01234156789 89 82 626519 2 8뭏 많 돌 돌 섞聽靑孃 섞

žŸ ¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©¨ª«§¬§£­®¯°±¦§§¨²³²¨³´µ§§²¶·¸¨§§¹­®¯°±§¨º
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 28/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
Voml{8mWUW|0}~TZW{
01234156789
8982626519
2898689
95969
59369
!"#$%&'!()*
+,-./
012134,5.,6.7/3839:;,<,= >?@A?3839:;B,C34D1E;8,F;/GAH4,5.,I;85.2188;B,-;?E;?5./,,
6.7/3J8A4,=KKLM=NOPQ=RSOOB
66768€69j8g1EAa1@;`B,‚83@./A83?.7/1E14B
rg>veg>ƒ-,se,\w,geI>->„6Q,…†**‡)*ˆ*‰Š‹ˆ*‰)‰‡)Œ)Ž*!‡)$**‡*Žˆ‡$ˆ‰‡)Ž*Žˆ*‡
‹ˆ)$&)Œ‡‘$*’‡‹ˆ$)**‡‘“)”•)ˆ–)“*‰—&•*‡)*—•*ˆ)““ˆ)*—
•Œ‡“ˆ‡$†))—&•˜*Žˆ‡))—…)))Ž**˜))Ž“*Žˆ‡)Œ)*‡"*‰)‰‡)Œ**‡“)
“*ˆ˜ˆ)‡)#Ž“ˆ‰)‰‡)Œ)Ž*
TUV0WXYZZT[U
\;4,.?7./@.5;5.4,983@./A8;/.4,43?,A?,9/AD3,].E./39HS
?.3,5.,.?E15;5.4^,8;,@;<3/:;,5.,.88;4,5.,3/19.?,1?@A?3S
8_9123B,\;,@3/73839:;,5.,8;,.?7./@.5;5.4,983@./A8;/.4,.4
@A<,514D;/,<,34218;,5.45.,8;,?3/@;815;5,_DE12;,5.8,983@HS
/A83,5.8,4:?5/3@.,?.7/_E123,D3/,2;@`134,@:?1@34,;8,.a2.S
43,5.,2H8A8;4,5.,8;4,983@./A83?.7/1E14,D34E1?7.22134;4,<,;,8;
D/b2E12;,4A4E1EA21_?,5.8,301883,983@./A8;/,D3/,@;E/1c,.aE/;S
2.8A8;/,.?,834,.4E;534,;0;?c;534,5.,983@./A83428./3414B
\34,/.21.?E.4,;0;?2.4,.?,.8,23?321@1.?E3,5.,8;,D;E39.?1;
5.8,5;d3,/.?;8,?3,4.,];?,E/;5A2153,];4E;,.8,@3@.?E3,.?
9/;?5.4,2;@`134,E./;DHAE1234B,e8,.4Eb?5;/,;2.DE;53
;2EA;8@.?E.,D;/;,.4E.,E1D3,5.,.?7./@.5;5.4,.4,.8,A43,5.
98A2323/E12315.4,<,5.,3E/34,1?@A?34AD/.43/.4,E1D3,21283S
7347;@15;^,;?E12;821?.A/:?1234^,.E2B,\34,E/;E;@1.?E34,GA.
D/3032;?,5.D8.21_?,5.,2H8A8;4,f^,E;8.4,23@3,/1EAa1@;`^
.4Eb?,41.?53,23?415./;534,23@3,A?,E/;E;@1.?E3,D3E.?S
21;8,<,A4;534,2;5;,0.c,23?,@b4,7/.2A.?21;,<^,;,0.2.4^,23?
/.4A8E;534,@A<,D341E1034B,g.014;/.@34,834,7A?5;@.?E34
D;/;,.4E.,E/;E;@1.?E3,<,.8,.4E;53,;2EA;8,5.,8;,.015.?21;
;2./2;,5.,4A,.712;21;,<,E3a1215;5B,
Z9™
9
€16j““*
-./01213,5.,6.7/3839:;B,
C34D1E;8,š?10./41E;/13,F;/GAH4,5.,I;85.2188;B
w05;B,5.,I;85.2188;^,4›?B,OLKKy,-;?E;?5./B
?.7779œ]A@0B.4
h
ZXhij8kl8mWknZYkl8XTlUl8Xok80TVYpTmlq
e8,;?E:9.?3,5.,517./.?21;21_?,/.4E/1?9153,;,834,81?7321E34,f
]A@;?34,Nrs=KP,.4,A?;,D/3E.:?;,]15/37_`12;,E/;?4@.@S
`/;?;,5.,A?,D.43,@38.2A8;/,5.,OOSOt,usB,\;4,2H8A8;4,f
4.,9.?./;?,;,D;/E1/,5.,8;4,2H8A8;4,@;5/.,5.,8;,@H5A8;
_4.;^,53?5.,@;5A/;?,5.45.,.8,.4E;513,5.,2H8A8;,D/3Sf
];4E;,.8,5.,2H8A8;,f,1?@;5A/;^,D;4;?53,D3/,.8,5.,2H8A8;
D/.SfB,v/;4,8;,@;5A/;21_?,<,8;,4.8.221_?,.?,8;,@H5A8;
_4.;^,8;4,2H8A8;4,f,@;5A/;4,4;8.?,;,8;,21/2A8;21_?,4;?9A:S
?.;,23@3,2H8A8;4,0:/9.?.4,GA.^,5.4DAH4,5.8,.?2A.?E/3
23?,.8,;?E:9.?3,D;/;,.8,GA.,43?,.4D.2:712;4^,4.,;2E10;?,<
@19/;?,;8,23@D;/E1@.?E3,D./173812A8;/,5.8,2.?E/3,9./@1S
?;8,53?5.,.4E;4,2H8A8;4,f,4A7/.?,A?,?A.03,D/32.43,5.
4.8.221_?,D./17H/12;,<,@;5A/;21_?,D;/;,23?0./E1/4.,.?
