXHQWUDHQODSDUWHQRUWHGHO7LWLFDFDVHSDUDGR SRUODFRUGLOOHUDGH&DUDED\D 6RQGHUpJLPHQUHJXODU 1DFHQHQODFRUGLOOHUDGH&DUDED\D\$X]DQJDWH 6RQFDXGDORVRV\QDYHJDEOHV ,PSRUWDQFLD • 6HFRQVWLWX\HQHQXQDFXHQFDGHUHVHUYDDFXtIHUD • &XHQFDPHQRVFRQWDPLQDGD\PHQRVSREODGD • (VIXHQWHGHUHVHUYDGHUHFXUVRVSDUDHOIXWXURGHOD KXPDQLGDG - - • • • • • • $)/8(17(6 0DQX 'HODV3LHGUDV 7DPERSDWD ,QDPEDUL +HDWK /LGLD 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 35É&7,&$ 6HxDOHORFRUUHFWR • 3RQJRGH$JXLUUH\0DQVHULFKH ORFDOL]DGRHQORV$QGHV0HULGLRQD OHV • /RVUtRVGHO$PD]RQDVVRQYtDVGH FRPXQLFDFLyQ • (OQHYDGRGH$X]DQJDWHVHORFDOL]D HQODFRUGLOOHUDRFFLGHQWDOGHORVDQ GHV&HQWUDOHV • (QHOUtR0DQWDURVHHQFHQWUDOD KLGURHOpFWULFDGH6DQWLDJR$QW~QH] GH0D\ROR • (OUtR3HUHQpIRUPDHOYDOOHGH &KDQFKDPD\R D9)9)9E)999) F99)99 G)9)99 H)999) 5tRPiVDIHFWDGRSRUODFRQWDPLQDFLyQ PLQHUDHQOD&XHQFDGHO/DJR7LWLFDFD D'HVDJXDGHUR E,ODYH F6XFKHV G5DPLV H,QDPEDUL /DFRQIOXHQFLDGHORVUtRV7DPER\ 8UXEDPEDGDQRULJHQDOUtR D$PD]RQDV E8FD\DOL F+XDOODJD G0DUDxyQ H$SXUtPDF /RVUtRVGHODVHOYDVRQGHUpJLPHQ UHJXODUSRU D/DDEXQGDQWHYHJHWDFLyQ E3RUODOODQXUDGHODVHOYDEDMD - - GEOGRAFÍA F(OFOLPDWURSLFDO G/RVUtRVGHORVDQGHV H6RQH[WHQVRV\FDXGDORVRV (OUtRIURQWHUL]RHQWUH3HU~\&RORPELD HVHV D=DUXPLOOD E+XDOODJD F0DUDxyQ G(QH H3XWXPD\R 5tRSHUXDQRFRQPD\RUFDQWLGDGGH &HQWUDOHV+LGURHOpFWULFDV D$PD]RQDV E8FD\DOL F6DQWD G0DUDxyQ H5tPDF (OSUR\HFWRGHODJXQLOODVVHXELFDHQ D/DVSDPSDVGHROPRV E/RVYDOOHVGHO&KLUD\3LXUDF/D FXHQFDGHO3DFtILFR G/DFXHQFDGH7LWLFDFD H/DPHVHWDGH&DVWURYLUUH\QD 3RUTXpGHFLPRVTXHORVUtRVGHOD $PD]RQtDFRQVWLWX\HQXQIDFWRUGHLQ WHJUDFLyQ" D 3RUTXHSHUPLWHQHODWHUUL]DMHGH ORVKLGURDYLRQHV E 3RUTXHSHUPLWHQHOFRPHUFLR F 3RUTXHORVUtRVGHODVHOYDIDFLOL WDQHOWXULVPR G 3RUTXHXQHQDORVSXHEORV\VRQ YtDVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQH3RUTXH VRQORVPHGLRVPiVUiSLGRVGH YLDMH 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6XVUtRVVRQGHFRUWDORQJLWXG6LHQ GRHOPDVODUJRHO5tR7DPER (VXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHORVUtRVGHOD 9HUWLHQWHGHO D$PD]RQDV E$PDUX0D\R F7LWLFDFD G3DFtILFR H0DGUHGH'LRV (VHO5tRPDVODUJRGHOD&XHQFDGHO 7LWLFDFD D$]iQJDUR E+XDQFDQp F5DPLV G,ODYH H'HVDJXDGHUR (V HO ~QLFR 5tR HIOXHQWH TXH YDFtD DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH XQ GH ORV H[FH VRVGHDJXDGHO7LWLFDFD D&RDWD E+XDQFDQp F6XFKHVG,ODYH H'HVDJXDGHUR - - GEOGRAFÍA $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VHxDODPRV DOJXQDV GH ODVLPSRUWDQFLDVGHO/DJR7LWLFDFD8QDQR HVFRUUHFWD D +DFH GHO &ROODR OD UHJLyQ JHRHFR QRPLFD PDV LPSRUWDQWH GH ORV DQ GHV E $OEHUJDXQHQRUPHSRWHQFLDOGH UHFXUVRVLFWLROyJLFRV F +DFHGHO&ROODRXQFHQWURQRPX\ SREODGR G ,PSRUWDQWHSRWHQFLDOHQHUJpWLFR H )RUPDXQDJUDQUHVHUYDDFXtIHUD 'HODVVLJXLHQWHVODJXQDVTXHPHQFLR QDPRVXQDQRVHXELFDHQHOGHSDUWD PHQWRGH3XQR D6DOLQDV E$UDSD F/DJXQLOODV G$QDQWD H8PD\R 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6HFFLyQ 7,(032< &/,0$ &21&(3726*(1(5$/(6 GEOGRAFÍA 7LHPSR3HULRGRGXUDQWHHOTXHUHSUHVHQWDXQDVXFHVLyQGHDFFLRQHV R DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV(QODDFWXDOLGDGVHHPSOHDQWUHVPpWRGRVDVWURQyPLFRV SDUD H[SUHVDU HO WLHPSR /RV GRV SULPHURV VH EDVDQ HQ OD URWDFLyQ GLDULD GH OD 7LHUUD VREUH VX HMH \ VH UHILHUHQ DOPRYLPLHQWR DSDUHQWH GHO 6RO WLHPSR VRODU \ GHODVHVWUHOODVWLHPSRVLGpUHR(OWHUFHUPpWRGRDVWURQyPLFRSDUDPHGLUHOWLHPSR VHEDVDHQODURWDFLyQGHOD7LHUUDHQWRUQRDO6ROWLHPSRGHHIHPpULGHV 'HQWURGHHVWRSRGHPRVGLVWLQJXLU D 7LHPSR $WPRVIpULFR&RQMXQWRGH9DORUHVTXHHQXQPRPHQWR\XQOXJDU GH WHUPLQDGR FDUDFWHUL]DQ HO HVWDGR DWPRVIpULFR (V GHFLU HV HOHVWDGR HQ TXH VHHQFXHQWUDODDWPyVIHUDHQXQPRPHQWRGHWHUPLQDGR E 7LHPSR 6LGpUHR &RPRHOWLHPSRVRODUPHGLR VH EDVD HQ HOPRYLPLHQ WR GH XQ VRO ILFWLFLR VH HVWDEOHFLy XQD SRVLFLyQ EiVLFD SDUD SRGHU FDOFXODU D SDUWLUGHHOODHOWLHPSRPHGLR(VWDSRVLFLyQHVHOHTXLQRFFLRGHSULPDYHUD XQSXQWRLPDJLQDULRHQHOFLHOR(QODSUiFWLFD OD VLWXDFLyQ GHO HTXLQRFFLR GHSULPDYHUDVHKDOODDSDUWLUGHODSRVLFLyQGHODVHVWUHOODILMDV(OWLHPSRVRODU EDVDGRHQODSRVLFLyQGH ODV HVWUHOODV VH GHQRPLQD WLHPSR VLGpUHR \ ORV UHOR MHVUHJXODGRVSDUDUHJLVWUDUHVWHWLHPSRVHOODPDQUHORMHVVLGpUHRV F 7LHPSR 6RODU 'HVGHKDFHPXFKRWLHPSR VH HPSOHD HO PRYLPLHQWRDSDUHQWH GHO6ROHQHOFLHORFRPREDVHSDUDODPHGLGDGHOWLHPSR(QFXDOTXLHUSXQWRGHO SODQHWDFXDQGRHO6RODOFDQ]DHOSXQWRPiVDOWRHQHOFLHORGXUDQWHHVHGtDHV PHGLRGtD/DOtQHDHQGLUHFFLyQ1RUWH6XU TXH SDVDSRU HO FLHOR HQHVH SXQWR VHGHQRPLQD PHULGLDQR (OLQWHUYDORHQWUHSDVRVVXFHVLYRVGHO6ROSRUHOPLVPR PHULGLDQR HV XQ GtD TXH SRU FRQYHQLR VH GLYLGH HQ KRUDV 6LQ HPEDUJR VHJ~QHOWLHPSRVRODUODORQJLWXGGHOGtDQRHVODPLVPDDORODUJRGHODxR GHELGRDODVYDULDFLRQHVGHOPRYLPLHQWRDSDUHQWHGHO6RO/DGLIHUHQFLD GHGXUDFLyQGHODVKRUDVGHXQGtDHQODVGLVWLQWDVHVWDFLRQHVSXHGH OOHJDUDVHUGHPLQXWRV&RQODLQYHQFLyQGHUHORMHV GH SUHFLVLyQ HQ HO VL JOR ;9,, HVWDV GLIHUHQFLDV HPSH]DURQ DVHU VLJQLILFDWLYDV 3RU HOOR VH LQYHQWy HO WLHPSR VRODU PHGLR EDVDGRHQXQVROLPDJLQDULRTXHVH GHVSOD]DGHIRUPD XQLIRUPHGXUDQWHWRGRHODxR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA &OLPD /D SDODEUD FOLPD YLHQH GHO JULHJR NOLPD TXH KDFH UHIHUHQFLD D OD LQFOLQDFLyQGHO6RO$GHPiVGHORVHIHFWRVGHODUDGLDFLyQVRODU\VXV YDULDFLRQHV HOFOLPDVLHPSUHHVWiEDMRODLQIOXHQFLDGHODFRPSOHMDHVWUXFWXUD\FRPSRVLFLyQGH OD DWPyVIHUD \ GH ORV PHFDQLVPRV SRU ORV TXH pVWD \ ORV RFpDQRV WUDQVSRUWDQ HO FDORU (QWRQFHV &OLPD HV HO FRQMXQWR GH FDUDFWHUHV DWPRVIpULFRV TXHGLVWLQJXHQD XQD GHWHUPLQDGD UHJLyQ HQ IRUPD SHUPDQHQWH $GHPiV HV HO UHVXOWDGR GH OD DFFLyQGHORVGLIHUHQWHVHOHPHQWRVGHOFOLPDFRPRODWHPSHUDWXUDODKXPH GDGODSUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFDODVSUHFLSLWDFLRQHV \ ORV YLHQWRV \ OD LQIOXHQFLD TXH HMHUFHQ ORV IDFWRUHVGHOFOLPDDOWHUiQGRORRPRGLILFiQGROR (O&OLPDHIHFWRDODUJRSOD]RGHODUDGLDFLyQVRODUVREUHODVXSHUILFLH\ODDWPyVIH UDGH OD7LHUUDHQURWDFLyQ (OPRGRPiVIiFLOGHLQWHUSUHWDUORHVHQWpUPL QRVGHPHGLDVDQXDOHVRHVWDFLRQDOHVGHWHPSHUDWXUD\SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV (OFOLPDVHPLGHSRUPHGLRGHWHUPyPHWURVSOXYLyPHWURVEDUyPHWURV\RWURVLQV WUXPHQWRVSHURVXHVWXGLRGHSHQGHGHODVHVWDGtVWLFDV 3DUDHVWDEOHFHUHOFOLPDGHFXDOTXLHUiUHDGHOD7LHUUDGHEHFRQVLGHUDUVHQRVyORVX ODWLWXG TXH GHWHUPLQD OD LQFOLQDFLyQ GHO 6RO VLQR WDPELpQ VX DOWLWXG HO WLSR GH VXHOR OD GLVWDQFLD GHO RFpDQR VXUHODFLyQFRQVLVWHPDVPRQWDxRVRV\ODFXVWUHV \ RWUDVLQIOXHQFLDVVLPLODUHV (/(0(1726 5DGLDFLyQ 6RODU 7HPSHUD WXUD • • (VODFDQWLGDGGHHQHUJtDTXHUHFLEHODVXSHUILFLH\ODDWPyVIHUDGH ODWLHUUDSURFHGHQWHGHOVRO/DHQHUJtDVRODURULJLQDWRGRORV IHQyPHQRVPHWHRUROyJLFRVTXHDFRQWHFHQHQODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH 0D\RURPHQRUFDQWLGDGGHFDORUTXHSRVHHHODLUHGHODDWPyVIHUD JUDFLDV DO FDOHQWDPLHQWR GH OD VXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUH SRU DFFLyQ GH OD HQHUJtDVRODU9DUtDGHXQOXJDUDRWUR\GHXQPRPHQWRD RWUR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • 3UHVLyQ DWPRVIpUL FD • • 9LHQWRV +XPHGDG DWPRVIpUL FD • GEOGRAFÍA (VODIXHU]DTXHHMHUFHHODLUHDWPRVIpULFRVREUHODVXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUH(QODV]RQDVEDMDVOD3$HVPD\RU \GLVPLQX\HHQ ODV]RQDVDOWDV (O EDUyPHWUR LQYHQWDGR SRU HO LWDOLDQR 7RUULFHOOL HV HO LQVWUXPHQWR TXHVLUYHSDUDPHGLUODSUHVLyQ8QDXPHQWRGHODKXPHGDG DWPRVIpULFDFRQWULEX\HDTXHODSUHVLyQWDPELpQVHLQFUHPHQWH 6RQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVGHDLUHHQVHQWLGRSDUDOHORDOVXHOR6H RULJLQDQSRUGLIHUHQFLDVGHSUHVLyQHQWUHGLVWLQWDViUHDV /DYHORFLGDGFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHOYLHQWRGHODWLHUUDHVGHPVRGH .PKU/DYHOHWDHVHOLQVWUXPHQWRTXHVLUYHSDUDGHWHUPL QDUODGLUHFFLyQGHOYLHQWRPLHQWUDVTXHHODQHPyPHWUR VLUYHSDUDGHWHUPLQDUODYHORFLGDG(ODQHPRVFRSLRUHDOL]DODVGRV FRVDVDODYH] &DQWLGDGGH9DSRUGHDJXDH[LVWHQWHHQODDWPyVIHUDSURYHQLHQWH GHODHYDSRUDFLyQGHORVUtRVPDUHVODJRVHWF9DUtDGHDFXHUGRD OD SUHVLyQ \ D OD 7HPSHUDWXUD \ &RQWULEX\H D DXPHQWDU OD SUHVLyQ DWPRVIpULFD$GHPiVSHUPLWHODIRUPDFLyQGHQXEHV\ SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV(OKLJUyPHWUR\HO3VLFUyPHWURVRQORVLQVWUXPHQWRV FRQORVTXHVHPLGHODKXPHGDG (ODLUH TXH FRQWLHQHYDSRUGHDJXDVHHQIUtD SRUGHEDMRGHOSXQWR HQTXHVHIRUPDHOURFtRVHFUHDXQSUHFLSLWDGRGHDJXD OtTXLGDGHQWURGHODIDVHJDVHRVD(OSOXYLyPHWURHVHOLQVWUX PHQWRTXHPLGHODFDQWLGDGGHDJXDSUHFLSLWDGD &ODVHV 3UHFLSLWDF • &RQYHFFLyQ6HRULJLQDQSRUORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHODLUHVRQWtSL LyQ FRVGHODVHOYDEDMD • 2URJUiILFDV6HRULJLQDQHQORVIODQFRVGHODVPRQWDxDVH[SXHVWRV D ODDFFLyQGHORVYLHQWRVGRPLQDQWHV • &LFOyQLFDV6RQSURGXFLGDVHQ]RQDVGHEDMDSUHVLyQ\DOWDV WHPSHUDWXUDVGHODV]RQDVWURSLFDOHV • - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 &Ð60,&26 )$&725(6 • • • • /$7,78' • • • &217,1(17$ /,'$' 9(*( *(7$ 7$ &,Ð1 $/7,78' • • • • • • • 2&($1,'$' • • • GEOGRAFÍA 0RYLPLHQWRGH5RWDFLyQ 0RYLPLHQWRGH7UDVODFLyQ 5DGLDFLyQ6RODU )RUPDGHODWLHUUD 'HWHUPLQDPD\RURPHQRULQFOLQDFLyQFRQTXHFDHQORVUD\RVVRODUHVVREUH XQOXJDU\HVWDEOHFHODGXUDFLyQGHORVGtDV\QRFKHVODFXDOVHPDQLILHVWD HQWHPSHUDWXUD (Q]RQDVFHUFDQDVDO(FXDGRUORVUD\RVVRODUHVFDHQGLUHFWDPHQWH SRU OR WDQWR OD WHPSHUDWXUD HV PD\RU 6LQ HPEDUJR HQ ODV ]RQDV SRODUHV $XVWUDO\%RUHDOODWHPSHUDWXUDHVPHQRU (QHOFDVRSHUXDQRGHEHUtDPRVWHQHUXQFOLPDFiOLGR\WURSLFDOSRU HVWDU XELFDGRV HQWUH OD /tQHD (TXLQRFFLDO \ HO 7UySLFR GH &DSULFRUQLR 6LQ HPEDUGRHVWHIDFWRUGH/DWLWXGHVDQXODGRSRURWURIDFWRUODDOWLWXG (VODGLVWDQFLDTXHH[LVWHUHVSHFWRDOQLYHOGHOPDUKDVWDHOSXQWR FXDTXLHUDGHODWLHUUD 'HWHUPLQDHOJUDGRGHWHPSHUDWXUDTXHSXHGHUHJLVWUDUD XQD GHWHPLQDGDDOWXUD /DSRFDFDSDFLGDGGHUHWHQHUHQODVQRFKHVHOFDORUUHFLELGRGHGtD 5HGXFFLyQGHODFDSDFLGDGPHQWDOHQXQGHVGHP /DYHJHWDFLyQMXHJDXQUROIXQGDPHQWDOHQHOFOLPDHQORVOXJDUHV GRQGHH[LVWHH[XEHUDQWHYHJHWDFLyQODWHPSHUDWXUDHVHOHYDGR6HOYD 6RQORVOXJDUHVGHODOLWRVIHUDGLVWDQFLDGRVGHOPDUTXHORJUDQ FDOHQWDUVHFRQJUDQIDFLOLGDGSHURDOD³SXHVWD´GHOVROWDPELpQVH HQIUtDUiSLGDPHQWH 5HFLEHODHQHUJtDVRODU\QRODSURSDJDHQVXPDVDSRUQRVHUEXHQDFRQ GXFWRUDGHOFDORU(QVXHORV\URFDVODHQHUJtDVHFRQFHQWUDHQVXVXSHUIL FLHHOHYDQGRUiSLGDPHQWHVXWHPSHUDWXUD (VWiUHODFLRQDGRDODGLVWDQFLDTXHH[LVWHUHVSHFWRDOPDU/RV2FpDQRVDE VRUEHQHOFDORUHQHOGtD\ORH[SDQGHQSRUODQRFKH&OLPDPDUtWLPRFRQV WLWX\pQGRVHXQUHVHUYRULRGHHQHUJtD (ODJXDDOHQWUDUHQFRQWDFWRFRQODHQHUJtDVRODUDEVRUEH\ODSURSDJDHQ WRGDVXPDVDHOHYDQGRVXWHPSHUDWXUDHQIRUPDPX\OHQWD (QFRQVHFXHQFLDODVPDVDVGHDJXDVHFDOGHDQOHQWDPHQWHHLUUDGLDQOD HQHUJtDFDOyULFDHQIRUPDWDPELpQPX\OHQWD - - 27526 25,(1&$ &,Ð1 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • GEOGRAFÍA 'HWHUPLQDGRSRUODPD\RURPHQRULQFLGHQFLDGHORVUD\RVVRODUHV VHJ~QGRQGHVHKDOOHXELFDGR\SRUHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHORVYLHQWRV &DVR3HUXDQR • &RUGLOOHUDGHORV$QGHV • 0DU3HUXDQR)ULDOGDGGHVXVDJXDVGHWHUPLQDODEDMDWHPSHUDWXUD DWPRVIpULFDODDXVHQFLDGHOOXYLDVUHJXODUHVHOFLHORQXEORVRODDULGH]HWF • &RUULHQWHV0DULQDV/D&RUULHQWHGHO1LxRDYDQ]DKDFLDHO6XUHQWUHOD&R UULHQWH3HUXDQD\HOOLWRUDODOFDQ]DQGRDOJXQDVYHFHVODVFRVWDVGH/LPDH OFDRFDVLRQDQGROOXYLDVLUUHJXODUHVVHTXtDVHQHO6XU - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA $PDQHUDGHFRQFOXVLyQ • /RVFRQWLQHQWHVLUUDGLDQPiVHQHUJtDTXHORVPDUHV\RFpDQRV • $ ODSXHVWDGHOVROORVFRQWLQHQWHVVHHQIUtDQUiSLGDPHQWH(ODLUHTXHVH HQFXHQWUDVREUHHOORVWDPELpQVHHQIUtDEUXVFDPHQWH • /DHQHUJtDVRODUOOHJDDODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH\KDFHGHpVWDTXHWUDVPL WD HQHUJtD D ODV PDVDV GH DLUH FRQ ODV TXH HVWi HQ FRQWDFWR (O PDU HQ FDPELR LUUDGLD PHQRU FDQWLGDG GH HQHUJtD SRUTXH OD WLHQH GLVWULEXLGD HQ WRGDVXPDVD • (QFDPELRORVPDUHV\RFpDQRVLUUDGLDQHQHUJtDLQFOXVLYHGXUDQWHODVQR FKHV • (ODLUHTXHHVWiHQFLPDGHORVFRQWLQHQWHVVHFDOLHQWDPiVUiSLGRTXHHO DLUHTXHHVWiVREUHORVPDUHV • /DDWPyVIHUDHPSLH]DDHOHYDUVXWHPSHUDWXUDDSDUWLUGHODVXSHU ILFLHWHUUHVWUH • 5HJLRQHV GH EDMD ODWLWXG OD WHPSHUDWXUD HV DOWD HQ ODWLWXGHV PHGLDV OD WHPSHUDWXUDHVLQWHUPHGLDRWHPSODGD\HQUHJLRQHVSRODUHVHVPX\EDMD ,03257$1&,$&DGDWLSRGHFOLPDGHWHUPLQD • 'LYHUVLGDGGHIDXQD\IORUDHQODVGLIHUHQWHVUHJLRQHV • )RUPDFLyQGHWLSRVGHVXHOR • $FWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVGHFDGDUHJLyQ • (OJUDGRGHGHVDUUROOR • *UDQLQIOXHQFLDHQODYHJHWDFLyQ\ODYLGDDQLPDOLQFOX\HQGRDORVVHUHV KXPDQRV • 'HVHPSHxDXQ SDSHO VLJQLILFDWLYRHQ PXFKRVSURFHVRV ILVLROyJLFRVGHVGH ODFRQFHSFLyQ\HOFUHFLPLHQWRGHORVVHUHVYLYRVKDVWDODVDOXG\ODHQ IHUPHGDG - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 )(120(0260(7(252/2*,&26 GEOGRAFÍA 3UHFLSLWDFLRQHV(VXQIHQyPHQRPHWHRUROyJLFRTXHVHPDQLILHVWDHQIRUPD VLPXOWiQHDDFWLYDGRVSRUODHQHUJtDVRODU\ODJUDYHGDGWHUUHVWUH /,48,'$6 D /ORYL]QD E)ORWDQFRQHOYLHQWR F/OXYLD G&DHQDOVXHOR H$JXDFHUR I%RUUDVFD H&KXEDVFR 6Ð/,'$6 &21'(16$&,Ð1 D 1LHYH D 5RFtR /LTXLGR E&ULVWDOHV \ 3ULVPDV GHKLHOR E(VFDUFKD F*UDQL]R G1~FOHRGHQLHYH\ FDSDVGH KLHOR3DUWtFXODGHDJXDVROL GLILFDGD H3HGULVFR 9LHQWRV6RQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHDLUHGHVGHODV]RQDVGHDOWDSUHVLyQ D ODV]RQDVGHEDMDSUHVLyQ/RVYLHQWRVVHSURGXFHQSRUGLIHUHQFLDVGHSUH VLyQ DWPRVIpULFD DWULEXLGDV VREUH WRGR D GLIHUHQFLDV GH WHPSHUDWXUD /DV YDULDFLRQHVHQODGLVWULEXFLyQGHSUHVLyQ\WHPSHUDWXUDVHGHEHQHQJUDQPHGL GDDODGLVWULEXFLyQGHVLJXDO GHO FDOHQWDPLHQWR VRODU MXQWR D ODV GLIHUHQWHV SURSLH GDGHVWpUPLFDVGHODVVXSHUILFLHVWHUUHVWUHV\RFHiQLFDV &ODVLILFDFLyQ 9LHQWRV3ODQHWDULRV 5HFRUUHQJUDQGHVUHJLRQHVGHOSODQHWD$EDUFDQRFpDQRV\FRQWLQHQWHV 'RPLQDQWHVGHO $OLVLRV 3RODUHVGHO(VWH 2HVWH • 9LHQWRV SUHGRPLQDQWHV • 6RSODQ GHVGH • 6H GHVSOD]DQ GHO (VWH TXH VRSODQ ORV SRORV GHVGHODVIUDQ GHVGH ODV iUHDV GH DO KDFLD ORV FtUFX MDVWURSLFDOHVHQ WDV SUHVLRQHV VXEWURSL ORV SRODUHV GLUHFFLyQ D ORV FDOHVKDFLDHOFLQWXUyQ 6RQ IUtRV \ VH FtUFXORV SROD GH ODV EDMDVSUHVLRQHV FRV 3URYRFDQ UHV 6H PXHYHQ GH (VWH D 2HV HFXDWRULDOHV FRQ GLUHF FLFORQHV FKR WHSRUORVRFpD FLyQ 1(62 HQ HO TXH GH GRV FR QRV KHPLVIHULR 1RUWH DOL UULHQWHVGHDLUH VLRV GHO QRUHVWH R ER UHDOHV\6(12HQHO - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 9,(1726&217,1(17$/(6 3URGXFLGRVSRUODEDMDGHSUHVLyQHQWUHHOFRQWLQHQWH\ODPDVDRFHiQLFD 021=21(6 • 3URGXFLGRV FRPR FRQVH FXHQFLD GHO FDOHQWDPLHQWR GHO FRQWLQHQWH \ ORV RFpDQRV 6RSODQGR GHVGH HO PDU KDFLD HO FRQWL QHQWH 6RQ YLHQWRV HVWD FLRQDOHV GHO 6XU GH $VLD GH YHUDQR H LQYLHUQR • (O PRQ]yQ GH YHUDQR SRU VX DEXQGDQWH KXPHGDG FRQ YLHUWH D HVWD UHJLyQ HQ OD PiV OOXYLRVD GHODWLHUUD %5,6$6 • 6HRULJLQDQHQWRGDV• ODVFRVWDVGHOPXQGR SRUGLIHUHQFLDGH SUHVLRQHVHQWUHOD SOD\D\HOPDU 3UHVHQWDQEDMDYHOR FLGDG • &DPELDQGHGLUHF FLyQHQWUHHOGtD\OD QRFKH3XHGHQVHU GHGRVFODVHV • • %ULVDVGHPDU $FW~D HQHOGtDGHVGHHO RFpDQRDOWDSUHVLyQ KDVWDHOFRQWLQHQWH EDMDSUHVLyQ6H • OODPDWDPELpQ9L UD]yQ • %ULVDVGHWLHUUDDFW~D HQODQRFKHGHVGH HOFRQWLQHQWH DOWDSUHVLyQKDFLD HORFpDQR%DMDSUH &,&/21(6 6RQ YLHQWRV TXH VH GHV • SOD]DQ FLUFXODUPHQWH D PDQHUD GH UHPROLQRV DpUHRV /D YHORFLGDG GHO DLUH GHQWUR GHO UHPROLQR DOFDQ]D KDVWD .P VX GHVSOD]DPLHQWR HQ FRQMXQWR DOFDQ]D .PKHVWRVFLFORQHVWLHQH OXJDUDOILQDOL]DUHOYHUDQR \ DFRPLHQ]RVGHORWRxR $17,&,&/21(6 'HVSOD]DPLHQWR GHODLUHGHVGHHO FHQWURKDFLDHO H[WHULRU(QXQ DQWLFLFOyQHODLUH VHFREDMDGHOD WURSRVIHUDVXSHULRU 3RUHVRVREUHORV OXJDUHVGRQGHVH HQFXHQWUDHODQWL FLFOyQHODLUHHV FODUR\GHVSHMDGR 6RQ ORV YLHQWRV PiV VHIRUPDQHQiUH YLROHQWRV \ GHYDVWDGRUHV DVGHDOWDSUHVLyQ FXDQGR VX GLiPHWUR HV \ WLHQHQVHQWLGR PHQRUUHFLEHHOQRPEUH FRQWUDULRDORVFL FORQHVRULJLQDQGR GHWRUQDGR HOPRYLPLHQWRFLU $ HVWRV YLHQWRV WDPELpQ FXODWRULRGHODV DJXDV VHOHVOODPDKXUDFDQHV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 1XEHV&RQMXQWRGHGLPLQXWRVFULVWDOHVGHKLHORTXHHVWiQHQVXVSHQ VLyQHQODDWPyVIHUDSRUHIHFWRGHFRQGHQVDFLyQ 6HJ~Q$OWXUD .P $OWDRVXSHULRU ± %DMDRLQIHULRU ± 0HGLD ± 6HJ~QVX)RUPD &LUURV)LQtVLPRVILODPHQWRV9HORV±)LEURVD $OWRF~PXORV $OWRHVWUDWRV (VWUDWRV&DSDVEDMDVDSODQDGDVKRUL]RQWDOHV\VXSHU SXHVWDV 1LPERV$PRUIDV1XEHGH/OXYLDFRORUJULVRVFXUR \ GHIRUPDLUUHJXODU &~PXOR1LPER)RUPDGH<XQTXHQXEHVFRP SXHVWDVSURGXFHQODVWHPSHVWDGHV &~PXORV&RSRVGHDOJRGyQ*OyEXORVGHIRUPDFyQLFDFRQ EDVHSODQD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 0HWHRURV 6RQ DTXHOORV HOHPHQWRV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ VXVSHQGLGRV HQ OD DWPyVIHUD /80,12626 $UFR,ULV +DORV 5HOiPSDJR &UHS~VFXOR (VSHMLVPR (VHOPiVYLVWRVR6HSURGXFHDOVHUGHVFRPSXHVWDODOX]VRODU HQORVVLHWHFRORUHVGHOHVSHFWURVHUHJLVWUDHQ]RQDVGHOOXYLD 6RQFRURQDVOXPLQRVDVGHDVSHFWRVLPLODUDODUFRLULVTXHVHIRUPDQ DOUHGHGRUGHOVRO\GHODOXQD /X]TXHVHSURSDJDYHUWLJLQRVDPHQWHHQHOPRPHQWRGHSURGX FLUVH HOUD\R 6RQODVOXPLQRVLGDGHVTXHVHREVHUYDQDQWHVGHODVDOLGDGHOVROR GHVSXpVGHODSXHVWD 6H SURGXFH GHELGR D OD UHIUDFFLyQ GH OD OX] VH PDQLILHVWD HQ ODV FDUUHWHUDV\OODQXUDVGHVpUWLFDVDSDUHFLHQGRFRPRFKDUFRVGH DJXD (OpFWULFRV )HQyPHQRVTXHVHSURGXFHQHQODDWPyVIHUDGHELGRDOD HOHFWULFLGDGTXH H[LVWHHQHOOD &KLVSDHOpFWULFRSURGXFLGRSRUODGHVFDUJDDFXPXODGDSRUQXEHV 5D\R GHFDUJDSRVLWLYD 6RQ IHQyPHQRV OXPLQRVRV GH DVSHFWR EULOODQWH REVHUYDGR HQ ODV $XURUDVERUHDOHV QRFKHVHQODVDOWDVFDSDVGHODDWPyVIHUDGHODVUHJLRQHVSRODUHV $F~VWLFRV 7UXHQR (FR $pUHRV 9LHQWRV $OLVLRV $OWDQR $SDUHQWH (WHVLR 0DHVWUDORPLVWUDO 0DUHUR 7HUUDO 5XLGRTXHSURGXFHODH[SDQVLyQYLROHQWDGHODLUHSRUODHOHYDGD WHPSHUDWXUDGHODGHVFDUJDHOpFWULFDGHOUD\R 5HSHWLFLyQGHDOJ~QVRQLGRRUXLGRDOFKRFDUODVRQGDVVRQRUDV FRQXQREMHWRGXUR &RUULHQWHGHDLUHSURGXFLGDHQODDWPyVIHUDSRUFDXVDVQDWXUD OHV /RVILMRVTXHVRSODQGHOD]RQDWyUULGDFRQLQFOLQDFLyQDOQRU GHVWHRDOVXGHVWHVHJ~QHOKHPLVIHULRHQTXHUHLQDQ 5HSHWLFLyQGHDOJ~QVRQLGRRUXLGRDOFKRFDUODVRQGDVVRQRUDV FRQXQREMHWRGXUR (O TXH DFW~D VREUH ODV YHODV HO FXDO HV HO YHFWRU UHVXOWDQWH GH OD VXPDGHOYLHQWRUHDOTXHVRSODVREUHHODJXD\GHOUHODWLYR (OTXHVHPXGDHQWLHPSRGHWHUPLQDGRGHODxR (OTXHVHGHVSOD]DGHVGHGHODSDUWHLQWHUPHGLDHQWUHHOSR QLHQWH\ODWUDPRQWDQD (OTXHVHGHVSOD]DGHVGHHOPDU (OTXHVHGHVSOD]DGHVGHODWLHUUD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA $FXRVRV 6HSURGXFHQGHELGRDODKXPHGDGRYDSRUGHDJXD 9DSRU GH DJXD FRQGHQVDGR HQ SDUWtFXODV SHTXHxDV GH JRWDV GH 1XEH DJXDFULVWDOHVGHKLHORRFRSRVGHQLHYH 9DSRUGH DJXDFRQGHQVDGRD SRFD DOWXUDVHRULJLQDFRQXQDPDVD 1LHEOD±1HEOLQD GH DLUH FDOLHQWH \ K~PHGD VH SRQH HQ FRQWDFWR FRQ XQD VXSHUILFLH IUtD(QHOPDUHVFRQRFLGRFRPREUXPD /OXYLD1LHYH9DSRUGHDJXDFRQGHQVDGRDWHPSHUDWXUDVLQIHULR 1LHYH UHVD&(QIRUPDGHFULVWDOHVGHKLHOR 5RFtRPDWLQDO *RWLWDV PLFURVFySLFDV GH YDSRU GH DJXD FRQGHQVDGR HQ ORV REMHWRVIUtRV (VFDUFKD 'HOJDGD FDSD GH KLHOR TXH FXEUH HO VXHOR DO FRQGHQVDUVH HO YDSRU GHDJXDGHODDWPyVIHUDDWHPSHUDWXUDVLQIHULRUHVD& - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 35$&7,&$ G5HOLHYHODWLWXG\KXPHGDG /RVYLHQWRVVRQGHVSOD]DPLHQWRVGH H2FHDQLGDGYLHQWR\WHPSHUDWXUD PDVDVGHDLUHGHVGH]RQDV D 3RODUHVKDFLDORVPDUHV 6H FRQVLGHUD OD SULQFLSDO FDXVD GH E 7URSLFDOHVKDFLDODVWHPSODGDV ODVLQWHQVDVOOXYLDVTXHVHSURGX F (FXDWRULDOHVKDFLDODVWURSLFDOHV FHQHQODV]RQDVPiVDPSOLDVGH G 3RODUHVKDFLDODVVXESRODUHV $PpULFDGHO6XU H 'H DOWDV SUHVLRQHV KDFLD ODV GH D /RVDQWLFLFORQHVVXEWURSLFDOHV EDMDVSUHVLRQHV E /DVXEVLGHQFLDGHDLUHK~PHGR F /DVDOWDSUHVLRQHVVXEWURSLFDOHV 1RFRQVWLWX\HQIDFWRUHVGHOFOLPD G /D ]RQD GH FRQYHUJHQFLD LQWHU D 3UHVLyQDWPRVIpULFDE6XHOR WURSLFDO F +XPHGDG$WPRVIpULFD H /DV EDMDV SUHVLRQHV VXEWURSLFD G 3UHFLSLWDFLRQHV OHV H 7HPSHUDWXUD 6H FRQVLGHUD XQD FDXVD GH ORV /D SUHVLyQ DWPRVIpULFD VH PLGH YLHQWRV FRQ D /OXYLDV D 7HUPyPHWUR E 7UXHQRV E9HOHWD F &DPELRVGHWHPSHUDWXUD F $QHPyPHWUR G 'LIHUHQFLDGHSUHVLRQHV G $QHPRVFRSLR H 3UHVHQFLDGHQXEHV H %DUyPHWUR 6RQ ORV YLHQWRV PiV YLROHQWRV \ /RVYLHQWRVTXHVRSODQHQWRGDV ODV GHYDVWDGRUHV FRVWDV GHO PXQGRVHOODPDQ D 0RQ]RQHV D 0RQ]RQHV E &DWDEDWLFRV E 7LIRQHV F 7RUQDGRV F +XUDFDQHV G $QDEDWLFRV G %ULVDV H 9LUD]RQHV H 9LHQWRV$OLVLRV /D 7HPSHUDWXUD HQ QXHVWUR SODQHWD /RV HOHPHQWRV EiVLFRV GHO FOLPD QR HV FRQVWDQWH YDUtDGHELGRDOD DWPRVIpULFRVRQ H[LVWHQFLDDOJXQRVIDFWRUHVFRPR D &RQWLQHQWDOLGDG KXPHGDG \ D /DWLWXG SUHVLyQ E (VWDFLRQHV E +XPHGDG SUHVLyQ \ WHPSHUDWX F $OWLWXG UD G 1XERVLGDG F 1XERVLGDGDOWLWXG\SUHVLyQ H 'LIHUHQFLDGHSUHVLRQHV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 (QOD]RQDHFXDWRULDOODWHPSHUDWXUD HVHOHYDGDUHVSHFWRDRWURVOXJDUHV GHOSODQHWD(VWRVHGHEHSRU D /DSUHVHQFLDGHFRUULHQWHVPDUL QDVFiOLGDV E /RV UD\RV VRODUHV FDHQ GH PD QHUDGLUHFWD F /D FRQYHUJHQFLD GH ORV YLHQWRV DOLVLRV G /DKXPHGDGUHODWLYDHVPX\DOWD H 4XH SRVHH PD\RU GLiPHWUR TXH ORVSRORV &LQFRHVWXGLDQWHVVHHQFXHQWUDQHQ GLIHUHQWHV UHJLRQHV GH QXHVWUR SDtV &XDO GH HOODV VRSRUWD PHQRU SUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFD" D 3DQFKLWD6XQL E &RTXLWR±<XQJD F /XFKLWR±4XHFKXD G -XDQLWD±3XQD H 3HGULWR&RVWD 6LYLDMDPRVHQDXWRE~VGHODFRVWD D OD UHJLyQ 6XQL HQWRQFHV H[SHUL PHQWDPRV D 0HQRUWHPSHUDWXUD E 0HQRUSUHVLyQ F 0HQRUKXPHGDG G 0HQRVR[LJHQR H 0D\RUSUHVLyQDWPRVIpULFD - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 6HFFLyQ (/0$5'(/3(5Ó</$6&255,(17(60$5,1$6 (O0$5'(/3(58 &RQVWLWX\H SDUWH GHO 2FpDQR 3DFtILFR TXH EDxD ODV FRVWDV GHO OLWRUDO3HUXD QR 7LHQH FRPR OtPLWH HO SDUDOHOR GH %RFD GH &DSRQHV SRU HO 1RUWH \HO SDUDOHOR GHO+LWR1RGHOD&RQFRUGLDSRUHO6XU\XQDOtQHDLPDJLQDULDSDUDOHODDOOLWRUDO TXHVHH[WLHQGHKDVWDODVPLOODVPDULQDV.PDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH&RQ XQDH[WHQVLyQGH.P /LPLWHV 1RUWH 3DUDOHORGHOD%RFDGH&DSRQHV¶OLPLWHFRQ (FXDGRU 6XU 3DUDOHORGHO+LWR1RGHOD&RQFRUGLD¶/LPLWHFRQ &KLOH 2HVWH 3DUDOHOD DO OLWRUDO KDVWD PLOODV .P ([WHQVLyQGH .P %DVH /HJDO )XH HVWDEOHFLGR SRU 'HFUHWR 6XSUHPR 1 GHO UR GH DJRVWRGHVHDPSOLyDPLOODVQXHVWURPDUWHUULWRULDOILUPDGRSRUHO 3UHVLGHQWH'U/XLV%XVWDPDQWH\5LYHUR )XQGDPHQWRV3DUDHO3HU~ODWHVLVGHODVPLOODVGHO0DU7HUULWRULDO UHSRVDHQORVVLJXLHQWHVIXQGDPHQWRV *HRJUiILFRV *HROyJLFR %LROyJLFR (FRQyPLFR 3ROtWLFR -XUtGLFRV /DIULDOGDGGH *UDQSDUWHGHO (OILWRSODQFWRQ\ (O0DUGHO /DH[SHGLFLyQGHO'6 VXVDJXDV ]yFDORFRQWL HO=RRSODQFWRQ 3HU~HQXQR SRUHOFXDOVHHVWDEOH GHELGRDO QHQWDOFRQIRU KDFHQGHO0DU GHORVPiV FLyODVREHUDQtD\ IHQyPHQRGH PDEDODFRVWD XQDHVSHFLHGH ULFRVGHOD MXULVGLFFLyQVREUHODV $IORUDPLHQWR SHUXDQDSULPL VRSDPDULQD 7LHUUDSRUOD PLOODVHVXQD 6XVDJXDV WLYD SUROLIHUDFLyQ PDQLIHVWDFLyQGHO YHUGRVDVSRUOD GHOILWRSODQF GHUHFKRGHDXWRGHWHU DEXQGDQWH WRQ\]RR PLQDFLyQTXHFRPSH SUHVHQFLDGHO SODQFWRQ\GH WHDO(VWDGR ILWRSODQFWRQ ORVFDUG~PH QHV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV D )ULDOGDG 'HELGR DO IHQyPHQR GH DIORUDPLHQWR ODV DJXDV VLWXDGDV DSURIXQGL