2H8A8;4,f,5.,@.@3/1;,3,.?,2H8A8;4,D8;4@bE12;4,D/35A2E3S
/;4,5.,;?E12A./D34,5.,;8E;,;71?15;5B,\;,.aD/.41_?,5.
rs=K,1?28A<.,5.45.,.8,.4E;513,5.,2H8A8;,D/.Sf,;8,5.,2H8AS
8;,f,5.,@.@3/1;B,w5.@b4^,rs=K,4.,.aD/.4;,.?,@b4,5.8
LKx,5.,8;4,2H8A8;4,f,5.8,81?73@;,?3,]359u1?1;?3^,D./3
?3,4.,5.E.2E;,.?,8;4,2H8A8;4,@;5/.^,D/3Sf,3,D8;4@bE12;4B
s.,.4E.,@353^,2A;8GA1./,E./;D1;,51/1915;,7/.?E.,;,rs=K
?3,;2EA;/b,43`/.,8;4,2H8A8;4,D8;4@bE12;4B
rs=K,.4,A?;,@38H2A8;,E/;?4@.@`/;?;,GA.,D/.4.?E;
534,53@1?134,D.GA.d34,.aE/;2.8A8;/.4,<,E/.4,53@1?134
1?E/;2.8A8;/.4,GA.,1?28A<.?,4A4,.aE/.@34,;@1?3SE./@1S
?;8,<,2;/`3a1SE./@1?;8,N719A/;,+PB,e8,53@1?13,.aE/;2.8AS
8;/,5.,RR,;@1?3b21534,N.?E/.,.8,+R=,<,.8,+yzP,.4,.8,8A9;/
5.,A?1_?,5.,834,;?E12A./D34,@3?3283?;8.4,;?E1Srs=K
‹ŒŽ‘’“”•–•—˜”™”š›œž“””•Ÿ Ÿ• ¡¢””Ÿ£¤¥•””¦š›œž”•§
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 28/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
789:89;;<=>?@A;8
„…†‡3ˆi‰
=CUFCDCKHELJTKCDQMCORHJLEBCA\
[BCEKHJLMCFUOKLZ
KEQMJOXFJLEKHJZA\
IFJHMNJOEPA\
CDMKEOXLMEBC
OCOPFEKECNUFCDEBECKHBEDEDCHEUEDBCBJSCFCKLJELJTKBCED
LXMEDYICNLCUHCKEDLXMEDUFZY[EDUEDORHJLED8DMKE
OXLMEQMCEHFEWJCDELMEHFWCLCDEOCOPFEKE[QMCHJCKC
BDBOJKJDCNHFELCMEFCD=JHMNJOEPDCMKCEMKBCCDD
BOJKJD8DHCEKHJLMCFUUDCCEDFC_JKCDLKDHEKHCDŠEUUE
GMOEKEDIOJCKHFEDQMCEFC_JTKWEFJEPCQMCCUFUFLJKE
CDUCLJSJLJBEBCDBCFJ_CKOMFJK[UMCBCDCFEFCDUKDEPCBC
EUFBMLLJTKBCEKHJLMCFUDEKHJQMJOXFJLDQMCBJDOJKM[CKDM
CSJLELJE
AXMEY
=C_JKCDWEFJEPCD
OMFJKEDuA\=v
=C_JTKLKDHEKHC
ŠEUUEGMOEKE
A\
=C_JTKLKDHEKHC
?LGMOEKEu@_<xv
BCDEFFEBDGEDHEEGFEIJKLMJBCFJHMNJOEP:MKQMC
KCDHRLEFEOCKHCBCSJKJBEDMSMKLJTKIUEFCLCQMCCDC
LEKEBCLELJQMCELHMEFVECKDUEDDJKJLJECDBCE
ELHJWELJTKBCEDLXMEDYIEDLMECDLKBMLCKEEJKJZ
LJELJTKBCLJLLCMEF[EDMBJSCFCKLJELJTKA\
KDC
JPCFEBCEOCOPFEKEIUFQMCKDCBCHCLHECK
SFOEDMPCI[KDCJKHCFKEJ]EHFEDEMKJTKBCMK
EKHJLMCFUCDUCLVSJL\CHBDOBDIKDCGECKLKZ
HFEBE^KCJ_EKBSJDJT_JLBCA\
`abcdaefghicjifjbakcl`mnienjnkonjfoifjbapkq5r
=JHMNJOEPCDMKEKHJLMCFUOKLKEQMJOXFJLQMCDC
MKCBCSFOECDUCLVSJLEEEOXLMEA\
GMOEKE8
UFJKLJUEOCLEKJDOBCELLJTKEHFJPMJBEFJHMNJOEPCDE
CJOJKELJTKBCEDLXMEDYA\
sSMKBEOCKHEOCKHC
SELJJHEBEUFELJHHNJLJBEBBCUCKBJCKHCBCEKHJLMCFZ
UD8DHCHJUBCLJHHNJLJBEBCDOCBJEBEUFCFCLCUHF
UEFEED@_<?Lt=@@@5FCICKDUELJCKHCDQMCUEBCZ
LCKMUMDCFJHCOEHDDJDHXOJLu688vIDCGEBCDLFJH
QMCCDHCCSCLHBCFJHMNJOEPBCUCKBCBCEHJUBC
?Lt=@@@ICLMELEOPJEEESJKJBEBUFCEKHJLMCFU@_<
:LHMEOCKHCIKDCDEPCDJDUJOFSJDODBC?Lt=@@@
UMCBCKOBJSJLEFCCSCLHBCFJHMNJOEPCKEDUDJPCD
JKBJLELJKCD:BCORDIEJDJDBCUCKBJCKHCBCLOUCZ
OCKH[EEUUHDJDUMCBCKLKHFJPMJFEECJOJKELJTK
BCEDLXMEDYJKBMLJBEUFFJHMNJOEP6EJKBMLLJTKBC
EUUHDJDDTDCGEBCODHFEBCKVKCEDLCMEFCDY
\CHBDOBDICUFCBOJKJBCMKOCLEKJDOM
HFUEFCLCBCUCKBCFBCHCwJBMTF_EKBKBCFCEJLC
DMSMKLJTK8KCDHCDCKHJBICOJLFEOPJCKHCHJDMEF
BCHCFOJKEICKUFJKLJUJIMKLJCFHCDHEBUFHCLHFBC
EDLXMEDSFCKHCEEOMCFHCJKBMLJBEUFFJHMNJOEP
:DVIEMKQMCCDLEUE]BCCJOJKEFBCDBCEDLXMEDUFCZ
YGEDHEEDLXMEDYBCOCOFJEIUMCDHQMCHBEDCED
CNUFCDEKA\
IEDLXMEDYBCLCKHF_CFOJKE[BCE
]KEOEF_JKEDKE_ORDFCDJDHCKHCDEEKHJLMCFU
OKLKECKMKOBCOMFJK
6ECJOJKELJTKBCEDLXMEDYLJFLMEKHCD[BCDHCwJZ
BDHFEDEEBOJKJDHFELJTKBCFJHMNJOEPCDFRUJBE[OEKZ
HCKJBEAKMKEDEBDJDI[EDCLOUFMCPEEFCBMLZ
LJTKBCLXMEDYuBCHCLHEBEDOCBJEKHCECNUFCDJTKBC
A\xIMKLFFCLCUHFBCFCLCUHFBCEDLXMEDYvCK
D_EK_JDJKSRHJLDEDxyBVED6EDLXMEDYDCCJZ
OJKEKCK_FEBWEFJEPCHFEDHFCDJKSMDJKCDBCFJHMNJZ
OEP[COUJC]EKEFCLMUCFEFDCEDzOCDCDIUEFE
ELEK]EFWEFCDKFOECDCKDEK_FCEDx
OCDCD
\EBQMCKDCCJOJKEKEDLXMEDUEDORHJLEDIDTMK
UCQMC{UFLCKHEwCu|
}vBCUELJCKHCDHFEHEBDLK
EKHJLMCFUDOKLKECDOMCDHFEMKBCDLCKDBCE
LKLCKHFELJTKDXFJLEBCJKOMK_PMJKEDu@_<[~
@_9vUFBCPEwBCDWEFCDBCFCSCFCKLJEBCDE
DxxOCDCDBCEEBOJKJDHFELJTKBCFJHMNJOEP8KCDHC
DCKHJBILJCFHDEMHFCDUFUKCKMKVOJHCDMUCFJFE
O_~BBC@_<DXFJLEUEFEOKJHFJ]EFMKHFEHEOJCKH
LFFCLH
=JHMNJOEPIEUFPEBUFE?\:CKx€IGEDJB
COUCEBCKORDBCOCBJOJTKBCUELJCKHCDLK
CKSCFOCBEBCDGCOEHT_JLEDOEJ_KEDPJCKLO
HFEHEOJCKHBCUFJOCFEVKCEPJCKCKHCFEUJEBC
OEKHCKJOJCKH8MMDGEDJBHEOPJXKEMHFJ]EB
UEFECHFEHEOJCKHBCEEFHFJHJDFCMOEHJBC6EBDJD
COUCEBEUEFECHFEHEOJCKHBCCKSCFOCBEB
CDGCOEZ
HT_JLEDCDBCMKEBDJDBC€O_~O DCOEKE
BMFEKHCyDCOEKEDuBDJDUEFEJKSOE‚vILMELKZ
DJ_MCMKEBCUCLJTKBCLXMEDYBMFEKHCzZOCDCDCK
ORDBCƒ}BCDUELJCKHCD6ECNUCFJCKLJECKEFHFJZ
HJDFCMOEHJBCGECWEBEBCDEFFBCMKUFHLZ
BCDTBDBDJDBCxO_LEBE
DCOEKED
uBDJDUEFEEFHFJHJDFCMOEHJBC‚v
012345678 !"#$%&'(%)*+,-.,-/,&$*&*)%-.&0,1-,/*2,-.3-$)-1*1-2,4/0)-$'/*$-2 56
9
9
9
Ž‘’“”•–—˜—™š–›–’œžŸ •––—¡¢¡—¢£¤––¡¥¦§—––¨œžŸ –—™
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 28/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
qHtd8tjjiuvwxsj8
789:;<=>=?@ABC<@>?=8?;<D:E<F>G
HIJKLMNKOIPQRONOSQIOTUSKJQJNMVKNQJOSKPUWKXQRY
JQJZUOQO[KJOVNKQOWKIPOVPO\SNOJOJOIXKOIJO
\QNKOVPOIPSQPQJI\SVO\QIKQI]OXQP^TKNQIOI
PQSOQL_NKPSQIQJQSQNVPOWPJO\QNKOVPOSOVQ\S`
ZUOYOVIUXQaS\QSPOYQOW\OSKOVNKQ\SNOJOJONQII
OI\S_JKNIJOOIPUJKISOQKbQJIIRSO\RQNKVOI
XUa\OZUOcQIaJOUVINOVPSdJOX_IYXUN]QI
JOQISOQNNKVOIQJ[OSIQIJOINSKPQI\UOJOVIOSIONUV`
JQSKQIQQZUKXKPOSQ\KQZUOIOIUOOQJXKVKIPSQSQ
XKIXPKOX\RIPQVPOYOIPIJQPIIUTKOSOVZUO
IOPSQPQJOUVL_SXQNRQIPQVPOIOTUSaYOVQXQa`
SMQJOQI\QPTMQIPSQPQJQIYQKVNKJeOVNKQJOOLONPI
QJ[OSIIOIXOVSJOefgPQRQehiSQV\QSPOJO
IOLONPIQJ[OSIINXUVKNQJIJUSQVPOQKVLUIK^V
JOSKPUWKXQRIVSOQNNKVOIJO]K\OSIOVIKRKKJQJZUO
XUOIPSQVUVQIO[OSKJQJNMVKNQXJOSQJQaZUOIOPSQ`
PQVNVQXOJKNQNK^VOIP_VJQSjPSPK\JOOLONPIIO
RIOS[QVX_IPQSJMQXOVPOYNKVNKJKOVJNVQJO\O`
NK^VJOKVLNKPIkYOVPSOIZUOJOIPQNQVQIKVLONNK`
VOIYLUVJQXOVPQXOVPOJOPSQNPSOI\KSQPSKIU\OSKSY
NVUVQRUOVQSOI\UOIPQQQQVPKRKPOSQ\KQlQJZUO
OIUVQVPKNUOS\ZUKXmSKNIO]QJOINSKPOJOIQSS
JOQVPKNUOS\IQVPKZUKXmSKNINVIKTVKLKNQNK^VKVNKOS`
PQQUVZUOSOQNKVQJ\SRQROXOVPONVQ\mSJKJQ
JOOLONPK[KJQJJOSKPUWKXQR
n:C=>F8CDo?p>;>?8A?D;>D>F<8CDo?