GDGHVGH\PDVFLHQGHQDODVXSHUILFLHGHELGRDOPRYLPLHQWR GH UR WDFLyQ GH OD 7LHUUD /D WHPSHUDWXUD PHGLD GHO PDU SHUXDQR HV GH & H[FHSWROD]RQDPDUtWLPDGHO1RUWHWHPSHUDWXUDTXHQROHFRUUHVSRQ GH SRU VX FHUFDQtD DO (FXDGRU*HRJUiILFR3RUVXXELFDFLyQJHRJUiILFDFR UUHVSRQGHDO0DU3HUXDQRWHPSHUDWXUDVGHD&HQSURPHGLR/DDQR PDOtDWpUPLFDVHGHEHDODVFRUULHQWHVGHDJXDVIUtDV\HVWDVGHEHQ VXEDMDWHPSHUDWXUDDOIHQyPHQRGHDIORUDPLHQWR E )HQyPHQRGH$IORUDPLHQWR (VHODVFHQVRGHODVDJXDVPiVSURIXQGDV D OD VXSHUILFLH pVWDV DJXDV VRQ IUtDV SRU OD QR OOHJDGD GHORVUD\RVVRODUHV(O DVFHQVR HVGHELGRD TXHODVDJXDVVXSHUILFLDOHVGHPD\RUGHQVLGDGSRUHO PD\RUSRUFHQWDMHGHVDOHVPLQHUDOHVSUHVLRQDQGRKDFLDDEDMRFRQHOFRQ VLJXLHQWHDIORUDPLHQWRGHODVDJXDVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQyPGHSUR IXQGLGDGLQLFLiQGRVHGHHVWDPDQHUDXQFLFORRQGXODWRULR /DWHPSHUDWXUDGHODVDJXDVGHQXHVWURPDUQRHVFRQVWDQWHYDUtDFRQOD (VWDFLyQ EDMRFHURGHWHPSHUDWXUDPHGLDYHUDQR&LQYLHUQR& /DWLWXG (QODSDUWH6XUGHO3HU~HQ$WLFR$UHTXLSDVHKDQUHJLVWUDGRWHSHUD WXUDVGH& 3URIXQGLGDG /DV DJXDV VXSHUILFLDOHV VRQ PiV FDOLHQWHV GHELGR D TXH UHFLEHQ ORVUD\RVVRODUHVGLUHFWDPHQWH 'LVWDQFLD(QUHODFLyQDOOLWRUDO+XPEROGWVHxDOyTXHODWHPSHUDWXUD GHOPDUVHLQFUHPHQWDDPD\RUGLVWDQFLDGHODFRVWD F &RORUDFLyQ YHUGRVD 7LHQH VX RULJHQ HQ OD SUHVHQFLD GHOILWRSODQF WRQTXHHVGHFRORUYHUGHSRUTXHWLHQHFORURILOD3HURFXDQGR PXHUHQ HVWDVDOJDVPDULQDVHOFRORUGHODVDJXDVVHYXHOYHPDQFKDVDJXDMH G 6DOLQLGDG (QFDGDOLWURGHDJXDH[LVWHyJUDPRVGHVDOHVPLQHUDOHV (OFRQWHQLGRGHVDOGHODVDJXDVGHO0DU3HUXDQRQRHVFRQVWDQWHYDULDFRQ /D ODWLWXGODVDOLQLGDGGLVPLQX\HGH1RUWHD6XU /DSURIXQGLGDGODVDJXDVVXSHUILFLDOHVVRQPDVVDODGDVSRUODHYDSRUDFLyQ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA /DGLVWDQFLDDOOLWRUDO/RVUtRVFRQVXGHVFDUJDGLOX\HQODV DJXDVPiVSUy[LPDVDODFRVWD H 5HOLHYHDFFLGHQWDGD 3UHVHQWD YDULRV GHVQLYHOHV TXH YDQ GHVGHODSODWDIRUPD FRQWLQHQWDOWDOXGFRQWLQHQWDOIRVDVPDULQDV\GRUVDOHV &DXVDV GH OD ULTXH]D GHO PDU SHUXDQR 1XHVWUR PDU HV PX\ ULFR HQ VXVWDQFLDV RUJiQLFDV H LQRUJiQLFDV TXH GHWHUPLQDQ VX JUDQ SRWHQFLDO LFWLROyJLFR /D)$2SUHFLVDTXHHQQXHVWURPDUH[LVWHQYDULHGDGHVGHSHFHV(QWUHODV FDXVDVGHQXHVWURPDUSRGHPRVPHQFLRQDU • /RFDOL]DFLyQGHQXHVWURWHUULWRULRHQOD]RQDLQWHUWURSLFDOGHOSODQHWDTXH FDOLHQWDHLOXPLQDODVDJXDV • /DSUHVHQFLDGHODFRUULHQWHSHUXDQDGHDJXDVIUtDV • • • • • • (OIHQyPHQRGHODIORUDPLHQWRTXHVDFDQDODVXSHUILFLHVDOHV\PD WHULDOIDQJRVRTXHDOLPHQWDHOSODQFWRQ /RVUtRVTXHGDQVXVDJXDVDOPDUOOHYDQHOHPHQWRVPLQHUDOHV\ELR OyJLFRVTXHFRQWULEX\HQDODULTXH]DSODQFWyQLFDGHOPDUSHUXDQR $OKXPXVRUJiQLFRGHRULJHQDQLPDO\YHJHWDO /DDPSOLWXG\SRFDSURIXQGLGDGGHO]yFDORFRQWLQHQWDOTXHSHUPLWHXQD EXHQDLOXPLQDFLyQSDUDHOSURFHVRGHIRWRVtQWHVLV /DGH\HFFLyQGHODVDYHVJXDQHUDVTXHDERQDQODVSODQWDVPDULQDV &RQIOXHQFLDGHFRUULHQWHVGHGLIHUHQWHVWHPSHUDWXUDV ,PSRUWDQFLD • /D FDQWLGDG GH UHFXUVRV KLGUR ELROyJLFRV TXH SUHVHQWD HO PDU GHO 3HU~ • 6XVSURGXFWRVVRQGHH[SRUWDFLyQ\ IXHQWHVGHGLYLVDV • 6HFRQVWLWX\HQHQUHFXUVRVDOLPHQWL FLRV ,QIOXHQFLD • 'LVPLQX\HODWHPSHUDWXUDDPELHQWDO GHODFRVWD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • • • • • • 3URGXFHHOIHQyPHQRGHLQYHUVLyQWpUPLFD ,QIOX\HHQODIRUPDFLyQGHODVQXEHVHVWUDWRV )RUPDODVQHEOLQDV\EUXPDVGHOSDLVDMHFRVWHxR GEOGRAFÍA 'HWHUPLQDODDXVHQFLDGHOOXYLDVHQODFRVWDFHQWUDO\PHULGLRQDO (QODFRVWDQRUWHODFRUULHQWHGH(O1LxRURPSHODLQYHUVLyQWpUPLFD 'HWHUPLQDODIRUPDFLyQGHODVORPDV (OHYDODWHPSHUDWXUDGHODVDJXDVGHOPDU • 3URGXFHDOWHUDFLyQELROyJLFDHQHOPDUGHO3HU~ &255,(17(60$5,1$6'(/0$53(58$12 /D&RUULHQWH3HUXDQD´&RUULHQWHGH9RQ+XPEROGWµ6XVDJXDVVRQ IUtDVGHELGRDOIHQyPHQRGHDIORUDPLHQWR(VRULJLQDGDSRUXQDPDVDGHDLUHIUtR OODPDGD DQWLFLFOyQ GH 3DFtILFR 6XU 3RVHHXQDORQJLWXGGH.P$SUR[GHVGH HO OLWRUDO &KLOHQR KDVWD &DER %ODQFR 3LXUD 4XH UHFRUUH D XQD YHORFLGDG GH .PK3RVHHXQDFRORUDFLyQYHUGRVRSRUODSUHVHQFLDGHOILWRSODQFWRQGLDWRPHDV 6XDQFKRHVYDULDEOHHQWUHDPLOODVDSUR[LPDGDPHQWH(VLQPHQVD PHQWHULFDHQIDXQDLFWLROyJLFDSRUVHUGHDJXDVIUtDV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 D&RQVHFXHQFLDV • • • • GEOGRAFÍA 0RGLILFDHOFOLPDGHODUHJLyQ&RVWDFHQWUDO\PHULGLRQDOGHWURSLFDO D VXEWURSLFDO 5HGXFHODHYDSRUDFLyQSRUFRQVLJXLHQWHODHVFDVH]GHOOXYLDV 'HWHUPLQDODDULGH]GHODFRVWDFHQWUDO\PHULGLRQDO 'HWHUPLQDODIRUPDFLyQGHORPDV /D &RUULHQWH (FXDWRULDO R &RUULHQWH GHO 1LxR 6XV DJXDV VRQ FiOLGDV 3RVHH VX RULJHQ HQ ODVLQPHGLDFLRQHV GHO JROIR GH*XD\DTXLO 5HFRUUH VLJXLHQGR XQDGLUHFFLyQGHGHQRURHVWHDVXUHVWH OXHJR DO RHVWH 6H OOHJD D PH]FODUVH FRQODVDJXDVIUtDVGHOD&RUULHQWH3HUXDQDDODDOWXUDGHODEDKtDGH&DER%ODQFR OXJDUGHGRQGHVHGHVYtDQKDFLDHO2HVWH D &RQVHFXHQFLDV • 3URYRFDODSUHFLSLWDFLyQGHLQWHQVDVOOXYLDVHQODFRVWDVHSWHQ WULRQDO • 3UHVHQFLDGHGLIHUHQWHVHVSHFLHVPDULQDVWUDtGDVGHVGHHO(FXDGRU • 2ULJLQDDQRPDOtDVHQHORFpDQR\HQHOFOLPD • 3URYRFDHO³)HQyPHQRGHO1LxR´ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA E )HQyPHQRGHO1LxR (O IHQyPHQR GH ³(O 1LxR´ VH UHILHUH D OD DSDULFLyQ SHULyGLFD GH DJXDFiOLGD HQ OD ]RQDRULHQWDO \FHQWUDO GHORFpDQR3DFtILFRDORODUJR GHOHFXDGRU/DOOHJDGDGH DJXDLQXVXDOPHQWHFiOLGDSURYRFDFDPELRVLPSUHYLVWRVHQODVUHJLRQHVWURSLFDOHV (O1LxRDSDUHFHFDGDFXDWURDxRV\PHGLRSHURSXHGHUHSHWLUVHHQ VyORGRVDxRVRWDUGDULQFOXVRDxRVHQYROYHUDRFXUULU 7RGRV ORV DxRV DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH D ILQHV GH GLFLHPEUH ORV YLHQWRV DOLVLRV VH GHELOLWDQ\HOSURFHVRGHFRUULHQWHDVFHQGHQWHVHKDFHPiVOHQWRORTXHSURGXFH XQFDOHQWDPLHQWRHVWDFLRQDODORODUJRGHODFRVWDGHOFHQWURGH6XGDPpULFD(O FDOHQWDPLHQWR HVWDFLRQDO VXHOH GXUDU XQRV PHVHV \ WHUPLQD FXDQGR YXHOYHQ ORV YLHQWRV\HOSURFHVRGHFRUULHQWHDVFHQGHQWHVHKDFHPiVYLJRURVR /RVIHQyPHQRVGH(O1LxRSXHGHQVHU • 'pELO HV DTXHO HQ HO TXH OD WHPSHUDWXUD VXSHUILFLDO GHO PDU HV GHXQR R GRV JUDGRV SRU HQFLPD GH OD PHGLD \ FXEUH OD SDUWH RULHQWDO GHO 3DFtILFR HFXDWRULDO • )XHUWH 6HFDUDFWHUL]DSRUXQDXPHQWRHQODWHPSHUDWXUDVXSHUIL FLDOGHWUHVRFXDWURJUDGRV\FXEUHXQDJUDQSDUWHGHO3DFtILFRHFXD WRULDO • ([WUDRUGLQDULR 7LHQHOXJDUFXDQGRODWHPSHUDWXUDVXSHUILFLDOGHO3DFtILFR HFXDWRULDODXPHQWDXQRVFLQFRJUDGRVRPiV E (VWXGLRVR -DNRE %MHUNQHV 86$ IXH HO SULPHUR HQ VXJHULU TXH(O 1LxR HUD XQD SHUWXUEDFLyQ FOLPiWLFD TXH DEDUFDED WRGR HO RFpDQR 3DFtILFR XQ IHQyPHQR FRQRFLGRDFWXDOPHQWHFRPROD2VFLODFLyQ0HULGLRQDO $GHPiV SUHVHQWy OD WHRUtD GH TXH OD DSDULFLyQ GH DJXDFiOLGDDORODUJRGHODFRVWDGHOFHQWUR GH6X GDPpULFD HVWDED UHODFLRQDGD FRQ WUDVWRUQRV DWPRVIpULFRV DO RWUR ODGR GHO RFpDQR3DFtILFR E 2VFLODFLyQ 0HULGLRQDO 0RYLPLHQWR GH YDLYpQ HQ OD SUHVLyQ GHODLUH PHGLGD HQ GRV ]RQDV UHSUHVHQWDGDV SRU GRV SXQWRV VLWXDGRV D DPERV ODGRV GH OD FXHQFD SDFtILFD 'DUZLQ $XVWUDOLD \ 7DKLWt&XDQGR OD SUHVLyQ HV EDMD HQ XQD GH ODV ]RQDV VXHOH VHU DOWD HQ ODRWUD /D FRPELQDFLyQ GH ORV GRV SURFHVRV (162SURGXFHHO(162XQIHQyPHQRLQWHJUDGRPDUtWLPR\DWPRVIpULFRTXH DEDUFDWRGDODFXHQFDGHO3DFtILFR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 E,PSDFWRVSODQHWDULRV • • • • • • • • • • • • • GEOGRAFÍA 6HTXtDHQHOVXUGHÈIULFDHOQRUHVWHGH%UDVLO,QGRQHVLDHOHVWHGH$XV WUDOLDHOVXUGH)LOLSLQDV\$PpULFD&HQWUDO ,QXQGDFLRQHVHQHOQRUWHGH3HU~HOVXUGH(FXDGRUHOVXUGH %UDVLOHOQRUWHGH$UJHQWLQD\8UXJXD\HQWUHRWUDV]RQDV ,QPHQVRVLQFHQGLRVIRUHVWDOHVHQ,QGRQHVLD\%UDVLO (QODFRVWD SDFtILFDGHOQRURHVWHGH((88HOLQYLHUQRWLHQGHD VHUFiOLGR\VHFR(OLQYLHUQRGHOQRUHVWHVXHOHVHUFiOLGR\K~PHGR (O 1LxR FRQWULEX\H D OD UHGXFFLyQ GHO Q~PHUR GH KXUDFDQHV D ORODUJRGH ODVFRVWDVGHO$WOiQWLFR\HOJROIRGH0p[LFR 7UDQVWRUQDQHFRVLVWHPDV\SRQHQHQSHOLJURDPXFKDVHVSHFLHV &RQWULEX\HQDODGLIXVLyQGHRUJDQLVPRVSDWyJHQRV $ ODOOHJDGDGHDJXDFiOLGDDO3DFtILFRRULHQWDOSHUWXUEDIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH OD FDGHQD WUyILFD PDULQD \ SRQH HQ SHOLJUR D OD YLGD PDULQD DQFKRDV VDOPRQHVSXOSRVRFDODPDUHVDYHV\PDPtIHURV 0XFKDVYHFHVSURYRFDPXHUWHVGHRVRVPDULQRVVHSWHQWULRQDOHV\OHRQHV PDULQRVGH&DOLIRUQLDTXHKDEtDQVXFXPELGRDOKDPEUH 3URYRFDODPLJUDFLyQGHRWUDVHVSHFLHVFRPRHOPDUOtQHOSH]HVSDGD FDEDOOD\RWUDVHVSHFLHVGHDJXDVFiOLGDV )RPHQWDHO FUHFLPLHQWR GH RUJDQLVPRV TXH WUDQVPLWHQ HQIHUPHGDGHV GHO VHUKXPDQRGHELGRDOD KXPHGDG H[FHVLYD \FKDUFRVGHDJXDHQ]RQDV QRUPDOPHQWHVHFDV3URYRFDQHQIHUPHGDGHVFRPRODKHSDWLWLVODGL VHQWHUtD R HO FyOHUD $Vt FRPR OD SUHVHQFLD GH PRVTXLWRV TXH SXHGHQ WUDQVPLWLUHQIHUPHGDGHVFRPRODPDODULDODILHEUHDPDULOODRODHQFHIDOLWLV F)HQyPHQRGH/D1LxD (QHOFLFORGHOFDPELRFOLPiWLFRHOIHQyPHQRGH(O1LxRLQFOX\HXQDIDVHRSXHVWD GHQRPLQDGD³/D1LxD´TXHDSDUHFHFXDQGRHODJXDVXSHUILFLDOGHO3DFtILFRRULHQ WDO HVWi DQRUPDOPHQWH IUtD (Q ODV ~OWLPDV GRV GpFDGDV KD KDELGR PHQRV LQWHUpV FLHQWtILFR HQ /D1LxD SRUTXHVHKDQSURGXFLGRPHQRVIHQyPHQRVIUtRVTXHFiOLGRV &RUULHQWH6XE6XSHUILFLDOGH&URQZHOO(VXQDPDVDGHDJXDVVXSHUILFLDOHV TXH VH GHVSOD]DQ SRU GHEDMR GH OD &RUULHQWH 3HUXDQD7LHQHVXRULJHQFHUFDDODV LVODV *DOiSDJRV (FXDGRU 6H GHVSOD]D HQ VHQWLGR GH RHVWH D HVWH \ OXHJR FDPELD GHQRURHVWHD VXUHVWHDIORUDQGRHQHOOLWRUDOGHODFRVWDFHQWUDOGHO3HU~ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA /D&RUULHQWH2FHiQLFD6HGHVSOD]DDORHVWHGHODDQWHULRU\OOHJDKDVWD XQRVPHWURVGHSURIXQGLGDG6XVDJXDVVRQPiVFiOLGDVSRUHQFLPDGH ORV & 3RU DOWHUDFLRQHV HQ OD &RUULHQWH 3HUXDQD VXVDJXDV SXHGHQ OOHJDU KDVWDODFRVWD /D &RQWUDFRUULHQWH GHO 3HU~ 6H GHVSOD]D HQ VHQWLGRFRQWUDULRQRUWHVXU GH ODV GRV DQWHULRUHV \ SRU GHEDMR GH HOODV (V ODUHVSRQVDEOHSULQFLSDOGHO DIORUDPLHQWR GH DJXDV SURIXQGDV \ VHPDQLILHVWDHQWUHORV\ORVP GH SURIXQGLGDG6HSDUDOD&RUULHQWH3HUXDQDGHOD2FHiQLFDVLHQGRVXSHUIL FLDOYHUDQRRVXEVXSHUILFLDO(QHOSULPHUFDVRHVWitQWLPDPHQWHOLJDGD DOIHQyPHQRGH(O1LxR /D &RUULHQWH 6XEPDULQD R 6XEVXSHUILFLDO GHO 3HU~ 6H PDQLILHVWD HQWUHORV \ORVPHWURVGHSURIXQGLGDG \VHGHVSOD]DHQGLUHFFLyQ 1RUWH6XUPX\SHJDGDDODFRVWD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 35$&7,&$ 6HxDOH OR LQFRUUHFWR VREUH HO IHQyPHQRGHO(O1LxR D (V XQ IHQyPHQR GH HVFDOD PXQGLDO E 6HSURGXFHSRUD GLVPLQXFLyQ GHYLHQWRV F 2FXUUHDFWLYLGDGYROFiQLFD G 6H SURGXFH HQ FLFORV PHGLD QRV H 3URYRFDJUDQGHVFDWiVWURIHV (OPDUSHUXDQRWLHQH XQDWHPSH UDWXUDGH&HQSURPHGLRWHP SHUDWXUD TXH QR GHEH FRUUHVSRQ GHUOH SRUVXFHUFDQtD DOHFXDGRU (VWD DQRPDOtD WpUPLFD VH GHEH SULQFLSDOPHQWHD D /DSURIXQGLGDG E /DVHVWDFLRQHV F /DGLVWDQFLDDOOLWRUDO G /DSUHVHQFLDGHFRUULHQWHVGH DJXDVIUtDV H /RVUD\RVVRODUHV 1R HV XQD FDXVD GHO IHQyPHQR GHODIORUDPLHQWR D $FWLYLGDG GH ORV YLHQWRV DOL VLRV E (VWDFLRQHV F 'LIHUHQFLDGHGHQVLGDGGHODV FDSDV PDULQDV VXSHUILFLDOHV \ SURIXQGDV G 0RYLPLHQWRGHURWDFLyQ H )XHU]D&RULROLV /DFRUULHQWHSHUXDQDVHFDUDFWHUL ]DSRUOOHYDUDJXDV \ VX DQ GEOGRAFÍA FKRDXPHQWDHQHO DWHPSODGD LQYLHUQR EFiOLGD YHUDQR FIUtD LQYLHUQRGIUtD YHUDQR HWHPSODGD RWRxR 8QD GH ODV FDXVDV GH OD FRUULHQWH GHO QLxRHV D /DUDGLDFLyQVRODU E $XPHQWR GHO IHQyPHQR GHO DIORUD PLHQWR F'LVPLQXFLyQGHODIXHU]DGHORVYLHQ WRVDOLVLRV G $XPHQWRGHSRWHQFLDGHORVYLHQWRV DOLVLRV H 3UHVHQFLDGHEULVDV (VXQHIHFWRSRVLWLYRGHO)HQyPHQRGHO 1LxR D 7UDVWRUQRV GH HFRVLVWHPDV GHV DSDULFLyQ GH ORERV PDULQRV DSDUL FLyQGHSHFHVWURSLFDOHV E /OXYLDVWRUUHQFLDOHVH LQXQGDFLRQHV F 6HTXtDV HQ OD ]RQD VXU DQGLQD G $XPHQWRGHOUHFXUVRKtGULFR H 6HTXtDVHQHOVXUGHÈIULFD 1R VH FRQVLGHUD XQ IXQGDPHQWR HFRQyPLFRGHODWHVLVGHODVPLOODV D &RQWULEXFLyQ GH OD SHVFD DO GHVD UUROORGHODHFRQRPtD E 3RVLELOLGDGHV IXWXUDV GH H[SORWD FLyQ F 5HVSRQVDELOLGDG HQ OD GLVSRVLFLyQ GH ORV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR G ,QWHUpVGHODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHODHV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 SHFLHV H 'HVDUUROORGHODLQGXVWULD\ DF WLYLGDGHVFRQH[DV 6HxDOH OD DOWHUQDWLYD LQFRUUHFWD VREUH OD YDULDFLyQ GH OD VDOLQLGDG GHOPDUSHUXDQR D/DODWLWXG E/DSURIXQGLGDG FFRORUGHODVDJXDV G/DGLVWDQFLDDOOLWRUDO H7HPSHUDWXUD 6HxDOH OD DOWHUQDWLYD LQFRUUHFWD UHVSHFWR D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHO PDUSHUXDQR GEOGRAFÍA D 3UHVHQFLD GH OD FRUULHQWH SHUXDQD E $O KXPXV RUJiQLFR GH RULJHQ DQLPDO\ YHJHWDO F &RQIOXHQFLDGHFRUULHQWHVG GLIHUHQ WHVWHPSHUDWXUDV G /DGH\HFFLyQGHODVDYHVJXDQHUDV H /D IDOWD GH QLWURJHQDFLyQ GH VXV DJXDVSRUODDWPyVIHUD 8QDGHODV]RQDVGHPD\RUDIORUDPLHQ WRHQQXHVWURSDtVHVIUHQWHD D7XPEHV E7DFQD F0ROOHQGR G0DWDUDQL H&KLPERWH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 6HFFLyQ 92/&É1 $63(&726*(1(5$/(6 'HILQLFLyQYROFiQSURYLHQHGHOODWtQ9XOFDQRUHIHULGRDOGLRVGHOIXHJRGH OD PLWRORJtD URPDQD TXH D VX YH] GHULYD GHO GLRV KHIHVWR9ROFiQHVDTXHOOXJDU GRQGHODURFDIXQGLGDRIUDJPHQWDGDSRUHOFDORU \ JDVHV FDOLHQWHV HPHUJHQ D WUDYpVGHXQDDEHUWXUDGHVGHODVSDUWHVLQWHUQDVGHODWLHUUDDODVXSHUILFLH • /RVYROFDQHVVRQHQHVHQFLDDSDUDWRVJHROyJLFRVTXHHVWDEOHFHQXQDFR PXQLFDFLyQWHPSRUDORSHUPDQHQWHHQWUHODSDUWHSURIXQGDGHODOLWRVIHUD\ ODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUH • (VXQDIRUPDFLyQJHROyJLFDTXHFRQVLVWHHQXQDILVXUDHQODFRUWH]D WHUUHVWUHVREUHODTXHVHDFXPXODXQFRQRGHPDWHULDYROFiQLFD • (VODDEHUWXUDHQODFRUWH]DWHUUHVWUHSRUODIXHU]DGHOPDJPDSURYH QLHQWHGHODDVWHQyVIHUD • /DPD\RUtDGHORVYROFDQHVVRQ HVWUXFWXUDV FRPSXHVWDV IRUPDGDV HQ SDUWH SRU FRUULHQWHV GH ODYD \ PDWHULD IUDJPHQWDGD0XFKRVYROFDQHVQD FHQEDMRHODJXDHQHOIRQGRPDULQRODVPLVPDVTXHOOHJDQDIRUPDV ODVGRUVDOHVRFHiQLFDV • (OPDJPD\ORVJDVHVURPSHQODV]RQDVPiVGpELOHVGHODFRUWH]D H[WHUQD GH OD 7LHUUD R OLWRVIHUD SDUD OOHJDU D OD VXSHUILFLH(VWDVGHELOLGD GHVVHHQFXHQWUDQVREUHWRGRDORODUJRGHORVOtPLWHVHQWUHSODFDV WHFWyQLFDVTXHHVGRQGHVHFRQFHQWUDODPD\RUSDUWHGHOYXOFDQLVPR 3DUWHV D )RFRYROFiQLFRRFiPDUDPDJPiWLFD =RQDGHGRQGHSURFHGHODURFDIXQGLGD R PDJPDTXHIRUPDODODYDHVGHFLUHVHO OXJDU GRQGH VH DOEHUJD DO PDJPD OD PLVPDTXHVHHQFXHQWUDDQWHVGHHPHU JHUSRUXQDHUXSFLyQ E &RQRYROFiQLFR(VWi IRUPDGR SRU OD DJOR PHUDFLyQGHODYDV\SURGXFWRVIUDJPHQWDGRV &RQIUHFXHQFLDIUDFWXUDVGHOFRQRYROFiQL - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA FRRH[SORVLRQHVHUXSWLYDVGDQ OXJDU D FUiWHUHV DGYHQWLFLRV TXH VH DEUHQ HQ ORV IODQFRV R HQVXEDVH\FX\DVFKLPHQHDVVHFXQGDULDVFRPXQLFDQFRQ ODSULQFLSDO F &KLPHQHD &DQDO SRU HO TXHUHPRQWD OD ODYD\ ORV PDWHULDOHVGHSUR\HFFLyQ YROFiQLFD G &UiWHU=RQDSRUGRQGHORVPDWHULDOHVVRQDUURMDGRVDOH[WHULRUGXUDQWHOD HUXSFLyQ7DPELpQHVFRQRFLGDFRPRHOKR\RRGHSUHVLyQ HQ IRUPD GH FXHQFR VREUH OD VXSHUILFLH GH XQ SODQHWD R XQD OXQD /RV FUiWHUHV VH IRUPDQ GH GRV PDQHUDVSRUODDFWLYLGDGYROFiQLFDRSRUHOLPSDFWRGHXQPHWHRULWR(QOD7LH UUDODFDXVDPiVFRP~QGHIRUPDFLyQHVODDFWLYLGDGYROFiQLFD /RV FUiWHUHVYROFiQLFRVVHIRUPDQELHQSRUH[SORVLyQRELHQSRUKXQGLPLHQWR (Q XQD H[SORVLyQ YROFiQLFD ORV JDVHV FDOLHQWHV DVRFLDGRV FRQ OD DFWLYLGDG YROFiQLFD FUHDQ XQDJUDQSUHVLyQ\SXHGHQDUUDQFDUHOPDWHULDOURFRVRTXH IRUPDODFXPEUHRODGHUDGHOYROFiQRULJLQDQGRXQFUiWHU /RV FUiWHUHV SRU KXQGLPLHQWR VH IRUPDQ FXDQGR OD URFD IXQGLGD RPDJPDGHO LQWHULRUGHOYROFiQQRSXHGHVRSRUWDUHOSHVRGHODURFDRODYDTXHKD\SRUHQ FLPD OR TXH SXHGH VXFHGHU GHVSXpV GH TXH OD PD\RU SDUWH GHO PDJPD KD\DVLGRH[SXOVDGRGXUDQWHXQDHUXSFLyQ (OPDWHULDOTXH\DQRVHVXMHWDVHGHVSORPDVREUHHOHVSDFLRTXHDQWHULRUPHQ WH RFXSDEDHOPDJPDIRUPDQGRGHHVHPRGRXQFUiWHU (Q ODFXPEUH GHO 0DXQD /RD HQ +DZDL KD\ EXHQRVHMHPSORVGHFUiWHUHVSRUKXQGLPLHQ WR9pDVHWDPELpQ9XOFDQLVPR H )LVXUDV²JULHWDV5XSWXUDHQXQDPDVDGHURFD7LSRGHHUXSFLyQYROFiQLFD D OR ODUJR GH XQD ILVXUD OLQHDO XQD IDOOD R FXDOTXLHU RWUDGHELOLGDGHVWUXFWXUDOGH ODFRUWH]D 0DWHULDOHV YROFiQLFRV 3RU GHEDMR GH FDVL WRGRV ORV YROFDQHV DFWLYRVKD\XQDFiPDUDPDJPiWLFDOOHQD GHURFDIXQGLGD(OPDJPDTXH FRQWLHQH 6XUJLySUREDEOHPHQWH GH OD DVWHQRVIHUD OD FDSD PyYLO VLWXDGD LQPHGLDWDPHQWH SRUGHEDMRGHODOLWRVIHUD(VWDFiPDUD HVXQD µSDUDGD LQWHUPHGLD¶ HQ HO FDPLQR KDFLD OD VXSHUILFLH &XDQGR HO PDJPD 6XUJH SXHGH EURWDU HQ IRUPD OtTXLGD VyOLGDRJDVHRVD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA D 0DJPD HV OD URFD IXQGLGD TXH VH HQFXHQWUD HQ OD SDUWH LQWHUQD GHO YROFiQ TXH FXDQGR DOFDQ]D OD VXSHUILFLH SLHUGH SDUWH GH ORV JDVHVTXHOOHYDHQVROX FLyQ(OPDJPDDQWHVGHHPHUJHUHQXQDHUXSFLyQVHDFXPXODEDMRHOYROFiQD SURIXQGLGDGHVGHXQRVFXDQWRVNLOyPHWURVHQXQDFiPDUDPDJPiWLFD &RPSRVLFLyQ&DVLWRGRVORVPDJPDVFRQWLHQHQJDVHVGLVXHOWRVFRPR GLy[L GR GH FDUERQR \ GH D]XIUH TXH VH OLEHUDQ FRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD GH OD EUXVFDUHGXFFLyQGHSUHVLyQTXH H[SHULPHQWDHOPDJPDFXDQGRDVFLHQGHKDFLD ODVXSHUILFLH E 5RFDVtJQHDV 5RFDVTXHVHKDQIRUPDGRDSDUWLUGHOHQIULDPLHQWRGHXQ PDJPD(VWDVSXHGHQVHU • ,QWUXVLWD&XDQGRHOHQIULDPLHQWRWXYROXJDUHQHOLQWHULRUGHODWLHUUD\ ODVURFDVIXQGLGDVQROOHJDURQDHPHUJHUDODVXSHUILFLH • ([WUXVLYD &XDQGRODURFDVHKDIRUPDGRDSDUWLUGHOHQIULD PLHQWRGHODYDHQODVXSHUILFLH $ WRGDV ODV URFDV TXH KDQ VLGR SURGXFLGDV SRU DOJ~Q WLSR GH DFWLYLGDG YROFiQLFDVHDQLQWUXVLYDVRH[WUXVLYDVVHOHVOODPDQURFDVYROFiQLFDV3HURQR WRGDVODVURFDVtJQHDVVRQYROFiQLFDV ([LVWHQJUDQGHVPDVDVGHURFDVtJQHDVLQWUXVLYDVGHQRPLQDGDSOXWyQLFDVTXH VHKDQHQIULDGRDJUDQSURIXQGLGDGVLQHVWDUDVRFLDGDVDQLQJ~QWLSRGHDFWLYL GDGYROFiQLFD F /DYD 0DJPDRPDWHULDOURFRVRQXHYROtTXLGRRVyOLGRTXHKDVLGRDUURMDGRD OD VXSHUILFLH &RP~QPHQWH ODV ODYDV UHFLpQ HPLWLGDV VHHQFXHQWUDQ HQ HO UDQJRGHWHPSHUDWXUDVHQWUH&\&GHSHQGLHQGRGHVXFRPSRVL FLyQTXtPLFD (VHOWpUPLQRDSOLFDGRSRUORVJHyORJRVDOPDJPDTXHVDOHDODVXSHUILFLH GH OD 7LHUUD D WUDYpV GH JULHWDV \ GH ILVXUDV HQ SDUWLFXODUGXUDQWH OD HUXSFLyQ GH XQ YROFiQ (O HQIULDPLHQWR \ VROLGLILFDFLyQ GHODODYDGDRULJHQDODVURFDV tJQHDVH[WUXVLYDVRYROFiQLFDVFX\DFRPSRVLFLyQ \ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GHSHQGHQ WDQWR GHO WLSR GH ODYD FRPRGH OD YHORFLGDG GH HQIULDPLHQWR GH ODODYD /DV OD YDVVHFODVLILFDQHQIXQFLyQGHVXFRPSRVLFLyQHQVtOLFH ÈFLGDVRVLOtFHDV &XDQGRFRQWLHQHQPiVGHOGHVtOLFH %iVLFDV FXDQGRFRQWLHQHQPHQRVGHO /DFRPSRVLFLyQFRQGLFLRQDODYLVFRVLGDGGHODODYD\FRQHOODHOFDUiFWHU H[ SORVLYR R YLROHQWR GH ODV HUXSFLRQHV YROFiQLFDV D PD\RUFDQWLGDG GH VtOLFH VX SRQH PD\RUYLVFRVLGDG \SRUWDQWRPD\RUH[SORVLYLGDG HUXSWLYD /DV URFDV YROFiQLFDV R tJQHDV H[WUXVLYDV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA GHSHQGHQSRUWDQWRGHODFRPSRVLFLyQGHODODYDTXHODVRULJLQy/DVSULQFLSDOHV VRQ • /D5LROLWD • /DDQGHVLWD(OEDVDOWR G &RUULHQWHV GH ODYD (QDOJXQDVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV HQ OXJDU GH VDOLU SRUODFKLPH QHDFHQWUDOODODYDVHGHUUDPDSRUILVXUDVTXHSXHGHQH[WHQGHUVHDOR ODUJRGH YDULRV NLOyPHWURVVREUHODVXSHUILFLHGHODWLHUUD/DVFRUULHQWHVGH HVWHWLSRKDQFUHDGROiPLQDVJUXHVDVGHEDVDOWRTXHFXEUHQFLHQWRV GH NLOyPHWURVFXDGUDGRV(QQXHVWUDpSRFD VH KDQ REVHUYDGR HUXSFLRQHV GH IL VXUDHQJHQHUDOGHPHQRUHVFDODHQ,VODQGLD\HQ+DZDL 3URGXFWRVDUURMDGRVSRUORVYROFDQHV/RVPDWHULDOHVTXHDUURMDQORV YROFDQHVGXUDQWHODVHUXSFLRQHVSXHGHQVHUGHWUHVFODVHVJDVHRVRVOtTXLGRV \ VyOLGRV D 0DWHULDOHVJDVHV 0H]FODVFRPSOHMDVFX\DFRPSRVLFLyQYDUtD/RVPiVDEXQ GDQWHVVRQYDSRUGHDJXDGLy[LGRGHFDUERQRQLWUyJHQRKLGUyJHQR iFLGRFORUKtGULFR\FORUXURVYROiWLOHVJDVHVVXOIXURVRV\VXOIKtGULFRVPHWDQR\ RWURVKLGURFDUEXURV$GHPiVGH ORV JDVHV SRU HO FUiWHU VH GHVSUHQGHQ WDPELpQODVODYDVIXQGLGDV6LVRQSRVWHULRUHVDODVHUXSFLRQHVVHGH QRPLQDQIXPDURODV /RVJDVHVH[SXOVDGRVGXUDQWHODVHUXSFLRQHVSXHGHQWHQHUXQDGHQVLGDGWDO TXH DUUDVWUHQ FHQL]DV HQ VXVSHQVLyQ IRUPiQGRVH ODV OODPDGDV QXEHV DUGLHQ WHV 1XEHV GH HVWH WLSR GHELHURQ SURGXFLUVH HQ OD HUXSFLyQ GHO 9HVXELR GHO DxR G 'H F TXH GHVWUX\y ODVFLXGDGHVGH3RPSH\D\+HUFXODQR E 0DWHULDOHVOtTXLGRV0DJPDVTXHVDOHQSRUHOFUiWHU\VHGHVOL]DQSRUODVXSHU ILFLHFLUFXQGDQWH/DVTXHVRQPX\IOXLGDVFRPRODVEDViOWLFDV DO GHVERUGDU SRU HO FUiWHU R ODV ILVXUDVGHO FRQRYROFiQLFR VH GHVOL]DQ FRQ IDFLOLGDG SRU ODV YHUWLHQWHV IRUPDQGR D YHFHV YHUGDGHUDV FDVFDGDV \ SRU OD VXSHUILFLH GHO VXHOR IRUPDQGRFRODGDV IRUPDQGR HVWUtDV\ RQGXODFLRQHV R UHWRUFL PLHQWRVSDUHFLGRV D XQD FXHUGD GH DKt HO QRPEUH GH ODYDV FRUGDGDV TXHORV QDWLYRVGH+DZDLOODPDQSDKRHKRH &XDQGRHOHQIULDPLHQWRGHJUDQGHVPDVDVGHODYDEDViOWLFDVHGHVDUUROOD HQUHJLRQHVVXEDpUHDVVHSURGXFHXQDUHWUDFFLyQRFRQWUDFFLyQ WpUPLFD TXH SURGXFH XQD GLV\XQFLyQ FROXPQDU HQ SULVPDV IRUPDQGR FROXPQDWDV EDViOWLFDV WDQ FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV FRPR OD FDO]DGD GH ORV JLJDQWHV HQ LUODQGD FDVWHOIXOOLWGHODURFDHQJHURQDHOFDERGHJDWDDOPHUtD7HQHULIHHWF - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA (QODVODYDVPX\IOXLGDVDOHQIULDUVHODVXSHUILFLHHOLQWHULRUSXHGHTXHGDUFR PR XQD FDYLGDG EDMR OD FRVWUD VXSHUILFLDO IRUPDQGR W~QHOHV YROFiQLFRV &XDQGR VH GHVSORPD SDUWH GHO WHFKR GHO W~QHOYROFiQLFR VH IRUPDQ VLPDV TXH FRPXQLFDQFRQHOH[WHULRUTXHHQODQ]DURWHVHGHQRPLQDQMDPHRV F 0DWHULDOHV VyOLGRV 7DPELpQ OODPDGRV SLURFODVWRV SLURV IXHJR FODVWRV IUDJPHQWRVVRQGHSUR\HFFLyQ6HJ~QVXWDPDxRVHGLYLGHQHQ • %ORTXHV \ ERPEDV GH WDPDxR FRPSUHQGLGR HQWUH YDULRVFHQWtPH WURVDPHWURV6LODVODYDVVRQPX\YLVFRVDVDOSURGXFLUVH OD H[ SORVLyQ VRQ ODQ]DGDV DO DLUH \ VX SDUWH H[WHUQD FULVWDOL]D UiSLGDPHQWH SHUPDQHFLHQGRVXLQWHULRUIOXLGRSRUORTXHDOFDHUDOVXHORVH DJULHWDQFRPRFRUWH]DGHSDQOODPiQGRVH SDQHV YROFiQLFRV 6L ODV ODYDVVRQPHQRVYLVFRVDVODVERPEDVDGTXLHUHQIRUPDVGHKXVRDOLU JLUDQGRHQVXWUD\HFWRULD • /DSLOOL\JUHGDVGHWDPDxRHQWUHHOGHXQJXLVDQWH\XQDQXH] • &HQL]DVRSROYR YROFiQLFRSDUWtFXODVGHPHQRVGHPPTXHGHELGRD VXWDPDxRSXHGHQVHUWUDQVSRUWDGDVSRUHOYLHQWRDJUDQGHVGLVWDQFLDV &XDQGRHQODVODYDVYLVFRVDVVHOLEHUDQORVFRPSRQHQWHV YROiWLOHV RFD VLRQDQXQDH[SDQVLyQTXHIRUPDFDYLGDGHVQRFRPXQLFDGDV HQWUH Vt GDQGR HO DVSHFWRFDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHODVSXPLWDVRSLHGUDSyPH]/D FRQVROLGDFLyQGHHVWRVSLURFODVWRVIRUPDQODVWREDVYROFiQLFDV\DJORPHUD GRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 =21$692/&$1,&$6 GEOGRAFÍA 7,326 '( 92/&$1(6 SRU VX PRUIRORJtD ORV YROFDQHV VHSXHGHQFODVLILFDU HQ D &RQRVGHFHQL]DHVWRVFRQRVVHIRUPDQSRUHODSLODPLHQWRGHHVFRULDVR FHQL]DGXUDQWHODVHUXSFLRQHVEDViOWLFDVHQODVTXHSUHGRPLQDQORVPDWHULD OHV FDOLHQWHV VROLGLILFDGRV HQ HO DLUH \ TXHFDHQHQ ODV SUR[LPLGDGHV GHOFHQ WUR GH HPLVLyQ /DV SDUHGHV GHXQFRQRQRSXHGHQWHQHUHQHVWHFDVRSHQGLHQ WHVPX\DOWDVSRUORTXHJHQHUDOPHQWHWLHQHQiQJXORVFRPSUHQGLGRVHQWUH \ 6RQGHIRUPDFyQLFDEDVHFLUFXODU\QRSRFDVYHFHVH[FHGHQORVPGHDO WXUD&RPRHMHPSORVHSXHGHPHQFLRQDUDOYROFiQ[LWOHXELFDGRHQODIDOGD1RU WHGHODMXVFRGI<RWURVPXFKRVYROFDQHVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQOD]RQDPR QRJHQpWLFDGH0LFKRDFiQ±*XDQDMXDWR E 9ROFDQHV HQ HVFXGR VRQ DTXHOORV FX\R GLiPHWUR HV PXFKRPD\RUTXH VXDOWXUD6HIRUPDQSRUODDFXPXODFLyQVXFHVLYDGHFRUULHQWHVGHODYDPX\ IOXLGDVSRUORTXHVRQGHSRFDDOWXUD\SHQGLHQWHOLJHUD6XWRSRJUDItDHV VXDYH\VXFLPDIRUPDXQDSODQLFLHOLJHUDPHQWHLQFRUSRUDGDV&RPRHMHPSOR GHHVWHWLSRGHYROFDQHVHVWiQORVYROFDQHVKDZDLDQRV\ORVGHODV LVODVJDOiSDJRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 2FDVLRQDOPHQWHVHREVHUYDQ YROFDQHVGHHVFXGRFRQ XQ FRQR GHFHQL]DRHV FRULDHQVXF~VSLGHFRPRHVHOFDVRGHOYROFiQ7HXWOLHQPLOSDDOWDGI F9ROFDQHV HVWUDWLILFDGRV VRQ ORV IRUPDGRV SRU FDSDV GH PDWHULDOIUDJPHQWDULR \ FRUULHQWHVGHODYDLQWHUFDODGDVORTXHLQGLFDTXH6XUJLHURQHQpSRFDVGH DFWLYLGDGH[SORVLYDVHJXLGDVSRURWUDVGRQGHVHDUURMDURQFRUULHQWHVGHOD YDIOXLGD&RPRHMHPSORGHHVWRV HVWiQ ORV YROFDQHV PiV DOWRV GH QXHVWUR SDtVSRSRFDWpSHWOIXHJRGHFROLPDHQWUHRWURV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 35$&7,&$ H 'HVLQWHJUDFLyQ GHO ]yFDORFRQ 6HxDOH¢&XiOHVXQDPDQLIHVWDFLyQ WLQHQWDO YROFiQLFD" D(SLFHQWUR $FHUFDGHOYXOFDQLVPR E+LSRFHQWUR • /XJDU GRQGH VH SURGXFH OD F,VRVWDVLD IULFFLyQ \ FROLVLyQGHSODFDVVH G'LDVWURILVPR GHQRPLQD(SLFHQWUR H*H\VHU • &XDQGR ODV URFDV tJQHDV VD OHQ DO H[WHULRU VH GHQRPLQD /RVFDxRQHVVRQIRUPDVGHOUHOLHYH H[WUDFFLRQHVtJQHDV JHQHUDGRVSRUODHUR • $PSDWR &KDFKDQL 3LFKX 3L VLyQ««\ORV PiVSURIXQ FKX VHORFDOL]DQHQ$UHTXLSD GRVVHHQFXHQWUDQ • (O &UiWHU HVWi IRUPDGR SRU HQ««««««««« URFDVtJQHDVVROLGLILFDGDV D*ODFLDU 0HVHWDV • (O FtUFXOR GH )XHJR HV XQD E)OXYLDO± FRUGLOOHUDGH&KLOD ]RQD GH PD\RU DFWLYLGDG F.iUVWLFD± FRUGLOOHUD6XEDQGLQD VtVPLFDD QLYHOPXQGLDO G(yOLFD± $QGHVGHO1RUWH D 99)9) H3OXYLDO± $QGHVGHO6XU E 999))F)9)9) G )99)9 3XQWRGHODVXSHUILFLHWHUUHVWUHGRQ H )999) GHVHVLHQWHQORVHIHFWRVGHODVRQ GDVVtVPLFDV D ,QWHQVLGDG E ,VRVWDVLDF0DJQLWXG G +LSRFHQWUR H (SLFHQWUR /RVVLVPRVHQHO3HU~VHSXHGHQ RULJLQDUSRU D 'LYHUJHQFLDVGHOD3ODFD6XGD PHULFDQD\ QD]FD E 'LYHUJHQFLDV GH ODV SODFDVFRQ WLQHQWDOHV F &RQYHUJHQFLDGHODSODFD6XGD PHULFDQD\ 1D]FD G 0D\RUKXQGLPLHQWRGHODIRVDGHO &DOODR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6HFFLyQ )(1Ð0(126<'(6$675(61$785$/(6 GEOGRAFÍA 35,1&,3$/(6&21&(3726 D $IHFWDGR 3HUVRQD DQLPDO WHUULWRULR R LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD TXH VXIUHSHUWXUED FLyQHQVXDPELHQWHSRUHIHFWRVGHXQIHQyPHQR3XHGHUHTXHULUGHDSR\R LQPHGLDWR SDUD HOLPLQDU R UHGXFLU ODV FDXVDV GH OD SHUWXUEDFLyQ SDUD OD FRQWL QXDFLyQGHODDFWLYLGDGQRUPDO E 'DPQLILFDGR 3HUVRQD DIHFWDGD SDUFLDO R tQWHJUDPHQWH SRU XQDHPHUJHQ FLDRGHVDVWUH\TXHKDVXIULGRGDxRRSHUMXLFLRHQVXVELHQHVHQFX\R FDVRJHQHUDOPHQWHKDTXHGDGRVLQDORMDPLHQWRRYLYLHQGD HQ IRUPD WRWDO R SDUFLDO SHUPDQHQWH R WHPSRUDOPHQWH SRU OR TXH UHFLEH UHIXJLR \ D\XGD KXPDQLWDULDWHPSRUDOHV1RWLHQHFDSDFLGDGSURSLDSDUDUHFXSHUDUHO HVWDGRGHVXVELHQHV\SDWULPRQLR F 'HIHQVD &LYLO &RQMXQWR GH PHGLGDV SHUPDQHQWHV GHVWLQDGDV DSUHYHQLU UHGXFLUDWHQGHU\UHSDUDUORVGDxRVDODVSHUVRQDV\ELHQHVTXHSXGLHUDQ FDXVDURFDXVHQORVGHVDVWUHVRFDODPLGDGHV G (IHFWR ,QYHUQDGHUR 3URFHVR SRU HO FXDO OD UDGLDFLyQ VRODU DWUDYLHVDOD DWPyV IHUD OD HQHUJtD HV DEVRUELGD SRU OD WLHUUD $ VX YH] OD WLHUUDLUUDGLDFDORUTXH HVUHWHQLGRHQODWURSyVIHUDSRUODDEVRUFLyQGHJDVHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHYDSRU GHDJXD\ELy[LGRGHFDUERQR H 0LWLJDFLyQ 5HGXFFLyQ GH ORV HIHFWRV GH XQ GHVDVWUH SULQFLSDOPHQWH GLVPLQX \HQGRODYXOQHUDELOLGDG/DVPHGLGDVGHSUHYHQFLyQTXHVHWRPDQDQLYHO GHLQJHQLHUtDGLFWDGRGHQRUPDVOHJDOHVODSODQLILFDFLyQ\RWURVHVWiQ RULHQWDGRV D OD SURWHFFLyQ GH YLGDV KXPDQDV GH ELHQHV PDWHULDOHV \ GH SURGXFFLyQFRQWUDGHVDVWUHVGHRULJHQQDWXUDOELROyJLFRV\WHFQROyJLFRV I &DWiVWURIH 6XFHVR TXH FDXVD DOWHUDFLRQHV LQWHQVDVHQODVSHUVRQDV ORV ELHQHV ORV VHUYLFLRV \ HO PHGLR DPELHQWH H[FHGLHQGR OD FDSDFLGDG GH UHVSXHVWD GH ODFRPXQLGDG DIHFWDGD (Q SRFDVSDODEUDVHVHOSURGXFWR WDQWRGHXQ)HQyPHQRQDWXUDOH[WUHPRFRPRGHXQD,QDGHFXDGDUHODFLyQGHO KRPEUHFRQVXPHGLR J 3HOLJUR /DSUREDELOLGDGGHRFXUUHQFLDGHXQIHQyPHQRQDWXUDORWHFQROyJL FR SRWHQFLDOPHQWH GDxLQR SDUD XQ SHULRGR HVSHFtILFR \ XQD ORFDOLGDG R ]RQD FRQRFLGDV6HLGHQWLILFDHQODPD\RUtDGHORVFDVRVFRQ HO DSR\R GH OD FLHQFLD \ WHFQRORJtD (V GHFLU HV OD SUREDELOLGDGGHRFXUUHQFLDGHXQIHQyPHQRQDWXUDO SRWHQFLDOPHQWHGDxLQRGHXQDPDJQLWXGGDGDSDUDXQSHULRGRHVSHFtILFR\ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 K L M N GEOGRAFÍA XQDORFDOLGDGR]RQDFRQRFLGDV7HUUHPRWRVPDUHPRWRVDFWLYLGDGYROFiQLFD LQXQGDFLRQHV DOXGHV DOXYLRQHV GHVOL]DPLHQWRV GHUUXPEHV KXQGLPLHQWRV VRQ DOJXQRVGHORV3HOLJURV1DWXUDOHV 5LHVJR (YDOXDFLyQ HVSHUDGD GH SUREDEOHV YtFWLPDV SpUGLGDV \GDxRV D ORV ELHQHV PDWHULDOHV D OD SURSLHGDG \ HFRQRPtD SDUD XQSHULRGRHVSHFtILFR \ iUHDFRQRFLGRVGHXQHYHQWRHVSHFtILFRGHHPHUJHQFLD 6H HYDO~D HQ IXQFLyQ GHO SHOLJUR \ OD YXOQHUDELOLGDG (OULHVJRHOSHOLJUR\ODYXOQHUDELOLGDG VHH[SUHVDQHQWpUPLQRVGHSUREDELOLGDGHQWUH\ (V OD HVWLPDFLyQ R HYDOXDFLyQPDWHPiWLFD GH SUREDEOHV SpUGLGDV GHYLGDVGH GDxRVDORVELHQHVPDWHULDOHVDODSURSLHGDG\ODHFRQRPtD SDUD XQ SHULRGR HVSHFtILFR \ XQ iUHD FRQRFLGD (O ULHVJR 5 VH HVWLPD R HYDO~D HQ IXQFLyQGHODPDJQLWXGGHO3HOLJUR3\HOJUDGRGH9XOQHUDELOLGDG9WHQLHQGR HQFXHQWDODVLJXLHQWHUHODFLyQSUREDELOtVWLFD5 3[9 9XOQHUDELOLGDG (V HO JUDGR GH UHVLVWHQFLD \R H[SRVLFLyQ ItVLFD VRFLDO FXOWXUDO SROtWLFD HFRQyPLFR HWF GH XQ HOHPHQWR R FRQMXQWRGH HOHPHQWRVHQ ULHVJR YLGD KXPDQD SDWULPRQLR VHUYLFLRV YLWDOHVLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDiUHDVDJUtFR ODV FRPR UHVXOWDGR GH OD RFXUUHQFLD GHXQSHOLJURQDWXUDOGHXQDPDJQLWXGGD GD6HH[SUHVDHQWpUPLQRVGHSUREDELOLGDGHQSRUFHQWDMHGHD )HQyPHQRV 1DWXUDOHV 6H GHQRPLQDQ ³IHQyPHQRV QDWXUDOHV´ D ODVPDQLIHVWD FLRQHV SURSLDV GH OD QDWXUDOH]D FRPR ODV OOXYLDV PDUHDVYLHQWRV VLVPRV WH UUHPRWRV YROFDQHV $GHPiV VRQ ORV SURFHVRV GHSHUPDQHQWHVPRYLPLHQWRV\ WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVGHODQDWXUDOH]D 7RGDH[SUHVLyQGH OD QDWXUDOH]D \ DFWLYLGDG GHOD7LHUUDHV OODPDGDIHQyPHQR QDWXUDO LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GH VX LQFLGHQFLD DO KRPEUH \ VX IRUPD GH YLGD 1RWRGRVORVIHQyPHQRVDGTXLHUHQHOFDUiFWHUGHGHVDVWUHQDWXUDO 7RGRORTXHRFXUUHHQODQDWXUDOH]DSXHGHVHUSHUFLELGRSRUORVVHQWLGRV\ VHUREMHWRGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR$GHPiVGHOIHQyPHQRQDWXUDOH[LVWHHOWHF QROyJLFRRLQGXFLGRSRUODDFWLYLGDGGHOKRPEUH 'HVDVWUH 8QDLQWHUUXSFLyQ JUDYHHQ HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGH XQDFRPXQLGDG FDXVDQGRJUDQGHVSpUGLGDVDQLYHOKXPDQRPDWHULDORDPELHQWDOVXILFLHQWHV SDUDTXHODFRPXQLGDGDIHFWDGDQRSXHGDVDOLUDGHODQWHSRUVXVSURSLRVPH GLRVQHFHVLWDQGRDSR\RH[WHUQR/RVGHVDVWUHV VH FODVLILFDQ GHDFXHUGR D VXRULJHQQDWXUDORWHFQROyJLFR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA &/$6,),&$&,Ð1'(3(/,*526 3HOLJURVJHQHUDGRVSRUSURFHVRVGLQiPLFRVHQHOLQWHULRUGHODWLHUUD D 6LVPRV 6RQORVPRYLPLHQWRVGHODFRUWH]DWHUUHVWUHTXHJHQHUDQGHIRUPD FLRQHVLQWHQVDVHQODVURFDVGHOLQWHULRUGHODWLHUUDDFXPXODQGRHQHUJ tDTXHV~ELWDPHQWHHVOLEHUDGDHQIRUPDGHRQGDVTXHVDFXGHQODVXSHUILFLHWH UUHVWUH E 7VXQDPLV PRYLPLHQWR GH OD FRUWH]D WHUUHVWUH HQ HO IRQGR GHORFpDQR IRUPDQGR\SURSDJDQGRRODVGHJUDQDOWXUD F(UXSFLRQHV9ROFiQLFDV (VHOSDVRGHOPDWHULDOPDJPDFHQL]DV\JDVHVGHO LQWHULRUGHODWLHUUDDODVXSHUILFLH 3HOLJURV JHQHUDGRV SRU SURFHVRV GLQiPLFRV GH ODVXSHUILFLHGH ODWLHUUD D 'HVOL]DPLHQWRGH7LHUUDV4XHRFXUUHQFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHFDPELRVV~ELWRV R JUDGXDOHV GH OD FRPSRVLFLyQ HVWUXFWXUD KLGURORJtD RYHJHWDFLyQGHXQWH UUHQRHQGHFOLYHRSHQGLHQWH E 'HUUXPEHV (VODFDtGDGHXQDIUDQMDGHWHUUHQRTXHSLHUGHVXHVWDELOLGDG R ODGHVWUXFFLyQGHXQDHVWUXFWXUDFRQVWUXLGDSRUHOKRPEUH F $OXGHV 0DVDGHQLHYHTXHVHGHVSOD]DSHQGLHQWHDEDMR G $OXYLRQHV )OXMRVGHJUDQGHVYRO~PHQHVGHORGRDJXDKLHORURFHVRULJLQDGRV SRUODUXSWXUDGHXQDODJXQDRGHVOL]DPLHQWRGHXQQHYDGR H +XD\FRV 'HVSUHQGLPLHQWRVGHORGR\URFDVGHELGR D SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV SOXYLDOHV VHSUHVHQWDFRPRXQJROSHGHDJXDORGRVDTXHVHGHVYtDDJUDQYHORFLGDG SRUTXHEUDGDVVHFDV\GHSRFRFDXGDODUUDVWUDQGRSLHGUDV\WURQFRV 3HOLJURVJHQHUDGRVSRUIHQyPHQRVPHWHRUROyJLFRVRKLGUROyJLFRV D ,QXQGDFLRQHV ,QYDVLyQ OHQWD R YLROHQWD GH DJXDV GH UtR ODJXQDV R ODJRV GHELGRDIXHUWHV3UHFLSLWDFLRQHVIOXYLDOHVRUXSWXUDVGHHPEDOVHVFDX VDQGRGDxRVFRQVLGHUDEOHV6HSXHGHQSUHVHQWDU HQ IRUPD OHQWD R JUDGXDO HQ OODQXUDV\GHIRUPDYLROHQWDRV~ELWDHQUHJLRQHVPRQWDxRVDVGHDOWDSHQGLHQWH E6HTXtDV 'HILFLHQFLDGHKXPHGDGHQODDWPyVIHUDSRU SUHFLSLWDFLRQHV SOXYLDOHV LUUHJXODUHV R LQVXILFLHQWHV LQDGHFXDGR XVRGHODVDJXDVVXEWHUUiQHDVGHSyVL WRVGHDJXDRVLVWHPDVGHLUULJDFLyQ F +HODGDV 3URGXFLGDV SRU ODVEDMDV WHPSHUDWXUDV FDXVDQGR GDxRDODVSODQWDV \ DQLPDOHV - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 G 7RUPHQWDV )HQyPHQRVDWPRVIpULFRVSURGXFLGRVSRUGHVFDUJDVHOpFWULFDV HQODDWPyVIHUD*UDQL]DGDV 3UHFLSLWDFLyQGHDJXDHQIRUPDGHJRODVVyOL GDVGHKLHOR H 7RUQDGRV 9LHQWRVKXUDFDQDGRVTXHVHSURGXFHQHQIRUPDJLUDWRULDDJUDQGHV YHORFLGDGHV I +XUDFDQHV 6RYLHQWRVTXHVREUHSDVDQPiV.PKFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLD GH OD LQIUDFFLyQ GHO DLUH FDOLHQWH \ K~PHGR TXH YLHQH GHO RFpDQR 3DFtILFR R $WOiQWLFRFRQHODLUHIUtR 3HOLJURVGHRULJHQELROyJLFR D 3ODJDV6RQ FDODPLGDGHV SURGXFLGDV HQ /$ (526,Ï1 (V OD DFFLyQGHGHV JDVWHDFDUUHRRWUDQVSRUWH\GHSRVLWRGHPDWHULDOLQWHPSHUL]DGR/DVFRVHFKDV SRUFLHUWRVDQLPDOHV E (SLGHPLDV6RQODJHQHUDOL]DFLyQGHHQIHUPHGDGHVLQIHFFLRVDVDXQJUDQ Q~PHURGHSHUVRQDV\HQXQGHWHUPLQDGROXJDU 25,*(1'(/263(/,*526 7,326'(3(/,*526 6LVPRV 7VXQDPLR0DUHPRWR $FWLYLGDG9ROFiQLFD(UXSFLRQHV *HQHUDGRVSRUSURFHVRVGLQiPLFRV HQHOLQWHULRUGHODWLHUUD 'HVOL]DPLHQWRVGH7LHUUD 'HUUXPEHV $OXGHV +XD\FRVR$OXYLRQHV *HQHUDGRVSRUSURFHVRVGLQiPLFRV HQODVXSHUILFLHGHODWLHUUD *UDQL]DGDV +HODGDV 6HTXtDV ,QXQGDFLyQ 9LHQWRV)XHUWHV 7RUPHQWDV *HQHUDGRVSRUIHQyPHQRVPHWHR UROyJLFRVRKLGUROyJLFRV 3ODJDV (SLGHPLDV 2ULJHQ%LROyJLFR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA ,QFHQGLR)RUHVWDO ,QFHQGLR8UEDQR ([SORVLRQHV 'HUUDPHGH6XVWDQFLDV4XtPLFDV &RQWDPLQDFLyQ$PELHQWDO *XHUUDV 6XEYHUVLyQ )HQyPHQRV7HFQROyJLFRV 3HOLJURV$QWUySLFRV D &RQWDPLQDFLyQ $PELHQWDO /RV FDXVDQWHV GH OD FRQWDPLQDFLyQ DPELHQWDO GHO VXHOR DJXD \ DLUH SXHGHQ VHU ORV DJHQWHV ELROyJLFRV FRPR UHVLGXRV VyOLGRV DJXDVVHUYLGDVFRQWDPLQDQWHVItVLFRVFRPRODUDGLRDFWLYLGDG FDORU UXLGR VHGL PHQWRVUHODYHVSROYRVFRQWDPLQDQWHVTXtPLFRVFRPRFRPSXHVWRVGHPLQHUD OHVWy[LFRViFLGRViOFDOLVSOiVWLFRVSHVWLFLGDVDERQRVVLQWpWLFRVGHWHUJHQWHV HWF E&RQWDPLQDFLyQGHOVXHOR3URFHVRSRUHOFXDOHOHPHQWRVItVLFRVELROyJLFRV WHFQROyJLFRVHFRQyPLFRV\ODVLQWHUDFFLRQHVGHOKRPEUHSURGXFHQHIHFWRVQH JDWLYRVVREUHHOVXHOR/RVSULQFLSDOHVFRQWDPLQDQWHVGHOVXHORHQOD5HJLyQ0R TXHJXDWHQHPRV F &RQWDPLQDFLyQ GHO DJXD (VWH HOHPHQWR SULPRUGLDO SDUD OD YLGD GH ORV VHUHV YLYRV\VXVDFWLYLGDGHVHVWiVLHQGRLUUDFLRQDOPHQWHFRQWDPLQDGR&RQWDPLQD FLyQFRQYHUWLPLHQWRGHDJXDVUHVLGXDOHVWUDWDGRVLQDGHFXDGDPHQWHFRQWDPLQD FLyQGHDJXDVPDULQDVSRUGHVHFKRVGHODDFWLYLGDGSHVTXHUD\PLQHUD G &RQWDPLQDFLyQGHODLUH/DFRQWDPLQDFLyQGHODLUHHVXQRGHORVSUREOHPDV PiV FUtWLFRV ORFDOPHQWH &UHFLPLHQWR H[SORVLYR GH SDUTXH DXWRPRWRU VRQ ORV PD\RUHVFRQWDPLQDQWHVJDOyQGHSHWUyOHRFRQVXPLGRSURGXFHHLQ\HFWDDOD DWPyVIHUDGH.JGHGLy[LGRGHFDUERQR4XHPDGHFDUEyQDFWLYLGDGPLQHUD\ IiEULFDV 35(9(1&,Ð1<*(67,Ð1 D $WHQFLyQ GH XQD HPHUJHQFLD $FFLyQ GH DVLVWLU D ODV SHUVRQDV TXH VH HQ FXHQWUDQHQXQDVLWXDFLyQGHSHOLJURLQPLQHQWHRTXHKD\DQVREUHYLYLGRD ORVHIHFWRVGHYDVWDGRUHVGHXQIHQyPHQRQDWXUDORLQGXFLGRSRUHOKRPEUH %iVLFDPHQWHFRQVLVWHHQODDVLVWHQFLDGHWHFKRDEULJR\DOLPHQWRDVtFRPR ODUHFXSHUDFLyQSURYLVLRQDOUHKDELOLWDFLyQGHORVVHUYLFLRVS~EOLFRVHVHQFLDOHV E &HQWUR GH 2SHUDFLRQHV GH (PHUJHQFLD ÈUHD ItVLFD LPSOHPHQWDGD TXH HP SOHD HO &RPLWp GH 'HIHQVD &LYLO SDUD H[KLELU \ FRQVROLGDU ODVHYDOXDFLRQHVGH GDxRV\QHFHVLGDGHV\ ODLQIRUPDFLyQGHODVDFFLRQHV TXH SHUPLWDQ FRRUGLQDU GLULJLU\VXSHUYLVDUODVRSHUDFLRQHVSDUDODDWHQFLyQGHODHPHUJHQFLD )XHQWH1DFLRQHV8QLGDV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA F &XOWXUDGH3UHYHQFLyQ (OFRQMXQWRGHDFWLWXGHVTXHORJUDXQD6RFLHGDG DOLQWHULRUL]DUVHHQDVSHFWRVGHQRUPDVSULQFLSLRVGRFWULQDV \YDORUHV GH 6HJX ULGDG \ 3UHYHQFLyQ GH 'HVDVWUHV TXH DOVHULQFRUSRUDGRVHQHOODODKDFHQ UHVSRQGHUGHDGHFXDGDPDQHUDDQWHODVHPHUJHQFLDVRGHVDVWUHVGHRULJHQQD WXUDORWHFQROyJLFR G *HVWLyQ DGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHO 5LHVJR /D DSOLFDFLyQ VLVWHPiWLFD GHDGPLQLVWUD FLyQGHSROtWLFDVSURFHGLPLHQWRV\SUiFWLFDVGHLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHWDUHDVDQiOLVLV HYDOXDFLyQWUDWDPLHQWR \ PRQLWRUHRGHULHVJRV/DWDUHDJHQHUDOGHODJHV WLyQGHOULHVJRGHEHLQFOXLUWDQWR OD HVWLPDFLyQ GH XQ ULHVJR SDUWLFXODU FRPR XQD HYDOXDFLyQ GHFXiQLPSRUWDQWHHV3RUWDQWRHOSURFHVRGHODJHVWLyQ GHOULHVJRWLHQHGRVSDUWHVODHVWLPDFLyQ\ODHYDOXDFLyQGHOULHVJR/D HVWLPDFLyQUHTXLHUHGHODFXDQWLILFDFLyQGHODGDWD\HQWHQGLPLHQWRGHORVSUR FHVRVLQYROXFUDGRV/DHYDOXDFLyQGHOULHVJRHVMX]JDUTXpOXJDUHVGHODVRFLH GDGHQULHVJRGHEHQHQFDUDUpVWRVGHFLGLHQGRTXpKDFHUDOUHVSHFWR H ,GHQWLILFDFLyQGHO3HOLJUR1DWXUDO,QFOX\HHQSULPHUOXJDUODLGHQWLILFD FLyQGHOIHQyPHQRItVLFROXHJR ODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVHIHFWRV SRU HMHP SOR OD LQWHQVLGDG GH VDFXGLPLHQWR GHO VXHOR GHELGRD XQ VLVPR ORV QLYHOHV GHLQXQGDFLyQJUDGRGH HVWDELOLGDGGHODGHUDVDORVFXDOHVXQDFRPXQL GDGSRGUtDHVWDUH[SXHVWD/DLGHQWLILFDFLyQ SUHOLPLQDU \ UHDOLVWD GHO 3HOL JUR VH REWLHQH FRQ HOFRQFXUVRGHODFLHQFLDVJHRItVLFDVVLVPRORJtDRFHD QRJUDItDPHWHRURORJtDYXOFDQRORJtD \ RWURV \JHROyJLFDV /D LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GHO 3HOLJURHVXQSURFHVRGLQiPLFR\DTXHUHTXLHUHGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQ\DFWXDOL]D FLyQSHUPDQHQWH I 3UHYHQFLyQ(VSHFtILFD 'HQWURGHOFRQWH[WRGHODHWDSDGH5HGXFFLyQ GHO5LHVJRVRQODVPHGLGDVRFRQMXQWRGHPHGLGDVHVSHFtILFDVGHLQJH QLHUtDOHJLVODFLyQ\RWURVGLVHxDGDVSDUDSURSRUFLRQDUSURWHFFLyQFRQWUDORV HIHFWRVGHXQGHVDVWUHFRQVLGHUDQGRSHOLJURVHVSHFtILFRV J 3UHYHQFLyQ (OFRQMXQWRGHDFWLYLGDGHV\PHGLGDVGLVHxDGDVSDUDSURSRUFLR QDUSURWHFFLyQSHUPDQHQWHFRQWUDORVHIHFWRVGHXQTXHFKXD ³KXD\FR´ TXH VLJQLILFD TXHEUDGD D OR TXH WpFQLFDPHQWH HQ JHRORJtD VH GHQRPLQD DOX YLyQ(O³KXD\FR´R³OORFOOD´HOPiVFRUUHFWRHQHOLGLRPDTXHFKXDHVXQWLSRGH DOXYLyQGHPDJQLWXGHVOLJHUDVDPRGHUDGDVTXHVHUHJLVWUDFRQIUHFXHQ FLD HQ ODV FXHQFDVKLGURJUiILFDVGHOSDtVJHQHUDOPHQWHGXUDQWHHOSHULRGR GHOOXYLDV K 6LVWHPD1DFLRQDOGH'HIHQVD&LYLO6,1$'(&, &RQMXQWR LQWHUUHODFLRQDGR GH RUJDQLVPRVGHOVHFWRUS~EOLFR\ QRS~EOLFRQRUPDV UHFXUVRV \ GRFWULQDV RULHQWDGRV D OD SURWHFFLyQ GH ODSREODFLyQHQFDVRGHGHVDVWUHVGH FXDOTXLHUtQGROHXRULJHQPHGLDQWHODSUHYHQFLyQGHGDxRVSUHVWDQGRD\XGD DGHFXDGDKDVWDDOFDQ]DUODVFRQGLFLRQHVEiVLFDV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA L*HVWLyQDGPLQLVWUDFLyQGH'HVDVWUHV &RQMXQWR GH FRQRFLPLHQWRV PHGLGDV DFFLRQHV \ SURFHGLPLHQWRV TXH MXQWDPHQWH FRQ HO XVR UDFLRQDO GH UHFXUVRV KXPDQRV \ PDWHULDOHV VH RULHQWDQ DOSODQHDPLHQWRRUJDQL]DFLyQGLUHFFLyQ \ FRQWUROGHDFWLYLGDGHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQ • 3UHYHQFLyQ$QWHVOD(VWLPDFLyQGHO5LHVJR,GHQWLILFDFLyQGHO3HOLJUR HO $QiOLVLV GH OD 9XOQHUDELOLGDG \ HO &iOFXOR GHO 5LHVJROD5HGXFFLyQGH 5LHVJRV3UHYHQFLyQ(VSHFtILFD3UHSDUDFLyQ\(GXFDFLyQ • 5HVSXHVWD 'XUDQWH DQWH ODV (PHUJHQFLDV LQFOX\H OD $WHQFLyQSURSLD PHQWHGLFKDOD(YDOXDFLyQGH'DxRV\OD5HKDELOLWDFLyQ\ • 5HFRQVWUXFFLyQ'HVSXpV (675$7(*,$63$5$/$5('8&&,21'(/$98/1(5$%,/,'$'62 &,$/ /D*HVWLyQ3HUPDQHQWHSDUDOD5HGXFFLyQGHO5LHVJRVXJLHUHODVVLJXLHQWHVHVWUD WHJLDV SDUD URPSHU HVWDV EDUUHUDV DQWHV GH TXH VH SUHVHQWH ODHPHUJHQFLD D /DLQGLIHUHQFLD6HFRPEDWHFRQFDPSDxDVHQPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFD FLyQ TXH GHVSLHUWHQ HO LQWHUpV \ OD DWHQFLyQ GH OD SREODFLyQ VLQ DODUPLVPR QL VHQVDFLRQDOLVPR E /DLJQRUDQFLD(VVXSHUDEOHPHGLDQWHODHGXFDFLyQHQWRGRVORVQLYHOHV\ PRGDOLGDGHV F /D GHVLGLD 6H YHQFH SURPRYLHQGR \ DSR\DQGR OD RUJDQL]DFLyQFRPXQDO TXHSHUPLWDDODSREODFLyQHMHUFHUVXVFDSDFLGDGHVGHGHFLVLyQHQDFFLRQHV FRQMXQWDVSDUDHOGHVDUUROOR\ G /RV UHFXUVRV 6H JHQHUDQ SRU SODQLILFDFLyQ HVWUDWpJLFD GH ORVJRELHUQRV FRQVLGHUDQGRHVFDORQDGDPHQWHODVH[SHULHQFLDVGHORVJUXSRVKXPDQRVODV WUDGLFLRQHVSRVLWLYDVORVLQVXPRVSURSLRVGHOPHGLRODVSRWHQFLDOLGDGHVORFD OHVODGHVFHQWUDOL]DFLyQSUHVXSXHVWDOHO LQWHUFDPELR GH H[SHULHQFLDV \ OD FROD ERUDFLyQWpFQLFD\ILQDQFLHUDGHODFRRSHUDFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDO 6DEHPRVTXHORVIHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHVYDQDSUHVHQWDUVHSHURQXHVWUDFXOWXUD GHULHVJRGHVDItDORVLQWHQWRVGHSUHGHFLUORV *(67,Ð1'(/26'(6$675(6 &RQMXQWRGHFRQRFLPLHQWRVPHGLGDVDFFLRQHV\SURFHGLPLHQWRVTXHMXQWD PHQWHFRQHOXVRUDFLRQDOGHOSRWHQFLDOKXPDQR\ ORVUHFXUVRVPDWHULDOHV VH RULHQWDQ DO SODQHDPLHQWR RUJDQL]DFLyQ GLUHFFLyQ \ FRQWURO GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV UHODFLRQDGDVFRQODSUHYHQFLyQ\DWHQFLyQGHGHVDVWUHV /DVPHGLGDVGHSUHYHQFLyQHVSHFtILFDSXHGHQVHUVHJ~QVXQDWXUDOH]DHVWUXF - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA WXUDOHVREUDV\QRHVWUXFWXUDOHVDSOLFDFLyQGHQRUPDVHVWXGLRVIRUPXODFLyQ \ DFWXDOL]DFLyQGHSODQHV'LFKDVDFWLYLGDGHVVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV • /D (YDOXDFLyQ(VWLPDFLyQ GHO 5LHVJR /D ,GHQWLILFDFLyQ GHO 3HOLJUR (O $QiOLVLVGH9XOQHUDELOLGDGHV(O&iOFXORGHO5LHVJR • /D5HGXFFLyQGHO5LHVJR /D3UHYHQFLyQ(VSHFtILFD/D3UHSDUDFLyQ\ • (GXFDFLyQ/D5HVSXHVWDDQWHXQDHPHUJHQFLDTXHLQFOX\H(YDOXDFLyQGH 'DxRV\$QiOLVLVGH1HFHVLGDGHV$VLVWHQFLD/D5HKDELOLWDFLyQ • /D5HFRQVWUXFFLyQ (O&RPLWpGH'HIHQVD&LYLOHQOD*HVWLyQGHORV'HVDVWUHV (O&RPLWpGH'HIHQVD&LYLOGHFDGDORFDOLGDG'LVWULWDO3URYLQFLDO\5HJLRQDOHV HO FRQGXFWRU SULQFLSDO \ UHVSRQVDEOH GH OOHYDU D FDER ODV DFFLRQHVFRUUHVSRQ GLHQWHVGHFDGDXQDGHODVIDVHVGHOD*HVWLyQGHORV'HVDVWUHV 7DOFRPRVHSXHGHREVHUYDUHQODJUiILFDGHOFXDGURVLJXLHQWHHQOD*HV WLyQGHORV'HVDVWUHVH[LVWHQGRVPRPHQWRV3UHYHQFLyQ\$WHQFLyQDVtFRPRWUHV IDVHV$QWHV'XUDQWH\'HVSXpVFODUDPHQWHGHWHUPLQDGDV D $QWHVGHO'HVDVWUH HQHVWDIDVHHO&RPLWpGH'HIHQVD&LYLOHQFRRUGL QDFLyQFRQHO,1'(&,GHEHFRQGXFLUDORVGLIHUHQWHVVHFWRUHVUHVSRQ VDEOHV SDUD TXH VH UHDOLFHQ WRGRV ORV WUDEDMRV \ REUDV GH SUHYHQFLyQ FRUUHV SRQGLHQWHVDORVVLJXLHQWHVSURFHVRVGHOD*HVWLyQGHORV'HVDVWUHV • /D,GHQWLILFDFLyQGHO3HOLJUR • (O$QiOLVLVGH9XOQHUDELOLGDGHV(O&iOFXORGHO5LHVJR • /D3UHYHQFLyQ(VSHFtILFD • /D3UHSDUDFLyQ\(GXFDFLyQ /D,GHQWLILFDFLyQGHO3HOLJURHO$QiOLVLVGH9XOQHUDELOLGDGHV\HO&iOFXORGHO5LHVJR TXH VRQ ORV HOHPHQWRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV GH OD (YDOXDFLyQ GHO 5LHVJRVRQ SURFHVRV TXHGHEHSURPRYHU\HMHFXWDUOD2ILFLQDGH'HIHQVD&LYLO/D3UHYHQFLyQ(VSHFtIL FD\OD3UHSDUDFLyQ\(GXFDFLyQVRQSURFHVRVTXHGHEHQ LPSXOVDU \ SURPR YHU WRGDV ODV &RPLVLRQHV TXH FRQIRUPDQ ORVUHVSHFWLYRV&RPLWpVGH'HIHQVD &LYLO E 'XUDQWH HO 'HVDVWUH HO &RPLWp GH 'HIHQVD &LYLO XWLOL]DQGR HO &2( \ FRQ OD FRRUGLQDFLyQ\DVHVRUDPLHQWRGHO,1'(&,\GHORVGLIHUHQWHVVHFWRUHVUHV SRQVDEOHVGHEH GH UHDOL]DUODVDFFLRQHV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV SDUD OD$WHQ FLyQGHOD(PHUJHQFLDHMHFXWDQGRWRGRVORVWUDEDMRV\REUDVFRUUHV SRQGLHQWHVDODVVLJXLHQWHVWDUHDVGHOD*HVWLyQGHORV'HVDVWUHV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA (YDOXDFLyQGH'DxRV\$QiOLVLVGH1HFHVLGDGHV$VLVWHQFLD/D5HKDELOLWDFLyQ /D 5HVSXHVWD HV XQD DFWLYLGDG TXH GHEHQ GHVDUUROODU ODV FLQFR FRPLVLRQHVRSHUD WLYDVGHO&RPLWp'HVSXpVGHO'HVDVWUHVHOOHYDDFDEROD5HFRQVWUXF FLyQGHOD]RQDGDPQLILFDGDDFDUJRGHORV6HFWRUHVFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHV &XDQGROD]RQDDIHFWDGDKDVLGRWRWDOPHQWHUHFRQVWUXLGD VHUHLQLFLDHOFLFOR (YDOXDFLyQ(VWLPDFLyQGHO5LHVJR /D (YDOXDFLyQ GHO 5LHVJR HV HO FRQMXQWR GH DFFLRQHV \ SURFHGLPLHQWRV TXH VH UHDOL]DQLQVLWXDILQGHOHYDQWDUODLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVSHOL JURVHODQiOLVLVGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHYXOQHUDELOLGDG\FiOFXORGHOULHVJRSURED ELOLGDGGHGDxRVSpUGLGDVGHYLGDVHLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDFRQODILQDOLGDGGHUHFR PHQGDUODVPHGLGDVGHSUHYHQFLyQ 'HEHQVHUHMHFXWDGDVSRUSHUVRQDOSURIHVLRQDOGHGLYHUVDVHVSHFLDOLGDGHVGHEL GDPHQWHFDSDFLWDGRGHODV2ILFLQDV\R&RPLWpVGH'HIHQVD&LYLODQWH ODSUHVHQFLDSRWHQFLDORLQPLQHQWHGHXQSHOLJURQDWXUDORLQGXFLGRSRUHOKRP EUH $ FRQWLQXDFLyQ VH GHWDOODQ FDGD XQD GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV TXH FRPSUHQGH OD (YDOXDFLyQGHO5LHVJR D,GHQWLILFDFLyQGHO3HOLJUR • 7RGRV ORV SHOLJURV QDWXUDOHV \ ORV LQGXFLGRV SRU HO KRPEUH UHSUHVHQWDQ XQDDPHQD]DSDUDODYLGD\HOSDWULPRQLRGHQXHVWURVKRJDUHV LQGXVWULDV \ FRPXQLGDG HQ JHQHUDO (V DVt TXH ORV YLHQWRV IXHUWHV SXHGHQ GDxDUORV WHFKRV GH QXHVWURV KRJDUHV \ TXH ODV IXHUWHV OOXYLDV SXHGHQFDXVDULQXQGDFLRQHV\RDYHQLGDVTXHDIHFWDQDODV FRPXQLGDGHV ULEHUHxDV (O KLVWRULDO GH GHVDVWUHV QDWXUDOHV VXIULGRV SRU FDGD FRPXQLGDG HV QRUPDOPHQWH FRQRFLGR SRU OD PD\RUtD GH VXV LQWHJUDQWHV3RUHOORKDQRFXUULGRLQXQGDFLRQHVWHUUHPRWRVLQFHQGLRV DOXYLRQHV \ DOXGHV (Q FRQVHFXHQFLD HV QHFHVDULR WHQHU DFFHVR D HVWXGLRVWpFQLFRVTXHD\XGHQDLGHQWLILFDUQXHVWURVSHOLJURVQDWXUDOHV • WDOHVFRPRIDOODVJHROyJLFDV • /D LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GH ORV SHOLJURV QDWXUDOHV R LQGXFLGRV SRU HO KRPEUH HQ FDGDFRPXQLGDGOHVLUYHDORVPLHPEURVGHO&RPLWpGH'HIHQVD&LYLO SDUDSULRUL]DUODVDFFLRQHVGHSUHYHQFLyQTXHSHUPLWDQSURWHJHUODV ]RQDVH[SXHVWDVDSHOLJURVSRWHQFLDOPHQWHGDxLQRV • (O3HOLJURHVODSUREDELOLGDGGHRFXUUHQFLDGHXQIHQyPHQRQDWXUDOR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • • • GEOGRAFÍA LQGXFLGRSRUHOKRPEUHSRWHQFLDOPHQWHGDxLQRGHXQDPDJQLWXG FRQRFLGD SDUD XQ SHUtRGR HVSHFtILFR \ SDUD XQD ORFDOLGDG R ]RQD FRQRFLGD /D HODERUDFLyQ GH 0DSDV GH 3HOLJUR GH FDGD FRPXQLGDG SHUPLWH D ORV PLHPEURV GHO &RPLWp GH 'HIHQVD &LYLO LQLFLDU HO SURFHVR GH LGHQWLILFDFLyQ GH ODV iUHDV HQ ODV TXH SRGUtDQ WHQHU DOWR ULHVJR \ SRU HQGH ODV iUHDV HQ ODV TXH VH UHTXLHUH FRQFHQWUDU ORV SURJUDPDV GH UHGXFFLyQ GH YXOQHUDELOLGDGHVGHODFRPXQLGDG7DPELpQSURYHHQXQDEDVHREMHWLYD SDUD VXV GHFLVLRQHV SRU HVR PLHQWUDV PiV SUHFLVRV \ GHWDOODGRV VHDQ HVWRVPDSDVPiVFRPSOHWDVVHUiQODVGHFLVLRQHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQOD UHGXFFLyQ GH ODV YXOQHUDELOLGDGHV 6L VH FRQRFHQ ODV SUREDELOLGDGHV GH SHOLJUR ULHVJR SDUD FDGD iUHD VH SRGUi DSOLFDU XQ HQIRTXH GH FRVWR EHQHILFLRDODVGHFLVLRQHVGHO&RPLWpGH'HIHQVD&LYLO (VQHFHVDULDODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHOOXJDULQWHQVLGDGPDJQLWXGIUHFXHQFLD\ SUREDELOLGDG GHHYHQWRVQDWXUDOHVIXWXURV FRQVLGHUDGRVFRPRSHOLJURVSR WHQFLDOPHQWHGDxLQRVFRPRSRUHMHPSORGHVOL]DPLHQWRVGHWLHUUDVWH UUHPRWRVLQXQGDFLRQHVVHTXtDVDOXYLRQHVOORFOODVRKXD\FRVLQ FHQGLRV\RWURVIHQyPHQRVDWPRVIpULFRV 6HUHTXLHUHXQVHJXLPLHQWRDORVFDPELRV\HYROXFLyQGHORVSHOLJURV QDWXUDOHV /XHJR GH RFXUULGR XQ GHVDVWUH VH GHEHUiQ UHDOL]DU ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV SHUWLQHQWHV SDUD UHFRJHU WRGRV ORV GDWRV DGLFLRQDOHV VREUH HO SHOLJUR TXH JHQHUyHOGHVDVWUH E $QiOLVLVGH9XOQHUDELOLGDGHV • /D YXOQHUDELOLGDG HV GHILQLGD FRPR HO JUDGR GH UHVLVWHQFLD \ H[SRVLFLyQ ItVLFD\RVRFLDOGHXQHOHPHQWRRFRQMXQWRGHHOHPHQWRVYLGDV KXPDQDV SDWULPRQLR VHUYLFLRV YLWDOHV LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD iUHDV DJUtFRODV \ RWURV FRPR UHVXOWDGR GH OD RFXUUHQFLD GH XQ SHOLJUR GH RULJHQ QDWXUDO R LQGXFLGRSRUHOKRPEUH6HH[SUHVDHQWpUPLQRVGHSUREDELOLGDGHQ SRUFHQWDMH GH D (V HO JUDGR GH IDFLOLGDG FRQ TXH HVWRV HOHPHQWRV VXIUHQGDxRVSRUH[SRVLFLyQDOSHOLJUR • 3DUDVXDQiOLVLVODYXOQHUDELOLGDGGHEHSURPRYHUODLGHQWLILFDFLyQ\ FDUDFWHUL]DFLyQGHORVHOHPHQWRVYXOQHUDEOHVH[SXHVWRVDORVHIHFWRV GHVIDYRUDEOHVGHXQHYHQWRDGYHUVR • /D YXOQHUDELOLGDG SXHGH YDULDU GHELGR D XQ FRQMXQWR GH FRQGLFLRQHV \R SURFHVRVTXHUHVXOWDQGHORVIDFWRUHVGHRUGHQQDWXUDOItVLFD HFRQyPLFDVRFLDOFLHQWtILFD\WHFQROyJLFDSROtWLFDFXOWXUDOHGXFDWLYD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • GEOGRAFÍA HFROyJLFD LGHROyJLFD H LQVWLWXFLRQDO (VWRV IDFWRUHV YDUtDQ FRQ HO WLHPSR 3DUDORFXDOGDGRXQQLYHOGHSHOLJURVHGHEHQYLJLODUORVFDPELRV RFDVLRQDGRVHQORVHOHPHQWRVH[SXHVWRV /D YXOQHUDELOLGDG GH XQD FRPXQLGDG HV HO UHIOHMR GHO HVWDGR LQGLYLGXDO \ FROHFWLYRGHVXVFRQGLFLRQHVItVLFDVVRFLDOHVFXOWXUDOHVHFRQyPLFDV LQVWLWXFLRQDOHVPHGLRDPELHQWDOHV\RWURVTXHFDPELDQFRQWLQXDPHQWH VHJ~QVXQLYHOGHSUHSDUDFLyQDFWLWXGFRPSRUWDPLHQWRQRUPDV FRQGLFLRQHV VRFLRHFRQyPLFDV \ SROtWLFDV HQ ORV LQGLYLGXRV IDPLOLDV FRPXQLGDGHVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\SDtVHV /RV YDORUHV REWHQLGRV SRU FDGD WLSR GH YXOQHUDELOLGDG VH FRQVROLGDUiQ HQ XQDPDWUL]JHQHUDOFRQODILQDOLGDGGHREWHQHUVXYDORUL]DFLyQWRWDO\ GHWHUPLQDUiDODHYDOXDFLyQGHULHVJRV/DH[SHULHQFLD\FRQRFLPLHQWR GHOHYDOXDGRUVREUHOD]RQDGHWHUPLQDUiORVWLSRVGHYXOQHUDELOLGDGD DQDOL]DUGHDFXHUGRDVXLPSRUWDQFLD F&iOFXORGHO5LHVJR • (VWLPDFLyQ PDWHPiWLFDSUREDEOHGHSpUGLGDV GH YLGDV GHGDxRVD ORV ELHQHVPDWHULDOHVDODSURSLHGDG\DODHFRQRPtDSDUDXQSHULRGR HVSHFtILFR\XQiUHDFRQRFLGD6HFDOFXODHQIXQFLyQGHOSHOLJUR\OD YXOQHUDELOLGDG • /D(VWLPDFLyQGHO5LHVJRGHILQHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDVSRWHQFLDOHVGHXQ GHVDVWUHHQEDVHDODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHOSHOLJUR\DO DQiOLVLVGHOD YXOQHUDELOLGDG • 5LHVJR SHOLJUR\ YXOQHUDELOLGDG VRQ IXQFLRQHV GHO WLHPSR\ HO OXJDUGH RFXUUHQFLDGHO IHQyPHQR QDWXUDO R IXHQWH GHO SHOLJUR DVt FRPR OD XELFDFLyQGHOHOHPHQWRH[SXHVWR,QFOX\HLQIRUPDFLyQFXDOLWDWLYD\ FXDQWLWDWLYDGHWDOODGD\HOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOULHVJR\VXVIDFWRUHV\ FRQVHFXHQFLDV ItVLFDV VRFLDOHV HFRQyPLFDV \ PHGLRDPELHQWDOHV HQWUH RWURV(VXQSDVRLQGLVSHQVDEOHSDUDODLPSOHPHQWDFLyQGHFXDOTXLHU PHGLGDGHSUHYHQFLyQ\VHRULHQWDDODUHGXFFLyQGHORVHIHFWRVGHO GHVDVWUH 5HGXFFLyQGHOULHVJR D 3UHYHQFLyQ(VSHFtILFD(VHOFRQMXQWRGHDFWLYLGDGHV\PHGLGDVGLVH xDGDVSDUDSURSRUFLRQDUSURWHFFLyQSHUPDQHQWHFRQWUDORVHIHFWRVGHXQGH VDVWUH ,QFOX\H HQWUH RWUDV PHGLGDV HVWUXFWXUDOHV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV VLVPR UHVLVWHQWHVSURWHFFLyQULEHUHxDHQWUHRWUDV\PHGLGDVQRHVWUXFWXUD OHVRUGHQDPLHQWRXUEDQRXVRDGHFXDGRGHWLHUUDVGHODJXDHQWUHRWUDV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA (QWUHODVSULQFLSDOHVDFWLYLGDGHV\PHGLGDVSRGHPRVPHQFLRQDUODVVL JXLHQWHV 0HGLGDV(VWUXFWXUDOHV • /LPSLH]D\GHVFROPDWDGRGHFDXFHVGHORVUtRV\TXHEUDGDVGHFDX FHVVHFRVSDUDHYLWDUSRVLEOHVGHVERUGHVHLQXQGDFLRQHV • &RQVWUXLU UHSUHVDV GLTXHV \ FDQDOHV SDUD FRQWURODU HO FXUVR GH ODV DJXDV • 3URWHJHUODVULEHUDVGHORVFXUVRVGHDJXDFRQWUDSUREDEOHVHURVLRQHV • /DV FRQVWUXFFLRQHV GHEHUiQ VHU VLVPRUHVLVWHQWHV GHELpQGRVH HVWDEOHFHU \ DFWXDOL]DU ODV QRUPDV SDUD HO PDQWHQLPLHQWR GH ODV RQVWUXFFLRQHV GH DFXHUGRDORVFyGLJRV\UHJODPHQWDFLRQHVYLJHQWHV 0HGLGDVQR(VWUXFWXUDOHV • 'HFODUDUFRPRLQWDQJLEOHVDORV&RQRVGH'H\HFFLyQGHODVTXH EUDGDVYHULILFDQGRTXHQDGLHVHDVLHQWHHQHOORV • 'LFWDU\DSOLFDUPHGLGDVGHUHIRUHVWDFLyQSDUDSUHYHQLUORVGHVOL]DPLHQWRV\ HURVLyQGHODVODGHUDVGHORVUtRV • 9HULILFDUTXHODVFRPXQLGDGHVQRVHDVLHQWHQHQODV)UDQMDV 0DUJLQDOHVLQWDQJLEOHVGHORVUtRV • 3URPRYHUODSODQLILFDFLyQGHOXVRGHWLHUUDVPHGLDQWHODOHJLVODFLyQDGH FXDGD • 3ULRUL]DUOD3UHSDUDFLyQ\(GXFDFLyQGHODVDXWRULGDGHV\SREODFLyQSDUD FUHDUXQDFXOWXUDGHSUHYHQFLyQ • (YDFXDUORVDVHQWDPLHQWRVKXPDQRVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQiUHDVGHSHOL JUR • )RUPXODU(VWXGLRVGH0LFUR]RQLILFDFLyQ • )RUPXODUHO(VWXGLRVREUHHO3ODQGH3UHYHQFLyQDQWH'HVDVWUHV8VRGHO 6XHOR\0HGLGDVGH0LWLJDFLyQ • 3UHYHU UHFXUVRV SUHVXSXHVWDOHV\ RULHQWDU ORV PD\RUHVPHGLRV KXPDQRV \PDWHULDOHV KDFLD ODV ]RQDV GRQGH VH UHTXLHUD UHGXFLU ODYXO QHUDELOLGDG E 3UHSDUDFLyQ \ (GXFDFLyQ /D 3UHSDUDFLyQ VH UHILHUH D OD FDSDFLWDFLyQGH OD SREODFLyQ SDUD ODV HPHUJHQFLDV UHDOL]DQGR HMHUFLFLRV GH HYDFXDFLyQ \HOHVWD EOHFLPLHQWRGHVLVWHPDVGHDOHUWDSDUDXQDUHVSXHVWDDGHFXDGDUiSLGD\ RSRUWXQDGXUDQWHXQDHPHUJHQFLD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA /D(GXFDFLyQVHUHILHUHDODVHQVLELOL]DFLyQ\FRQFLHQWL]DFLyQGHODSREODFLyQVREUH ORV SULQFLSLRV \ OD ILORVRItD GH OD 3UHYHQFLyQ \ $WHQFLyQ GH 'HVDVWUHV RULHQWDGRV SULQFLSDOPHQWHDFUHDUHQHOORVXQD&XOWXUDGH3UHYHQFLyQ(QHVWDIDVHSRGH PRVPHQFLRQDUHQWUHRWUDVODVVLJXLHQWHVDFWLYLGDGHV\PHGLGDVDUHDOL]DU +D\TXHHODERUDU\PDQWHQHUDFWXDOL]DGRHOLQYHQWDULRGHSRWHQFLDOKXPDQR\UHFXU VRVPDWHULDOHVGHVXiUHDGHUHVSRQVDELOLGDG 3ODQLILFDURSRUWXQDPHQWHODVDFFLRQHVGHHYDFXDFLyQSULPHURVDX[LOLRVE~VTXHGD\ UHVFDWH\RWUDVRSHUDFLRQHVGHUHVSXHVWDGXUDQWHXQDHPHUJHQFLD (VWDEOHFHUVLVWHPDVGHPRQLWRUHRGHORVSHOLJURVLGHQWLILFDGRV\IRUPDVGHFRPXQL FDFLyQSDUDODGLIXVLyQGHDYLVRVGHDOHUWD 'LIXQGLULQIRUPDFLyQGLVSRQLEOHVREUHORVSULQFLSDOHVSHOLJURVSDUDTXHODSREODFLyQ WRPHFRQFLHQFLDGHODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOUROTXHOHFRUUHVSRQGH HQODDWHQFLyQTXHGHPDQGHXQDHPHUJHQFLD 5HDOL]DUHMHUFLFLRVGHVLPXODFURV\RVLPXODFLyQGHORVGLIHUHQWHVSHOLJURVDORVTXH HVWiH[SXHVWDODSREODFLyQ &RQFLHQWL]DU D ODV DXWRULGDGHV HQ TXH GHEHQ PDQWHQHU ODV H[LVWHQFLDV PtQLPDV DVLJQDGDVDORVDOPDFHQHVDGHODQWDGRV 2FXUULGRXQGHVDVWUHUHDOL]DUODVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVSHUWLQHQWHVSDUDUHFRJHUODVHQVH xDQ]DVGHOPLVPR 0DQWHQHUHQWUHQDGRDO&RPLWpGH'HIHQVD&LYLOVREUHWRGRHQORTXH UHVSHFWDDOD*HVWLyQGHORV'HVDVWUHV 'LFWDGR GHFXUVRV GH HGXFDFLyQ \FDSDFLWDFLyQ GH OD SREODFLyQ VREUH PHGLGDV GH SUHYHQFLyQ\HQODVWDUHDVGH'HIHQVD&LYLO F5HVSXHVWDDQWHOD(PHUJHQFLD6XPDGHGHFLVLRQHV\DFFLRQHVWRPD GDVGXUDQWHHLQPHGLDWDPHQWHGHVSXpVGHOGHVDVWUHLQFOX\HQGRDFFLRQHV GH HYDOXDFLyQ GH GDxRV DVLVWHQFLD LQPHGLDWD \ UHKDELOLWDFLyQ (Q HVWD IDVH SRGHPRVPHQFLRQDUHQWUHRWUDVODVVLJXLHQWHVDFWLYLGDGHV\PHGLGDVDUHD OL]DU • /XHJRGHRFXUULGDODHPHUJHQFLDHQHOSULPHUPRPHQWRGLVSRQLEOHKD\TXH HIHFWXDUOD(YDOXDFLyQGH'DxRVVLJXLHQGRHOIRUPDWRGHODQH[R • (QEDVHDOD(YDOXDFLyQGH'DxRVHIHFWXDUHO$QiOLVLVGHODVQH FHVLGDGHVSDUDDWHQGHUDODSREODFLyQDIHFWDGDHQIRUPDRSRUWXQD\DGH FXDGD • 3URSHQGHU D OD WHQHQFLD GH ORFDOHV \ DOPDFHQHV FRQ HO VWRFN GH PDWHULDOHVQHFHVDULRVTXHSHUPLWDQXQDDGHFXDGDDWHQFLyQGHOD HPHUJHQFLD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA • (O&2(H[KLELUiODVLQIRUPDFLRQHVUHIHUHQWHVDODHPHUJHQFLD • (O &RPLWp GH 'HIHQVD &LYLO GHEHUi SURSRUFLRQDU DOLPHQWRV DWHQFLyQ PpGLFDWHFKR\DEULJRDODSREODFLyQGDPQLILFDGDHQFRRUGLQDFLyQFRQORV 6HFWRUHV3~EOLFR\3ULYDGR\21* • 5HDOL]DUODUHPRFLyQGHHVFRPEURVFRQODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHOSHUVRQDOHV SHFLDOL]DGR \ ODV %ULJDGDV GH 'HIHQVD &LYLO FXDQGR HO FDVR ORUH TXLHUD • (V GHWHUPLQDQWH UHDOL]DU OD UHKDELOLWDFLyQ GH ORV VHUYLFLRV EiVLFRV HQ HO SOD]RPiVEUHYHSRVLEOH • /XHJR GH RFXUULGR XQ GHVDVWUH UHDOL]DU ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV SHUWLQHQWHVSD UDPHMRUDUODDFWLYLGDGGHUHVSXHVWDGXUDQWHXQDHPHUJHQFLD /DUHFRQVWUXFFLyQ • (V HO ~OWLPR SURFHVR GH OD *HVWLyQ GH ORV 'HVDVWUHV FRPR SDUWH GH OD $WHQFLyQ TXH VH HMHFXWD GHVSXpV GH OD HYDOXDFLyQ \ UHGXFFLyQ GHO ULHVJR6HJ~QHOGLFFLRQDULRUHFRQVWUXLUHVVLQyQLPRGHUHSDUDU DUUHJODUGDxRVDODVDOXG\GHORVVHUYLFLRVEiVLFRVUHKDFHUUHHGLILFDUUHV WDXUDUHOSDWULPRQLRItVLFRGHYLYLHQGDV\RHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRVUHSUR GXFLUUHSHWLU\UHFREUDUODVDFWLYLGDGHVVRFLDOHV\HFRQyPLFDV • /D UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ VH UHDOL]D OXHJR GH OD UHPRFLyQ GH ORV HVFRPEURV GH SURYHHUDVLVWHQFLDPpGLFD\SVLFROyJLFDGHODSREODFLyQGHUHSDUDUHO IXQFLRQDPLHQWRQRUPDOGHORVVHUYLFLRVS~EOLFRV\UHSRQHUODVIDFLOLGDGHVGH SURGXFFLyQHQFRQGLFLRQHVGHRSHUDFLyQDVtFRPRGHUHDOL]DUODVLQYHVWL JDFLRQHVSRVWGHVDVWUH • &DEHSUHFLVDUTXHORVGHVDVWUHVGHMDQOHFFLRQHVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDOD DGRSFLyQGHPHGLGDVGHSUHYHQFLyQHQODUHFRQVWUXFFLyQ • /DUHFRQVWUXFFLyQHVWi DFDUJRIRUPDOPHQWHGH ORVGLYHUVRVVHFWRUHV RPL QLVWHULRVTXHFRQIRUPDQHO6HFWRU3~EOLFRVHJ~QVHDHOiPELWRRDFWL YLGDGGRQGHVHKD\DSURGXFLGRHOGHVDVWUH • $GHPiV GH FRQVLGHUDU ODV OHFFLRQHV GHO GHVDVWUH HQ HO GLVHxR GH PHGLGDVGHSUHYHQFLyQHVSHFtILFDVHQODUHFRQVWUXFFLyQVHGHEH HYDOXDUODVFDXVDVUHJLRQDOHV\ORFDOHVTXHGLHURQRULJHQDODPDJQLWXGGHO IHQyPHQRUHHYDOXDUORVFRVWRV\UHDQDOL]DUODVSROtWLFDVGHGHVDUUR OORGHOD]RQDRHOiPELWRDIHFWDGR • (YLGHQWHPHQWH WRGR SUR\HFWR LQWHJUDO GH GHVDUUROOR TXH VH IRUPXOH SDUDOD UHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDGHWHUPLQDGD]RQDGHEHWRPDUHQFXHQWDODViUHDV PiV YXOQHUDEOHV R DTXHOODV GRQGH HO LPSDFWR VRFLR HFRQyPLFR IXH PD\RU FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GH XQ GHWHUPLQDGR SHOLJUR FRQ OD ILQDOLGDG GH HYLWDU - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA VLPLODUHVRPD\RUHVGHVDVWUHVHQHOIXWXUR • (QHOFDVRTXHHOGHVDVWUHVHKD\DSURGXFLGRHQHOiPELWRUHJLRQDO SURYLQFLDO R GLVWULWDO OD UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ GHEHUtD VHU FRQGXFLGR FRQ HO UHVSHFWLYR &RPLWp GH 'HIHQVD &LYLO \ ORV VHFWRUHV LQYROXFUDGRV 'H WUDVFHQGHUHOiPELWRJHRJUiILFRDYDULDVUHJLRQHVGHEHUtDHVWDUDFDUJRGH XQD&RPLVLyQR&RPLWp(VSHFLDOGH5HFRQVWUXFFLyQ,JXDOPHQWHVHJ~Q VHDODPDJQLWXGRHOQLYHOGHOGHVDVWUHVHGHEHWHQHUHQFXHQWDHOSURFHVR GHGHFODUDWRULDGHO(VWDGRGH(PHUJHQFLDGHFUHWDGRSDUDXQGHWHUPLQDGR iPELWRJHRJUiILFRRFLUFXQVFULSFLyQWHUULWRULDO - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6HFFLyQ 5(&856261$785$/(6'(/3(5Ò GEOGRAFÍA &21&(372 /RVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVVRQDTXHOORV TXHVHGLVWULEX\HQ HQODWLHUUD(VGHFLUFXDO TXLHUIRUPDGHPDWHULDRHQHUJtDTXHH[LVWHGHPRGRQDWXUDO\TXHSXHGHVHU XWLOL]DGDSRUHOVHUKXPDQR • • 1DWXUDOHV $TXHOORVTXHVHGLVWULEX\HQHQODWLHUUD (FRQyPLFRV $TXHOORVDSURYHFKDGRVSRUORVKRPEUHVDOVHUWUDQV IRUPDGRV &/$6,),&$&,Ð1 6HJ~QVXSHUPDQHQFLD D ,QDJRWDEOHVRGHIOXMRVRQDTXHOORVFX\DGLVSRQLELOLGDGQRVHYHDIHFWDGD LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWHTXHVHOHVXWLOLFHRVHOHVGHMHIOXLU&OLPDWRSRJUDItD HQHUJtDVRODUHQHUJtDHyOLFD E 5HQRYDEOHV 6RQ$TXHOORVTXHOXHJRGHVHUGHSUHGDGRVDOWUDQVFXUULU XQGHWHUPLQDGRFLFORVHUHSRQHQQXHYDPHQWH9HJHWDOHViUEROHV PDPtIHURV DYHV SHFHV DJXD VXHOR HWF (O FDUiFWHUUHQRYDEOHGHXQUHFXUVRVH SXHGHPDWL]DUH[LVWHQUHFXUVRVUHQRYDEOHVTXHVRQSRUGHILQLFLyQLQDJR WDEOHVDHVFDODKXPDQDFRPR ODHQHUJtD VRODU OD HyOLFD ROD HQHUJtD GH ODV PDUHDV \D TXHSRULQWHQVLYRTXHVHDVXXVRVLHPSUHHVWiQGLVSRQLEOHVGH PRGRHVSRQWiQHR • $SDUHQWHV $TXHOORV TXH VRQ FDSDFHV GH IRUPDUVH UHFLFODUVH RDXWRGHSX UDUVH(MHPSOR6XHORDJXDDLUH • 9HUGDGHURV 6RQFDSDFHVGHUHSURGXFLUVH(MHPSOR)ORUD\IDXQD F 1R5HQRYDEOHV 6RQDTXHOORVTXHQRORJUDQUHQRYDUVH7DUGDQPLOORQHV GHDxRV3HWUyOHRPLQHUDOHVJDVFDUEyQIRVIDWRV6RQORVUHFXUVRVPLQH URV HQWUH ORV TXH VH SXHGH FRQWDU WDPELpQ D ORV FRPEXVWLEOHV IyVLOHV HO FDUEyQ R HO SHWUyOHR ([LVWHQ HQ OD FRUWH]DWHUUHVWUH FDQWLGDGHV ILQLWDV GH HVWRVPDWHULDOHVTXH SXHGHQVHUDSURYHFKDGRVSRUHOVHUKXPDQRHVWDGLV SRQLELOLGDGOLPLWDGDLPSOLFDODQHFHVLGDGGHEXVFDUVLVWHPDVGHUHFLFODGRGH PDWHULDOHVGHDKRUUR\DOWHUQDWLYDVDVXXVRHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQHOFDVRGH ORVFRPEXVWLEOHV TXHQRSXHGHQ VHUUHFLFODGRVTXHQRFRPSURPHWDQHOGHVD UUROOR\ODFDOLGDGGHYLGDGHODVVRFLHGDGHVKXPDQDV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 6HJ~QVXRULJHQ6HFODVLILFDQHQUHFXUVRV D $QLPDOHV WRGDVODVHVSHFLHVGHQXHVWUDIDXQD E 9HJHWDOHV YHJHWDOHV\ODVSODQWDVVLOYHVWUHV F 0LQHUDOHV PHWiOLFRV\QRPHWiOLFRV G (QHUJpWLFRV3HWUyOHRJDVQDWXUDOFDUEyQHWF$VtPLVPRHVWHWLSRGH UHFXU VRVWDPELpQSXHGHQVHUDOWHUQDWLYRVHQWUHORVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQ +LGURHQHUJLD)OXYLDO(ODJXDHVXWLOL]DGDSDUDJHQHUDUHQHUJtDHOpFWULFD(QHO 3HU~SRUVXVGHVQLYHOHVDOWLWXGLQDOHVODGLVSRVLFLyQGHODKLGURHQHUJtDHVDOWD *HRWpUPLFD(QHUJtDJHQHUDGDSRUHOFDORULQWHUQRGHODWLHUUD (yOLFD (V OD HQHUJtD FUHDGD SRU ORV YLHQWRV IRUPD GH HQHUJtD PiV DQWLJXD VH XVDQHQORVPROLQRVGHYLHQWR\HOHFWURERPEDV 0DUHRPRWUL] )XHQWH GH HQHUJtD TXH VH HQFXHQWUD HQ HO PDU SXHGHVHU XWLOL]DGD GH WUHV IRUPDV 0DUHDV RODV \ GLIHUHQFLDV WpUPLFDV GHVXVGLVWLQWDVFDSDV 6RODU FRPR IXHQWH GH FDORU \ SDUD OD SURGXFFLyQ GH HOHFWULFLGDG /DRWUD PDQHUD HV OD WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GH OD HQHUJtD VRODU PHGLDQWHFpOXODVVRODUHVFRQVWUXLGDV FRQPDWHULDOHVFDSDFHVGHWUDQVIRUPDUHQHOHFWULFLGDGODVUDGLDFLRQHVVRODUHV 1XFOHDU (V RWUD IRUPD GH JHQHUDU HQHUJtD PHGLDQWH HO XVR GHPLQHUDOHV FRPRXUDQLR\HOWRULRSRUSURFHVRVGHILVLyQ\IXVLyQQXFOHDU VH SURGXFH HQHUJtDGLFKDHQHUJtDHVDSURYHFKDGRSDUDFRQYHUWLUORHQHQHUJtDTXHHV~WLOD ODKXPDQLGDG =21$6'(3527(&&,Ð1 6HJ~QODWHRUtDGH7KRPDV0DOWKXV/DSREODFLyQFUHFHHQIRUPDJHRPp WULFDPLHQWUDVTXHORVDOLPHQWRVHQIRUPDDULWPpWLFDUD]yQSRUODTXHHVQHFH VDULR FRQWURODU OD WDVD GH QDWDOLGDG UHGXFLU OD SREODFLyQ$GHPiVVHxDODED TXHODVJXHUUDV\HSLGHPLDVD\XGDQDUHGXFLUDODSREODFLyQ $ UDt]GHODGHVPHVXUDGDGHSUHVLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVORVJRELHUQRVRSWDURQ SRUSURWHJHUDOJXQDV]RQDVFRQHOREMHWLYRGHVDOYDJXDUGDUODELRGLYHUVLGDG H[LVWHQWHHQHOORVHVDVtVHFUHDODVXQLGDGHVGHFRQVHUYDFLyQ 3DUTXHV1DFLRQDOHV/XJDUHV\R]RQDVQDWXUDOHVGHSURWHFFLyQ\SUHVHUYD FLyQGHODIORUD\ IDXQDGHFDUiFWHULQWDQJLEOH'RQGHHVWiFRPSOHWDPHQWHSURKL ELGRHODSURYHFKDPLHQWRGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV\HODVHQWDPLHQWRKXPDQR - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 1 'HQRPLQDFLyQ 8ELFDFLyQ &HUURVGH 7XPEHV\6XOODQD $PRWDSH 3LXUD &RQVHUYDQ %RVTXHV6HFRVGHOQRURHVWH /RUHWR6DQ0DUWtQ\ &RUGLOOHUDD]XO &XWHUYR &XWLYLUHQL 8FD\DOL &XWHUYR&DMDPDUFD -XQtQ&XVFR RWLVKL +XDVFDUiQ 0DQXPiVH[WHQVR 5tR$ELVHR 7LQJRPDUtD &KHPLOOHQ %DKXDMD6RQHQH /DFRUGLOOHUDGH7DOORV %RVTXHV+~PHGRV7URSLFDOHVGHODFRUGLOOHUD GH9LOFDEDPED *UDQSDUWHGH )RUPDFLRQHVHFROyJLFDVUHVWRVDUTXHROyJLFRV $QFDVK FRGLOOHUD%ODQFD3X\DGH5DLPRQGL 3DXFDUWDPER&XVFR )ORUD\IDXQDGHVDUUROODUXQSURJUDPDDQWURSROy 0DQX0'LRV JLFRGHHWQLDV 0DULVFDO&iFHUHV %RVTXHVGH1HEOLQD0RQR&KRURGHFROD 6DQ0DUWtQ $PDULOOD /HRQFLR /D%HOOD'XUPLHQWHFXHYDGH 3UDGR+XiQXFR /HFKX]DV4XHEUDGD%HOOD %RVTXHV(QDQRV1XERVRVKiELWDWGH <DQDFKDJD /RVUHFXUVRVGHODFRUGLOOHUD$]XO 3DVFR2[DSDPSD 8OFXPDQX ÒQLFD&RQtIHUDQDWXUDOGHO3HU~ 0DGUHGH'LRV3XQR )DXQDVLOYHVWUH/RERGH5tR7DPERSDWD &DQGDPR5tR+HDWK\VXVSDPSDV 2WLVKL $OWR3XUXV -XQtQ&XVFR %RVTXHVYtUJHQHV 3XUXV$WDOD\D 8FD\DOL %RVTXHVK~PHGRVWURSLFDOHV 5HVHUYDV 1DFLRQDOHV /XJDUHVGHVWLQDGDVDODSURWHFFLyQ\SURSDJDFLyQ GHODIDXQDVLOYHVWUHVyORSXHGHVHUXWLOL]DGRSUHYLDDXWRUL]DFLyQGHO(VWDGR - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 'HQRPLQDFLyQ 8ELFDFLyQ &RQVHUYD 3U R WH JH 3 D F D \D 6 D P L U D 0 D V $ P D ] R Q D V / R U H W R \ )O R U D \ I D X Q D G H O D V HO Y D % DM D 8 WL OL ] D FL y Q U D FL R Q D O ( [ W H Q V R 8 F D \ D OL G H O D I D X Q D VLO Y H V W U H 3 D P S D 9L / X F D Q D V $ \D F X F K R F X x D V S D U D L Q F U H P H Q W D U O D U H Q W D G H O D WL H U U D H Q * D O H U D V E H Q H I L FL R G H O D V F R P X Q L G D G H V )O 7L WL F D F D + X D Q F D Q p 3 X Q R R U D \ I D X Q D G HO 7 L WL F D F D 0 D Q W H Q H U O D F XO W X U D G H O D S R EO D FL y Q ( F R VL V W H P D V 0 D UL Q R V 3 D W U L P R Q L R F XO W X U DO H +L V 3 D U D F D V 3L V F R , F D 8 V R U D F L R Q DO G H O R E R V P D U L Q R V 6 D Q WL D J R G H & K X F R / D & DOL S X \ * /L E H U W D G X D Q D F R / D F K D \ & K D Q F D \ /L P D $ O D F R V W D F H Q D W U DO 9 H J H W D FL y Q D X W y F W R & 6 DOL Q D V \ $ J X D G D D Q F D D \O O R P D $ U H T X L S D 6 %O i Q F K H ] & H U U R 0 R T X H )O R U \ I D X Q D ± 3 DL V DM H V J X D 7 D P E R S D W D 0 D G U H G H 'L R V )O R U D \ I D X Q D - X Q t Q - X Q t Q 3 D V F R - - 5 H F X U V R V Q D W X U DO H V IO R U D \ I D X Q D Q D W y U L F R GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6DQWXDULR1DFLRQDO/XJDUHVGHSURWHFFLyQGHIORUD\IDXQDIRUPDFLR QHVQDWXUDOHVLQWDQJLEOHSRVHHFDUiFWHUFLHQWtILFR\RWXUtVWLFR 'HQRPLQDFLyQ +HDWK PiVH[WHQVR 7DPERSDWD 0DGUH 'LRV &DOLSX\ 6DQWLDJRGH&KXFR /D/LEHUWDG /DJXQDGH0HMtD ,VOD\±$UHTXLSD 0DQJODUHVGH 7XPEHV +XD\OOD\ 7DEDFRQDV1DQED OOH $PSD\ 8ELFDFLyQ 0HJDQWRQL &RQVHUY3URWHJH &LHUYRGH3DQWDQRV/RERGH&ULQ &RFRGULOR$PHULFDQR2VR0DQJOHUR/DQJRV WLQRVFRQFKDVFUXVWiFHRV\PROXVFRV 7XPEHV=XUXPLOOD 3X\DGH5DLPRQGL 3DVFR %RVTXHGH3LHGUDVGH+XD\OOD\ &DMDPDUFD 5HIXJLRGHUDQDV2VR$QGLQR7DSLUGH $OWXUD(O9HQDGR(QDQR&RQtIHUDV1DWLYDV 1HYDGR$PSD\ $SXUtPDF &XVFR8UXEDPED $YLIDXQD 5RGDOHVGHSRGRFDUSXV IORUD\IDXQD VLOYHVWUH 5tR8UXEDPED3ODQWDVPHGLFLQDOHV ERVTXHVLQWDFWRVPRQWDxDV 6DQWXDULRV+LVWyULFRV/XJDUHVLQWDQJLEOHVGHVWLQDGRVDODSURWHF FLyQ VRQ DTXHOORV OXJDUHV GRQGH VH GHVDUUROODURQ DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV JORULRVRV GH QXHVWUDKLVWRULDQDFLRQDO 'HQRPLQDFLyQ 8ELFDFLyQ 0DFKXSLFFKX 8UXEDPED&XVFR 3DPSDVGH 4XLQXD +XDPDQJD$\DFX FKR 3DPSDVGH $\DFXFKR $\DFXFKR +XD PDQJD &KDFDPDUFD %RVTXHGH 3RPDF 3XQD-XQtQ 3LWLSR)HUUDxDIH /DPED\HTXH - - &RQVHY3URWHFFLyQ 5HVWRV$UTXHROyJLFRV5XLQDV,QFDV 3DLVDMHVGHORVUHVWRV 3DPSDVGH4XLQXD±%DWDOODGH $\DFXFKR (VFHQDULRGHOD%DWDOODGH-XQtQ (VFHQDULRGHOD%DWDOODGH$\DFXFKR 5XLQDVSUHLQFDVGHODFXOWXUD:DUL UHVWRVDUTXHROyJLFRV 5HVWR$UTXHROyJLFRV6LFDQ)ORUD\ )DXQD%RVTXHV'HQVRV GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 5HVHUYD3DLVDMtVWLFD3URWHJHDTXHOORVOXJDUHVSDLVDMtVWLFDV '(120,1$&,Ð1 8%,&$&,Ð1 3527(*( • &XHQFD$OWDGHO&DxHWH <DX\RV±/LPD • (FRVLVWHPDVGH3DFKD 1RU<DX\RV&RFKDV -DXMD±-XQtQ PD\R 5HVHUYD&RPXQDO3URWHJHQDODVHWQLDVQDWLYDVHQSHOLJURGHH[WLQFLyQ 'HQRPLQDFLyQ 8ELFDFLyQ 6XSHUILFLH <DQHVKD 5tR8FD\DOL (O6LUD 0DWVLJXHQJD $PDUNDHUL &RQVHUY3URWHJH 3DUWH&XVFR 5HFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV %RVTXHVK~PHGRVWURSL FDOHV -XQtQ %RVTXHV VHFRV K~PH GRV9DORUHVFXOWXUDOHV 0DGUHGH'LRV $VKDQLQND )ORUD\ IDXQD =RQDV UHVHUYDGDV 6RQ iUHDV GH SURWHFFLyQ WUDQVLWRULDSDUD XVRWXUtVWLFR \ SDUD OD GHIHQVD GH DOJ~Q HFRVLVWHPD HQ SHOLJUR GHH[WLQFLyQ (Q HO 3HU~ H[LVWH]RQDVUHVHUYDGDVFRQXQDH[WHQVLyQGHKHFWiUHDV ' (120,1$& ,Ð1 / D T XL S D P S D 8 %,& $& ,Ð1 / / 3 D Q W D Q R V G H 9 LOO D L P D D P E D \ ' H L T V W X U L H W & 216(59$3527(*( R ) G D $ K R U ULOO R V 7 X P E H V 7 X P E H V $O J D U U R E D O (O YL D ~ 5 /L R U R E H U W D G H V W U H 3 D Y D $OL EO D Q F D I D X X Q Q D D )O ( Q R G U p D 6LO P L F D Y H V % W U R H V 0 T X L J H U V D W V R H UL F D R V P H G R V W U R SL F DO H V U U H R V $ E W R IO R V V R U i Q D U T X H R O y JL F R V % R V T X H V G H D O J D D P L H Q W R G H D J X D V W H U P D O H V 6 X E & K D Q F D \ E D x R V W & DM D P D U F D H V )O $ \P D U D / X S D F D 3 X Q R U U H D V D J X D G XO F H ( Y 6LO 0 K D ) Q H & X S R U H FL D H \ V I 6LO D X & - - XO W X U DO H V Y Q H D V W UH V LO V Y H H Q V W U HO H % R 5 V H T F X X U H V R V GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 7 D P E R S D W D & D Q G D P R 0 * X H S SL 5 t R 5 t P D G D F D Q WL D J H L P D R G R U H H ' W L 'L R V R V R W U X )O R W U W U L W R G X Q DL P \ K R U ULOO U D V I D X Q D V LO Y H V W U H 5 H F X U V R V F X O R V DO H \ V I D X Q D V LO YH V W U H U H F X U V R V F X O H 2 $ R H ULOO D V U t R V G H Y H J H W D W U FL y Q & D DO )O U & 6 U / / )O D P D ] R Q D V OH P D ] R Q D U D \ I D X Q D G H VLO Y H V H U H F X U V R V F XO W X U D $ R V V % H & R U GLOO H U D G H F RO D Q Q W U H O R V U t R V E 8 & R U GLOO H U D X D G H U X E D P E D V DM T D X V H IO V R U D Q \ I H D EOL X Q Q D D & X H Q F D V P H G L R V \ $ R Q F D V K + X i Q X F R ( F R VL V W H P D G H DO W D P R Q W D x D H [ F H S F L R Q DO + X D \K V K /L P D E HOO H ] D S DL V DM t V WL F D % D W D Q * 0 $ S D X U Q UL D X P Q G H / 0 D F D D P G U E H D \ G H H T X 'L H R )O V )O R R U U D D \ \ I I D D X X Q Q D D - X Q t Q \ 3 D V F R )O R U D \ I D X Q D )O R U D \ I D X Q D )O R U D \ I D X Q D )O R U D \ I D X Q D )O R U D \ I D X Q D R U D \ I D X Q D $O W R & D x H W H \ & R F K D V /L D $O F S $O K D D K F X D D \R \R 0 D 3 P L S V D K K D X Q D D \R L V K D Q D R U H W R / R U H W R 0 / $O W R 3 X U ~ V 0 D G U H G H 'L R V \ 8 F D \ D OL )O $ P D U D N H L U t 0 D G U H G H 'L R V %RVTXHVGHSURWHFFLyQ6RQGHSURSLHGDGHVWDWDOGHGLFDGDVDODFRQVHUYD FLyQGHERVTXHVGHODVFXHQFDVDOWDVRFROHFWRUDVODVULEHUDVGHORVUtRVHWF - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 '(120,1$&,Ï1 $OHGDxRDOD%RFD WRPDFDQDOQXHYR 3XTXLR6DQWD 5RVD 3XL3XL 8%,&$&,Ï1 /LPD /LEHUWDG -XQtQ 6DQ0DWtDV6DQ 3DVFR2[DSDPSD &DUORV 3DJD\EDPED &DMDPDUFD $OWR0D\R 6DQ0DUWtQ GEOGRAFÍA &216(59$3527(*( 6XHORV$OHGDxRV,QIUDHVWUXFWXUDGHOD ERFDWRPDGHOFDQDO1XHYR,PSHULDO &RQVXPR DJUtFROD 6XHORVLQIUDHVWUXFWXUD YLDO&HQWURVSREODGRV7LHUUDVDJUtFRODV\ %RVTXHV ,QIUDHVWUXFWXUD9LDO&XHQFDKLGURJUiILFDGH ORVUtRV7XOXPD\R 7LHUUDV$JUtFRODV *DUDQWL]DUHO$EDVWHFLPLHQWRGH$JXD 6XHORV±%RVTXHV (VSHFLHVGHIDXQD\IORUD &RWRVGH&D]D6RQiUHDVGHPDQHMRGHODIDXQDVLOYHVWUHHQWLHUUDVGH GRPLQLRS~EOLFRRSULYDGR(VWiQGHGLFDGDVDODFD]DGHSRUWLYD 'HQRPLQDFLyQ 8ELFDFLyQ ÉUHDV HVSHFLILFDV (O$QJROR 3LXUD 6XQFKXEDPED &DMDPDUFD - - %RVTXHVVHFRVGH3LXUD\ 7XPEHV(VWDWDO 1DFLHQWHVGHO 5tR&KLFDPD\ -HTXHWHSHTXH3ULYDGR 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 6HFFLyQ $&7,9,'$'(6(&21Ï0,&$6(1(/3(5Ò ,1752'8&&,21 /DVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVVRQODVDFFLRQHVGHOKRPEUHTXHVLUYHQSDUDVXV WHQWDUODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHXQ(VWDGR\SDUDREWHQHUGLYLVDVDILQGHGHVDUUR