@oC?;<D:E<F>G
6QINmUQIkNU\QVUV\Q\ONOVPSQOVQSOI\UOIPQ
KVXUVOHVONVPOWPJOQQUPKVXUVKJQJYQQU`
PSSOQNPK[KJQJq`JO\OVJKOVPOYUVKX\SPQVPONX\`
VOVPOJOQIOVLOSXOJQJOIQUPKVXUVOIYJO\OVJOJO
QINmUQIkRKOVQPSQ[mIJOIU\Q\ONX\SOIOVPQ`
JSQIJOQVPMTOVRKOVXOJKQVPOIU\Q\ONX
NOIPKXUQJSQIqOVKOVJOVNUOVPQZUOQ\SJUN`
NK^V\QP^TKNQJOQVPKNUOS\IOIQNQSQNPOSMIPKNQJO
VUXOSIQIOVLOSXOJQJOIIKIPmXKNQIZUOQLONPQVQ
SKc^VYSKPUWKXQR]QNXOVbQJQOX\OQSIOOVUVQ
TSQV[QSKOJQJJOOIPQI\QPTMQIYQUVZUOOXONQVKI`
XOWQNP\SONUQQNPrQVOIP_NQSQXOVPOJOLKVK̀
JHVNVNSOPYOIPOQVPKNUOS\XVNVQIO]Q
OX\OQJYOVPSOPSIPSQIPSVIYOVQTXOSUVO`
LSKPKIXOXRSQVIQYQNSKTRUKVOXKQYOU\UIOSKPO`
XQPIYQI[QINUKPKIQINKQJQIQdsdYQ]KQKVIKI
IOTXOVPQSKQaLNQYOVONVPOWPJOPSQI\QVPOeSOVQ
\QSQOPSQPQXKOVPJOSON]Qb]UXSQYOPN8KV
OXRQSTYQIIOSKOI\URKNQJQI]QIPQQ]SQOVOIPO
PK\JOPSQIPSVIIV\OZUOcQIYIKVOIPUJKINVPS`
QJIa\SRQROXOVPOVIO]QV\URKNQJQZUOI
NQIINVSOIUPQJIVOTQPK[I8VVONOIQSKIOIPU`
JKINVPSQJIQOQPSKbQJIZUOTQSQVPKNOVQI
JK[OSIQIKVJKNQNKVOIJOSKPUWKXQR
Dyz{y?|
821}~4?y€134?y~3‚zƒ‚€4?y?{y?~13y„‚y?}40?3‚~ƒ…‚†yz
qSQIKVLUIK^V
dNSP\Qb
dQST\Qb
821}~4?y€134
HINQLSMI
wKORSOYJSNQRObQ
lKIVOQ
‡K\POVIK^V
kSVNI\QIX
dVTKOJOXQ
HWQVPOXQ
xVLONNKVOI
dVPKNUOS\IQVPKZUKXmSKNI
lSQRJXKVQ
5rS\USQ
qSXRIKISOPKVKQVQ
tKQTKQ
OUPS\OVKQ
qSXRNKP\OVKQ
dJOVNQSNKVXQ
n31}ƒ10}‚y
ef
ef
f
ef
ˆf
‰f
ˆf
e`
f
`ˆf
eŠf
`ef
‹f
`
f
Œ`eŒf
f
e
f
56 0123456789 9 9 !"#$%&'(%)*+,-.,-/,&$*&*)%-.&0,1-,/*2,-.3-$)-1*1-2,4/0)-$'/*$-2
Ž‘’“”•–—˜™˜š›—œ—“žŸ ¡–——˜¢£¢˜£¤¥——¢¦§¨˜——©žŸ ¡—˜¦
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 28/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
789:89;;<=>?@A;8
:BCDECFGBEHCIJKJDGGCGIJLMJNEJCBEGIJCBCDNGKGI =JOFkkEJDGj=FQQJCJCDEJDGeJCKIDNG`GfIBCIJR
JCGEDJNGDFNGMGNGJDNGDGOEJCDKJJCPJNOJKGKJIQR BFDEuIeMF`EBGNCdGBJuGNEIGmIFCGIJNEJKJoMGR
BEJCDJIBCIaCKNOJCJPNHDEBMJNIEIDJCDJDNGIvOJIJI
OJNFGNJI
BCDNGDGOEJCDBCIJNuGKNjIECCECQpCECOFCIFMNJINe
JCIBFG
JIeGGKOECEIDNGBEHCKJFCGKIEIIJOGCGKJ
STUVWTXYZ[10[\Y[01234]YU^Y[X1XZ3Y04_Y
wrOQxO KFNGCDJtIJOGCGIIJ`IJNuHFCGNJKFBBEHC
EOMNDGCDJKJGMNDJECFNEGbKJoevGeoQxKaGceMJNOGR
8KJMHIEDIF`JCKDJEGKJ@Q<JCGOJO`NGCG`GR CJBEJCKJCJNGCQCJPNHDEBJCrMGBEJCDJIhI
IGQOJNFGNJCNJIMFJIDGGFCGCDaQJCKJIBCBER MGBEJCDJIGBGCkGNCGNJOEIEHCBOMJDGGIrOJIJIe
KJIG`GIJKJJIDGQOJNFCJPNEDEIb<c8IDJ jIJ`IJNuHGKJMJBEHCKJBgFGIyJCDKIIIFfJDI
dJBdefFCDBCGEKJCDEPEBGBEHCKJBgFGIAh
i DNGDGKIhFNGCDJq
OJIJIOnIKJIJQFEOEJCDC
JCGI`EMIEGIKJMGBEJCDJIBC<OJO`NGCIGe IJBCIEQFEJNCOnINJOEIECJIBOMJDGIeMJNJC
BCIDEDFjJJNGkCGOEJCDMGNGGECKEBGBEHCKJNEDFR MGBEJCDJIIJKJDJBDHFCGOGjNNJKFBBEHCKJGMNDJER
LEOG`8JdGMF`EBGKFCGMJlFJmGMJNBNJBEJCDJ CFNEGGBEPNGIECPJNENJIGerQxKaG6GDJNGMEGJCQJCJNG
EDJNGDFNGNJIMJBDGFIKJNEDFLEOG`JCGCJPNMGDaG PFJ`EJCDJNGKGter=IIEJDGKJIBNÈJCFCBGIKJFCG
OJO`NGCIGhJIOnIKJoBGIIMF`EBGKIe CJPNMGDaGOJO`NGCIGBCIaCKNOJCJPNHDEBBOMER
OnIKJGOEDGKMNBJKJCKJFCpCEBBJCDN BGKGBCGCJOEGGFDECOFCJdJOaDEBGDNGDGKGBC
KCKJJNEDFLEOG`IJJOMJHBODJNGMEGECEBEGe gLEDBCNEDFLEOG`8CJIDJBGIJDNGDGOEJCDPFJOnI
IEJCKJCJNJIDKJIBGIIJOMJGKBO MNCQGKbFCGKIEIIJOGCGKFNGCDJtIJOGCGIjMIR
IJQFCKGaCJGKJDNGDGOEJCD6IKGDIKEIMCÈJI DJNENOJCDJFCGKIEIOJCIFGKFNGCDJrOJIJIcjGIBEGR
IFQEJNJClFJNEDFLEOG`BCIEQFJFCqrR
sKJNJOER KGvMNJKCEICGe`IJNunCKIJOJfNaGKJIKJGMNEOJNG
IECJIBOMJDGIjFCrRtsKJNJOEIECJIMGNBEGR KIEIA`JDGKJIBNÈJCJBGIKJFCMGBEJCDJBC
JI8CGDG`G
IJNJIFOJCIJIDFKEIOnIKJIDGR IaCKNOJCJPNHDEBMNCJPNMGDaGOJO`NGCIGIECNJIR
MFJIDGGMNJKCEICGjBNGO`FBEjJCJlFJDNGItIJOGR
BGKIlFJIJKJDGGCGBCDECFGBEHC
zYZ\Y[5
{_UV|T4_[_1\1}}T40Y|4_[|1\[V_4[|1[3TUVWTXYZ[10[01234]YU^Y[X1XZ3Y04_Y
S121310}TY
~ 31_10UY}T€0[ z3YUYXT10U4[
}\^0T}Y
}40[3TUVWTXYZ
S‚TX10[
|1[U3YUYXT10U4
ƒ1‚VTXT10U4
S1XT_T€0[
}4X]\1UY}
S1XT_T€0[
]Y3}TY\|
43}10UY„1[
|1[31|V}}T€0[
|1[]34U1T0V3TY
‰rws
=JOFkkEJDGe
t o 9@GBC8` @8A:GKIEI
wrOQxO
xIJOGCG…t q
OJIJI
xob†‡qQxKaGc
xobˆqQxKaG
MJCGI
ewOJIJI
j†‡erQxKaGc
KJOJKEG