OODUVXHFRQRPtD6HFODVLILFDQHQ D ([WUDFWLYDV3HVFDODPLQHUtD\ODH[WUDFFLyQIRUHVWDOE3URGXFWLYDV$JULFXO WXUD\JDQDGHUtD F 7UDQVIRUPDWLYDV,QGXVWULD\DUWHVDQtD G 'LVWULEXWLYDV&RPHUFLR\ORVVHUYLFLRV 0,1(5,$ (VODDFWLYLGDGSRUODTXHHOKRPEUHH[WUDHORVUHFXUVRVPLQHUDOHVTXHQHFH VLWD 6H UHODFLRQD FRQ ODV DFWLYLGDGHV GH FDWHR H[SORUDFLyQH[SORWDFLyQH[LVWHQWHV HQHOVXHOR\VXEVXHORDVtFRPRVXSRVWHULRUEHQHILFLRUHILQDFLyQFRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ \ WUDQVSRUWH (VXQDDFWLYLGDGTXHGDWDGHWLHPSRVSUHKLVSiQLFRV\HQODDFWXDOLGDGHVODDFWLYL GDGHFRQyPLFDPiVLPSRUWDQWH (O 3HU~ HV XQ SDtV ULFR HQ PLQHUDOHV SRU OD GLYHUVLGDG GH UHOLHYH HV XQ SDtVSROL PHWiOLFRGRQGHHQFRQWUDPRVKDVWDWLSRVGHPHWDOHV (QVXVLQLFLRVODPLQHUtDHVWDEDDFDUJRGHFRPSDxtDVH[WUDQMHUDVOXHJRGHOHVWD GR HQ OD DFWXDOLGDG ORV SULQFLSDOHV FHQWURV PLQHURV HVWiQ HQ PDQRV GHHPSUHVDV SULYDGDV &ODVLILFDFLyQ D 0HWiOLFRV VRQPHWDOHVFRPRHORURSODWDFREUH]LQJHWF E 1RPHWiOLFRV FRPRHOJUDQLWRPiUPRO\HVRHWF6XXWLOL]DFLyQHVGLYHUVD SRUHMHPSORFRQHOD]XIUHVHHODERUDSDSHOFRQHOFXDU]RYLGULR F (QHUJpWLFRVVRQODSULQFLSDOIXHQWHGHHQHUJtDVHXELFDQHQHOVXEVXHOR FRPRHOSHWUyOHRHOJDVQDWUDO\HOFDUEyQ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 3ULQFLSDOHVPLQHUDOHVPHWiOLFRV D &REUH 0X\ XWLOL]DGR HQ OD LQGXVWULD EpOLFD HOHFWUyQLFD DXWRPRYLOtVWLFD \ HQ OD IDEULFDFLyQGHFDEOHVFRQGXFWRUHV(OFREUHHVHOVHJXQGRPHWDOPiVXWLOL]DGR HQHOPXQGR\HVYDORUDGRSRUVXFRQGXFWLYLGDGPDOHDELOLGDG\UHVLVWHQFLDD ODFRUURVLyQ /RV\DFLPLHQWRVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVVRQ&XDMRQH\7RTXHSDOD2WURVLPSRUWDQ WHV\DFLPLHQWRVVRQ&HUUR9HUGH7LQWD\D4XHOODYHFR0LFKLTXLOOD\$QWDPLQD /RVSULQFLSDOHVSDtVHVSURGXFWRUHVGHFREUHDQLYHOPXQGLDOVRQ&KLOH ((88,QGRQHVLD$XVWUDOLD&DQDGi\3HU~ E +LHUUR6HHQFXHQWUDHQHVWDGRQDWLYRRIRUPDQGRFRPSXHVWRVFRPRODKHPD WLQDODOLPRQLWDODVLGHULWD\ODPDJQHWLWD(O\DFLPLHQWRGHKLHUURPiVLPSRU WDQWHHQHOSDtVHV0DUFRQD3URYGH1D]FD±,FD6XH[SORWDFLyQHVDWDMR DELHUWR 8QD SDUWH GH VX SURGXFFLyQ VH GHVWLQD D ODV VLGHU~UJLFDV GH &KLPERWH$QFDVK$FHURV$UHTXLSD$UHTXLSD\HOUHVWRVHH[SRUWD2WURV \DFLPLHQWRVIHUUtIHURVVRQ$FDUt$UHTXLSD7DPERJUDQGH3LXUD5RQGRUL +XDQXFR &HUUR 0RULWR 7DFQD /RV PD\RUHV SURGXFWRUHV PXQGLDOHV GH DFHUR VRQ ((88 5XVLD $OHPDQLD ,QJODWHUUD -DSyQ )UDQFLD &KLQD ,WDOLD HWF F 3ORPR6HHQFXHQWUDIRUPDQGRFRPSXHVWRVFRPRJDOHQDODDQJOHVLWD OD JHUXVLWD HWF 6X DSOLFDFLyQ HV HQ OD IDEULFDFLyQ GHFDxHUtDVSLQWXUDV VROGDGXUDLPSUHQWDEDODV\PXQLFLRQHVHWF6HHQFXHQWUDSRUORJHQHUDODVR FLDGRDO]LQF\ODSODWD/RVSULQFLSDOHV\DFLPLHQWRVSO~PELFRVHQHO3HU~VRQ &DVDSDOFD/LPD 0LOSR 3DVFR 0RURFRFKD -XQtQ $UFDWD $UHTXLSD -XOFD QL+XDQFDYHOLFD6DQ9LFHQWH-XQtQ&HUURGH3DVFR3DVFR<DXULFRFKD/L PD 5HFXSHUDGD +XDQFDYHOLFD %XHQDYHQWXUD +XDQFDYHOLFD &RTXLMLUFD 3DVFRHWF/RVSULQFLSDOHV SURGXFWRUHV PXQGLDOHVGHSORPRVRQ&KLQD$XV WUDOLD((883HU~\&DQDGi G =LQF6HHQFXHQWUDIRUPDQGRFRPSXHVWRVFRPRODEOHQGDODHVFDOHULWD ODFDODPLQDHWF6XDSOLFDFLyQHVDOHDFLRQHVSDUDSURGXFLUODWyQSODWDDOHPDQD LQGXVWULDDXWRPRYLOtVWLFDHWF /RV\DFLPLHQWRVGH]LQFPiVLPSRUWDQWHVHQHO3HU~VRQ$QWDPLQD$QFDVK &DVDSDOFD/LPD0LOSR3DVFR$UFDWD$UHTXLSD-XOFDQL+XDQFDYHOLFD6DQ 9LFHQWH -XQtQ +XDUyQ 3DVFR 6DQ &ULVWyEDO -XQtQ 5DXUD 3DVFR &D UDKXDUD-XQtQ$WRFRFKD3DVFR+XDUyQ3DVFR6DQWDQGHU/LPD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA /RVPD\RUHVSURGXFWRUHVPXQGLDOHVGH]LQFVRQ&KLQD$XVWUDOLD&DQDGi 3HU~\((88 H 2UR6XDSOLFDFLyQHVODHODERUDFLyQGHMR\DVPHGDOODVPRQHGDVGHFROHFFLyQ \ FRPRUHVSDOGRHFRQyPLFRDODVPRQHGDVGHSDSHOUHVHUYDV /RVSULQFLSDOHV\DFLPLHQWRVDXUtIHURVGHO3HU~VRQ<DQDFRFKD&DMDPDUFD /DEHULQWR 0DGUH GH 'LRV 6DQ $QWRQLR GH SRWR 3XQR $QWDPLQD $QFDVK 3LHULQD $QFDVK 3DUFR\ /D OLEHUWDG %XOGLEX\R /D /LEHUWDG &HUUR &RUQRD $UHTXLSD 3D~FDU $UHTXLSD 1DWRPDV$UHTXLSD/DHVWUHOOD /D /LEHUWDG 3DWD]/D/LEHUWDG5LQFRQDGD3XQR6DUDPDUFD,FD5HWDPDV3XQR0DU VD/D/LEHUWDGHWF /RVPD\RUHVSURGXFWRUHVPXQGLDOHVGHRURVRQ5HS~EOLFDVXGDIULFDQD((88 $XVWUDOLD&KLQD\&DQDGi I 3ODWD6XDSOLFDFLyQHVHQODIDEULFDFLyQGHMR\DVPRQHGDVPHGDOODV HQWUHRWURV /RVSULQFLSDOHV\DFLPLHQWRVDUJHQWtIHURVHQHO3HU~VRQ&DVDSDOFD/LPD &HUURGH3DVFR3DVFR-XOFDQL+XDQFDYHOLFD$UFDWD$UHTXLSD0LOSR 3DVFR0RURFRFKD-XQtQ6DQ9LFHQWH-XQtQ+XDUyQ 3DVFR 6DQ &ULVWy EDO -XQtQ 5DXUD 3DVFR %XHQDYHQWXUD+XDQFDYHOLFD&D\OORPD$UHTXLSD HWF /D SODWDXQ PHWDO EODQFR \ EODQGR HQ HVWDGRSXURVXHOH GDUVH HQ ODQDWXUDOH ]DDVRFLDGRFRQRWUDVPHQDVGHPHWDOHV/DPD\RUtDGHODSODWDTXHVHRE WLHQHKR\VHH[WUDHFRQMXQWDPHQWHFRQSORPR\FREUHFRPR XQ VXESURGXFWR /DV PLQDV GH .RQVEHUJ HQ 1RUXHJD VRQFpOHEUHVSRUVXVHVSHFLPHQHVGH DODPEUHVGHSODWDSXUD /RVPD\RUHVSURGXFWRUHVGHSODWDHQHOPXQGRVRQ0p[LFR3HU~((88 $XVWUDOLD\&KLOH 3ULQFLSDOHVPLQHUDOHVHQHUJpWLFRV D 3HWUyOHR6XRULJHQVHDWULEX\HDODWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHUHVWRVGHVXVWDQ FLDVRUJiQLFDVIyVLOHV(V XQOtTXLGRROHRVRELWXPLQRVR GHRULJHQQDWXUDO FRPSXHVWRSRUGLIHUHQWHVVXVWDQFLDVRUJiQLFDV7DPELpQUHFLEHORVQRP EUHVGHSHWUyOHRFUXGRFUXGRSHWUROtIHURRVLPSOHPHQWH³FUXGR´ 6H HQFXHQWUD HQ JUDQGHV FDQWLGDGHV EDMR OD VXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUH \ VHHPSOHD FRPR FRPEXVWLEOH \ PDWHULD SULPD SDUD OD LQGXVWULD TXtPLFD/DV VRFLHGDGHV LQGXVWULDOHVPRGHUQDVORXWLOL]DQVREUHWRGRSDUDORJUDU XQJUDGR GH PRYLOL GDGSRU WLHUUD PDU\ DLUH LPSHQVDEOH KDFHVyORDxRV$GHPiVHOSHWUyOHR \ VXV GHULYDGRV VH HPSOHDQ SDUDIDEULFDU PHGLFLQDV IHUWLOL]DQWHV SURGXFWRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA DOLPHQWLFLRVREMHWRVGHSOiVWLFRPDWHULDOHVGHFRQVWUXFFLyQSLQWXUDV\WH[WLOHV \ SDUDJHQHUDUHOHFWULFLGDG • <DFLPLHQWRV /RVSULQFLSDOHV\DFLPLHQWRVGHHVWHPLQHUDOHQHOWHUULWRULR SHUXDQRVRQ • &RVWD 7XPEHV3LXUD\]yFDORFRQWLQHQWDOGHOQRUHVWHSHUXDQR • 6LHUUD FXHQFDGHOODJR7LWLFDFD • 6HOYD DJXDVFDOLHQWHV&DSLURQDWURPSHWHURV3DYD\DFX7XQFKHSOD \D3DXMLO9DOHQFLD1XHYDHVSHUDQ]D\3ODQWD\DFX • /RUHWR • 5HILQHUtDV 7DODUD 3LXUD HV OD PDV DQWLJXD 3DPSLOOD /LPD OD PiV JUDQGH&RQFKiQ/LPD,TXLWRV/RUHWR\3XFDOOSD • 7UDQVSRUWH 6HOYD DPD]yQLFD 3DUD HO WUDQVSRUWH GHO SHWUyOHR GHODVHOYD DPD]yQLFDVHFRQVWUX\yGXUDQWHHOJRELHUQRUHYROXFLRQDULRGH-XDQ9HODVFR $OYDUDGRHO³2OHRGXFWR1RUSHUXDQR´TXHSDUWHGHODORFDOLGDGGHVDQ -RVpGH6DUDPXUR6LJXHHOFXUVRGHOUtR0DUDxyQDWUDYLHVDORVSRQJRVGH 0DQVHULFKH \ 5HQWHPD HO 3DVR GH 3RUFXOOD FUX]D HO GHVLHUWR GH6HFKXUD KDVWDOOHJDUD%D\yYDU3LXUD 'HVGH DPERV SXQWRVH[WUHPRV HO ROHR GXFWRWLHQHXQDH[WHQVLyQGH.PSHURSRVHH GRV UDPDOHV HO GH &DSDKXDUL UDPDO 1RUWH\ HO UDPDO GHFRUULHQWHVTXHSDUWHGH3DYD\DFX FRQORVTXHODORQJLWXGGHOROHRGXFWRDOFDQ]DUtDORV.P • ([SORWDFLyQSHWUROHUD (OSHWUyOHRHVHOPLQHUDOFRPEXVWLEOHOtTXLGRGH PD\RU LPSRUWDQFLD SDUD HO KRPEUH HQ HO PXQGR DFWXDOHVXQFRPSXHVWR GHKLGUyJHQR\FDUERQRHQSURSRUFLRQHVYDULDGDV • 'HULYDGRV 6H WLHQH OD JDVROLQD SHWUyOHR NHURVHQH GRPpVWLFR R LQGXV WULDO DFHLWHV SDUD PRWRUHV JUDVDV OXEULFDQWHV DVIDOWRVEHQFLQDYDVH OLQDSDUDILQDHWF3URGXFWRVLQGXVWULDOHV,QVHFWLFLGDVGLVROYHQWHVSOiVWLFRV DLVODQWHVIHUWLOL]DQWHVILEUDVVLQWpWLFDVHWF E *DVQDWXUDO(VXQFRPEXVWLEOHIyVLOIRUPDGRSRUXQFRQMXQWRGHKLGURFDU EXURVTXHHQFRQGLFLRQHVGHUHVHUYRULRVHHQFXHQWUDHQHVWDGR JDVHRVR R HQ GLVROXFLyQ FRQ HO SHWUyOHR \ FRPR ³JDV QDWXUDOQRDVRFLDGR´FXDQGRQRHVWi DFRPSDxDGRGHSHWUyOHR (OiUHDGHPD\RUUHVHUYDGHOJDVQDWXUDOHQHO3HU~HVHO\DFLPLHQWRGH &DPL VHD &XVFR TXH LQLFLy VX IDVH GH H[SORWDFLyQ HO DxR 2WURV\DFLPLHQWRV JDVtIHURVVRQ6HSDKXD0DGUHGH'LRV7DODUD3LXUD\$JXD\WtD8FD\DOL /RV PD\RUHV SURGXFWRUHVGH JDV QDWXUDOHQ HO PXQGRVRQ 5XVLD&DQDGi 5HLQR8QLGR$UJHOLD - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 F &DUEyQPLQHUDO7DPELpQOODPDGRFDUEyQGHSLHGUDRKXOOD6XVDSOLFDFLR QHV VRQ HQ ODV LQGXVWULDV VLGHU~UJLFD SHWURTXtPLFD H[SORVLYRV FRORUDQWHV LQ VHFWLFLGDVSOiVWLFRVHWF 7LSRV6HGLVWLQJXHQFXDWURWLSRV 7XUED FDUEyQHQIRUPDFLyQ /LJQLWR FDUEyQUHFLHQWHPHQWHIRUPDGR +XOOD HOPiVDEXQGDQWHHQHOPXQGR $QWUDFLWD PiVDQWLJXR\GHDOWRUHQGLPLHQWR 7,326 • &$5$&7(5Ì67,&$ &$3$&,'$' &$/25Ì),&$ ( V H O P H Q R V W U D Q V I R U P D G R \ F • X U E D • H • 6 W W R • • D H D ( F QL Q V LF V J R S W D LH F R V Q W R H Y H J J UD H Q WD F OH V D Q Q W LG R D F G D G UE H R Q • • L I /L P U 7 R & & ( I V V R G V R UP P O R V D H Q ] R Q D V S D Q W D W Q R 3 R ( V E 3 R ( V 6 H 6 H F U H D V H R Q S F R D G UE H U R Q F R D OR U t I LF R U t I LF R H Q Y Q R R i U Q V H S H V D J U V W U UG D y X R OLG F W R F R X R U D Q T H P X OH J S H x UR D F R OD VD X U E D W D \ G H • • • • • 0 E F i U H D X V T X V V H R D H Q S H Q P H F R D Q U D G UE H MR V LT U \ H Q F H LQ X R U K F R D t OR D X P LG D R F D U E + XOO D • & W • • $ Q W U D FL W D X D LJ / H Q V L LR OD E V P U Q Y D LOOR R H G V J R H H F E W D D H OH UE Q V y F X H Q G H W UD Q Y H V • $ V G X UD F R P S D F W D S \ L H G G H UD F • R U LOOD Q WH OR U OW R R S \ R G H H U OH F P D H OR U Q t I W R LF V R R Oi W LOH V V 0 i R V Q R H Q \ S U LT H X OH H F P LG H D Q W R V H Y Q R 0 D \ R U R G H U F D O R U t I LF R <DFLPLHQWRV/RVSULQFLSDOHV\DFLPLHQWRVFDUERQtIHURVGHO3HU~VRQ 35,1&,3$/(6<$&,0,(1726 • *R\OODULVTXL]JD3DV FR • &XHQFDGHOUtR6DQWD $QFDVK • 2\yQ/LPD • +DWXQKXDVL-XQtQ • &XHQFDGHOUtR &KLFDPD/D/LEHU WDG • &DUXPDV0RTXHJXD - - • 3DUXUR\/LYLWDFD &XVFR • /LUFD\+XDQFDYHOLFD • 3DOFD7DFQD • <DQDFDQFKD&DMD PDUFD • 4XHURSDOFD+XDQXFR F Oi • E Q Q E ( R D W U LOH 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA /RV FLQFR PD\RUHV SURGXFWRUHV GH FDUEyQ PLQHUDO HQ HO PXQGR VRQ &KLQD ((88,QGLD$XVWUDOLD\5XVLD ,PSRUWDQFLDGHODPLQHUtD • (VODSULQFLSDOIXHQWHGHGLYLVDVFRPRSURPHGLRSURGXFWRGH QXHVWUDVH[SRUWDFLRQHVGHPLQHUDOHV • (VODDFWLYLGDGTXHFDSWDPD\RUHVLQYHUVLRQHVH[WUDQMHUDVVREUHWRGRSRU ODWHFQRORJtDDHPSOHDUVHSDUDODH[WUDFFLyQGHORVPLQHUDOHV • (VIXHQWHRFXSDFLRQDOGHJUDQLPSRUWDQFLDHQWUHORVDOWDPHQWHFD OLILFDGRVSURIHVLRQDOHVSHUVRQDOHVSHFLDOL]DGR\WUDEDMDGRUHVQRFDOLIL FDGRV DSDUWH GH VHU XQD HVSHUDQ]D SDUD GHVRFXSDGRV \HVWX GLDQWHV • &RQWULEX\H DO GHVDUUROOR LQWHJUDO SRU OD LQVWDODFLyQ GH QXPHURVDV REUDV FRPSOHPHQWDULDV TXH UHTXLHUH XWLOL]DUKLGURHOpFWULFDVFDUUHWHUDVIH UURFDUULOHVYLYLHQGDVPRGHUQDVFHQWURVHGXFDWLYRVKRVSLWDOHVPHU FDGRV • 3URPXHYH HO GHVDUUROOR GH RWUDV DFWLYLGDGHV HFRQyPLFDV WUDQVSRUWH FRPHUFLRDJULFXOWXUDJDQDGHUtDDUWHVDQtDVHUYLFLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLRQHV • \ GHUHFUHDFLyQDVtFRPRODVREUDVFRPSOHPHQWDULDVFRPR FRQFHQWUDGRUDVIXQGLFLRQHVUHILQHUtDVHWF • 6HKDFRQYHUWLGRHQXQRGHORVUXEURVIXQGDPHQWDOHVGHODHFRQRPtDSH UXDQD WDQWR SRU FRQVWLWXLU XQD DOWHUQDWLYD H[FHOHQWH SDUD OD FDSWDFLyQGHGL YLVDVFRPRSRUSUHVHQWDUXQDIXHQWHGHWUDEDMR\VXEVLVWHQFLDSDUDPLOHVGH SHUXDQRV\VXVIDPLOLDV/DPLQHUtDVHGLYLGHHQPLQHUtDGHPHWiOLFRV KLHUUR RUR SODWD ]LQF FREUH GH QR PHWiOLFRV SLHGUD \HVRD]XIUHHWF\ GHFRPEXVWLEOHVSHWUyOHR\JDV 3(6&$ (V XQD GH ODV DFWLYLGDGHV HFRQyPLFDV PiV DQWLJXDV GHO KRPEUH SRU OR TXHDSUR YHFKD ORV UHFXUVRV LFWLROyJLFRV GH ORV PDUHV UtRV \ ODJRV HPSOHiQGRORV GLUHFWD PHQWH HQ OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ R FRPR PDWHULD SULPD HQ OD HODERUDFLyQ GHORVGLYHUVRV SURGXFWRVGHULYDGRV (QQXHVWURSDtVHOGHHVWRVUHFXUVRVVHREWLHQHQGHOPDUSHUXDQRULFRSRU OD PLQHUDOL]DFLyQ GH VXV DJXDV \ OR GHPiV GH ODJRV UtRV \ FRFKDV GHOLQWHULRUGHO SDtV $ SDUWLU GH ORV DxRV GHO VLJOR SDVDGR OD SHVFD WXYR XQ JUDQ GHVDUUROOR SRU OD GHPDQGDH[WUDQMHUDHQODLQGXVWULDFRQVHUYHUD\OXHJRHQODLQGXVWULDKDULQHUD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA /D H[WUDFFLyQ GHO SHVFDGR GHVWLQDGR D OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ HV VyOR XQD SHTXHxDSDUWH GHO YROXPHQ WRWDOGHSHVFD 3RUHVR SRUODLQWHQVLGDGRYROXPHQ GHSHVFD\OD LQYHUVLyQGHFDSLWDOVHFRQRFHQGRVWLSRV D /DSHVFDDUWHVDQDO3UDFWLFDGDSRUORVSHVFDGRUHVGHQXHVWUROLWRUDOXWLOL ]DQGRHPEDUFDFLRQHVSULPLWLYDV\ GHUHGXFLGDVGLPHQVLRQHVFRPRORVFDEDOOL WRVGHWRWRUDHQHO1RUWHODVFKDODQDV\ERWHVDUHPRDYHODRLPSXOVDGRVSRU SHTXHxRVPRWRUHV 8WLOL]DQLQVWUXPHQWRVSHVTXHURVGHSRFRDOFDQFHFRPRFRUGHOHVFRQDQ]XH ORVUHGHVDJDOOHUDVDWDUUD\DVHVSLQHOHV\FKLQFKRUURV3HVFDQHQODQRFKH SDUDUHJUHVDUDORVSXHUWRVSRUODPDxDQD E /DSHVFDHPSUHVDULDO/DUHDOL]DQHPSUHVDVSHVTXHUDVQDFLRQDOHV\H[ WUDQMHUDVTXHLQYLHUWHQJUDQGHVFDSLWDOHV\HPEDUFDFLRQHVJUDQGHVPRGHU QDV\PX\ELHQHTXLSDGDVEROLFKHUDVEDUFRVIDFWRUtDV/RVHTXLSRVTXH XWLOL]DQVRQSURGXFWRGHODDOWDWHFQRORJtDFRPRUHGHVGHHQFLHUUHHTXLSRV DEVRUEHQWHVFiPDUDVGHUHIULJHUDFLyQ\SODQWDVGHEHQHILFLR 7LHQHQVXVEDVHVHQPRGHUQRVFRPSOHMRVWHUPLQDOHV\IULJRUtILFRVSHV TXHURV]RQDOHVHQORV SULQFLSDOHV SXHUWRVGHOSDtVDORVTXHUHWRUQDQGHVSXpV GHYDULRVGtDVGHRSHUDFLRQHVHQDOWDPDU (QODVSULQFLSDOHVFLXGDGHVWDPELpQWLHQHQWHUPLQDOHVSHVTXHURVUHIUL JHUDGRV GRQGH VH FRQVHUYD \ GLVWULEX\H HO SHVFDGR SDUD HO FRQVXPRKXPDQR GLUHFWR $VSHFWRVFRPSOHPHQWDULRV D $FWLYLGDGH[WUDFWLYD 'HVDUUROODGD HQ HO PDU SHUXDQR ODJRV \ UtRV GHQXHVWUR SDtV E ,QGXVWULDOL]DFLyQ 6HFR FRQJHODGR IUHVFR FRQVHUYDV DFHLWHV \ KDULQDV GH SHVFDGR F 3ULQFLSDOHVSXHUWRV &KLPERWH&DOODR3LVFR3DLWD,OR0DWDUDQL\0ROOHQ GR G &RPSOHMRVLQGXVWULDOHV &KLPERWH3LVFR3DLWD6DQ-RVp&DOODR7DODUD 3LPHQWHO H 3ULQFLSDOHVSHFHV (QWUHODVHVSHFLHVGHSHVFDGRGHVWLQDGRDOFRQ VXPR KXPDQR GLUHFWR ILJXUDQ OD &RUYLQD MXUHO FRMLQRYD ERQLWRFDEDOOD DQFKRYHWDSHMHUUH\VDUGLQDHWF - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 7$/$ • 3URFHVRSRUHOTXHVHH[WUDHORVUHFXUVRVGHIORUDGHORViUEROHV(O KRPEUH OH GD XQD XWLOL]DFLyQ GLYHUVD FRPR XVR GH PDGHUD \ VXV GHULYDGRVPXHEOHV HQ JHQHUDO SDSHO SXHUWDV HWF (O 3HU~ HVXQRGHORV SDtVHVTXHPHQRUXVRKDFHGHVXVUHFXUVRVIRUHVWDOHV • (Q OD FRVWD HV /DPED\HTXH OD SULQFLSDO IXHQWH GH DOJDUURER XVDGD SDUD OHxDFDUEyQ\VHSURFHVDSDSHO\FDUWyQ • (QODVLHUUDVRORVHXWLOL]DOD PDGHUDGHORVERVTXHVGHHXFDOLSWR([LVWHHO SUR\HFWR6LHUUD9HUGH • (VVLQGXGDHQODVHOYDTXHWHQHPRVODPD\RUSURGXFFLyQGHPDGHUD • FRPRHOFHGURHOWRUQLOORFDRED $*5,&8/785$ (V OD DFWLYLGDG HFRQyPLFD TXH FRQVLVWH HQ FXOWLYDU OD WLHUUD KDFLHQGR XVR GHDER QRV\ SULQFLSDOPHQWH DJXD SDUD REWHQHU ORV SURGXFWRVDOLPHQWLFLRV TXHUHTXLHUH HO KRPEUH SDUD VXEVLVWLU 5HSUHVHQWD XQR GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV UXEURVGHODHFRQRPtD SHUXDQD\RFXSDJUDQGHVQLYHOHVGHPDQRGHREUD &DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODDJULFXOWXUD D (QODFRVWD • (VHOVHFWRUSHUXDQRPiVSHTXHxRHQVXSHUILFLHVLQHPEDUJRODDJULFXO WXUD HVWi QRWDEOHPHQWH GHVDUUROODGD VLHQGR HO UHQGLPLHQWR SRU +HFWiUHD HO PiVDOWRHVWRVHYHIDYRUHFLGRSRUTXHORVWHUUHQRVVRQSODQRV • 3UHGRPLQD OD DJULFXOWXUD LQWHQVLYD PHFDQL]DGD SRU HO XVR LQWHQVLYRGHOD PDTXLQDULDDJUtFRODORTXHGHWHUPLQDDVXYH]XQDJUDQSURGXFFLyQ VHXWLOL]DQDERQRVSHVWLFLGDVDSRUWHWpFQLFRGHDJUyQRPRVHOFXO WLYRHVLQWHQVLYRiUHDVUHGXFLGDVVHHPSOHDQIXHUWHVFDSLWDOHV\VHXWLOL ]DQVHPLOODVPHMRUDGDV • 6H FXOWLYDQ SURGXFWRV LQGXVWULDOHV FRPR DOJRGyQ \ FDxD GH D]~FDU GH DOWR YDORUHFRQyPLFR\VLUYHSDUDH[SRUWDUDGHPiVGHHVSiUUDJRV\DUUR] • &RQ OD LUULJDFLyQ GH ODV SDPSDV VH KD DPSOLDGR HO GHVDUUROOR DJUtFROD HQ JUDQPHGLGDSRUHMHPSOR0DMHV\&KDYLPRFKLF - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA E (QODVLHUUD • $ SHVDU GH WHQHU VXHORV PX\ IpUWLOHV QR KD DOFDQ]DGR QRWDEOHGHVD UUROOR • 3UHGRPLQDODDJULFXOWXUDH[WHQVLYD\DTXHHQODPD\RUtDGHiUHDVGHFXOWLYR VH HPSOHDQ WRGDYtD PpWRGRV WUDGLFLRQDOHV FRPR OD \XQWD \ ODFKDTXLWDFOOD QR VH HPSOHDQ DERQRV VDOYR ORV H[FUHPHQWRV GH RYLQRV YDFXQRV DXTXpQLGRV QR VH FXHQWD FRQ DVLVWHQFLD DJUtFRODQLRULHQWDFLyQFLHQWtILFD QLWpFQLFDODVFRVHFKDVVRQDWDFDGDVSRUSODJDVVHTXtDVRKHODGDV • 6H FXOWLYDQ PD\RUPHQWH SURGXFWRV DOLPHQWLFLRV FRPR ODV SDSDVPDt] WULJRFHEDGDTXLQXDTXHWLHQHQXQEDMRYDORUHFRQyPLFR\TXHVHXWLOL]DQHQ PXFKRVFDVRVSDUDHODXWRFRQVXPR F(QODVHOYD • 6HFWRUPiVH[WHQVRGHO3HU~SHURSDUDGyMLFDPHQWHHOGHPHQRUSUR GXFFLyQ • (O FOLPD PX\ FiOLGR OOXYLRVR \ K~PHGR QR SHUPLWHQ XQ HILFD]GHVD UUROORGHODDJULFXOWXUDVREUHWRGRHQODVHOYDEDMD\DSHVDUGHVHU HO GH QXHVWUR WHUULWRULR VyOR VH FXOWLYDQ KHFWiUHDVVyORVHXWLOL]DQORV WDKXDPSDOHVHQODVULYHUDVGHORVUtRV • (QODVHOYDDOWDVLKD\ EXHQRVWHUUHQRVSDUDFXOWLYDUFDIpFRFDWpTXHVt WLHQHQXQJUDQYDORUHFRQyPLFR • /DVH[FHVLYDVOOXYLDVODWXSLGDYHJHWDFLyQLPSLGHHOGHVDUUROORGHODVWLHUUDV GHFXOWLYRODDEXQGDQFLDGHLQVHFWRVSURYRFDXQDVHULHGHHQIHUPHGD GHVFRQWRGRODVHOYDVLJXHVLHQGRHOHPSRULRIXWXURGHOSDtV 7LSRV D ,QWHQVLYD FXDQGRFXHQWDFRQWRGRVORVDGHODQWRVGHODFLHQFLD\WHFQRORJ tD VH GD PiV HQ OD FRVWD TXH HQ OD VLHUUD \ VHOYD 5HFXUUH DO HPSOHR GH DERQRV TXtPLFRV DJUyQRPRV PiTXLQDV WUDFWRUHVVLVWHPDVGHULHJRLQ VHFWLFLGDVKHUELFLGDV\VHOHFFLyQGHVHPLOODV E ([WHQVLYD(VODWUDGLFLRQDOFXHQWDVRORFRQODH[SHULHQFLDGHODJULFXOWRU DERQDQFRQHVWLpUFRODQLPDOGHSHQGHGHODVOOXYLDVVHFDQRVHYHIXHU WHPHQWHDIHFWDGDSRUVHTXtDVKHODGDVSODJDVQRXVDVHPLOODVPHMRUDGDVHV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODVLHUUD\VHOYDGHO3HU~ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 3ULQFLSDOHVFXOWLYRV D &RVWD DOJRGyQ WLSR SLPD \ WDQJXLV HQ 3LXUD H ,FD $UUR] VXSHULRU HQ&DPDQi \ HO1RUWHYDOOHVGH&KDQFD\\-HTXHWHSHTXH&DxDGHD]~FDU YDOOHV GH &KLFDPD \ &KDQFD\ FHQWUR GH /LPD \ 6XU GHO YDOOHGH 7DPER &KXFDUDSL HQ $UHTXLSD /D PHMRU D]~FDU VH H[SRUWD 6XVGHULYDGRVFRPRODPHOD]DD]~FDU UXELDDOFRKROSDSHO2WURVFXOWLYRVSDOODUHVIULMROHVFDODED]DVIUXWDOHVDMtPDt] IRUUDMHURHWF E 6LHUUD0Dt]WULJR\FHEDGDWDPELpQSDSD\VXVGHULYDGRVFRPRFKXxR \ WXQWD<TXLQXDTXLZLFKDNDxLZXDRFDROOXFRWDUZLPDFDHWF F 6HOYD FRFD FDIp FDFDR Wp WDEDFRDUUR]\XFD \ JUDQ YDULHGDG GHIUXWDV 3ULQFLSDOHVFXOWLYRVGHODFRVWD D $UUR] (QHO3HU~VHFXOWLYDHQODFRVWD\HQODUHJLyQDPD]yQLFD/RVGHSDUWD PHQWRV SURGXFWRUHVGH DUUR] VRQ /LEHUWDG /DPED\HTXH7XPEHV3LXUD $QFDVK$UHTXLSDHQODFRVWD&DPDQiYDOOHGH7DPER$PD]RQDV\6DQ 0DUWtQHQOD$PD]RQtD (ODUUR]HVXQRGHORVFHUHDOHVPiVFXOWLYDGRV&DVLWRGDVODVHVSHFLHV H[LJHQXQVXHORPX\K~PHGRGXUDQWHODJUDQSDUWHGHODHVWDFLyQ GH FUHFL PLHQWR (ODUUR] VHFXOWLYD HQ $VLD ÈIULFD $PpULFDGHO6XU(VWDGRV8QLGRV (XURSDPHULGLRQDO\RWUDVUHJLRQHVGHOPXQGR E &DxDGHD]~FDU(QORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVSURGXFWRUHVGHFDxDGHD]~FDU\ GHULYDGRVDOFRKROFKDQFDFDPHOD]DSDSHOHWFVHHQFXHQWUDQORVOOD PDGRV³LQJHQLRVD]XFDUHURV´ORVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVVRQ 'HSDUWDPHQWR /D/LEHUWDG ,QJHQLRVD]XFDUHURV &DVDJUDQGH/DUHGR&DUWDYLR /DPED\HTXH 3RPDOFD7XPiQ3XFDOi\&D\DOWL $UHTXLSD 3DPSD%ODQFD\&KXFDUDSL /LPD $QFDVK 3DUDPRQJD\$QGDKXDVL 6DQ-DFLQWR /D FDxD GH D]~FDU VH FXOWLYD HQ ODV UHJLRQHV WURSLFDOHV \ VXEWURSLFDOHV GH WRGR HO PXQGR\HVLPSRUWDQWHIXHQWHGHD]~FDU - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA F $OJRGyQ (V HO SULQFLSDO FXOWLYR GH OD FRVWD 6H XWLOL]D HQ OD LQGXVWULDWH[WLO OD LQGXVWULDROHDJLQRVDDFHLWHVFRPHVWLEOHV\GHMDERQHV$GHPiVODFiVFD UDGHVXVHPLOODVHXWLOL]DHQODSUHSDUDFLyQGHDOLPHQWRSDUDJDQDGRYD FXQR (O DOJRGyQ SLPD VH FXOWLYD HQ HOGHSDUWDPHQWR GH 3LXUD PLHQWUDV TXHHODOJRGyQWDQJLVVHFXOWLYDHQORVGHSDUWDPHQWRVGH,FD\/LPD 3ULQFLSDOHVFXOWLYRVGHODUHJLyQDQGLQD D 3DSD (V XQD SODQWD RULJLQDULD GHO 3HU~ HV OD EDVH GH OD HFRQRPtD \ GH OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ GH OD SREODFLyQ DQGLQD 'H OD SDSD VH HODERUD HOFKXxRODPR UD\D\ODSDSDVHFDTXHOHGDQJUDQUHVLVWHQFLDGHFRQVHUYDFLyQ /RV GHSDUWDPHQWRV SURGXFWRUHV GH SDSD HQ HO 3HU~ VRQ 3XQR -XQtQ &XVFR $SXUtPDF$\DFXFKR$UHTXLSD+XiQXFR$QFDVK/D/LEHUWDG\/LPD/DSDWDWD R SDSDRULJLQDULDGHORVDQGHVSHUXDQRVVHFXOWLYDKR\HQODVUHJLRQHVWHP SODGDVGHWRGRHOPXQGR6HGHVWLQDDOFRQVXPRKXPDQRGLUHFWR\DODHOD ERUDFLyQGHODOFRKRO\DGKHVLYRV /RVPD\RUHVSURGXFWRUHVGHSDSDDQLYHOPXQGLDOVRQ5XVLD3RORQLD )UDQFLD$OHPDQLD(VWDGRV8QLGRV\HO5HLQR8QLGR E 0Dt] (O PDt] WLSR GXUR R DPDULOOR VH FXOWLYD HQ OD FRVWD /LPD HV HOPD\RU SURGXFWRU XWLOL]DGR HQ OD DOLPHQWDFLyQ GH DYHV PLHQWUDV TXH HO PDt] WLSR EODQGRVHFXOWLYDHQODUHJLyQDQGLQDGHVWLQDGDDODDOLPHQWDFLyQHOPHMRU PDt]EODQFRGHOPXQGRVHFXOWLYDHQHOYDOOHGH8UXEDPED&XVFR /RV PD\RUHV SURGXFWRUHV PXQGLDOHV GH PDt] HQ HO PXQGR VRQ ((88 &KLQD %UDVLO0p[LFR)UDQFLD\$UJHQWLQD F 4XLQXD 6X FRQVXPR GHVGH WHPSUDQD HGDG HV FRQVLGHUDGD FRPR XQD YDFXQDFRQWUDODGHVQXWULFLyQRXQD³LQPXQL]DFLyQFRQWUDHOKDPEUH´/RV SULQFLSDOHVGHSDUWDPHQWRVSURGXFWRUHVVRQ3XQR\&XVFR 3ULQFLSDOHVFXOWLYRVGHODUHJLyQDPD]yQLFD D &DIp(VXQFXOWLYRDOLPHQWLFLRHLQGXVWULDO6HKDOODGLIXQGLGRVXFXOWLYR HQWRGDODVHOYDDOWD/RVSULQFLSDOHVGHSDUWDPHQWRVSURGXFWRUHVVRQ -XQtQ &XVFR &DMDPDUFD +XiQXFR 6DQ 0DUWtQ $PD]RQDV \ 0DGUH GH 'LRV /RV PD\RUHV SURGXFWRUHV GH FDIp HQ HOPXQGRVRQ%UDVLO&RORPELD9H QH]XHOD(O6DOYDGRU\*XDWHPDOD E 7H (Q HO 3HU~ VX FXOWLYR VH KDOOD UHGXFLGR HQ ORV YDOOHV GH VHOYD DOWDGHORV GHSDUWDPHQWRVGHO&XVFR-XQtQ\+XiQXFR/RVWUHVWLSRVEiVLFRV GH Wp SURFHGHQ GH OD PLVPD HVSHFLH VH GLIHUHQFLDQ VyOR SRUHOWUDWDPLHQWRTXHUHFL - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA EHQ/DVKRMDVGHOWpQHJURTXHHODERUDQWRGRVORVSDtVHVSURGXFWRUHVVHVH FDQHQSDUWH\VHH[SULPHQDQWHVGHIHUPHQWDUODV\GHVHFDUODV/DVGHWp YHUGH VH WUDWDQ DO YDSRU VH WULWXUDQ \ VH VHFDQ /RV PD\RUHV SURGXFWRUHV PXQGLDOHVGHWpVRQ/D,QGLD&KLQDSRSXODU,QGRQHVLD-DSyQ\3DNLVWiQ F &RFD 6X FXOWLYR VH KDOOD GLIXQGLGR HQ WRGD OD VHOYD DOWD SXHV HV GHDOWD UHQ WDELOLGDG SDUD ORV FDPSHVLQRV (V XQ DOFDORLGH TXH WLHQH XVRDOLPHQWLFLRHLQ GXVWULDOIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHHQODLQGXVWULDIDUPDFpXWLFD/RV GHSDUWDPHQWRV SUR GXFWRUHV GH KRMD GH FRFD VRQ +XiQXFR 6DQ0DUWtQ&XVFR\3DVFR /DV KRMDV GH FRFD FRQWLHQHQ HO DOFDORLGH FRFDtQD \ RWURV FRPSXHVWRV SDUHFL GRV/DFRFDtQDDLVODGDHQHPSH]yDXWLOL]DUVHFRPRDQHVWpVLFRORFDO HQFLUXJtDPHQRU ,PSRUWDQFLD6XLPSRUWDQFLDUDGLFDSRUODVVLJXLHQWHVUD]RQHV D $ HVWDDFWLYLGDGVHGHGLFDXQDJUDQSDUWHGHODSREODFLyQHFRQyPL FDPHQWH DFWLYD GHO 3HU~ HO DXQTXH HVWH SRUFHQWDMH KDVXIULGR XQD JUDQ GLVPLQXFLyQ SRU HO DEDQGRQR GHO FDPSR SUREOHPDVGHSREUH]DH[WUHPDVHTX tD\WHUURULVPR E 3RUTXH HVWD DFWLYLGDG SURGXFH OD PD\RU FDQWLGDG GH DOLPHQWRV TXH VH FRQVX PHQHQ HOSDtVDXQTXH QRVHOOHJDD VDWLVIDFHUODGHPDQGDGHODFUHFLHQWHSR EODFLyQ F (VIXHQWHGHGLYLVDVGHELGRDODH[SRUWDFLyQGHORVSULQFLSDOHVSURGXFWRV FRPRHODOJRGyQFDxDGHD]~FDUFDIpHWF *$1$'(5Ì$ /DJDQDGHUtDHVXQDGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVPiVDQWLJXDVGHOKRPEUHTXHFRQ VLVWH HQ OD FUtD VHOHFFLyQ \ UHSURGXFFLyQ GH DOJXQDV HVSHFLHV GHDQLPDOHV FRPR YDFXQRV RYLQRV FDSULQRV HWF FRQ HO REMHWR GH DSURYHFKDUVXVSURGXFWRV\ GHULYDGRVHQODDOLPHQWDFLyQ\HQODVDFWLYLGDGHVDUWHVDQDOHV H LQGXVWULDOHV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 7LSRV *$1$'(5Ì$(;7(16,9$235,0,7,9$ • &RQIRUPDGDSRUHVSHFLHVGHEDMDFDOL GDGJHQpWLFDPXFKDVGHODVFXDOHV KDQ GHJHQHUDGRHQHVSHFLPHQHVFR QRFLGRVFRPR&ULROORV • 6HFDUDFWHUL]D • 3RUVXEDMDSURGXFFLyQR UHQGLPLHQWRHQ FDUQHOHFKHRODQD • 3RUTXHVHFUtDQDFDPSRDELHUWRRHQ JUDQGHViUHDV • 6HDOLPHQWDQHQEDVHDSDVWRVQDWXUDOHV HQODVSXQDVGHODVLHUUD\HQODVORPDV GHODFRVWD • &DUHFHQGHXQDDGHFXDGDRULHQWDFLyQ WpFQLFD\FLHQWtILFD • 3UHGRPLQDHQODUHJLyQDQGLQD\HQOD VHOYDEDMD GEOGRAFÍA *$1$'(5Ì$,17(16,9$2$9$1=$'$ • &RQIRUPDGDSRUHVSHFLHVVHOHFFLRQDGDV FX\DSURGXFFLyQ\PHMRUDPLHQWRJHQpWL FRVHUHDOL]DSRULQVHPLQDFLyQDUWLILFLDO • 6HFDUDFWHUL]D • 3RUVXODWRUHQGLPLHQWRHFRQyPLFR\HOH YDGDSURGXFWLYLGDGHQFDUQHOHFKHJUD VDVFXHURVRODQDV • 6HFUtDQHQHVSDFLRVUHGXFLGRVOODPD GRVHVWDEORVRJUDQMDV • 6HDOLPHQWDQGHIRUUDMHVGHFXOWLYRVRFRQ DOLPHQWRVEDODQFHDGRV • (QVXFULDQ]DHVLPSUHVFLQGLEOHODRULHQ WDFLyQWpFQLFD\FLHQWtILFDDFDUJRGHSHU VRQDORSURIHVLRQDOHVSHFLDOL]DGRDSDUWH GHODIXHUWHLQYHUVLyQGHFDSLWDO • 3UHGRPLQDHQOD&RVWD\HQDOJXQRVFHQ WURVJDQDGHURVGHODUHJLyQDQGLQD\ VHOYiWLFD &DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODJDQDGHUtDGHODFRVWD • 6HGHVDUUROODPD\RUPHQWHODJDQDGHUtDLQWHQVLYDRDYDQ]DGDGHV WDFDQGRODGHYDFXQRVGHODVUD]DV+ROVWHLQ\%URZQ6ZLVVRSDUGR VXL]RGHDOWDSURGXFFLyQHQFDUQH\OHFKHHQFXDQWRDSRUFLQRVGHVWDFD OD FULDQ]D PDVLYD GH ODV UD]DV <RUNVKLUH GXURFMHUVH\ ODQGUDVVH \ HO KDPSVKLUH • (QHOiUHDJDQDGHUDGHO6XUIRUPDGDSRUODVORPDVGH$UHTXLSD\0R TXHJXDSURGXFWRGHDEXQGDQWHVOOXYLDVWHPSRUDOHVTXHKDFHQFUHFHU KLHUEDVIRUUDMHUDVGHYDULDVFODVHVVHLQYHUQDJDQDGRRYLQRYDFXQRFULR OORFDSULQR\RWUDV • (QORVERVTXHFLOORVGHDOJDUURERV\KXDUDQJRVHQWUH/DPED\HTXH3LXUD \ 7XPEHVVHFUtDQFDEDOORVPXODVFDEUDVHWF • (QODVKDFLHQGDVPHGLDQD\SHTXHxDSURSLHGDGGHORVYDOOHVFRVWH xRVVHFUtDJDQDGRYDFXQRRYLQR\RWURVGHVWLQDGRVDOFRQVXPRGHOHFKH\ FDUQHGHODVFLXGDGHV\SDUDHODXWRFRQVXPR • /DDYLFXOWXUDRFULDQ]DGHSROORV\JDOOLQDVGHVWDFDSRUVXHQRUPHLPSRU WDQFLDGHVXFRQVXPRHQVXV~OWLPRVWLHPSRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA &DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODJDQDGHUtDHQODVLHUUD • 6HSUDFWLFDPD\RUPHQWHODJDQDGHUtDH[WHQVLYDRWUDGLFLRQDOHQEDVH • D JDQDGR RYLQR YDFXQR FDSULQR \ DXTXpQLGRV TXH VH DOLPHQWDQ GHOLFKX HQODVDOWDVPHVHWDVDQGLQDVRiUHDVJDQDGHUDV • /D FULDQ]D GH DXTXpQLGRV HQ ODV DOWDV SXQDV WLHQH RULHQWDFLyQ WpFQLFDSDUD PHMRUDUODSURGXFFLyQGHFDUQH\ODQD • 6HGHEHFRQVLGHUDUHOSURJUHVLYRFDPELRGHODFUtDDUWHVDQDODODHP SUHVDULDOGHOFX\WDQWRHQODVLHUUDFRPRHQODFRVWD &DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODJDQDGHUtDHQODVHOYD • *HRJUiILFDPHQWHVHDSURYHFKDORVVXHORV\FOLPDWURSLFDOGHODVHOYDDOWD • (QIRUPDLQWHQVLYDVHFUtDHOJDQDGRYDFXQRFHE~GHOTXHVHDSURYH FKD FDUQH OHFKH FXHURV HWFSDUD HO FRQVXPR GH HVD UHJLyQ6H HVWi PH MRUDQGR VX FDOLGDG \ SURGXFWLYLGDG PHGLDQWH HO FUXFH FRQ OD UD]D %URZQ 6ZLVV *DQDGRYDFXQR D (QODFRVWDHVWiFRQIRUPDGDSRUUD]DVVHOHFFLRQDGDV+ROVWHLQ\%URZQ 6ZLVVGHDOWDFDOLGDGJHQpWLFD\SURGXFWLYLGDGHQOHFKH\FDUQH E (QODUHJLyQDQGLQD DH[FHSFLyQGHORVYDOOHVGH&DMDPDUFD\$UHTXLSD VHFUtDJDQDGRYDFXQRFULROORHVGHFLUGHEDMDFDOLGDGJHQpWLFD\SRFRV SURGXFWLYRV F (QODUHJLyQDPD]yQLFDVHFUtDQODVHVSHFLHVGH&HE~\$PD]RQDVFUXFHGHO FHE~GHODUD]D1HOORUH\%URZQ6ZLVVTXHWLHQHQJUDQSURGXFWLYLGDGGHFDU QH\OHFKH 5D]D%UDKPDQ/D%UDKPDQHVXQDVHULHGHUD]DVFULDGDVGHIRUPDVHOHFWLYD SDUD OD SURGXFFLyQ GH FDUQH GH DOWD FDOLGDG )XH GRPHVWLFDGD LQLFLDOPHQWH HQ ,QGLDDODYH]TXHRWUDVUD]DVHQ(XURSDKDFHXQRDxRV/RVGDWRVKLVWyUL FRVUHYHODQTXHHVWDVYDFDVVHFULDEDQSRUVXOHFKHSDUDVDFULILFLRVUHOLJLRVRV\ SDUDHOGHSRUWH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 5$=$6'(67,1$'$6$/$352'8&&,Ð1'(&$51( 6KRUWRQ 6KRUWRQDFRUQH *DOORZD\ 2ULJLQDULDGH*UDQ%UHWDxD 'HULYDFLyQGHO6KRUWRQHVHOPiVDOWRSHURPHQRV FDUQRVR 2ULJLQDULRGH(VFRFLDHVGHSLHOPX\JUXHVD %UDKPDQR 2ULJLQDULRGHOD,QGLDWLHQHSLHOH[FHVLYDHQODJDUJDQ &HE~ WD\SDSDGDVXFRORUHVJULVURMR &KDURODLV 6DQWD *HUWUXGLV 6KRUWRQ /HFKHUD 3DUGDVXL]D 'HUHJLyQIUDQFpVWLHQHPXVFXODWXUDYROXPLQRVDVREUH WRGRHQHOORPR &UXFHGHOJDQDGR6KRUWRQ\%UDKPDQ 5$=$6'('2%/($37,78' 'HRULJHQLQJOpVGHVWLQDGDSDUDFDUQH\OHFKH 'HRULJHQVXL]R\PX\YROXPLQRVD 5$=$6'(67,1$'$6$/$352'8&&,Ð1'(/(&+( 'HRULJHQKRODQGpVHVODPiVSHVDGDGHODV +ROVWHLQ)ULHVLDQ OHFKHUDV -HUVH\ 3URGXFHOHFKHFRQDOWRFRQWHQLGRGHJUDVD *XHUQVH\ 7DPDxRPHGLDQR\FRQPDQFKDVEODQFDV *DQDGRGHJUDQWDPDxR\GHEXHQD %URZQ6ZLVV SURGXFFLyQOHFKHUD /RVVHLVSURGXFWRUHVPXQGLDOHVGHJDQDGRYDFXQRVVRQ((88&KLQD $UJHQWLQD5XVLD$XVWUDOLD ,PSRUWDQFLD /DJDQDGHUtDHVLPSRUWDQWHSRUTXHSURSRUFLRQDDOVHUKXPDQRDOLPHQWRVEiVL FRVFRPRODFDUQHOHFKHJUDVDV\RWURVSURGXFWRVGHULYDGRVDSDUWHGHPDWHULD V SULPDVSDUDDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVFRPRODDUWHVDQtD \ODLQGXVWULD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA ,1'8675,$ (VODDFWLYLGDGGHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVFRQYLHUWHORVUHFXU VRV TXH RIUHFH OD QDWXUDOH]D HQ PDWHULD SULPD R SURGXFWRV HODERUDGRV6DWLVIDFH ODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHDOLPHQWDFLyQYHVWLGR YLYLHQGD KHUUDPLHQWDVPDTXLQDULDVGH QXHVWUDSREODFLyQ 7LSRV D ,QGXVWULD GH HTXLSR R LQGXVWULD SHVDGD 3URYHH ORV LQVWUXPHQWRV \FRQGLFLR QHVSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHODLQGXVWULDOLJHUD\GHODVDFWLYLGDGHV HFRQyPLFDV$HVWHWLSRSHUWHQHFHQODLQGXVWULDVLGHU~UJLFDLQGXVWULD TXtPLFDSHVDGDIDEULFDFLyQGHPDTXLQDVKHUUDPLHQWDVHWF E ,QGXVWULD/LJHUD3URGXFHELHQHVGHXVR\GHFRQVXPRHMHPSOREHELGDV (V OD TXH SUHGRPLQD HQ HO 3HU~ D SHVDU GH FRQWDU FRQ ODVPDWHULDVSULPDV SDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHODLQGXVWULDSHVDGD 3ULQFLSDOHVLQGXVWULDVGHO3HU~ D ,QGXVWULD6LGHU~UJLFD3DUDSURGXFLUHODFHURHQEDVHDOKLHUURFDOL]D\ KXOODGDOLJDUDODLQGXVWULDPHWDOPHFiQLFD\ODIDEULFDFLyQGHGLYHUVDVPDTXL QDV E ,QGXVWULD PHWDO PHFiQLFD 3DUD IDEULFDU KHUUDPLHQWDV LPSOHPHQWRVGRPpVWL FRV PDTXLQDV SHTXHxDV \ PHGLDQDV SDUD OD DJULFXOWXUDPLQHUtDFRQV WUXFFLyQKDVWDORVFRPSOHMRVHTXLSRVGHWUDQVSRUWH\PDTXLQDULDSDUDODLQ GXVWULD F ,QGXVWULDWH[WLO(VODTXHPD\RUGHVDUUROORKDDOFDQ]DGR(QEDVHDODOJRGyQ ILEUDVVLQWpWLFDVODQD\VHKDFHGLYHUVDFDOLGDGGHWHODVWHMLGRV KLORV FRU GHOHV FLQWDV /D SURGXFFLyQ QDFLRQDO FXEUH ODVQHFHVLGDGHVGHOSDtV 'HVWDFDQ/LPDPHWURSROLWDQD$UHTXLSD\&XVFR G ,QGXVWULD GH SURGXFFLyQ TXtPLFD 3DUD SURGXFLU SURGXFWRV TXtPLFRV EiVLFRV ILEUDVWH[WLOHVVLQWpWLFDVSOiVWLFRVSLQWXUDVSURGXFWRVIDUPDFpXWLFRVMD ERQHVGHWHUJHQWHVHWF H ,QGXVWULDGHEHELGDV*DVHRVDVILGHRVJDOOHWDVSDQLILFDFLyQHQJHQHUDO OiFWHDVGHHODERUDFLyQGHD]~FDU I ,QGXVWULD GH PDWHULDOHV GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ FRPR FHPHQWR \HVR YLGULR PiUPROHVORVHWDVODGULOORVWHMDVHWHUQLW - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA &DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODLQGXVWULDQDFLRQDO D 6H SURGXFH IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH PDWHULDV SULPDV SDUD H[SRUWDUODV HMHPSOR /D PHWDOXUJLD E (VWDDOWDPHQWHFRQFHQWUDGDHQ/LPD\&DOODRSRUTXHDOOtHVWDODFXDUWD SDUWHGHSREODFLyQSHUXDQD\SRUTXHRIUHFHQPD\RUIDFLOLGDGSDUDOD LPSRUWDFLyQGHLQVXPRVH[WUDQMHURVPD\RUGLVSRQLELOLGDGGHLQIUDHVWUXFWX UDPD\RUPDQRGHREUDHVSHFLDOL]DGD\FHQWUDOL]DFLyQGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQILVFDO \ FUHGLWLFLD F 'HVWDFDQ HO VHFWRU PDQXIDFWXUHUR HQ OR UHIHUHQWH D DOLPHQWRV \EHELGDV OHFKHHYDSRUDGDILGHRVKDULQDFHUYH]DLQVXPRV\ELHQHVLQWHUPHGLRVFRPR FHPHQWRSLQWXUDHWFODLQGXVWULDWH[WLO\GHFRQIHFFLRQHV G (Q OR DJURSHFXDULR DUUR] SDSD D]~FDU DOJRGyQ DMR FHEROOD HWF H (Q OD PLQHUtDODH[WUDFFLyQGHFREUH]LQFSORPRHVWDxR I 6HHQIUHQWDXQDFULVLVSRUIDOWDGHLQYHUVLRQLVWDVQDFLRQDOHV\H[WUDQMH URV TXH GD OXJDU D DO GLVPLQXFLyQ GHO SRGHU DGTXLVLWLYRGHVRFXSDFLyQ FLHUUHGHIDEULFDV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 35$&7,&$ H/DIXHU]DHyOLFD\RFiUVWLFD 6RQ UHOLHYHV FRVWHxRV FRQ XQ JUDQ SRWHQFLDO DJUtFROD TXH FDUHFHQ GH (VXQDFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHODJDQDGHUtD DJXD \ HV DOOt GRQGH JHQHUDOPHQWH H[WHQVLYD VHFRQVWUX\HQODVLUULJDFLRQHV D&ULDQ]DHQLQFXEDGRUDV E,QVHPLQDFLyQDUWLILFLDO D 7DEOD]RV F$OWDSURGXFWLYLGDG E 9DOOHV F 3DPSDV G&RQVXPHSDVWRVQDWXUDOHV G 'HSUHVLRQHV H(PSOHDJDQDGRLPSRUWDGR H (VWULEDFLRQHV $FHUFD GH QXHVWUD PLQHUtD VHxDOH OR )RUPD HO UHOLHYH SUHGRPLQDQWH HQ FRUUHFWR7RTXHSDOD\&XDMRWH0D\RU SURGXFWRUGH&REUH<DQDFRFKDPD ODVHOYDEDMD D 3RQJRV \RUSURGXFWRUGH2UR0DUFRQDPD E 5HVWLQJDV \RU SURGXFWRU GH +LHUUR &DPLVHD F %DUUL]DOHV PD\RUUHVHUYDGH*DV/D2UR\DH[ G 7DKXDPSDV SORWDFLyQSROLPHWiOLFDV H %DUUDQFRV D9)999 E99))9 /D DJULFXOWXUD LQWHQVLYD VH FDUDFWHUL ]DSRU F9999) D 'HSHQGHQFLD GH OOXYLDV HVWDFLR G)9)9) QDULDV H9)99) E 3UHIHUHQFLD GH FXOWLYRV DXWyFWR QRV /RV ERVTXHV GH PDQJODUHV SDUWH GH QXHVWUD ULTXH]D IRUHVWDO VH F $OWDWHFQLILFDFLyQ\SURGXFWLYLGDG XELFDQHQ G $OWD YXOQHUDELOLGDG D ODV VHTXtDV D 3LXUD \ KHODGDV E /RUHWR H *UDQGLIXVLyQHQORV$QGHV F $PD]RQDV G 7XPEHV /RVYDOOHVLQWHUDQGLQRVVHKDQ H 0DGUHGH'LRV IRUPDGRSRU D /RV HIHFWRV PDJQpWLFRV \ RURJp 8QDGHODDOWHUQDWLYDVQRFRUUHVSRQ QLFRV GH D ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV GH OD JDQD E /D VHGLPHQWDFLyQ IOXYLDO \ DOX GHUtDHQODVLHUUD YLDO D 6HSUDFWLFDPD\RUPHQWHODJDQD F /DGHQXGDFLyQGHORV$QGHV GHUtDWUDGLFLRQDOHQEDVHDJDQD G /DHURVLyQ\VHGLPHQWDFLyQPDUL GR RYLQR YDFXQR FDSULQR \ DX QD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 TXpQLGRV TXH VH DOLPHQWDQ GHO LFKX HQ ODV DOWDV PHVHWDV DQGL QDVRiUHDVJDQDGHUDV E *HRJUiILFDPHQWH VH DSURYHFKD ORV VXHORV GH VXDYH SHQGLHQWH \ FOLPDWURSLFDO F 6H GD SUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWH HQ YDOOHV\PHVHWDV G &DUHFH GH DSR\R HFRQyPLFR \ WpFQLFR H /DPHVHWDGHO&ROODRDOEHUJD HOGHODVDSODFDVGHWRGRHO SDtV 6RQiUHDVGHVWLQDGDVDODSURWHFFLyQ GHIORUD\IDXQDVLOYHVWUHFRQ FDUiF WHUGHLQWDQJLELOLGDG D 5HVHUYD1DFLRQDO E 3DUTXH1DFLRQDO - - GEOGRAFÍA F =RQDV5HVHUYDGDV G =RQDVGH3URWHFFLyQ H 6DQWXDULRV1DFLRQDOHV (V HO 3DUTXH 1DFLRQDO DQXDOPHQWH PDVYLVLWDGRSRUORVWXULVWDV D &XWHUYR E 7LQJR0DUtD F +XDVFDUiQ G &DQGDPR H &HUURVGH$PRWDSH $FWXDOPHQWH HV HO SURGXFWR GH PD\RU H[SRUWDFLyQ HQ HO 3HU~ DHVSiUUDJRV E DOJRGyQ F &DxDGHD]~FDU G &DIp H PDFD 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA &$3,78/2,,,*(232/,7,&$< 25*$1,6026 ,17(51$&,21$/(6 6HFFLyQ *(232/Ë7,&$ &21&(3726%$6,&26'(/$*(232/,7,&$ &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRVGHODJHRSROtWLFD /DSDODEUD*HRSROtWLFDIXHXWLOL]DGDSRUSULPHUDYH]HQFRQODSXEOLFDFLyQGH OD REUD ´(O (VWDGR FRPR IRUPD GH 9LGDµ HVFULWD SRU 5XGROI .MHOOHQ SURIHVRU GH +LVWRULD \ &LHQFLDV 3ROtWLFDV GH OD8QLYHUVLGDG GH 8SVDOD 6XHFLD /D XVy SDUD GDU D HQWHQGHU ODLQIOXHQFLD GH OD *HRJUDItD HQ HO GHVDUUROOR GH ORV (VWDGRV 3DUWLHQGRGH HVWH VLJQLILFDGR HO SURIHVRU .MHOOHQ LQGLFy ³*HRSROtWLFD HV OD FLHQFLD TXH FRQFLEH DO (VWDGR FRPR XQ RUJDQLVPR JHRJUiILFR R FRPR XQ IHQyPHQR HQ HO HVSDFLR´ 6HJ~Q HVWH FRQFHSWR OD *HRJUDItD GHWHUPLQD OD IRUPD \ OD VLWXDFLyQ GHO (VWDGR GH PRGR TXH ORWHUULWRULDOLQIOX\DHQORSROtWL FR (VWD SXEOLFDFLyQ HQPDUFDGD GHQWUR GHO FDPSR GH OD FLHQFLD SROtWLFD PRWLYy XQ SURIXQGR LQWHUpV HQ HO iPELWR FLHQWtILFR SULQFLSDOPHQWH HQ $OHPDQLD $ SDUWLU GH HVWDREUDVHYDVLVWHPDWL]DQGRHOFRQFHSWRODWHRUtDORVREMHWLYRV\ODPHWRGRORJtD GHWUDEDMRGHODJHRSROtWLFD &RQFHSWRVPRGHUQRVGH*HRSROtWLFD\*HRJUDItD3ROtWLFD /D *HRSROtWLFDHVXQDGLVFLSOLQDTXHHVWXGLDODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOHVSDFLR \ OD FDSDFLGDG GHO HVWDGR SDUD DVHJXUDU OD LQWHJULGDGWHUULWRULDOVXGHVDUUROORLQWH JUDO\ODYLGDSROtWLFDWDQWRQDFLRQDOFRPRLQWHUQDFLRQDO (VODGRFWULQDTXHSHUPLWHTXHORVHVWDGRVXWLOLFHQVXiUHDJHRJUiILFDRWHUULWRULRGH ODPHMRUPDQHUDSRVLEOHDSURYHFKDQGRVXSRWHQFLDOKXPDQR\PDWHULDOSDUD DVtDGTXLULUSRGHU6HFRQVLGHUDODVSRVLFLRQHVJHRJUiILFDVFRPRHVWUDWpJLFDV ORTXHGHWHUPLQDODIRUPDFLyQGHEORTXHVGHSRGHUHFRQyPLFRSROtWLFR (Q QXHVWUR FDVR HO 3(5Ò HVWD GLVFLSOLQD QRV HQVHxD D DQDOL]DU ODHYROXFLyQ GH QXHVWURWHUULWRULR\ODQHFHVLGDGGHHYLWDUPiVSpUGLGDVWHUULWRULDOHVIRPHQWDQGRHO UHVJXDUGRGHQXHVWUDVREHUDQtD\HODGTXLULUFRQFLHQFLDQDFLRQDO 7HQHPRVODGHILQLFLyQGHOJHRSROtWLFRSHUXDQR*HQHUDO(GJDUGR 0HUFDGR-DUUtQ ³/D*HRSROtWLFDHVXQDFLHQFLDTXHDSR\DGDHQORV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA +HFKRV KLVWyULFRV JHRJUiILFRV VRFLROyJLFRV HVWUDWpJLFRV HFRQyPLFRV \ SROtWLFRV SDVDGRV \ SUHVHQWHV HVWXGLD HQ FRQMXQWR OD YLGD \ HO GHVDUUROOR GH XQ JUXSR KXPDQR RUJDQL]DGR HQ XQ HVSDFLRWHUUHVWUHDQDOL]DQGRVXVP~OWLSOHV\UHFtSURFDV LQIOXHQFLDV SDUD GHGXFLU VXV REMHWLYRV \ HVWXGLDU VXV SUR\HFFLRQHV FRQ HO ILQ GH ORJUDUXQPD\RUELHQHVWDU\VHJXULGDGSDUDOD1DFLyQ´ (V OD GLVFLSOLQD GH ODV FLHQFLDV SROtWLFDV TXH HVWXGLD OD LPSRUWDQFLDGHOHVSDFLR JHRJUiILFRHQHOGHVDUUROORGHXQHVWDGRRSDtV(OREMHWLYR HV VHxDODU DO JR EHUQDQWHDOSRGHUODIRUPDPiVDGHFXDGDGHPDQHMDUHOWHUULWRULRTXHSRVHHXQ (VWDGRHVGHFLUXQDPHMRUFRQGXFFLyQSROtWLFDSDUDHOWHUULWRULR (OREMHWLYRGHIRQGRGHOD*HRSROtWLFDHVHOKHFKRGHMXVWLILFDUODH[SDQVLyQ WHUULWRULDOGHORVHVWDGRVLPSHULDOLVWDVVREUHORVSXHEORVVXEGHVDUUROODGRV R GpEL OHVPLOLWDUPHQWH6HLQYHQWySDUDMXVWLILFDUODFDUUHUDDUPDPHQWLVWD\ODJXHUUD *HRJUDItD 3ROtWLFD (V XQD UDPD GH OD *HRJUDItD +XPDQD TXHHVWXGLD OD RUJDQL]DFLyQGHXQSXHEORVREUHXQGHWHUPLQDGRWHUULWRULRHVGHFLUODIRUPDFLyQ GHXQ(VWDGRVXXELFDFLyQVXVOtPLWHVRGHPDUFDFLyQ VX DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ \ VXVUHODFLRQHVFRQORVGHPiVHVWDGRV 5HODFLRQHV\GLIHUHQFLDV HQWUH OD*HRJUDItD 3ROtWLFD \*HRSROtWLFD $PEDVVRQUDPDVGHOD*HRJUDItDHQJHQHUDO6HRFXSDQGHORV(VWDGRV GH VXV IURQWHUDV GH VXV UHFXUVRV \ GH ODV UHODFLRQHV HQWUHHOORV(Q/DQWHQ VDFK HVWDEOHFLy TXH OD JHRSROtWLFD HUD GLQiPLFD \ OD JHRJUDItD SROtWLFD HUD HVWiWLFD /XHJR HQ 5LFKDUG +HQQLQJ VHxDOy TXH OD *HRJUDItD 3ROtWLFDHUDXQDHV SHFLHGHLQVWDQWiQHDIRWRJUDItDHVGHFLUXQDYLVWDILMDPLHQWUDVTXHOD*HRSROtWL FDHUDXQD HVSHFLHGHFLQWDFLQHPDWRJUiILFD (Q ORV ~OWLPRV DxRV VH KDQ OOHJDGR D HVWDEOHFHU FRQ PiV SUHFLVLyQODVGLIHUHQFLDV HQWUHDPEDVGLVFLSOLQDVODVFXDOHVVHSXHGHQUHVXPLUGHODVLJXLHQWHPDQHUD - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 *(2*5$)Ì$32/Ì7,&$ (VWXGLD OD VXSHUILFLH WHUUHVWUH GLYLGLGDHQQDFLRQHV (VWXGLDODYLGDGHFDGD JUXSRpWQLFRVRFLDOUHOLJLR VR SROtWLFR UHVSHWDQGR VXV SDUWLFXODULGDGHV &RQVLGHUDDORV(VWDGRV FRPR DOJR HVWiWLFR LQIOXHQ FLDGR SRU HO PHGLR JHRJUiIL FR *(232/Ì7,&$ (VWXGLDHOYDORUHVWUDWpJLFR\SRVLFLR QDOGHSDtVHVRFHQWURVGHSRGHU (VWXGLDODFRQIRUPDFLyQGHJUXSRVRSRORV GH SRGHU \ MXVWLILFD IRUPDV GH H[SDQVLyQ LPSHULDOLVWD &RQVLGHUDDORV(VWDGRVFRPRRUJDQLV PRVELROyJLFRV\GLQiPLFRVTXHFUHFHQ D~QDH[SHQVDVGHRWURV (VFLHQFLDGHVFULSWLYD (VXQDFLHQFLDDQDOtWLFDHLQWHUSUHWDWLYD (VWXGLDOD7LHUUDFRPRPR UDGD GHO KRPEUH \ HYROXFLyQ GHODVVRFLHGDGHVKXPDQDV HQUHODFLyQFRQVXWHUULWRULR (VWXGLD OD LQIOXHQFLD LQWHJUDO GH OD 7LHUUD VREUHODHYROXFLyQKXPDQD\ODLQIOXHQFLD KXPDQDVREUHHOGHVDUUROORGHOD7LHUUD (V XQD UDPD GH OD *HRJUDItD +XPDQD (VWXGLDDO(VWDGRFRPRXQ IHQPHQRGHODQDWXUDOH ]D VLWXDFLyQ H[WHQVLyQ IRUPD OtPLWHV GLYLVLyQ SROtWL (VVyORODLQYHVWLJDFLyQGH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV KXPDQR WH UUHVWUHV 3HUWHQHFHDOD&LHQFLD3ROtWLFD (VWXGLD DO(VWDGR FRPRXQ HQWHYLYR HQUHODFLyQFRQHOHVSDFLRTXHORURGHD \ ODVVLWXDFLRQHVSROtWLFDV\HFRQyPLFDV D UHVROYHU 6HSODQWHDHOHVWXGLRGHORVIDFWRUHV TXHGLQDPL]DQHOGHVDUUROORGHO(VWDGR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 35,1&,3$/(65(35(6(17$17(6'(/$*(232/Ì7,&$ )HGHULFR 5DW]HO *HyJUDIR DOHPiQ TXH HVFULELy XQD GHVWDFDGD REUD WLWXODGD ³*HRJUDItD 3ROtWLFD´ HQ OD TXH KDEOD GHO ³HVSDFLR YLWDO´ DILUPD TXH ORV KRPEUHV QHFHVLWDQ XQ HVSDFLR SDUD YLYLU \ FUHFHU 6L OHV IDOWD HVSDFLR HVWiQ FRQGHQDGRV D GHVDSDUHFHU LQGLYLGXDO \ FROHFWLYDPHQWH 6HJ~Q )HGHULFR 5DW]HOHOWHUULWRULRIRUMDUtDODFRQFLHQFLD\GHHVWDPDQHUDHOKRPEUHSRGUtD DSURYHFKDUORPHMRU 5XGROINMHOOHQ 4XLHQEDXWL]yOD*HRJUDItD3ROtWLFDGH5DW]HOFRQHOQRPEUH GH*HRSROtWLFD.MHOOpQDILUPDTXHHO(VWDGRHVFRPRXQRUJDQLVPRYLYRFX\R FXHUSRHVVXWHUULWRULRHOFRUD]yQODFDSLWDOODVDUWHULDV \ YHQDV HVWiQ UHSUHVHQWD GDV SRU ORV UtRV \ ODV H[WUHPLGDGHV VRQ ORV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV (O WHUPLQR ³*HR SROtWLFD´ IXH XWLOL]DGR SRUSULPHUD YH] SRU HVWH DXWRU VXHFR HQ VX REUD ³(O (VWDGR FRPRIRUPDGHYLGD´HQ +DOIRUG0DFNLQGHU,QJOpV TXH PDQLIHVWy TXH OD HUD GH ODVSRWHQFLDV WHUUHVWUHVVHKDOODEDQHQDVFHQVRSRUHQFLPDGHODHUDPDUtWLPD TXH OOHJDED D VXILQ/ODPyDORVRFpDQRVHQVXFRQMXQWR2FpDQR0XQGLDO\ DORVFRQWLQHQWHV (XURSD$VLD\ÈIULFD,VOD0XQGLDO FRQXQFRUD]yQRKHDUWODQGTXHVH H[WHQGtDGHVGH$OHPDQLDKDVWD5XVLD3RUWDOUD]yQ0DFNLQGHUDILUPDED • 4XLHQGRPLQDD(XURSD2ULHQWDOGRPLQDHO+HDUWODQG • 4XLHQGRPLQDHO+HDUWODQGGRPLQDODLVODPXQGLDO • 4XLHQGRPLQDODLVODPXQGLDOGRPLQDHOPXQGR (/(67$'2'(6'((/ 38172'( 9,67$*(232/Ì7,&2 (O(VWDGR HVXQHOHPHQWR GLQiPLFR TXH QDFHVHGHVDUUROOD \PXHUH(VWDGLQiPL FDHVWiHQIXQFLyQDVXSREODFLyQVXFODVHGLULJHQWH\ODVRUJDQL]DFLR QHV SROtWLFDV FRQGXFWRUDV GHO GHVWLQR GHO SDtV DSR\DGD HQ XQDEDVHHFRQyPLFD /DFODVHGLULJHQWH\ODSREODFLyQVRQODVHQFDUJDGDVGHGDUOHIXQFLRQDELOLGDGDO (VWDGR(O(VWDGRVHHQFXHQWUDOLJDGRDDOJXQRVHOHPHQWRVFRPRODJHRJUDItD SREODFLyQHFRQRPtD\HOJRELHUQRODPDQHUDFRPRpVWRVHOHPHQWRVVHLQWHUUHOD FLRQDQHVXQRGHORVREMHWLYRVGHODJHRSROtWLFD ',9,6,Ð1 /DJHRSROtWLFDHVXQDGLVFLSOLQDTXHFRQVROLGDHLQWHUUHODFLRQDHOFRQR FLPLHQWRGHODFLHQFLDDUWHILORVRItD\WHRORJtDDIDYRUGHODVHJXULGDG\GHVDUUROOR GHORVSXHEORV6HGLYLGHHQVHLViUHDVGHHVWXGLRVSULQFLSDOHV FLHQFLD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 D*HRSROtWLFD E(WQRSROtWLFD F'HPRSROtWLFD G6RFLRSROtWLFD H&UDWRSROtWLFD GEOGRAFÍA (VWXGLRGHO WHUULWRULR FRPRRUJDQLVPR JHRJUiILFR 7UDWDGHOHVWXGLRGHODVUD]DV 6HRULHQWDDOHVWXGLRGHODVSREODFLRQHV &LHQFLDTXHHVWXGLDODVRFLHGDG (VWXGLDODIRUPDGHJRELHUQR ,03257$1&,$ 'HVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDGH(VWDGR1DFLyQHQWpUPLQRVJHRSROtWLFRVHVWDFLHQFLD SRVLELOLWDWUD]DUORVREMHWLYRVHVWUDWpJLFRVGHGHVDUUROORDHVFDODQDFLRQDODILQ GHWHQHUFXRWDGHSUHVHQFLDHLQMHUHQFLDHQODHVFHQDPXQGLDOD QLYHO SROtWLFR \ HFRQyPLFR IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH QR VLQ DQWHV GH XQDHYDOXDFLyQH[KDXVWLYDGHO SRGHUQDFLRQDO\VXSRWHQFLDOLGDGSDUDHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHORVREMHWLYRV\VXSHUDU ODSUREOHPiWLFDFRQHOXVRUDFLRQDO \HVWUDWpJLFR GH VXV UHFXUVRV FRPSHWLWLYRV OR TXH YLDELOL]D HO IRUWDOHFLPLHQWRGH OD LQWHJUDFLyQ \ FRQVROLGDFLyQ GH OD LGHQWLGDG \ FRQFLHQFLDFRPR(VWDGR1DFLyQ (/(0(1726%É6,&26 5HDOLGDG1DFLRQDO (VHOFRQMXQWRLQWHUUHODFLRQDGRGHDVSHFWRVHVSDFLD OHV JUXSDOHV H LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV GH FDUiFWHU HFRQyPLFR SROtWLFR \ VRFLRFXOWXUDO TXH LQWHJUDQ XQD QDFLyQ HQ XQ PRPHQWR GHWHUPLQDGR GH VX KLVWRULD $Vt PLVPR HV OD H[LVWHQFLDUHDOGHOSDtVFRQWRGRVVXVHOHPHQWRV QDWXUDOHV FXOWXUDOHV \ VRFLDOHV HQ VXV PiV GLYHUVRVDVSHFWRVGHPRVWUDEOHVWDQJLEOHPHQWH$VtPLVPRVHGHEH FRQVLGHUDU TXH WRGD GHPRVWUDFLyQ FLHQWtILFD WLHQH TXH SDUWLU GH OD UHDOLGDG HQ OD TXH VH HQPDUFD VX GHPRVWUDFLyQ 6HSXHGHGDU GRVJUDQGHVHVWUXFWXUDV D (VWUXFWXUDEDVH &RQVWLWX\HORJHRJUiILFRFRPRIRUPDVItVLFDVPRGLILFDEOHV WHUULWRULRIURQWHUDV\RWURVSHUPDQHQWHVFRPRDJXD\DLUHV E (VWUXFWXUD GH HQFXDGUDPLHQWR &RPSUHQGH OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ GHO (VWDGR (Q ODVGLPHQVLRQHVVRFLDOSROtWLFDMXUtGLFDFXOWXUDO\HFRQyPLFD (VWHHOHPHQWRGHODJHRSROtWLFDFRPSUHQGHODGHVFULSFLyQ\FDUDFWHUL ]DFLyQ GH OD VLWXDFLyQ UHDO HFRQyPLFD SROtWLFD FXOWXUDO VRFLDOHWF HQ OD TXH VHHQFXHQWUDXQGHWHUPLQDGRSDtVHQXQFRQWH[WRKLVWyULFR &RPR SRU HMHP SOR OD VLWXDFLyQ HFRQyPLFD TXH DWUDYHVyQXHVWURSDtVHQHOSHULRGRGHOSULPHU JRELHUQR GH $ODQ *DUFtD HQ GRQGHVHUHJLVWUyXQDKLSHULQIODFLyQGHELGRDODV SROtWLFDV SURWHFFLRQLVWDV \ VXEVLGLDULDV HQ FRPSDUDFLyQ FRQ HO SHULRGR GHO JRELHUQR GH $OEHUWR )XMLPRUL TXLHQ WXYR TXH LQLFLDU OD DSHUWXUD GH OD HFRQRPtD QDFLRQDOSDUDORJUDUODHVWDELOL]DFLyQ\ODUHLQVHUFLyQHQORVRUJDQLVPRVPXOWLODWHUD OHV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA (O3RWHQFLDO1DFLRQDO (VHOFRQMXQWRGHUHFXUVRVPDWHULDOHV\HVSLULWXD OHVFRQTXHFXHQWDXQ(VWDGRTXHGHEHQ VHU HVWUDWpJLFDPHQWH UHJXODGRV \R XWLOL]DGRVSRUHO(VWDGRSDUDHOORJURR FRQVHFXFLyQ GH ORV REMHWLYRV QDFLRQDOHV \ HOGHVDUUROORGHOSDtVDILQGHGDUVROXFLyQDODSUREOHPiWLFDQDFLRQDO/RVIDFWRUHV IXQGDPHQWDOHVVRQ D +XPDQR &RQVWLWXLGRSRUORVKDELWDQWHVGHOSDtVHQHVSHFLDOWHQLHQGRHQ FXHQWDVXQLYHOHOËQGLFHGH'HVDUUROOR+XPDQRHOPLVPRTXHFRQVLGHUD FRPRYDULDEOHVIXQGDPHQWDOHVHOJUDGRGHLQVWUXFFLyQODVHVSHUDQ]DGHYL GD\HOQLYHOGHDFFHVRDORVVHUYLFLRVEiVLFRV E (FRQyPLFR 6RQDTXHOORVUHFXUVRVTXHGLQDPL]DQ\DUWLFXODQODHFRQRPtD QDFLRQDODWUDYpVGHORVGLYHUVRVVHFWRUHVSURGXFWLYRVDILQGHFXEULUTXHHO(V WDGR SRVHD OD QHFHVDULD FDSDFLGDG GH JDVWR SXEOLFR (VWR VH H[SUHVD IXQGD PHQWDOPHQWHHQ ORVLQJUHVRV 3%,TXHSRVHHXQGHWHUPLQDGRSDtV F -XUtGLFRRSROtWLFR (VHOVLVWHPDGHOHJLVODFLyQMXUtGLFDTXHHQPDUFD ODV DFWLYLGDGHV FLYLOHV SROtWLFDV\HFRQyPLFDVDODVTXHORV FLXGDGDQRV ±SRU FRQ WUDWRVRFLDOHVWDPRVREOLJDGRVDFXPSOLU 3RURWUDSDUWHDQLYHOLQWHUQDFLRQDOVRQODVQRUPDV\ORVDFXHUGRVOHJDOHVTXH FHOHEUDQGRVRPiVHVWDGRV • G)tVLFR /RFRQVWLWX\HODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVJHRJUiILFDVGHXQSDtVTXH SRVLELOLWDHOGHVDUUROORGHGLYHUVDVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDVIDYRUDEOHVDO GHVDUUROORGHO(VWDGR1DFLyQ (O 3RGHU 1DFLRQDO 6H H[SUHVD HQ OD FDSDFLGDG SROtWLFD MXUtGLFDHFRQyPL FDVRFLDO\FXOWXUDOFRQODTXHGLVSRQHHO(VWDGRSDUDJDUDQWL]DUOD6HJXULGDG 1DFLRQDO HO %LHQHVWDU *HQHUDO \ OD 6REHUDQtD DVt FRPR PDQWHQHU ORV REMHWLYRV D QLYHOLQWHUQR\H[WHUQR/RVSLODUHVGHHVWHHOHPHQWRVHH[SUHVDQHQODLQMHUHQFLD GHXQSDtVDHQHOFRQWH[WRLQWHUQDFLRQDOUHVSDOGDGRSRUVXFDSDFLGDG PLOLWDUHFRQyPLFD\SROtWLFD 3$57(6'(/(67$'2*(232/Ì7,&2 (VSDFLR GH &UHFLPLHQWR R +LQWHUODQG (V HO PHGLR JHRJUiILFRHQ HO FXDO JHRSROtWLFDPHQWHVHGHVDUUROOD\H[SDQGHHO(VWDGR(VWiGHWHUPLQDGDSRUHOiUHD JHRJUiILFDRWHUULWRULDOTXHVHHQFXHQWUDHQWUH HO 1~FOHR 9LWDO \ ODV )URQWHUDV &RPSUHQGH HQ OD SUiFWLFD D ODPD\RU SDUWH GHO WHUULWRULR GHO (VWDGR GRQGH HVWiQ ORV Q~FOHRVVHFXQGDULRV\ODVIXHQWHVJHQHUDGRUDVGHODULTXH]DQDFLR QDO(QHVWD]RQDVHORFDOL]DQODViUHDVDJUtFRODVJDQDGHUDVPLQHUDVGHH[SOR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA WDFLyQSHWUROHUD\IRUHVWDOGHJHQHUDFLyQHOpFWULFD\ORVDWUDFWLYRVWXUtVWLFRV (O +LQWHUODQG GHEH SURSRUFLRQDU ORV PHGLRV QHFHVDULRV SDUD HO GHVDUUROOR HFRQyPLFR\VRFLDOGHOSDtV\SDUDORFXDOVHGHEHFRQVLGHUDUWUHVDVSHFWRV FRPR • (OHPHQWREiVLFRSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHO(VWDGR • )XHQWHGHUHFXUVRVQHFHVDULRVSDUDHO(VWDGR • )DFWRUGHVHJXULGDG (O HVSDFLR GH FUHFLPLHQWR DOLPHQWD DO Q~FOHR