=FQQJCJCDEJDGe
r
ANGuJKEJDGe
wq q
9@BC8 @8A:GOJCI
vOJIJI
wrOQxO
xIJOGCG…q q
OJIJI
xq
vxq
‰vs
bCŠqqc
wrOQxO
xIJOGCG…
bCŠqc
?JNuJCkGJDGe
oq
qr 9@BC8 @8A:i:=:@@G qQ…
q
OJIJI
xqr
vxqr
‰tos
OJCIvOJIJI bKaGIqjqrce
5NJKCEICGbCŠ
ce NJMJDEKGIvOJIJI
MNJKCEICGj
IEMNDJECFNEGˆQxKaG
GlFEGCDJIbCŠ
ce Ahqˆqrx‹
BEBIMNECGbCŠ
ce bCŠqc
99?bCŠ
c
=FQQJCJCDEJDGe
o wJ 9@BC8 @8A:GOJCI
wrOQxO
xIJOGCG…t wRrOJIJI
wxw
xw
‰rs
vOJIJI
8JQGNNGJDGe
q q 9@BC
@8A::=:@@
wrOQxO
xIJOGCG OJIJI
qxq
xq
Rvs
beoQxKaGc
MNDJECFNEG GCDEBGBECJFNaCEBI …t=JMJDEK
OJKEGKJ
JCMGBEJCDJI
erQxKaG
9@ŒCJPNMGDaGOJO`NGCIGEKEMnDEBG8ŒIaCKNOJCJPNHDEBGhJPECEKGMNJJIDFKEMNDJECFNEG†eQxKaG` hJPECEKGMNJJIDFKENJKFBBEHCˆ‡rsBCMNDJECFNEG†erQxKaGc
B8
JIDFKENJuEIGrMGBEJCDJIBCIJBFDEuIeMJNIHGMNDGKGDIKJwMGBEJCDJIBCNJOEIEHCBOMJDGjlFJGBBJKEJNCGNJMJDENG`EMIEG:QFCIMGBEJCDJIICBOFCJIGGINJPJNJCBEGI
=JOFkkEte=FQQJCJCJDEr jANGuJKEq JDG
012345678 !"#$%&'(%)*+,-.,-/,&$*&*)%-.&0,1-,/*2,-.3-$)-1*1-2,4/0)-$'/*$-2 56
9
9
9
|}~€‚ƒ„…†‡†ˆ‰…Š…‹ŒŽ„……†‘†‘’“……”•–†……—‹ŒŽ…†˜
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 28/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
aQwf8wxxy[ze{bx8
789:;<78:9=99;>878:;?=@<A=>8BCDE>FG>
H9;
B9;?IJ?;:<KK=J7L?F?;9D=I8:;8L?@;=7<?=8M<78
>;N?O8:;8P<7K=J7?;78Q7;L?=>;?K89L<B=K8:
;7<7L8K=;7@;9>;@=:8@?89L87@;?;78K7?;K=:=I8:;
<787;P?L8@O8>;>B?879889R>;9;9:;@?89L87
@;S
;@?8@8>=;7@K7R:9=9:;?=@<A=>8B:;DE>FG> ;7
<7>;99;8K>L8TJ:;<78?;:<KK=J7=>L?@87@;:;8
L?@;=7<?=8S>87@;7=;7:;L8K=;7@;89V8T9:;@?89U
L87@;<78L?@;=7<?=8=7P;?=?8SEFG:O8QA=9@;7L<B=U
K8K=7;9?;K=;7@;9W<;X87=7K<=:8<7>8M?7Y>;?
:;L8K=;7@;9Z;X;KXS;F?<L:;[;><\\=;@8@?8@J
8EL8K=;7@;9K79;K<@=I9K77;P?L8@O8>;>B?8798
=:=L]@=K8:;>;:=U8@?=;9EFK7;>=9>?^F=>;7W<;
X8BO87<98:L?;I=8>;7@;SK79=F<=^7:9;8?;>=9=J7
CL?@;=7<?=8_SEFG:O8H;7;
`SW<;9;89K=JK7
<78>;N?O8;79X88\F9X=9@JF=K9;7B=L9=89?;L;U
@=:89C:8@W<;9J9;?;KF=J;7DL8K=;7@;9Ha8>B=^7
?;K=;7@;>;7@;Sb?8I;:=;@8;9@<:=878c
L8K=;7@;9K7
7;P?L
8@O8>;>B?8798@?8@8:9K7<78Y7=K8:9=9DE
>FG> :;?=@<A=>8BK>L8?]7:9K789;?=;X=9@J?=K8
:;
RK899@?8@8:9K7R:9=9B@;7=;7:<7F?8::;
:;L;K=J7:;K^<89d9=>=8?;78>B9F?<L9M<7L?U
K;7@8N;:;?;>=9=7;99=>=8?;9C
E`HSK<8L87@;88
K<;9@=J7:;;I=@8?88:>=7=9@?8K=J7=77;K;98?=8:;:9=9
?;L;@=:89W<;L<;:878<>;7@8?9;P;K@99;RScK<Sc7c:8?=9M
;:;98??:;87@=K<;?L987@=W<=>^?=K9 Q7<7
;9@<:=L=@Se;?I;7\8;@8<98?7?=@<A=>8B;7<7?^F=U
>;79=>=8?8:;88?@?=@=9?;<>8@=:;CcF9:O89cMcEH
@?8@87:8cEL8K=;7@;9K77;P?L8@O8>;>B?8798W<;
@;7O87L?@;=7<?=8=>L?@87@;C>;:=8:;cFG:O8H68
>=@8::;9L8K=;7@;97X8BO87?;9L7:=:8@?8@8>=;7U
@9L?;I=9f9g>;9;9:;@?8@8>=;7@SRL8K=;7@;9
K79=F<=;?7<78?;>=9=J7L8?K=8Z=;\L8K=;7@;9P<;?7
@?8@8:9K7<79;F<7:K=K:;?=@<A=>8BSM8W<;K7U
@=7<8B87K7L?@;=7<?=87;P?J@=K8MX8BO878<>;7@8:
:;7<;I89K^<89dQ7?;9<>;7S89c
>;9;9S:;9
cRL8K=;7@;9W<;K>L;@8?7;;9@<:=S:9CcR`HX8U
BO87K79;F<=:<78?;>=9=J7K>L;@8M9;=9CR`HS<78
?;>=9=J7L8?K=8Q7K7N<7@S8L?@;=7<?=89;?;:<N<7
RV`89c
>;9;9b=7KL8K=;7@;97@<I=;?7?;9L<;9U
@88
K=K9:;?=@<A=>8BcM
:9:;;9L?F?;98?78
=79<P=K=;7K=8?;78@;?>=78Q9@98<@?;97;7K7@?8U
?7:=P;?;7K=89X=9@JF=K899<9@87K=8;9;7@?;9?;9L7U
:;:?;9M97?;9L7:;:?;9Q@?8B8N>]9?;K=;7@;
MK7?;9<@8:9><M=7@;?;987@;9L;?@;7;K;8=7I;9@=F8U
:?;9;9L8T;9SW<=;7;9@?8@8?7K7?=@<A=>8B8c
L8K=;7@;9K77;P?L8@O8>;>B?879887@=K8K=7;c<?=78U
:;L;7:=;7@;9CK7K=K9L?=78@8K?=><9H69
L8K=;7@;9?;
K=B=;?7@?8@8>=;7@K7R:9=99;>878;9:;
DE>FG> :;?=@<A=>8BZ;9L<^9:;@?8@8>=;7@9;
BN;@=IJ<78?;:<KK=J79=F7=P=K8@=I8:;8L?@;=7<?=8C
SE
hSDgB898P?;7@;8SVEhScDFG:O889g>;9;9H69
87@=K8K=7;<?O7=K9M@?9P]?>8K9=7><79<L?;9?;9
L<:=;?7?;@=?8?9;9=7;I=:;7K=8:;?;K=:=I8QP=@?8:FU
>;?<8?>;N?J9=F7=P=K8@=I8>;7@;CShcEB8988
cgSRh
>G>=789>;9;9Ha?;9L8K=;7@;9L?;9;7@8U
?7<78<>;7@:;8L?@;=7<?=889cS
M
V>;9;9S
MP<;?7@?8@8:9:;7<;IK7^A=@K7<79;F<7:K=K
:;?=@<A=>8Bcf9>;9;9@:99L8K=;7@;9;9@8B87
;7?;>=9=J7 69?;9<@8:9L?;=>=78?;9L8?;K;78;7@8:?;9SL;?
@:8IO89;:;B;=7I;9@=F8?L8?8?;K>;7:8?;<9:;
?=@<A=>8BK>@?8@8>=;7@9=9@;>]@=KSM>]98Y7
K>@?8@8>=;7@=7=K=8689:9=9JL@=>89M8P?;K<;7U
K=8:;8:>=7=9@?8K=J7:;?=@<A=>8BL8?8;@?8@8>=;7@:;
87;P?L8@O8>;>B?8798:;B;7:;P=7=?9;69?;FO>;U
7;9<@==\8:98K@<8>;7@;;9@]78:8L@8:9:;@?8@8U
>=;7@:;=7P>8:;:;88?@?=@=9?;<>8@=:;SL;?8
P8?>8KK=7^@=K8:;?=@<A=>8BL:?O89;?:=P;?;7@;;79
L8K=;7@;9K77;P?L8@O8>;>B?879868L?@;=7<?=87
9;;K@=I8@87;;I8:8:;;9@9L8K=;7@;9L:?O8;I8?8
<78L^?:=:8@;J?=K8:;?=@<A=>8BL?8?=78MSL?
@87@S:=9>=7<=?8;P=K8K=8:;P]?>8K
ij4k13lj4mnj134mompm1qk10rs3osptp24nsj
68L8@F;7=8:;;9@8F>;?<7;P?=@=99;:;9K7K;S
L;?:=I;?99:8@9KO7=K9M;AL;?=>;7@8;98L<7@87
X8K=88;A=9@;7K=8:;<7P8K@?K=?K<87@;7K7K=:S9=
B=;7;789B=L9=899;B9;?I87F;7;?8>;7@;;9K899
:;LJ9=@9=7><7;9u9@8L:?O89;?S;7K=;?@>:S8
N<9@=P=K8K=J7L8?8;<9:;?=@<A=>8B;7;9@8F>;?<U
7;P?=@=9S8<7W<;8;AL;?=;7K=8;9><M;9K898[=@<A=>8B
=7:<N8KK=:;7@8>;7@;<78?;>=9=J7;7
K899:;FU
>;?<9K;?9=99;F>;7@8?=8MPK8:;
7=T9@?8@8:9
K7?=@<A=>8BL?;7P;?>;:8:=7PL?=P;?8@=I8=7F<7
:;9
L8K=;7@;9X8BO8?;K=B=:@?8@8>=;7@L?;I=K7
L89>8P^?;9=9K=K
9L?=78[=@<A=>8B9;;>L;J88
:9=9:;DE>FG> 889;>878:<?87@;RMg9;>8789S
?;9L;K@=I8>;7@;S>87@;7c=R^Sc7E:9;8?;>=9=J789RMD
>;9;9@?89;@?8@8>=;7@ d;7\;@8:;9K?=B;7;K89
:;<79O7:?>;7;P?J@=KK?@=K:;L;7:=;7@;L?;I=8>;7U
@;@?8@8:K7;9@;?=:;9SK=KP9P8>=:8SK=K9L?=78M
@8K?J=><99=7^A=@QL8K=;7@;:;98??J@8>B=^7<78
LY?L<?8@?>BK=@L^7=K8?;8K=78:8K7;@?8@8>=;7@
Z;9L<^9:;E?;K8O:89;7cE8T9S;@?8@8>=;7@K7
:9=9;9@]7:8?:;cg?=@<A=>8BK7;IJ<78?;>=9=J7:;S8
>;79Sc>;9;9v8>8?;@8:;9K?=B;7
K899:;?;K=U
:=I8@?89;@?89L87@;Q7;L?=>;?K89S8L;98?:;@?8@8U
>=;7@L?;@?89L87@;K7L89>8P^?;9=9MK=K9L?=78S8
L?@;=7<?=88L8?;K;8:O89=F<=;7@;:;@?89L87@;SB@;U
7=^7:9;8?;>=9=J7K>L;@8@?89
:9=9:;?=@<A=>8B
7787<;I8?;K8O:89;BN;@=I889R:O89W<;S=F<8U
>;7@;S?;9L7:;8<78:9=98:=K=78:;?=@<A=>8BQ7
;9;F<7:K89S@8>B=^78L?@;=7<?=88L8?;K;8:O8
9=F<=;7@;:;@?89L87@;S9=7?;9L<;9@88c9;9=7;9:;
56 0123456789 9 9 !"#$%&'(%)*+,-.,-/,&$*&*)%-.&0,1-,/*2,-.3-$)-1*1-2,4/0)-$'/*$-2
}~€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‡‰Š†‹†‚ŒŽ…††‡‘’‘‡’“”††‘•–—‡††˜ŒŽ†‡”
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 28/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
789:89;;<=>?@A;8
BCDECFGHIDJDKLHCLCEJIMLNMNJNFDFCEJOC:DPEIQ
DIDBDLHCDBCMLIDICOEJMJDLHCMRODJDOPIXHJLSTJECUV
DJIMOIMIDLINCDILHCLCEJIMLJMIFINLJW YHJDLICIL
CLCEUJGMOIDNHJUIMSMNCDOILHCLCEJIMLNMHJLSTJQ
ECUKBCDECFGHIDJDIMSMCHINJOPJ[WCBDLHCDBCMLIOISMC
ZJCJMDJDNMUSIMCHIDBSIDLC 8MHIDSEIMVDIZCM
BSUJNCOESKBNDNCDDDUHICIFJNCNJCOIHJLSTJECU
IMID\MOHEIMIFH]LJNNHLJNHHIDJDLIMLIKCECKH\C
ZCMDJOCMINO]LJNDVBSUJNCODIMMJ^DCOIDNIMQ
LIDVIMHINJOJWCOIZJCJMDJDLHCDILHCDBCMLI6C_MJNC
DIHJIHILHDBINLJWCBSUJNCOCIMCOSLDNMD\MOHEI
MIFH]LJNNHLJNHHIDJDLIMLIBH`EIHSDNIHDJDDI`Q