YLWDO \ SHUPLWH LURFXSDQGR ODV iUHDVKDVWDODVIURQWHUDVPHGLDQWHODDPDOJDPDFLyQFRORQL]DFLyQ\FRQTXLVWD 6HJ~Q.MHOOpQHO(VWDGRSXHGHH[SDQGLUVHDWUDYpVGHWUHVHVWUDWHJLDV ODVFXDOHVSXHGHQVHUSRU D $PDOJDPDFLyQ&XDQGRH[LVWHFRQYHQLRVELODWHUDOHVRPXOWLODWHUDOHV • &RQTXLVWD &XDQGRXQGHWHUPLQDGRSDtVGHVDUUROODGRGHVSRMDDRWUDSRU PHGLRGHODIXHU]D • &RORQL]DFLyQ &RPSUHQGHXQDHVWUDWHJLDGHRFXSDFLyQGHiUHDVGHVSREOD GDVRGHVSURWHJLGDV 1~FOHR 9LWDO R +HDUWODQG (V DTXHOOD ]RQD GHO WHUULWRULR QDFLRQDOGRQGHVH FRQFHQWUDQORVSULQFLSDOHVSRGHUHVGHOHVWDGRHOGHPD\RUGHQVLGDG SREODFLRQDO HO GH PiV DPSOLD JDPD GH DUWLFXODFLyQ YLDO \ HFRQyPLFD \ SRU HQGH HO GH PD\RU IOXMRGHGLQDPLFLGDGFXOWXUDO $GHPiVHVOD]RQDGHPD\RUGHVDUUROORGRQGHHQFRQWUDPRVODPD\RU SDUWH GH ORV UHFXUVRV HFRQyPLFRV \ KXPDQRV GHO (VWDGR DVt FRPR OD FDSDFLGDG GH GHFLVLyQSROtWLFDGHVGHGRQGHVHLUUDGLDHOSRGHU QDFLRQDO KDVWD ODV IURQWHUDV H LQFOXVRIXHUDGHHOODV7DPELHQHVHOFHQWURGHOSRGHUSROtWLFR\PLOLWDU (O+HDUWODQGSHUXDQRHV/LPDTXHVHFDUDFWHUL]DSRUVXSRVLFLyQH[FpQWULFD PDUtWLPDSURPRYLHQGRVXEGHVDUUROORHQODV]RQDVPDUJLQDOHVGHOSDtV\ VHSRQHGHPDQLILHVWRHOFHQWUDOLVPRFRPRIHQyPHQRGHFRQFHQWUDFLyQHFRQy PLFDSROtWLFDVRFLDOFXOWXUDO\PLOLWDU /DVHJXULGDGGHOQ~FOHRYLWDOHVSURSRUFLRQDGDSRUHOHVSDFLRGHFUHFLPLHQWR SXHV FXDQWR PiV DOHMDGR HVWp GH ODV IURQWHUDV VXGHIHQVD \ SURWHFFLyQ HV PiVHIHFWLYDVLQHPEDUJRHOODUHTXLHUHTXHHVWp GRWDGR FRQ ORV UHFXUVRV VXILFLHQ WHV \ OD PiV DPSOLD GH UHG GH FRPXQLFDFLRQHV \ WUDQVSRUWHV FRQ HO REMHWR GH HYLWDUVXDLVODPLHQWRGHOHVSDFLRGHFUHFLPLHQWR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA +LJKODQG 5HSUHVHQWD ORVSXQWRV PiVDOWRV GHO WHUULWRULR SRUHMHPSOR ODFRUGLOOHUDGHORV$QGHV(VWDViUHDVJHRJUiILFDVVRQDSURSLDGRV SDUD OD LQVWDODFLyQ GH EDVHV PLOLWDUHV REVHUYDWRULRV DVWURQyPLFRV PHWHRUROyJLFRV HQWUHRWURVFRQILQHV GHGHIHQVD \RFLHQWtILFRV 9tDV GH &RPXQLFDFLyQ6RQ ODV TXH DUWLFXODQ ORVHVSDFLRVJHRJUiIL FRV\FXOWXUDOHVGHXQGHWHUPLQDGRSDtVFXPSOHQODHVWUDWHJLDJHRYLDO(V SRUGRQGHOOHJDQODLQIOXHQFLDGHOQ~FOHRYLWDO\GHORVSRORVGHGHVDUUROOR0HGLDQWH ODV FRPXQLFDFLRQHV FLUFXODQ XQD PXOWLSOLFLGDG GH UHFXUVRV TXH YDQ GHVGH ORV PDWHULDOHVKDVWDORVLQPDWHULDOHV 6RQODVYtDVRPHGLRVTXHXQHQODVGLYHUVDV]RQDVGHO(VWDGRHQWUHVtGHQWURGH HOODV\KDFLDRWURV(VWDGRV /DV FRPXQLFDFLRQHV GDQ FRQWH[WXUD DO (VWDGR TXLHQHV SRVLELOLWDQ ODFLUFXODFLyQGH ORV GLYHUVRV PHGLRV HFRQyPLFRV SROtWLFRV FXOWXUDOHV \PLOLWDUHV TXH HO (VWDGR QH FHVLWDSDUDORJUDUODXQLGDG\HILFDFLDHQHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHVXVREMHWLYRV $ WUDYpV GH ODV FRPXQLFDFLRQHV VH GHVSOD]DQ GHQWUR GHO (VWDGR ODVULTXH]DV ORV HOHPHQWRV GH SURJUHVR \ VH HMHFXWD OD DFWLYLGDG SROtWLFD \ PLOLWDU SHUPLWLpQGROH OOHJDUDORV~OWLPRVFRQILQHVGHOSDtV /DILQDOLGDGTXHFXPSOHQODVYtDVSRGHPRVDJUXSDUORVHQ D (FRQyPLFDV 6LUYHQGHLQWHUFDPELRSDUDHOWHUULWRULRSURGXFWRUFRQHOWHUUL WRULRFRQVXPLGRUHVXQHOHPHQWREiVLFRGHODHFRQRPtDFLUFXODFLyQ E 7HFQROyJLFDV 3RVLELOLWDQHO DFFHVRDODV7,&\VXDSOLFDFLyQHQGLYHUVDVHVIH UDVGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV F 3ROtWLFDV 7LHQGHQDXQLILFDUODQDFLyQPiVDXQFXDQGRH[LVWHXQDKHWHURJH QHLGDGFXOWXUDO\JHRJUiILFD G ,QWHOHFWXDOHV 8QHQFHQWURVFXOWXUDOHVHLUUDGLDQFXOWXUD )URQWHUDV/tQHDSHULPpWULFDTXHFLUFXQGDHOHVSDFLRWHUULWRULDORFXSDGR SRU XQ (VWDGR /tPLWH HQWUH GRV (VWDGRV TXH HVWiQ IUHQWH D IUHQWH 0DUFD TXH LQGLFD OD H[WHQVLyQ GH GRV VREHUDQtDV /tQHD TXHLQGLFDKDVWDGRQGHSXHGHOOHJDU ODDFFLyQGHGLUHFWDGHXQ(VWDGR (QWRQFHV ODV IURQWHUDV VRQ ODV OtQHDV TXH GHOLPLWDQ HO iPELWR GH ODVREHUDQtDGH GRV(VWDGRV-XHJDQXQSDSHOGHVXPDLPSRUWDQFLDFRPR IDFWRU GH SD] FRPR VLJQR GH VREHUDQtD \ FRPR HOHPHQWR GHVHJXULGDG 6X VROLGH] R GHELOLGDG UHYHODQ OD VDOXG GHO (VWDGR SXHVPDUFDVXOtPLWHGHSRGHUHQUHODFLyQFRQVX1~FOHR9LWDO - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 1~FOHRGH&RKHVLyQ(V OD ]RQD TXH SURSRUFLRQD XQLGDG DO+LQWHU ODQG VXHOH XELFDUVH HQ ]RQDV GHQVDPHQWH SREODGDV \ SXHGHQ VHU YDULRV HQ XQ PLVPR (VWDGR &DGD 1~FOHR GH &RKHVLyQ GHVWDFD HQ GHWHUPLQDGRV DVSHFWRV OR TXH LQFLGH HQ HO JUDGR GH DUWLFXODFLyQGHOSDtV/RVOXJDUHVTXHDGTXLHUHQHVWD FDWHJRUtDVRQ$UHTXLSD&XVFR7UXMLOOR7DFQDHQWUHRWURV /RV1~FOHRVGH&RKHVLyQWDPELpQVRQOODPDGRVFRPROD=RQD1XFOHDU TXH FRPSUHQGH XQ HVSDFLR IDYRUHFLGR SRU VX HVWUDWpJLFD XELFDFLyQ JHRJUiILFD DEXQGDQWHVUHFXUVRV\EXHQDDFFHVLELOLGDGGRQGHGHEHVLWXDUVHHOKHDUWODQGGHO HVWDGRFX\DIXQFLyQHVXQLILFDU \ FRKHVLRQDU D OD SREODFLyQ \ DO WHUULWRULR TXH DSDUHFH GHVDUWLFXODGR (Q QXHVWUR SDtVKD\ODQHFHVLGDGGHRUJDQL]DU\IRUWDOHFHUORVQ~FOHRVGHFRKHVLyQTXH VLUYDGHSXQWRGHSDUWLGDSDUDODJHQHUDFLyQ GH RWURV Q~FOHRV VHFXQGDULRV GH GHVDUUROOR SRUTXH VL HOHVSDFLRGHFUHFLPLHQWRWHUPLQDHQODVIURQWHUDVLQWHU QDFLRQDOHVHVQDWXUDOTXHH[LVWDXQQ~FOHRHMHGHVGHGRQGHVHLUUDGLHWRGDOD LQIOXHQFLDGHOHVWDGR &XDQGR VH HVWDEOHFH XQ Q~FOHR GH FRKHVLyQ HQ XQ GHWHUPLQDGRSXHEOR \ DGTXLHUHPD\RUSRWHQFLDHVWHQ~FOHRVHWUDQVIRUPDHQQ~FOHRYLWDOHOTXHGD YHUGDGHUDYLGDDO(VWDGR $O UHVSHFWRHO JHQHUDO 0HUFDGR -DUUtQ VRVWLHQH TXH H[LVWH XQHVSDFLR TXH UH~QH ODV FRQGLFLRQHV SDUD WUDQVIRUPDUVH HQ 1~FOHR GHFRKHVLyQ\SXHGHFRQWUL EXLU HILFD]PHQWH D ORJUDU ODDUWLFXODFLyQ GHO SDtV (VWH HVSDFLR HV OD DPSOLD UHJLyQJHRHFRQyPLFDGHODVHOYDFHQWUDO DWUDYHVDGDSRU ORV UtRV3HUHQp6DWLSR (QH 7DPER %RFD] &DFD]R 3LFKLV 3DFKLWHD \ HO $OWR 8FD\DOL \ HQ FX\R PDQJRGHODEDQLFRVHXELFDHOFRQMXQWRXUEDQRGH/D0HUFHG\6DQ5DPyQ OODPDGRVDWUDQVIRUPDUVHHQHOSRORGRPLQDQWHGHOQ~FOHRGHFRKHVLyQ JHRHFRQyPLFR\HVWUDWpJLFRFHQWUDO 1~FOHRV*HRKLVWyULFRV(VHOHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRVLWXDGRGHQWURGHOWHUULWR ULRGHXQ(VWDGR\TXHIXHGXUDQWHHOSDVDGRFHQWURGHRULJHQ\SURSDJDFLyQGH XQDFXOWXUDUD]yQSRUODFXDOFRQVWLWX\HHQODDFWXDOLGDGXQD³UHVHUYDHVSLULWXDO´ (V HO HVSDFLR QDWXUDO IDYRUHFLGR SRU ODV FRQGLFLRQHV JHRJUiILFDV ODVYtDV \ PH GLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQGHGRQGHKDVXUJLGRODIXHU]DFUHDGRUDGHXQDFXOWXUD R GH XQ HVWDGR 7LHQH QXPHURVD SREODFLyQ \ XQD JUDQ UHG GH YtDV \ PHGLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ 6RQORVHVSDFLRVGHXQGHWHUPLQDGRSDtVTXHEULQGDQXQLPSXOVRFXOWXUDO D OD 1DFLyQ R SXHGHQ WUDVFHQGHU GH HOOD 3DUD HOOR UHVXOWDQYLWDOHV ODV YtDV \ ORV PH GLRV GH FRPXQLFDFLyQ \ OD FRQYHUJHQFLD GHORVJUXSRVKXPDQRV3RUHMHPSOR 5RPD*UHFLD&KDYtQ&XVFR3DULV,QJODWHUUDHQWUHRWURV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA =RQDVGH7HQVLyQ6RQODVUHJLRQHVLQHVWDEOHVSURSHQVDVDFRQVWDQ WHVIULFFLRQHVTXHVHPDQLILHVWDQHQFKRTXHVRFRQIOLFWRVDUPDGRV&RQVWLWX\HQ XQSHOLJURSDUDODSD]PXQGLDO*HQHUDOPHQWHGHWUiV GH HVWD VLWXDFLyQ GH LQVH JXULGDG HVWiQ LQWHUHVHV GH ODVSRWHQFLDVJUXSRVRLGHRORJtDVTXHOXFKDQ SRUFRQVHJXLUVXVSURSyVLWRV ,QIOXHQFLDVRLQIOXMRVJHRSROtWLFRV7RGRVORVHVWDGRVHVWiQLQIOXHQFLD GRV HQ VX RUJDQL]DFLyQ \ GHVDUUROOR SRU ORV HOHPHQWRVQDWXUDOHVGHOPHGLR JHRJUiILFR HO UHOLHYH HO FOLPD ORV UtRV ORVPDUHV ORV UHFXUVRV YHJHWDOHV R IORUDORVUHFXUVRVDQLPDOHVRIDXQD\ORVUHFXUVRVPLQHUDOHV$HVWDVLQIOXHQFLDV VHOHFRQRFHFRQHOQRPEUHGH,QIOXMRV*HRSROtWLFRV (OLQIOXMRJHRSROtWLFRHVODLQIOXHQFLDTXHHMHUFHQORVIDFWRUHVJHRJUiILFRV HQ OD RUJDQL]DFLyQ \ YLGD GHO (VWDGR (VWRV IDFWRUHV VHWUDGXFHHQDFFLRQHVTXH RULHQWDHOGHVDUUROORGHVXVDFWLYLGDGHV(QWUHORVLPSRUWDQWHVVHHQFXHQWUDQOD PRUIRORJtDWHUULWRULDOHOFOLPDODIORUDODIDXQDORVPLQHUDOHVHWF /$6',(=/(<(6%$6,&$6'(/$*(232/,7,&$ D 3ULPHUD/H\7RGRHVSDFLRJHRJUiILFRSRVHHXQSXQWRHO1~FOHRGHFRKHVLyQR HMHGHGRPLQLRTXHHVODFODYHSDUDHOFRQWUROGHGLFKRHVSDFLR E 6HJXQGD/H\ 7RGRHVSDFLRFLUFXQGDQWHDOQ~FOHRGHFRKHVLyQVHIUDFFLRQD HQGLYHUVDVOtQHDVHVWUDWpJLFDVGHGRPLQLRRGHRUGHQJHRYLDO F 7HUFHUD/H\ /DH[SDQVLyQGH WRGR Q~FOHRGHFRKHVLyQ VHUHDOL]DPHGLDQWH OD DFFLyQ FHQWULIXJD GH IXHU]DV GHQRPLQDGDV WHQVLyQ \GHTXtQWXSORFDUiFWHUJH RJUiILFRELROyJLFRGHPRJUiILFRHFRQyPLFRVRFLDOFXOWXUDOVRFLROyJLFR\SROtWLFR GHFRQWUROWRWDO G &XDUWD/H\ /DDFFLyQFHQWULIXJDGHODVWHQVLRQHVWLHQGHQDGHVHQFDGHQDU XQDDFFLyQFHQWUtSHWDKDFLD ODUHJLyQQXFOHDULQWHQVLILFDQGRDVtODFDSDFL GDGLQLFLDOGHH[SDQVLyQ\HOSRGHUFHQWULIXJRGHWRGRHOVLVWHPD H 4XLQWD /H\ /DV WHQVLRQHV HQ VX DFFLyQ SHUPDQHQWH VH FRPELQDQ DGRSWDQGR IRUPDV LQVWLWXFLRQDOHV EiVLFDV GH Vp[WXSOHFDOLGDGWHFQROyJLFDDGPLQLVWUDWLYD FRPHUFLDOPLOLWDUFXOWXUDO\PtVWLFD I 6H[WD /H\ /D SHUPDQHQWH DFFLyQ GH WHQVLRQHV LQIOX\HQSDUD HOHVSDFLRFLU FXQGDQWHDXQD]RQDQXFOHDUVHIRUPDDOUHGHGRUGHHOODFXDWUR]RQDVGH PDQLIHVWDFLyQGHVXSRGHUHQIRUPDGHFUHFLHQWHGHVGHHOQ~FOHRDODSHULIH ULD7DOHVVRQGHDQH[LyQGHSURWHFWRUDGRGHLQIOXHQFLD\GHLQWHUpV J 6pSWLPD /H\ &DGD ]RQD TXH VH RUJDQL]D DOUHGHGRU GHO Q~FOHRWLHQGH D DG TXLULUODFDOLGDGGHODTXHORSUHFHGHGDQGRRULJHQHQFDGDSURFHVRGHFRQ YHUVLyQODDSDULFLyQGHXQDQXHYD]RQDH[WUHPDGHLQWHUpV\DVtDXQDH[ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA SDQVLyQJHQHUDOGHOVLVWHPD K 2FWDYD/H\/DH[WHQVLyQGHWRGRVLVWHPDRUJDQL]DGRSRUXQQ~FOHR GH FRKHVLyQHVGHFDUiFWHUSUHYLVLEOH\GHEHUHDOL]DUVHGHSHTXHxRVRJUDQGHVHV SDFLRV L 1RYHQD/H\ /DOtQHDGHH[SDQVLyQSHULIpULFDGHXQDQDFLyQHVWiFRQVWLWXLGDSRU ODOtQHDGHIURQWHUDSHURQRSXHGHUHGXFLUVHDXQDOtQHDPDUJLQDOHQUHDOLGDG HVXQVLVWHPDGHOtQHDVWDQWDVFRQPDWLFHVRJUDGRVGHWHQVLRQHVVH KDQSURGXFLGRSXGLHQGRDILUPDUVH TXH DO PHQRV H[LVWHQ FLQFR D OD IURQWHUD GH OD ]RQDQXFOHDU E GH OD DQH[LyQ F GH OD ]RQD GHO SURWHFWRUDGR G GH OD ]RQDGHLQIOXHQFLD\HGHODGHLQWHUpV M 'pFLPD /H\ /D QDWXUDO H[SDQVLyQ GH ORV (VWDGRV ORV FRQGXFHQIRU]RVDPHQWH D XQFRQIOLFWRHQWUHVLGHWDOQDWXUDOH]DTXHVyORSXHGH VROXFLRQDUVH PH GLDQWHODSDFtILFDLQWHJUDFLyQGHHOORVGHQWURGHXQVLVWHPDVXSHULRURPHGLDQWH ODVXERUGLQDFLyQGHXQVLVWHPDDRWURHQIRUPDSDFtILFDRYLROHQWD /$*(232/,7,&$1$&,21$/ 2EMHWLYRVJHRSROtWLFRVGHO3HU~ • /RJUDUODLQWHJUDFLyQQDFLRQDO • ,QWHQVLILFDUODVUHODFLRQHVDQLYHOQDFLRQDOFRQWLQHQWDO\PXQGLDO • 2EWHQHUHOGRPLQLRGHOSDFtILFR6XU • 2FXSDUFRPSOHWDPHQWHODVIURQWHUDV • 3UR\HFWDUVHVREUHOD$QWiUWLFD • )RPHQWDUODLQGXVWULD 5HDOLGDG 1DFLRQDO /DVLWXDFLyQJHRJUiILFDHVXQHOHPHQWRYLWDOSDUD HO GHVDUUROOR GH XQ SDtV 'HSHQGHUi PXFKDV YHFHV FXiO VHD ODSRVLFLyQTXHDVXPD XQ(VWDGRIUHQWHDODUHDOLGDGPXQGLDO\ DORV(VWDGRVGHVDUUROODGRV\DTXHOORV TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQDJUXSDGRVHQEORTXHVHFRQyPLFRV(QHOFDVRGHO3HU~ QXHVWUDVLWXDFLyQJHRJUiILFDQRVSHUPLWH HO GHVDUUROOR GHJUDQGHVSRVLELOLGDGHV SHURGDGDVODVSROtWLFDVGHJRELHUQR\ODGHVUHJXODFLyQGHOPHUFDGRpVWDVVHFRQ YLHUWHQHQOLPLWDQWHVSDUDHOGHVDUUROOR &XDQGR KDEODPRV GH 5HDOLGDG 1DFLRQDO QR VyOR VH WRPD HQ FXHQWD HO SDLVDMH JHRJUiILFR \ OD LQILQLGDG GH UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV VLQRWDPELpQHVLPSRUWDQWH FRQVLGHUDUHODVSHFWRVRFLDO\FXOWXUDO$VtFRPRODLQWHJUDFLyQHQWUHVRFLHGDG FLYLO\HVWDGRDILQGHORJUDUREMHWLYRVQDFLRQDOHV $FWXDOPHQWH HO SDtV DWUDYLHVD XQD SURIXQGD FULVLV VRFLDO 'HVLQWHJUDFLyQ GHVLJXDO GDG H[FOXVLyQ GLVFULPLQDFLyQ \ HFRQyPLFD SREUH]D GHVQXWULFLyQ PRUELPRUWDOL GDG FRPR FRQVHFXHQFLD GHODV SROtWLFDV HFRQyPLFDV DSOLFDGDV SRU ORV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA JRELHUQRVGHWXUQRREHGHFLHQGRDODVWHRUtDVOLEHUDOHVGHORVRUJDQLVPRV ILQDQFLHURVPXOWLOiWHUDVFRPRHO)0,%0\HO%,' D 3RVLELOLGDGHV 1XHVWUD SRVLFLyQ FHQWUDO HQ $PpULFD GHO 6XUIDYRUHFHD TXHSRGDPRVHMHUFHULQIOXHQFLDHQJUDQSDUWHGHOFRQWLQHQWH1RHVFDVXDO TXHORVJUDQGHVPRPHQWRVGHODKLVWRULD/DWLQRDPpULFDVHKD\DQYLYLGRHQHO 3HU~GHVGHHOLQFDQDWRKDVWD OD pSRFD YLUUH\QDO HQ OD TXH /LPD HUD HO FHQ WUR GHO SRGHUSROtWLFR\HFRQyPLFRHQWUHORV6;9±;9,,,FRPRSDUWHGHOD FRORQLD HVSDxROD \ KDVWD OD FRQYHUJHQFLD GH ODV FRUULHQWHVHPDQFLSDGR UDVGHO6XU\GHO1RUWHTXHORJUDURQQXHVWUDLQGHSHQGHQFLDHQORV FDPSRVGH-XQtQ\$\DFXFKR(OGtDGHKR\VHSUR\HFWRFRPRFHQWURLQWHJUDGRU GHODVGRVJUDQGHVFXHQFDVRFHiQLFDV 3RURWURODGRODGLYHUVLGDGJHRJUiILFDSHUPLWHSRVHHUXQDYDULHGDG GH FOLPDV \ VXHORV OR TXH D VX YH] YLDELOL]D XQD JUDQPXOWLSOLFLGDGGHUHFXUVRVTXHVRQ HOHPHQWRVLQGLVSHQVDEOHV\FRPSHWLWLYRV SULPHURSDUD FXEULU ODGHPDQGD LQWHUQD DVt FRPR SDUD OD FRPHUFLDOL]DFLyQ WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ \ GLVWULEXFLyQ GHSHQGLHQGR HQ JUDQSDUWHGHOPDQHMRLQWHOLJHQWH\UDFLRQDOGHGLFKRVUHFXUVRV E /LPLWDFLRQHV /DKHWHURJHQHLGDGJHRJUiILFDGHODPLVPDPDQHUDTXHVHFRQVWL WX\H HQ OD SRVLELOLGDG GH GHVDUUROOR WDPELpQ LQIOX\H QHJDWLYDPHQWH HQ HOOD FRQVWLWX\pQGRVHDVtHQXQIDFWRUTXHHVWDEOHFHGLYHUVRVJUDGRVGHGHVD UUROOR\DTXHHOUHOLHYHLUUHJXODU\YDULDGRUHVXOWDGLItFLOGHYHQFHUQRHVOR PLVPRWHQGHUUHGHVGHIHUURFDUULOHQOODQXUDVTXHKDFHUORDPWVGHDOWXUD $VtPLVPRODIUDJPHQWDFLyQRSRFDLQWHJUDFLyQHQWUHORVGLYHUVRVVHFWRUHVGHOD VRFLHGDGSROtWLFD\FLYLOVHFRQVWLWX\HQHQEDUUHUDVSDUDODFRKHVLyQVRFLDO /D*HRSROtWLFDGHODVIURQWHUDV/DVIURQWHUDVQDFLRQDOHVVHFRQVWLWX\HQ HQORVOtPLWHVPi[LPRVGHO+LQWHUODQGFRQVWLWX\pQGRVHHQSDUWHGHORVSUR\HFWRV LQWHJUDOHVGHGHVDUUROOR\GHODVHVWUDWHJLDVGH FUHFLPLHQWR SDUD HOOR UHVXOWD QHFH VDULR HO HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH XQ PD\RU Q~PHUR GH ³IURQWHUDV YLYDV´ D ILQ GH VDOYD JXDUGDUODVREHUDQtDQDFLRQDO$VtPLVPRHO(VWDGRGHEHLPSOHPHQWDUSROtWL FDVGHH[SORWDFLyQUDFLRQDO\WUDQVIRUPDFLyQHVWUDWpJLFDGHUHFXUVRVQDWX UDOHV HQ HVWUHFKD UHODFLyQ D ORV REMHWLYRV QDFLRQDOHV 1XHVWUR SDtV HQ VXV IURQWHUDVSRVHHXQDJUDQYDULHGDGGHUHFXUVRVSRUHMHPSOR D (Q OD IURQWHUD FRQ (FXDGRU([LVWH DFWLYLGDGHV DJURSHFXDULDV \IRUHVWDOHVHQ -DpQ6DQ,JQDFLR7XPEHV$OWR4XLUR]3LXUD/DPD\RUtDVRQDVHQWDPLHQ WRV GH LQWHJUDFLyQ IURQWHUL]D SHUR HQGRQGHODH[SORWDFLyQGHUHFXUVRVSHWUR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA OHURV \ IRUHVWDOHV WLHQHQ PD\RU LPSRUWDQFLD HV HQ *HSL &DEDOORFRFKD 5DPyQ&DVWLOODIURQWHUDFRQ&RORPELDWRGDVpVWDV]RQDVWLHQHQDFWLYLGD GHVFRPSOHPHQWDULDVTXHDUWLFXODQHFRQRPtDVUHJLRQDOHV E (QODIURQWHUDFRQ%UDVLO/DH[SORWDFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVVHEDVDHQHO SHWUyOHRORVUHFXUVRVIRUHVWDOHV\DJURSHFXDULRVRKLGURELROyJLFRV6LQHP EDUJRGLFKDH[SORWDFLyQHVUHDOL]DGDSRU(71GHOYHFLQRSDtV F (QODIURQWHUDFRQ%ROLYLD(QODSDUWHVXUGHODIURQWHUDVHGHVDUUROODQ DFWLYLGDGHV DJURSHFXDULDV \ FRPHUFLDOHV (QWUH WDQWRHQ OD ]RQD QRUWH OD PL QHUtDDUWHVDQDOGHQWURGHHOORGHVWDFDORVODYDGHURVGHRURHQODIURQWHUDWULSDU WLWD G (Q OD IURQWHUD FRQ &KLOH 6H FRQVWDWy OD H[LVWHQFLD GH UHVHUYDV GH RUR \ FREUHUD]yQSRUODTXHGHVSHUWy HOLQWHUpVGHLQYHUVLyQSRU HO YHFLQR SDtV \ D ODUJRSOD]RODH[SDQVLyQGHOPHQFLRQDGRSDtV 6HJXULGDG 1DFLRQDO \ 6REHUDQtD (V HO FRQMXQWR GH PHGLGDV \DFFLRQHV TXH VH DGRSWDQ SDUD JDUDQWL]DU TXH OD SREODFLyQ ODVLQVWLWXFLRQHV \ HO SURSLR HVWDGR VH GHVHQYXHOYDQ FRQ WRGD QRUPDOLGDG D ILQ GH ORJUDU ORV REMHWLYRV QDFLRQDOHV TXH VH H[SUHVDQHQ HO ELHQ FRP~Q 6LQR KD\ VHJXULGDG QD FLRQDOQRKD\GHVDUUROORQLELHQHVWDU /D6HJXULGDG1DFLRQDOHVODJDUDQWtDTXHHO(VWDGRRWRUJDDOD1DFLyQPH GLDQWHDFFLRQHVSROtWLFDVHFRQyPLFDVVRFLDOHV\PLOLWDUHVSDUDODREWHQFLyQ\PDQ WHQLPLHQWRGHORVREMHWLYRVQDFLRQDOHV D 'HIHQVDQDFLRQDOFRPRVLVWHPD OD'HIHQVDQDFLRQDOFRPRVLVWHPDHVHO FRQMXQWRGHPHGLGDV\SUHYLVLRQHVTXHDGRSWDHO(VWDGRFRQHOILQGHJDUDQWL ]DU ODVHJXULGDG GHOD1DFLyQ HQWRGRVORVFDPSRVGHODDFWLYLGDGVHDGH tQGROHSROtWLFDHFRQyPLFDVRFLDO\PLOLWDU/DGHIHQVDHVHOPHGLRSDUD DOFDQ]DUODVHJXULGDG /DGHIHQVDQDFLRQDOHVSHUPDQHQWHHLQWHJUDO(VSHUPDQHQWHSRUTXHFRP SURPHWHDWRGRVORVKDELWDQWHVGH3HU~FLYLOHV\PLOLWDUHVHQODV DFFLRQHV TXH VH UHDOL]DQGtD DGtD SDUD ORJUDUGHVDUUROORQDFLRQDO<HVLQWHJUDOSRU TXHDEDUFDDWRGDVODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHOSDtVSURFXUDQGRORJUDU\VRVWH QHUPHMRUHVQLYHOHVGHYLGDSDUDODSREODFLyQHQVXFRQMXQWR /D &RQVWLWXFLyQ 3ROtWLFD DVLJQD D ODV )XHU]DV $UPDGDV OD PLVLyQGH JDUDQWL]DU OD LQGHSHQGHQFLD OD VREHUDQtD \ OD LQWHJULGDGWHUULWRULDO\DOD3ROLFtD1D FLRQDOWLHQHODPLVLyQGHSUHVHUYDU\FRQVHUYDUHORUGHQS~EOLFRJDUDQWL]DU HOFXPSOLPLHQWRGHODVOH\HVODVHJXULGDGGHODVSHUVRQDV\ORVSDWULPRQLRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA S~EOLFR\SULYDGR\SUHYHQLU\FRPEDWLUODGHOLQFXHQFLD E 2EMHWLYRVQDFLRQDOHVGHODVHJXULGDGLQWHJUDO 'HQWURGHHOORVWHQHPRVD • *DUDQWL]DUODVXSHUYLYHQFLDGHOHVWDGRSHUXDQR\ODLQWHJULGDGGHVX WHUULWRULR • *DUDQWL]DUODLQWHJUDFLyQGHO3HU~\ODH[SORWDFLyQGHVXVUHFXUVRVQDWXUD OHVHVSHFLDOPHQWHHQ]RQDVGHIURQWHUD • *DUDQWL]DUODHVWDELOLGDGSROtWLFDFRQXQJRELHUQRGHPRFUiWLFR TXH JRELHUQH DO(VWDGRHQUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHOSXHEORTXHORHOLJLy 6REHUDQtD1DFLRQDO(VHOSRGHUTXHWLHQHHO(VWDGRSDUDGHFLGLUVREUHVX SURSLRGHVWLQR*UDFLDVDODVREHUDQtDHO3HU~HVXQHVWDGRLQGHSHQGLHQWH /DVREHUDQtDHVXQGHUHFKRLQKHUHQWHDODQDFLyQRSREODFLyQHQYLUWXGGHOFXDO TXHGDDQXODGRFXDOTXLHULQWHQWRGHLQWHUIHUHQFLDHQVXYLGD\GHVDUUROORSRUSDUWHGH RWURVHVWDGRVRSRWHQFLDVH[WHUQDV /D VREHUDQtD UHVLGH HVHQFLDOPHQWH HQ OD QDFLyQ HV GHFLU HQ HOSXHEOR(O SRGHU TXH WLHQHQ ORV JREHUQDQWHV HPDQD GHO SXHEOR \ TXLHQHV OR HMHUFHQ OR KDFHQHQVXSUHVHQWDFLyQFRQODVOLPLWDFLRQHV \ UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVVHxDODGDVHQOD&RQVWLWXFLyQ\ODVOH\HV/DVREHUDQtD FRPSUHQGHWUHVDVSHFWRVODOLEHUWDGODDXWRQRPtD\OD LQGHSHQGHQFLD D ,QGHSHQGHQFLDH[WHUQD (VODFDSDFLGDGTXHWLHQHHO(VWDGRSDUDREUDU OLEUHPHQWHFRQDXWRQRPtD\VREHUDQtDQDFLRQDOHVIUHQWH DRWURV HVWDGRV QRHVWDUVXERUGLQDGRSROtWLFDPHQWHDFXDOTXLHURWUDSRWHQFLD\UHFKD]DUWRGR WLSRGHLQJHUHQFLDH[WHUQDHQODYLGDQDFLRQDO E $XWRQRPtD LQWHUQD (V OD FDSDFLGDG TXH WLHQH HO (VWDGR SDUD GDUVH VX SURSLD FRQVWLWXFLyQ \ OH\HV \ HQ EDVH D HOOR RUJDQL]DUODV LQVWLWXFLRQHV QD FLRQDOHVTXHSURPXHYDQVXGHVDUUROOR/DDXWRQRPtDHVODOLEHUWDGTXHWLH QHXQDQDFLyQSDUDJREHUQDUVHFRQ VXVSURSLDV OH\HV HVODFRQGLFLyQ GHO SXHEORTXH REUD FRQLQGHSHQGHQFLDSROtWLFDTXHQRGHSHQGDGHRWUR(VWDGR 3DWULPRQLR 1DFLRQDO (VHOFRQMXQWRGHELHQHVQDWXUDOHV\FXOWXUDOHV TXH VH HQFXHQWUDQ HQ HO WHUULWRULR GHO HVWDGR SHUXDQR \TXHKHPRVKHUHGDGRGH QXHVWURVDQWHSDVDGRVDORODUJRGHQXHVWURSURFHVRKLVWyULFR /RVELHQHVTXHFRQIRUPDQHOSDWULPRQLRQDFLRQDOSXHGHQVHUQDWXUDOHVFRPR HOWHUULWRULR\VXVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVRFXOWXUDOHVFRQIRUPDGRVSRUODVREUDVTXH KDQVLGRFUHDGDVSRUHOKRPEUH\ODVRFLHGDGSHUXDQDDWUDYpVGHOWLHPSR D SDWULPRQLR FXOWXUDO GH OD QDFLyQ )RUPDQ SDUWH GH QXHVWURSDWULPRQLR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA FXOWXUDOODVREUDVKHFKDV\FUHDGDVSRUHOKRPEUHGHVGHVXHVWDEOHFLPLHQWR HQVXHORSHUXDQRKDFHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHDxRVKDVWDHOSUHVHQWH E 3DWULPRQLRQDWXUDOGHODQDFLyQ(VWiFRQVWLWXLGRSRUORVHOHPHQWRVQDWXUDOHV TXHIRUPDQHOHVFHQDULRJHRJUiILFRGHO3HU~\GHODVFXOWXUDVTXHVHVXFHGLH URQHQQXHVWURWHUULWRULRGHVGHFXDQGRVHLQLFLyVXSREODPLHQWRKDFHPiVGH DxRV $VSHFWR SVLFRVRFLDO GH OD UHDOLGDG QDFLRQDO (V HO FRQMXQWRGHKHFKRV \ IHQyPHQRVGHRUGHQSVLFROyJLFR\VRFLDOTXHFRQIRUPDQ HO DVSHFWR SVLFRVRFLDO\TXHHVWiUHIHULGRDODSHUVRQDOLGDGGHODVRFLHGDGVXFRP SRUWDPLHQWR VX LGLRVLQFUDVLD VXV YDORUHV LGHDV PRGRV GH YLGD XVRV \ FRVWXP EUHV (QHODVSHFWRSVLFRVRFLDOVHSHUFLEHHOHVWDGRDQtPLFRGHODVRFLHGDGHQ VXFRQMXQWR\GHODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVQDFLRQDOHV'HQWURGHORVHOHPHQWRVVHHQFXHQ WUDQHOFDUiFWHU QDFLRQDOOD FRQFLHQFLDQDFLRQDO OD PRUDO QDFLRQDO \ OD LGHQWL GDG QDFLRQDO (VWRV HOHPHQWRVIRUPDQHOHVStULWX\HODOPDGHXQDQDFLyQ \WLHQHQ ODPLVLyQGHVHUJXtD\IXHU]DHVSLULWXDOGHWRGDODSREODFLyQ D &DUiFWHU1DFLRQDO(VHOPRGRGHFRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHODSREODFLyQGH XQ(VWDGRDTXHOORTXHORGLIHUHQFLDPRUDOPHQWHGHODSREODFLyQGHRWUR(VWDGR (VHOFRQMXQWRGHFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVTXHLQGLYLGXDOL]DQDOKDELWDQWHSHUXDQR(V SURGXFWRGHQXHVWURSURFHVRKLVWyULFR)RUPDQSDUWHGHOFDUiFWHUQDFLRQDOSH UXDQRGHKR\ODVVLJXLHQWHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDV • 6RPRVXQDQDFLyQSUHGRPLQDQWHPHQWHPHVWL]D • &RQIRUPDPRVXQDQDFLyQFRQPDUFDGDVGLIHUHQFLDVKLVWyULFRFXOWXUDOHV • &RQIRUPDPRVXQDQDFLyQHQODTXHSUHGRPLQDHOHVSDxROFRPROHQJXD QDFLRQDO\VHJXLGDGHRWUDVOHQJXDVQDWLYDV • )RUPDPRV XQD QDFLyQ FRQ PDUFDGD WHQGHQFLD D DFHSWDUPRGHORV\ FRVWXPEUHVIRUiQHRVPHQRVFDEDQGRYDORUHVWUDGLFLRQDOHVGHO3HU~ E &RQFLHQFLD1DFLRQDO (VHOFRQRFLPLHQWRUHIOH[LYRTXHWHQHPRVGHODUHDOLGDG SHUXDQDGHORTXHHO3HU~HVHQODDFWXDOLGDGFRPRUHVXOWDGRGHVX SURFHVRKLVWyULFR\GHODFDSDFLGDGFUHDGRUD GH VX SXHEOR /D FRQFLHQFLD QD FLRQDOWDPELpQVHIRUPDDWUDYpVGHQXHVWURSURFHVRKLVWyULFR F 0RUDO 1DFLRQDO (V HO FRQMXQWR GH YDORUHV RSULQFLSLRV pWLFRV TXHVRQ SXHVWRV HQ SUiFWLFD SRU OD SREODFLyQ GH XQ (VWDGR GHMDQGRGHODGRHOFDUJRTXHVHRV WHQWDHOVWDWXVHFRQyPLFR\VRFLDOTXHVHSRVHHDVtFRPRVXSUHSDUDFLyQSUR IHVLRQDO/DPRUDOQDFLRQDOSRQHDSUXHEDORVYDORUHVTXHKDQVLGRLQWHUQD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA OL]DGRVHQODFRQFLHQFLDGHODSREODFLyQ G /D,GHQWLGDG1DFLRQDO (QWHQGHPRVSRULGHQWLGDGQDFLRQDODOVHQWLPLHQWR GHSHUWHQHQFLDGHXQJUXSRKXPDQRRQDFLyQDXQSDtVFRPRHO3HU~(VWH VHQWLPLHQWR QRV OOHYDD LGHQWLILFDUQRV FRQVX SDWULPRQLR QDFLRQDO QDWXUDO \ FXOWXUDO FRQ VXV YDORUHVWUDGLFLRQHV H KLVWRULD FRQ VXV UHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV \ VXV JUDQGHVSUREOHPDV FRQ VXV XVRV\FRVWXPEUHV TXH ORV VHQWLPRV FRPR QXHVWURV\FRPRSDUWHGHQXHVWURVHU /$*27,7,&$&$5,48(=$<352'8&7,9,'$' D /D5HVHUYDGHO/DJR7LWLFDFDDEDUFDXQDSDUWHGHOVHFWRUSHUXDQRGHO ODJR\HVWiXELFDGDHQHOGHSDUWDPHQWRGH3XQRSURYLQFLDV GH +XDQFDQp \ 3XQR7LHQHXQDH[WHQVLyQGHKHFWiUHDV\FRPSUHQGHGRVVHFWRUHV 6HFWRU 5DPLV 6HFWRU 3XQR • (QODSURYLQFLDGHOPLVPR • (QODSURYLQFLDGH+XDQFDQp QRPEUHFRQKHFWi FRQKHFWiUHDV UHDV E (QFXDQWRDIDXQDSRVHHXQDJUDQGLYHUVLGDGGHDYHVUHVLGHQWHV \ PLJUDWRULDV FRQVWLWX\HQ OD IDXQD PiV DWUDFWLYD GH OD ]RQD 6H HQFXHQWUDQ PiVGHHVSHFLHVHQWUHODVTXHGHVWDFDQ $9(6 )DPLOLDV5HVLGHQWHV 3DWRV $QDWLGDH &KRFDV5DOOLGDH )DPLOLDVPLJUDWRULDV &KRUORV &KDUDGULLGDH 3OD\HURV 6FRORSDFLGDH )ODPHQFRV 3KRHQLFRSWHULGDH =DPEXOOLGRU &HQWURSHOPDPLFURSWHUXP <DQDYLFR 3OHJDGLVULGJZD\L &RUPRUiQ 3KDODFURFRUD[ROLYDFHXV 7RWRUHUR 3KOHRFU\SWHVPHODQRSV - - GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 • • 3(&(6 &DUDFKLV2UHVWLDVVSS 6XFKH7U\FKRPLFWHUXVULYX ODWXP (VSHFLHVDPHQD]DGDV • 3DULKXDQDRIODPHQFR3KRHQL FRSWHUXVFKLOHQVLV • )ODPHQFRGHMDPHV3KRHQLFR SDUUXVMDPHVL • )ODPHQFRDQGLQR3KRHQLFRSD UUXV DQGLQXV $1),%,26 • 6DSRJLJDQWH • 6DSRDFXiWLFR7HOPDWRELXVVVS • 6DSRFRP~Q%XIRVSLQXORVXV 0DPtIHURV • 9L]FDFKD/DJLGLXPSHUXDQXP • &X\VLOYHVWUH&DYLDWVFKXGLL • =RUURDQGLQR3VHXGDORSH[FXOSD HXV F /DYHJHWDFLyQGHOODJRVHFODVLILFDHQDQILELDVXPHUJLGD\IORWDQWH \ FRP SRQH XQR GH ORV SULQFLSDOHV HOHPHQWRV GHO FLFORGHOHFRVLVWHPD6XIORUDHVWi UHSUHVHQWDGDSRUYDULHGDGHVGHSODQWDVDFXiWLFDVUHVDOWDQGR )ORUD /DWRWRUD6FKRHQRSOHFWXVWRWRUD /D\DQDOODFKR(ORGHDSRWDPRJHWRQ /DOHQWHMDGHDJXDI/HPQDVS/DSXULPD &KDUDVS - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA ,03257$1&,$*(232/,7,&$ (VIXHQWHGHULTXH]DLFWLROyJLFDERJDKXPDQWRLVSLFDUDFKLEDJUHWUXFKD SHMHUUH\ 3RUVXVLQIOXHQFLDVFOLPDWLFDVSHUPLWHHOGHVDUUROORDJURSHFXDULRHQODUH JLRQ+DFHGHODPHVHWDGHOFROODRODUHJLyQJHRHFRQRPLFDPDVLPSRUWDQWH GHORVDQGHVGHOVXUSHUXDQR &RQVWLWX\HODJUDQUHVHUYDDFXtIHUDGHDJXDVGXOFHVTXHSHUPLWLUtDODJH QHUDFLRQGHHQHUJtDHOpFWULFD\ODLUULJDFLRGHODVSDPSDFRVWHxDV (VXQPHGLRGHWUDQVSRUWH\FRPHUFLRODFXVWUHELQDFLRQDOHQWUHSHUX\EROL YLD (VHOSULQFLSDOUHJXODGRU\JHQHUDGRUGHOPLFURFOLPDHQDOUHJLyQGHORFRQ WUDULRHODOWLSODQRVHULD]RQDSRFRKDELWDEOH )RUPDQYDOOHVDPSOLRVTXHSHUPLWHHOGHVDUUROORDJURSHFXDULRGHWLSRH[ WHQVLYR 6RQHVFHQDULRGHFRQFHQWUDFLRQHVKXPDQDVHQVXVULYHUDVHQHOFXUVRGH ORVSULQFLSDOHVUtRVVHORFDOL]DQODVSULQFLSDOHVFLXGDGHV\FHQWURVSREODGRV GHODUHJLyQ (VXQDWUDFWLYR]RQDWXUtVWLFDSRUODVEHOOH]DVSDLVDMtVWLFDVTXHSUHVHQWDHO ODJR (VGHFODUDG]RQDGHUHVHUYDQDFLRQDOSDUDHYLWDUODGHSUHGDFLyQGHODIORUD ODIDXQD\ODEHOOH]DSDLVDMtVWLFDGHOODJR7LWLFDFD - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 35$&7,&$ FRV G (V XQD UDPD GH OD JHRJUDItD 2ILFLDOPHQWH OD *HRSROtWLFD HVWXGLD KXPDQD\ HVGHVFULSWLYD OD H -XVWLILFD OD FDUUHUD DUPDPHQWLV D ,QWHUUHODFLyQ KRPEUH ± QDWXUDOH WD\ODJXHUUD ]D E 7UDWDGRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV (Q VH SXEOLFy OD REUD F ,QWHUUHODFLyQ(VWDGR± WHUULWRULR ³ G 'LYLVLyQ SROtWLFDDGPLQLVWUDWLYD ´ HVFULWD SRU 5XGROI GHXQSDtV .MHOOHQ H 1DWXUDOH]DGHODVJXHUUDV D /D*HRSROtWLFD%iVLFD E (O(VWDGRGHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLV (O FHQWUR GH SRGHU SROtWLFR \ HFRQy WDJHRSROtWLFR PLFRGHXQHVWDGRHVHO F (O(VWDGRFRPRIRUPDGHYLGD D +LQWHUODQG G /D*HRJUDItD3ROtWLFD E 3RGHU1DFLRQDO H (O(VSDFLR9LWDO F 3RWHQFLDO1DFLRQDOG+LJKODQG H +HDUWODQG /D&UDWRSROtWLFDHVWXGLD D /DVRFLHGDG (O+LQWHUODQGHV E /DVSREODFLRQHV D /DWRWDOLGDGWHUULWRULDOGHXQSDtV F /DIRUPDGHJRELHUQRG/DVUD E 3RORGHGHVDUUROOR ]DV F (OQ~FOHRYLWDOGHXQSDtV H (O(VWDGR G 3RGHU1DFLRQDO H /D]RQDGHPD\RUGHVDUUROOR (Q /DQWHQVDFK HVWDEOHFLy TXH OD JHRSROtWLFD HUD *HRSROtWLFDPHQWHORV $QGHV «««««««««« UHSUHVHQWDQSDUDHO3HU~VX \ OD JHRJUDItD SROtWLFD HUD D +LQWHUODQG E +HDUWODQG D 'LQiPLFD± HVWiWLFD F +LJKODQG E (VWiWLFD± GLQiPLFD G =RQDV$OWDV F $QDOtWLFD± GHVFULSWLYD H =RQDVGH7HQVLyQ G 9LVWDILMD± FLQWDFLQHPDWRJUiILFD HGHVFULSWLYD± DQDOtWLFD /D*HRJUDItD3ROtWLFD D 3HUWHQHFHD ODFLHQFLDSROtWLFD 'HQWUR GH ORV (OHPHQWRV %iVLFRV E (V XQD FLHQFLD DQDOtWLFD H LQWHU GH OD *HRSROtWLFD SUHWDWLYD ³HV HO FRQ F&RQVLGHUDD ORVHVWDGRVFRPRRU MXQWRGHPHGLRV ODWHQWHV FD JDQLVPRV ELROyJLFRV \ GLQiPL - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 SDFHV GH VHU WUDQVIRUPDGRV HQ ««´ D (O 3RGHU 1DFLRQDO ± 3RWHQ FLDO1DFLRQDO E (O 3RWHQFLDO 1DFLRQDO ± 3R GHU1DFLRQDO F /D 5HDOLGDG 1DFLRQDO ± 3R GHU1DFLRQDO G (O 3RWHQFLDO 1DFLRQDO ± 3ROtWL FD1DFLRQDO H (O 3RGHU 1DFLRQDO ± 3ROtWL FD1DFLRQDO ³(V HO HVSDFLR JHRJUiILFR VLWXDGR GHQWUR GHO WHUULWRULR GH XQ (VWDGR \ TXH IXH GXUDQWHHOSDVDGRHOFHQ WUR GH RULJHQ \ SURSDJDFLyQ GHXQD FXOWXUD´VHUHILHUHD D ,QIOXMR*HRSROtWLFR E 1~FOHR *HRKLVWyULFR F =RQD GH 7HQVLyQ G 1~FOHR9LWDO H 1~FOHRGH&RKHVLyQ 'HQWURGHO$VSHFWR3VLFRVRFLDOGHOD 5HDOLGDG 1DFLRQDO ³ HV HO PRGR GH FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH OD SREODFLyQ GH XQ (VWDGR \ HV HO FRQMXQWR GH FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVTXHLQGL YLGXDOL]DQDOKDELWDQWHSHUXDQR´ D (O&DUiFWHU1DFLRQDO E /D &RQFLHQFLD 1DFLRQDO F /D 0RUDO1DFLRQDO G /D,GHQWLGDG1DFLRQDO H (O&RPSRUWDPLHQWR1DFLRQDO (O Q~PHUR GH KDELWDQWHV TXH WLHQH XQ SDtV SRU .P GH VXSHUILFLH VH UHILHUHD - - GEOGRAFÍA D3REODFLyQ$EVROXWD E3REODFLyQ5HVWULQJLGD F'HQVLGDG3REODFLRQDO G3REODFLyQSRU.P H3REODFLyQ3URPHGLR (O HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH OD %DVH 0D FKXSLFFKXVLJQLILFySDUDHO3HU~ D ,QJUHVRDO7UDWDGR$QWiUWLFR E (VWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHVXVVREHUDQ tD F 6HUPLHPEURFRQVXOWLYR G $VXPLU OD FRQGLFLyQ GH GHVLJQD WDULR H $SOLFDUOD7HRUtDGHORV6HFWRUHV /D FDSDFLGDG GH XQ HVWDGR TXH WLHQH SDUD LPSRQHU VX YROXQWDG \ ORJUDU VXV REMHWLYRV SHVH D ORV REVWiFXORV LQWHUQRV \ H[WHUQRV VH GHQRPLQD D5HDOLGDG1DFLRQDO E3RGHU1DFLRQDO F*HRSROtWLFD G3RWHQFLDOQDFLRQDO H$QDUTXtD1DFLRQDO /DWHVLV³$PpULFDSDUD ORV DPHULFD QRV´IRUPDSDUWHGHODVSUHWHQVLRQHV JHRSROtWLFDVGH D ((88 E %UDVLO F $UJHQWLQD G 0p[LFR H(VSDxD 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 3DUD HODERUDU XQ SODQ GH JRELHUQR 3ROtWLFD1DFLRQDOHVIXQGDPHQWDO D $QDOL]DUODUHDOLGDGQDFLRQDO E $VHVRUDPLHQWR GH SDtVHV LPSH ULDOLVWDV F ([SORWDUORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV G &RQWDUFRQHODSR\RSRSXODU H /DLQIRUPiWLFD I (O+LQWHUODQGHV /DWRWDOLGDGWHUULWRULDOGHXQSDtV D ,QGHSHQGHQFLD GHO Q~FOHR GHFRKHVLyQ E (O1~FOHR9LWDOGH8QSDtV F ,QYDULDEOHV HQ OD KLVWRULD GH ORVSDtVHV G =RQDGHPD\RUODWLWXG\ ORQJLWXG (OFHQWUR GHSRGHU SROtWLFR \ HFRQy PLFRGHXQHVWDGRHVHO D+LQWHUODQG E+HDUWODQG F+LJKODQG G3RWHQFLD1DFLRQDO H3ROtWLFD1DFLRQDO /D JHRSROtWLFD VXUJH HQ $OHPDQLD IXQGDPHQWDGRHQ D /D WHRUtD GHO HVSDFLRYLWDO\ OD H[SDQVLyQ E (O H[SDQVLRQLVPR SROtWLFR F (O FHQWUDOLVPRSROtWLFR G /RVSRGHUHVGHOHVWDGR H /RVSRGHUHVPLOLWDUHVGHXQDQD FLyQ 'HVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD JHRSROtWLFR HOSRWHQFLDOQDFLRQDOH[SUHVD D /D VLWXDFLyQ SROtWLFD YLJHQWH GH XQSDtV - - GEOGRAFÍA E /RV UHFXUVRV GLVSRQLEOHV GH XQDQDFLyQ F (O JUDQ SRGHUtR PLOLWDU GH ORV HVWDGRV G /RVSODQHVGHXQJRELHUQR H /D SROtWLFD H[SDQVLRQLVWDGH XQ SDtV 'HVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD JHRSROtWLFR HO+LQWHUODQGHV D (O FHQWUR GH SRGHU SROtWLFR GH XQHVWDGR E (O 1~FOHR YLWDO TXH FRKHVLRQD ODVIURQWHUDV F (OiUHDFRQUHOLHYHVHOHYDGRV G (O WHUULWRULR VREUH HO FXDO XQ SDtVHMHUFHVREHUDQtD H /D ]RQD PiV YXOQHUDEOH GH XQSDtV (O FRQFHSWR GH ³'RFWULQD TXH SHUPLWH TXH ORV HVWDGR XWLOLFHQ VX iUHD R WHUULWRULR GH OD PHMRU PDQHUD SRVLEOH DSURYHFKDQGR VX SRWHQFLDO QDFLRQDO SDUD DGTXLULU SRGHU HQ HO PXQGR\ ORJUDUREMHWLYRVQDFLRQDOHV´ FRUUHVSRQGHD D 5HDOLGDGQDFLRQDO E 3RGHU1DFLRQDO F *HRSROtWLFD G 3RWHQFLDO1DFLRQDO H 7HUULWRULR /D FDSDFLGDG GH XQ HVWDGR TXH WLHQH SDUD LPSRQHU VX YROXQWDG \ ORJUDU VXV REMHWLYRV SHVH D ORV REVWiFXORV LQWHUQRV \ H[WHUQRV VH GHQRPLQD D5HDOLGDG1DFLRQDO E3RGHU1DFLRQDO 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 F*HRSROtWLFD G3RWHQFLDOQDFLRQDO H$QDUTXtD1DFLRQDO /DVVLJXLHQWHVSUHPLVDV 4XLHQ GRPLQD HO FRUD]yQ WHUUHVWUH GRPLQDOD,VODPXQGLDO 4XLHQGRPLQDODLVODPXQGLDOGRPLQDHO PXQGR (O GRPLQLR GHO PXQGR HV GRPLQLR GHO RFpDQR\ ODLVODPXQGLDO )XHURQSODQWHDGRVSRU D $OH[DQGHUGH6HYHUVNL E 5XGROI.MHOOHQ F +DOIRUG0DFNLQGHU G )HGHULFR5DW]HO H .DUOKDXVKRIHU (OWUDWDGRDQWiUWLFRSURKtEH D /D VREHUDQtD WHUULWRULDO GH ORV SDtVHVPLHPEURV E ,QWHUFDPELR GH LQIRUPDFLRQHV HQWUHSDtVHVPLHPEURV F (O HVWDEOHFLPLHQWR GH EDVHV FLHQWtILFDV G 2SHUDFLRQHV PLOLWDUHV \ H[SOR VLRQHVQXFOHDUHV H (OXVRSDFtILFR\ OLPSLRGHOFRQWL QHQWHEODQFR 1R HV XQ SDtV TXH LQWHJUD HO 3DFWR $QGLQR D %ROLYLD E &RORPELD - - F 3HU~ G (FXDGRU H %UDVLO GEOGRAFÍA (O FHQWUR GH SRGHU SROtWLFR \ HFRQyPLFRGHXQHVWDGRHVHO D +LQWHUODQG E +HDUWODQG F +LJKODQG G 3RWHQFLD1DFLRQDO H 3ROtWLFD1DFLRQDO 'HQWUR GHO FRQWH[WR GH OD WHRUtD *HRSROtWLFD 3XQR FRPR FDSLWDO GHO GHSDUWDPHQWRYHQGUtD D FRQVWLWXLUVH HQ «««««««« PLHQWUDV TXH ODV FLXGDGHV GH -XOLDFD ,ODYH $\DYLUL \ 'HV DJXDGHUROOHJDUtDQ D VHU««««« D +HDUWODQG ± /RV SRORV GH'HVDUUROOR E +LQWHUODQG± 1~FOHRV*HRKLVWRUL FRV F +HDUWODQG ± (VSDFLR GH &UHFL PLHQWR G +LQWHUODQG ± 1~FOHRV GH DWUDF FLyQ H +LJKODQG± +LQWHUODQG 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6HFFLyQ 25*$1,6026,17(51$&,21$/(6 GEOGRAFÍA 75$7$'2'(&223(5$&,Ð1(&21Ð0,&$7&$ 1RPEUH (O7UDWDGRGH&RRSHUDFLyQ$PD]yQLFD7&$ )LUPDGR %UDVLOLDHOGHMXOLRGH ,QWHJUDQWHV %ROLYLD %UDVLO &RORPELD (FXDGRU *X\DQD 3HU~6XULQD PH\9HQH]XHOD%%&(*369 2EMHWLYRV3URPRYHU • (O GHVDUUROOR DUPyQLFR H LQWHJUDGR GH OD FXHQFD FRPR EDVH GHVXVWHQWD FLyQGHXQPRGHORGHFRPSOHPHQWDFLyQHFRQyPLFDUHJLRQDO TXH FRQWHP SOHHOPHMRUDPLHQWRGHODFDOLGDGGHYLGDGHVXVKDELWDQWHV\ODFRQVHUYD FLyQ\XWLOL]DFLyQUDFLRQDOGHVXVUHFXUVRV • /D LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FLHQWtILFD \ WHFQROyJLFD \ HO LQWHUFDPELR GHLQIRUPD FLyQ • /DXWLOL]DFLyQUDFLRQDOGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHV • /DOLEHUWDGGHQDYHJDFLyQGHORVUtRVDPD]yQLFRV • /DSURWHFFLyQGHODQDYHJDFLyQ\GHOFRPHUFLR • /DSUHVHUYDFLyQGHOSDWULPRQLRFXOWXUDO • /RVFXLGDGRVFRQODVDOXGODFUHDFLyQ\RSHUDFLyQGHFHQWURVGHLQYHVWLJD FLyQ • (OHVWDEOHFLPLHQWRGHXQDDGHFXDGD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUD GH WUDQVSRUWHV \ FR PXQLFDFLRQHV • (OLQFUHPHQWRGHOWXULVPR\HOFRPHUFLRIURQWHUL]R (VWUDWHJLD7RGDVHVWDVPHGLGDVGHEHQGHVDUUROODUVHPHGLDQWHDFFLRQHV ELODWHUDOHV R GH JUXSRV GH SDtVHV FRQ HO REMHWLYR GHSURPRYHUHOGHVDUUROOR DUPyQLFRGHORVUHVSHFWLYRVWHUULWRULRV &2081,'$'$1',1$ 1RPEUH *UXSR$QGLQRH[3DFWR$QGLQR )LUPDGR1DFHHOGHPD\RGHFRQODILUPDGHO$FXHUGRGH&DUWD JHQD (Q 9HQH]XHOD VH LQWHJUD DO 3DFWR $QGLQR (Q $XJXVWR3LQRFKHW DQXQFLDHOUHWLURGH&KLOH(Q3HU~VXVSHQGHVXSDUWLFLSDFLyQEDMRHOSURJUDPD GHOLEHUDFLyQ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA ,QWHJUDQWHV $FWXDOPHQWH%ROLYLD&RORPELD(FXDGRU\3HU~,QLFLDO PHQWH WDPELpQ OR LQWHJUDURQ 9HQH]XHOD \ &KLOH TXH VH UHWLUDURQ SRU GLIHUHQFLDV SROtWLFDV\HFRQyPLFDV 2EMHWLYRV • 3URPRYHUHOGHVDUUROORHTXLOLEUDGR\DUPyQLFRGHORVSDtVHVDQGLQRVHQ FRQGLFLRQHVGHHTXLGDG • )DFLOLWDU VX LQWHJUDFLyQ HFRQyPLFD SROtWLFD \ FXOWXUDO GH ORV SDtVHV PLHPEURV • %XVFDUXQGHVWLQRFROHFWLYRDSDUWLUGHVXVUDtFHVFRPXQHV • 3URPRYHUHOGHVDUUROORHTXLOLEUDGR\DUPyQLFRGHVXVSDtVHVPLHPEURV HQFRQGLFLRQHVGHHTXLGDG • $FHOHUDUHOFUHFLPLHQWRSRUPHGLRGHODLQWHJUDFLyQ\OD • FRRSHUDFLyQHFRQyPLFD\VRFLDO • ,PSXOVDUODSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQHOSURFHVRGHLQWHJUDFLyQUHJLRQDOFRQPLUDV D ODIRUPDFLyQJUDGXDOGHXQPHUFDGRFRP~QODWLQRDPHULFDQR • 3URFXUDUXQPHMRUDPLHQWRSHUVLVWHQWHHQHOQLYHOGHYLGDGHVXVKDELWDQWHV -XVWLILFDFLyQ(QHVWRVDxRVHOSURFHVRKDSDVDGRSRUGLYHUVDV HWDSDVFRQXQUHODWLYRHVWDQFDPLHQWRGXUDQWHORVDxRVRFKHQWD\XQUHQRYDGR GLQDPLVPRHQORV~OWLPRVDxRV $FFLRQHV(QVXVLQLFLRVHOJUXSRSXVRHQPDUFKDHO3URJUDPDGH/LEHUD FLyQTXHWHQtDFRPRILQDOLGDGODDSHUWXUDWRWDOHQWUHORVSDtVHVPLHPEURV FRQ HOL PLQDFLyQ GH WRGR WLSR GH DUDQFHO %ROLYLD &RORPELD \ 9HQH]XHOD FRQFOX\HURQ VX DSHUWXUD UHFtSURFD HQ (FXDGRU HQ \ 3HU~ UHDVXPLy VXV FRPSURPLVRV FRQHOJUXSRHQXQSURFHVRTXHGHEtDKDEHUFXOPLQDGRHQHQODFUHDFLyQGH XQD]RQDGHOLEUHFRPHUFLRORTXHD~QQRKDVXFHGLGR ,QVWDQFLDVSROtWLFDV • &RQVHMR3UHVLGHQFLDO$QGLQR • &RQVHMRGH0LQLVWURVGH5HODFLRQHV([WHULRUHV ÐUJDQRVGHGHSHQGHQFLD • /D&RPLVLyQ • /D-XQWD • (O7ULEXQDO • (O3DUODPHQWR$QGLQR - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA ÐUJDQRVDX[LOLDUHV • &RQVHMRV&RQVXOWLYRV(PSUHVDULDO\/DERUDO • &RUSRUDFLyQ$QGLQDGH)RPHQWR\HO)RQGR/DWLQRDPHULFDQRGH5HVHUYDV /$&219(1&,Ð1'(/$61$&,21(681,'$662%5((/'(5(&+2'(/ 0$5 1RPEUH &RQYHQFLyQ GH ODV 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV VREUH HO 'HUHFKR GHO0DU2 ³&RQVWLWXFLyQGHORV2FpDQRV´ )LUPDGR/D&RQYHQFLyQIXHDELHUWDDODILUPDHQ0RQWHJR%D\-DPDLFD HO GH GLFLHPEUH GH IHFKD HQ OD TXH IXH ILUPDGD SRU 'HOHJDFLRQHV DQWHOD7HUFHUD&RQIHUHQFLDGHODV1DFLRQHV 8QLGDVVREUHHO'HUHFKRGHO0DU ,QWHJUDQWHVGHQRYLHPEUHGHVHHQFXHQWUDHQYLJRU\DFWXDO PHQWHIRUPDQSDUWHGHODPLVPDPLHPEURV 2EMHWLYRV 5HJXODUWRGRV ORVDVSHFWRVGHO HVSDFLR RFHiQLFRWDOHVFRPROD GHOLPLWDFLyQPDUtWLPDODSURWHFFLyQGHOPHGLRDPELHQWHPDULQR OD SHVFD OD PLQHUtDRFHiQLFDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFLHQWtILFDPDULQD OD WUDQVIHUHQFLD GH WHFQR ORJtD\ODVROXFLyQSDFtILFDGHFRQWURYHUVLDVHQPDWHULDGHORVDVXQWRVPDUtWLPRV HQWUHRWURV 'LVSRVLFLRQHV • /D ³&RQVWLWXFLyQ GH ORV 2FpDQRV´ UHFRQRFH DO (VWDGR ULEHUHxR HOGHUHFKR D HVWDEOHFHUXQPDUWHUULWRULDOGHKDVWDPLOODVGHVGHVXVOtQHDVGHED VH GRQGH HMHUFH VREHUDQtD \ GRQGH VH SHUPLWH HOGHUHFKRGHSDVRLQRFHQ WH • 6HJ~Q OD &RQYHQFLyQ WRGR (VWDGR ULEHUHxR SXHGH HVWDEOHFHU XQD ]RQD HFRQyPLFDH[FOXVLYDGHKDVWDPLOODVFRQWDGDVDSDUWLUGHODVOtQHDVGH EDVHGHVGHGRQGHVHPLGHVXPDUWHUULWRULDO(QGLFKD]RQDHO(VWDGRUL EHUHxRWLHQHGHUHFKRVGHVREHUDQtDSDUDODH[SORUDFLyQ\H[SORWDFLyQ FRQVHUYDFLyQ\DGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRV QDWXUDOHV WDQWR YLYRV FRPR QR YLYRV DVt FRPRMXULVGLFFLyQ FRQ UHVSHFWR D OD SURWHFFLyQ \ SUHVHUYDFLyQ GHO PHGLRDPELHQWHPDULQR\ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFLHQWtILFDPDULQD HQWUHRWURV • $VLPLVPR HO (VWDGR ULEHUHxR WLHQH GHUHFKRV GH VREHUDQtD SDUD ODH[SORUD FLyQ\H[SORWDFLyQGHORVUHFXUVRVQDWXUDOHVGHODSODWDIRUPDFRQ WLQHQWDOWDPELpQHQXQDH[WHQVLyQGHKDVWDPLOODVFRQWDGDVGHVGH ODVPLVPDVOtQHDVGHEDVH • )XHUDGHODVMXULVGLFFLRQHVQDFLRQDOHVVHHQFXHQWUDODDOWDPDUTXHGH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA FRQIRUPLGDGFRQOD&RQYHQFLyQGHEHUiVHUXWLOL]DGD~QLFDPHQWHFRQ ILQHVSDFtILFRV\OD]RQDGHORVIRQGRVPDULQRVTXHFRQMXQWDPHQWHFRQ VXVUHFXUVRVFRQVWLWX\HQSDWULPRQLRFRP~QGHODKXPDQLGDG • 7RGRVORV(VWDGRV3DUWHHQOD&RQYHQFLyQORVRQLSVRIDFWRGHOD • $XWRULGDG,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHORV)RQGRV0DULQRVTXHHVODRUJDQL ]DFLyQ SRU FRQGXFWR GH OD FXDO VH RUJDQL]DQ \ FRQWURODQ ODVDFWLYLGDGHVHQ GLFKD]RQD 75$7$'2$17É57,&2 1RPEUH 7UDWDGR$QWiUWLFR )LUPDGR)XHVXVFULWRHOSULPHURGHGLFLHPEUHGHSRUORVUHSUH VHQWDQWHV GLSORPiWLFRV GH ORV SDtVHV LQYLWDGRV D OD FRQIHUHQFLD GLSORPiWLFD GH :DVKLQJWRQ'LFKRVSDtVHVKDEtDQWHQLGRXQDSDUWLFLSDFLyQDFWLYDHQODVDFWL YLGDGHVSURJUDPDGDVSDUDOD$QWiUWLGDGXUDQWHHO$xR*HRItVLFR,QWHUQDFLRQDO ,QWHJUDQWHV$XVWUDOLD$UJHQWLQD%pOJLFD&KLOH)UDQFLD-DSyQ1RUXHJD 1XHYD=HODQGD6XGiIULFD5HLQR8QLGR5XVLD((883RORQLD+RODQGD%UDVLO %XOJDULD$OHPDQLD8UXJXD\,WDOLD(VSDxD3HU~&KLQD,QGLD)LQODQGLD(FXD GRU6XHFLD&RUHDGHO6XU'LQDPDUFD5XPDQLD3DSXD1XHYD*XLQHD&XED +XQJUtD$XVWULD&RUHD GHO 1RUWH *UHFLD &DQDGi &RORPELD 6XL]D *XDWH PDOD8FUDQLD5HSXEOLFD&KHFD(VORYDTXLD7XUTXtD9HQH]XHOD\(VWRQLD /RV SLDVHV VLJQDWDULRV \ DGKHUHQWHV FRQVXOWLYRV VH OHV FRQRFH FRPR PLHPEURV FRQVXOWLYRV 7LHQHQ YR] YRWR HQ ODV UHXQLRQHV FRQVXOWLYDV GHO 7UDWDGR 8Q SDtV DGKHUHQWHSXHGHOOHJDU DVHUFRQVXOWLYRVLKDQFRQVWUXLGREDVHVRUHDOL]DGRLQYHV WLJDFLRQHVFLHQWtILFDV(QWDOYLUWXGHO3HU~VHDGKLULyDO7UDWDGR$QWiUWLFRHOGH DEULOGHSRVHHXQDHVWDFLyQFLHQWtILFDHQOD,VOD5H\-RUJHGH QRPLQDGD0DFKXSLFFKX 2EMHWLYRV • &RQJHODODVUHFODPDFLRQHVWHUULWRULDOHVHQHOiUHD • 'HFODUD]RQDVSDUDILQHVH[FOXVLYDPHQWHSDFtILFDV • 3URKtEHWRGDPHGLGDGHFDUiFWHUPLOLWDU • (VWDEOHFHPHFDQLVPRVGHFRRSHUDFLyQFLHQWtILFDLQWHUQDFLRQDO • 'HFODUDiUHDGHGLFDGDH[FOXVLYDPHQWHDODLQYHVWLJDFLyQFLHQWtILFD • 3URWHJH\FRQVHUYDVXVUHFXUVRVYLYRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 75$7$'281$685 1RPEUH 8QLyQ6XGDPHULFDQDGH1DFLRQHV )LUPDGR (Q%UDVLOLDHOGHPD\RGH ,QWHJUDQWHV )XHILUPDGRSRUSDtVHVVXGDPHULFDQRVHQWUHORVSULPHURV SDtVHV TXH ILUPDURQ HO $FWD GH &RQVWLWXFLyQ VH HQFXHQWUDQ%UDVLO(FXDGRU9HQH ]XHOD%ROLYLD3HU~&KLOH\&RORPELD -XVWLILFDFLyQ6HFRQVWLWX\HHQXQQXHYRPHFDQLVPRGHLQWHJUDFLyQVXEFRQ WLQHQWDO 2EMHWLYRV • 3URPRYHUODLQWHJUDFLyQODOLEHUWDG\ODMXVWLFLDHQHOFRQWLQHQWH • $ILDQ]DUODVUHODFLRQHVFRPHUFLDOHV\SROtWLFDVHQOD5HJLyQ • /RJUDUDODUJRSOD]RXQDFLXGDGDQtDFRQMXQWD\XQDPRQHGDFRP~QFRPROD HXURSHD • (YLWDUIUDFWXUDLQWHUQDVHQORVSDtVHVVXGDPHULFDQRV • (VWDEOHFHUPHFDQLVPRVGHUHODFLyQFRPHUFLDOFRQRWURVEORTXHVHFRQyPLFRV - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 6HFFLyQ 5(/$&,21(6,17(51$&,21$/(6 GEOGRAFÍA 5(/$&,21(6,17(51$&,21$/(6 6RQ ODV UHODFLRQHV SROtWLFDV HQWUH ORV (VWDGRV ODV TXH WDPELpQ SXHGHQ VHU HFRQyPLFDV UHOLJLRVDV FXOWXUDOHV HWF 6H LQFOX\HQ DVLPLVPR ODV UHODFLRQHV GL SORPiWLFDV &RQFHSWRVEiVLFRVGHODVUHODFLRQHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV D 3ROtWLFDH[WHULRU 3UR\HFFLyQGHORVREMHWLYRVSROtWLFRVGHXQ(VWDGR(VODDVSL UDFLyQDODVHJXULGDG\ELHQHVWDU E 3ROtWLFDLQWHUQDFLRQDO 5HVXOWDGRGHOHQIUHQWDPLHQWRGHLQWHUpVQDFLRQDO GH XQ (VWDGR FRQ LQWHUHVHV QDFLRQDOHV GH RWURV SDtVHV HOFRQIOLFWRHVFRQWUD GLFFLyQGHORVLQWHUHVHVGHO(VWDGR F &RQIOLFWRMXUtGLFR $SOLFDFLyQRLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHXQGHUHFKRHOGHUHFKR LQWHUQDFLRQDOHVWiOODPDGRDVROXFLRQDUHVWR G /D GHSHQGHQFLD 6XERUGLQDFLyQTXHWLHQHORV(VWDGRVVXEGHVDUUROODGRV (V OD SHQHWUDFLyQ GH ORV SDtVHV SRGHURVRV HQ ODVUHJLRQHV VXEGHVDUUROODGDV SDUD GRPLQDUORV \ VDFDUOHV SURYHFKR(VWDGHSHQGHQFLDSXHGHVHUHFRQyPLFDFXO WXUDORLGHROyJLFD H 'HQRPLQDFLyQ &XDQGRXQLPSHULRFRQWURODRWUR(VWDGR I ,QWHUGHSHQGHQFLD 5HODFLyQHQWUHGRV(VWDGRVRPiV3DUDHOORVVHKDQFUHDGR RUJDQLVPRVFRPRHO6(/$&(3$/3DFWR$QGLQR 7LSRVGHUHODFLRQHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV D 5HODFLRQHV ELODWHUDOHV &RQWDFWR HQWUH GRV SDtVHV (MP UHODFLRQHVELODWHUDOHV HQWUH3HU~\&RORPELD E 5HODFLRQHVPXOWLODWHUDOHV 5HXQLyQGHYDULRV(VWDGRVSDUDORJUDUXQLQWHUpV PiVDPSOLR\FRQYHQLHQWHSDUDWRGRV F 5HODFLRQHV FRPXQLWDULDV *UXSRV GH (VWDGR TXH WLHQHQ XQD UHG GHLQWHUHVHV FRPXQHV(MP3DFWR$QGLQR6(/$ - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 GEOGRAFÍA 35$&7,&$ GGHQRYLHPEUHGH HGHGLFLHPEUHGH ³/D XELFDFLyQ GHO 3HU~ HQ OD &XHQFD GHO 3DFtILFR HV HVWUDWpJLFD SRUTXH ³ FRQIRUPD XQHMHPHGLRHQWUH$Pp IXH VXVFULWR HQ OD FLXGDG ULFDGHO6XU$PpULFDGHO1RUWH$VLD GH %UDVLOLD HO GH MXOLR GH \ 2FHDQtD OR TXHOHGDGHUHFKR SRUORVFDQFLOOHUHVGH%ROLYLD%UDVLO D VHU XQ &RORPELD (FXDGRU *X\DQD 3HU~ SDtV´ 6XULQDP \ 9HQH]XHOD\ HQWUyYL D $QGLQR&HQWUDO JHQFLDHO GHDJRVWRGH´ E (MH$PD]yQLFR D (O7UDWDGRGH&RRSHUDFLyQ F (MH0HGLRGHOD&XHQFDGHO (FRQyPLFD 3DFtILFR E (O7UDWDGRGH&RRSHUDFLyQ G 0DUtWLPR $PD]yQLFD H %LRFHiQLFR F (O*UXSR$QGLQR G /D&RPXQLGDG$QGLQD 'HQWUR GH OD &RPXQLGDG $QGLQD VH H (O$FXHUGRGH&DUWDJHQD ILUPy HQ &DUDFDV XQ FRQYHQLR SDUD HO PHMRUDPLHQWR LQWHJUDO GH ODV FRQGLFLRQHVGHYLGD\ WUDEDMRHQORV 'HQWUR GH OD &RPXQLGDG $QGLQD H[LVWH XQ yUJDQR FRP~Q GHOLEHUDQWH SDtVHV GH OD &RPXQLGDG $QGLQD VH GHO SURFHVR GH LQWHJUDFLyQ \ HVWi DO UHILHUH FRQVWLWXLGR SRU UHSUHVHQWDQWHV GH &RQYHQLR FDGD &RQJUHVR 1DFLRQDO VH UHILHUH D $QGUpV%HOOR D E $QGLQR GH )RPHQWR F +LSyOLWR D (O&RQVHMR3UHVLGHQFLDO$QGLQR 8QiQXH E (O &RQVHMR $QGLQR GH 0LQLVWURV G /DWLQRDPHULFDQR GHO 7UDEDMR H GH5HODFLRQHV([WHULRUHV 6LPyQ5RGULJXH] F /D &RPLVLyQ GH OD &RPXQLGDG $QGLQD 'HQWUR GHO GHUHFKR GHO 3HU~ D OD G (O3DUODPHQWR$QGLQR $QWiUWLGD SDUD VHU FRQVLGHUDGR SDtV H(O 7ULEXQDO GH -XVWLFLD GH OD &R PLHPEUR FRQVXOWLYR VH UHTXLHUH PXQLGDG$QGLQD FRQVWUXLU XQD EDVH FLHQWtILFD \ UHDOL]DU LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV < (O 3HU~ LQVWDOy VX EDVH ³0DFKX 3LFFKX´ HO /D &RQYHQFLyQ GH ODV 1DFLRQHV 8QLGDV VREUH HO 'HUHFKR GHO 0DU R \ ³&RQVWLWXFLyQ GH ORV 2FpDQRV´ IXH HPSH]yD UHDOL]DULQYHVWLJDFLRQHV ILUPDGDHO DGHIHEUHURGH EGHDEULOGH FGHRFWXEUHGH - - 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 DGHGLFLHPEUHGH EGHQRYLHPEUHGH FGHPD\RGH GGHPD\RGH HGHGLFLHPEUHGH 8QRGHORVREMHWLYRVQRFRUUHVSRQGH DO7UDWDGR$QWiUWLFR D 'HFODUD]RQDVSDUDILQHVH[FOX VLYDPHQWHSDFtILFDV E 3URKtEH WRGD PHGLGD GH FDUiF WHUPLOLWDU F 'HFODUDiUHDGHGLFDGDH[FOXVL YDPHQWHD ODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ FLHQWtILFD G 3HUPLWHODVUHFODPDFLRQHVWHUUL WRULDOHVHQHOiUHD H (VWDEOHFHPHFDQLVPRVGHFR RSHUDFLyQFLHQWtILFDLQWHUQDFLR QDO (O 7UDWDGR 81$685 VH FRQVWLWX\H HQXQQXHYRPHFDQLVPRGHLQWHJUD FLyQ VXEFRQWLQHQWDO \ IXHILUPD GRSRU D %ROLYLD %UDVLO &RORPELD (FXD GRU *X\DQD 3HU~ 6XULQDP \ 9HQH]XHOD E %ROLYLD &RORPELD (FXDGRU 3HU~9HQH]XHOD\ &KLOH F %ROLYLD &RORPELD (FXDGRU \ 3HU~ G SDtVHVVXGDPHULFDQRV H 3HU~&KLOH%ROLYLD %UDVLO &RORPELD(FXDGRU\ &DQDGi (ORUJDQLVPRTXHUH~QHDFWXDOPHQWH D ORV HVWDGRV EROLYDULDQRV HQ 6X GDPpULFD VH GHQRPLQD«««« \ XQRGH VXVRUJDQLVPRVHVSHFLDOL - - GEOGRAFÍA ]DGRVGHFDUiFWHU HGXFDWLYR VH GHQRPLQD««««««« D *UXSRGHO5tR+LSyOLWR8QiQXH E &RPXQLGDG6XGDPHULFDQDGH 1DFLRQHV $QGUpV%HOOR F &RPXQLGDG$QGLQDGH1DFLRQHV $QGUpV%HOOR G 0HUFDGR&RP~QGHO6XU± 6LPyQ5RGUtJXH] H &RRSHUDFLyQ $PD]yQLFD ± +LSyOLWR8QiQXH (O3HU~SDUDVHUPLHPEURFRQVXOWLYR GHO 7UDWDGR $QWiUWLFR HVWDEOHFLy VX EDVH FLHQWtILFD HQ OD SHQtQVXOD DQWiUWLFR GHQRPLQDGR«««« \ VHHQFXHQWUDXELFDGDHQODSHQtQVX ODGH««««« D +XPEROWK± (VWUHFKRGH'UDNH E 0DFKXSLFFKX $QWiUWLGD F +XDVFDUDQ± 3UHWHO G +XPEROWK± $GHODLGH H 0DFKXSLFFKX± 3UHWHO (Q HO JRELHUQR GHO SUHVLGHQWH -RVp /XLV %XVWDPDQWH \ 5LYHUR VH GLR HO '6 1 HQ HO FXDO VH UHFRQRFtD QXHVWUD VREHUDQtD PDUtWL PD VREUH ODVPLOODVSRVWH ULRUPHQWH IXH FRQILUPDGD SRU OD ³'HFODUDFLyQ GH 6DQWLDJR´ (O FXiO IXH ILUPDGR SRU ORV VLJXLHQWHVSDt VHV D 9HQH]XHOD3HU~\ &KLOH E &KLOH3HU~(FXDGRU F &KLOH3HU~(FXDGRU\ &RORPELD G %ROLYLD&KLOH\ 3HU~ H $UJHQWLQD&KLOH\ 3HU~ 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 /D GLYHUVLGDG GH FULWHULRV VREUH HO WUDWDPLHQWR GHO HVSDFLR PDUtWLPR \ EpOLFR GH ODV DJXDVRFHiQLFDV SHUPLWLy TXH OD 218 WRPDUiLQLFLDWL YDVD FRQIHUHQFLD\ VHHVWDEOHFLyHO QXHYRGHUHFKRGHOPDUHQHO D , &RQVHQVRGH:DVKLQJWRQ E ,9 FRQIHUHQFLD GH GHUHFKRV GHOPDUGH F ,,, FRQYHQFLyQ VREUH ORV GHUH FKRVGHOPDUGH G ,,, FRQIHUHQFLD UHDOL]DGD HQ H 9,FRQIHUHQFLDQDFLRQDOGHO0DU - - GEOGRAFÍA GEOGRAFÍA 81,9(56,'$'1$&,21$/'(/$/7,3/$123812 %,%/,2*5$),$ $'81,&RPSHQGLRGH*HRJUDItD(GLW/XPEUHUDV/LPD±3HU~ $'81,&RPSHQGLRGH*HRJUDItD(GLW/XPEUHUDV/LPD±3HU~ %(1$9,'(6-XDQ$XJXVWR$WODVGHO3HU~(GLWRULDO(VFXHOD1XHYD/LPD %52(.-DQ*HRJUDItD6XiPELWR\VXWUDVFHQGHQFLD0p[LFR87(+$ &$3(/+RUDFLR\/XLV8UWHDJD/DVQXHYDVJHRJUDItDV%DUFHORQD6DOYDW &8$'5$7-03,7$0)&OLPDWRORJtD(G&iWHGUD*HRJUDItD6HJXQGD HGLFLyQ0DGULG )(55(5$6&)LGDOJR%LRJHRJUDItD\HGDIRORJtD(G6tQWHVLV0DGULG /Ï3(=)UDQFLVFR\RWURV*HRJUDItDItVLFD(G&iWHGUD*HRJUDItD0DGULG 3,7$*25$6*HRJUDItD/LPD3HU~ 38/*$5-DYLHU/DDPD]RQtDYtQFXORGHXQLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDO/LPD3HU~ 38/*$5-DYLHU'LFFLRQDULR*HRJUiILFR7RSRQtPLFRGHO3HU/LPD3HU~ 38/*$5-DYLHU(VTXHPDJHRJUiILFRGHO3HU~/LPD3HU~ 38/*$5-DYLHU*HRJUDItDGHO3HU~/LPD3HU~ 6$/,1$6$XJXVWR(UDWyVWHQHV\HOWDPDxRGHOD7LHUUD6,,,$&5HYLVWDGH*HRJUDItD 1RUWH *UDQGH 3RQWLILFLD 8QLYHUVLGDG &DWyOLFD GH &KLOH ,QVWLWXWR GH *HRJUDItD 6DQWLDJR&KLOH 81:,17LP(OOXJDUGHODJHRJUDItD0DGULG&iWHGUD 9$/&È5&(/-RVp2UWHJD/RVKRUL]RQWHVGHODJHRJUDItD7HRUtDGHODJHRJUDItD%DUFHORQD $ULHO 9$/(1&,$)UDQFLVFR,QWURGXFFLyQDOD*HRJUDItD)tVLFD(G+HUUHUR0p[LFR 9,//$18(9$-XOLR5(O3HU~HQORVWLHPSRVDQWLJXRV\4XHEHFRU:RUOG3HU~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