EIMLCHJCKFNCIMHJ^MIDMCLJWDDIHIN`J]NESMC
JMJNJCLJWCOI`HSB<6;88a<HSB8DBPC^BCHCI
8DLSOJOICD8MFIHEIOCOID<EIHSCHIDb8IIDLSOJCQ
HM[BCNJIMLIDNMD\MOHEIMIFH]LJNKUJBDJCNMFJHQ
ECOCcSIMZCU\CMHIDBMOJOCLHCLCEJIMLDJMESMQ
DSBHIDHIDKCDcSIDIIDCOEJMJDLH]HJLSTJECU6C
BCSLCI
EBICOCFSIZCUJLSCEIMLIRODJDOIXd
E`eE
VCSMcSICBCNJIMLIDDIIDHIBJLJ]CODJD8]
OID[BCNJIMLIDEDLHCHMSMIFINLBDJLJWCLHCQ
LCEJIMLVBIPHMDINMDJ̀SJ]CHIEJDJ]MNEBILCIM
MJM`_MNCD 5HLCMLVIDLDHIDSLCODMCBKCMI
SD`IMIHCJfCOOIHJLSTJECUIMIDLCBCL`\C8IH\CM
MINIDCHJDEgDIDLSOJDBCHCNCHCNLIHJfCHDSSLJJOCOKD
BDJUIDBCNJIMLIDcSIBOH\CMUIMIFJNJCHDIOIDSSD
hi4j13ki40123lmlnop3l4qi4rkil0sjlpt
6CNHJ`USJMIEJCIDIMNJCCDNJCOCCWJHSDAVIMLCML
cSIIMFIHEIOCOBHJMESMNEBIuDcSIOIDIEBIQ
^CMSMBCBIJEBHLCMLIVZCDJOLCEUJGMUuILOI
LHCLCEJIMLNMHJLSTJECUAMIWCSMC`EIHSMIQ
FHJLJDEIEUHCMBHJFIHCLJWC`IMIHCEIMLICNEBC^COC
OIWCDNSJLJDLOCDCDDIHJIDNCDDBSUJNCODBHIQ
DIMLCMCFINLCNJ]MHIMCVcSIJEJLCICMgJDJD
6CEBHINZLILCNESMJNCHMINCDOISMBCNJIMLI
WJHSDABDJLJWNMWCDNSJLJDNHJ`USJMGEJNCIMCDQ
NJCNJ]MNMSMJMFECMZO`vJMJCMcSIMHIDBMQ
OJ]CJMLIHFIH]MKNJN
FDFCEJOCVBIHD\CSMNSHDBHQ
M`COOIHJLSTJECU =NCLIILCLCEUJGMBSUJQ
NCHMwNCDDOINHJ`USJMIEJCCDNJCOCCWJHSDA
aIMdNCDDNMCFINLCNJ]MHIMCbcSIMZCU\CMHIDBMQ
OJOCLHCLCEJIMLJMESMDSBHIDHNMWIMNJMCKcSI
FSIHMLHCLCODNMSMHG`JEIMOIHJLSTJECUaOSHCMLI
SMEIDK
EIDIDEIMDSCEIMLIbVDJMLHDJMESMDSQ
BHIDHIDxIDOIIBSMLOIWJDLCHIMCDIUuILJW]SMC
OIDCBCHJNJ]MOICBHLIJMSHJCIMLODDNCDDVNM
EIuH\COIFSMNJ]MHIMCIMdNCDDCDP
QP[EIDID
OIDI`SJEJIML
DINESMJNCHMIFINLDDINSMOCQ
HJDCLHCLCEJIML
PyCuCILCOIDNHJUIMDSDITBIHJIMQ
NJCIMPdBCNJIMLIDNMNHJ`USJMIEJCEJTLCIDIMNJC
aIMP
NCDDWJHSDABDJLJWbLHCLCODNMIBHLN
IDLgMOCHOIHJLSTJECUxID
NCDDNMCFINLCNJ]M
HIMCSMEIuH]KILHMNMNSK]ILHCLCEJIM
L
BHIFINLDCOWIHDDaLHEUDJDCHLIHJCHILJMJCMCb
?JMCEIMLIVSMBCNJIMLIcSIBHINJDCUCOJgJDJDBHSMC
`EIHSMIFHJLJDEIEUHCMBHJFIHCLJWCIMINMLITL
OINHJ`USJMIEJCWJHSDAMI`CLJWCKHIDJDLIMLICLHCQ
LCEJIMLNMWIMNJMCHINUH]CFSMNJ]MHIMC
KBSO
CUCMO
MCHCOJgJDJDLHCD[ODJDOIXdE`eE OIHJLSQ
TJECU zSCHLSNNJILCZCMBSUJNCOdNCDDOI`Q
EIHSMIFHJLJDNHJ`USJMGEJNCWJHSDABDJLJWa
NCDDDJMLHCLCEJIMLBHIWJbIMDcSIDIUuILJW]SMC
EIuH\COICCFINLCNJ]MHIMCV
RHINJOJWCMOIMNCDDV
NMHIDBSIDLCCHILHCLCEJIML =NCLIILCBSUJQ
NCHMP
NCDDOINHJ`USJMIEJCWJHSDABDJLJWaX
NCDDNMCFINLCNJ]MHIMCNMUJBDJCbIMDcSIDI
UuILJW]SMOIDN
IdMDOICBHLIJMSHJCKSMCEIuH\COI
CFSMNJ]MHIMCASHJDCEIMLIV<ZUHJCILCBSUJQ
NCHMSMNCDOIJMNHIEIMLJMJNJCOINHJ`USJMCD
LHCDCOEJMJDLHCHHJLSTJECUCMLIDOICEIuH\COID
\wMLQ
ECD6DEINCMJDEDJEBJNCODHIDSLCMJMNJIHLD
=INJIMLIEIMLIVACNSUILCZCMBSUJNCOSMCHIWJQ
DJ]MOILOCIDLCJLIHCLSHCBCHCCMCJfCHCIFJNCNJCK
DI`SHJOCOOIHJLSTJECUIMCDWCDNSJLJDNHJ`USJMGEJQ
NCD8IJOIMLJFJNCHMSMLLCOIdXNCDDVOIDNSCID
IXdVR{IHCMDINSMOCHJDCWJHSDAKIHIDLIHCMNHJQ
`USJMIEJCDEJTLCDIDIMNJCID8MIP{OIDNCDD
ITJDL\CCFINLCNJ]MHIMC8ELJWOILHCLCEJIMLFSI
CCSDIMNJCOIHIDBSIDLCCLHCLCEJIMLDBHIWJDaM|dbV
CJMLIHCMNJCCLHCLCEJIMLDBHIWJDaM|bNEBHJQ
EIHC\MICOILHCLCEJIMLaM|
b6
CECKH\COIBCNJIMQ
LIDHINJUJIHMRODJDOIXdE`eE OIHJLSTJECU8LHCQ
LCEJIMLNMIDLIFgHECNLSWSMC`HCMIFJNCNJCIMD
BHJMNJBCIDDJ̀MDOIWCDNSJLJDNMSMCHIDBSIDLCN\MJQ
NCBCHNJCNEBILCUCDLCMLIFCWHCUIxIDOII
BSMLOIWJDLCMIFH]`JNZSUHIDBSIDLCIMPdOID
P[BCNJIMLIDNMCFINLCNJ]M`EIHSCH8LHCLCEJIMLV
IM`IMIHCV
F
SIUJIMLIHCOKNMBNDIFINLD
DINSMOCHJDX8JMIEUCH`VSM{OIBCNJIMLIDBHIQ
DIMLCHMHINJOJWCDcSIVIMC`SMDNCDDVHIDBMOJIHM
CSMDI`SMONJNOIHJLSTJECU8DLCHIWJDJ]MLJIMIDSD
JEJLCNJMIDBCHCBOIHITLHCIHNMNSDJMIDAE
NEIMLCMDSDCSLHIDVIM_EIHOINCDDNMCFINLCQ
NJ]MHIMCIDIDNCDVIDI`SJEJIMLMIDESKCH`
aVXEIDIDOIEIOJCbVIDBHUCUIcSIDNCDDMI`CQ
LJWDMIDLGMBSUJNCODVCECKH\COIIDLSOJDM
JMOJNCMCODJDOIIDLIHJOIDSDCODNMNEJLCMLIEIMQ
LIVILN5HLCMLVCSMcSIDOCLDOJDBMJUIDHIFJIHIM
SMC`HCMIFJNCNJCOIHJLSTJECUIMCDBHJMNJBCIDECMJQ
FIDLCNJMIDOIWCDNSJLJDVJMNSJOCC`EIHSMIFHJLJDV
CDHINJOJWCDDMFHINSIMLIDKOIUIMHICJfCHDIEgDIDLSQ
OJDCCH`BCfBCHCWCHCHIUIMIFJNJQHJID`OI
OJNZLHCLCEJIML
012345678 !"#$%&'(%)*+,-.,-/,&$*&*)%-.&0,1-,/*2,-.3-$)-1*1-2,4/0)-$'/*$-2 56
9
9
9
€‚ƒ„…†‡ˆ‰Š‰‹Œˆˆ„Ž‘’‡ˆˆ‰“”“‰”•–ˆˆ“—˜™‰ˆˆšŽ‘’ˆ™•
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 28/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
rUoS8oqqz{|}~Tq8
789:;<=>=9?9=9>@A=:89
6BCDBCEFGHGCCGCHIJGEBCKLMLNFLODBCPLQLRBJLQHL
CLBEJMBOBQKLBMRLCLQEGBKLSTSUVGCHLQLDGKLQW
EGBCCFXGEGLQHLCNFLBMYBQCFMBMLMBHPIQGEYNFLZ
MRLQKLZ[FCHGXGEBR\BQLFCKLRGHFVGJB]6BLVMLRGLQW
EGBEQIVGHLQEBCCKLDBCEFGHGCBCEGBKBBSTS
YNFLQ^BQRLCMQKGKBHRBHBJGLQHEQDLQEGQB
ICHLLCHB]BEQHRBGQKGEBK^BCGKEJFQGEBKBMR
DBRGCPRFMCUQBPFQCKLCEBCCRLXLRGKCQ
HKCCMBEGLQHLCMRLCLQHB]BQBXLEHBEG_QRLQB`LC
aaEBCCKLbLP^LHBcdEGQEMRLCLQHB]BQBXLEHBEG_Q
RLQB6BJBYR\BKLCC\QHJBCRLCMQKGLRQBHRBHBW
JGLQHZLVELMHLQFQEBCKLMLRCGCHLQEGBKLFQQ_KFW
MFJQBR6BRLJGCG_QCLEQCGPFG_LQHKCCEBCC
HRBCHRBHBJGLQHEQRGHFVGJB]YBHBCKCGCKLLCHLRGW
KLCZYCLJBQHFDLQHRLFQY
BOC
fSPeQEBCRLNFGW
RG_FQCLPFQKEGEKLHRBHBJGLQH UQFQLQCBYKL
8JGH^LHBZa
MBEGLQHLCXFLRQHRBHBKCEQFQMRHW
ELCHgQKBRKLRGHFVGJB]JgCFQBeQGEBKCGCKLEGEW
XCXBJGKB`FRBQHLahCLJBQBCaMBEGLQHLCJBQHFDGLW
RQRLJGCG_QEJMLHBZMLREFB
HRRLEBYLRQEFBQK
BCEGXRBCKLEIFBCiBCELQKGLRQ UQBJBYR\BKLBC
CLRGLCZBRLCMFLCHBE\QGEBCLERRLBEGQBEQBKLMLW
EG_QKLEIFBCiYBCRLEB\KBCEFRRLQEFBQKBCEIFW
BCiYCSTSLJLRPLQKLQFLD8GQLJ]BRPZB
RLCMFLCHBE\QGEBQLCLVEFCGDBKLCMBEGLQHLCSTS
MCGHGDYQCGLJMRLCLBCEGBEQLJBQHLQGJGLQHKL
FQLCHBKSTSQLPBHGDURGECCQLHBEJFQGEBRQ
fRLJGCGQLCEJMLHBCYFQBMBREGBLQMBEGLQHLCEQ
DBCEFGHGCSTSMCGHGDBCYRLCGCHLQHLCBHRBHBJGLQH
EQDLQEGQBYHRBHBKCEQRGHFVGJB]j
BhKCGC
CLJBQBLCKLkJPKLRGHFVGJB]BCEGBKBLCHLRGW
KLCZEGEXCXBJGKBZJGEXLQHBJXLHGBlBHGMRGW
QBm8LMRKF[LRQKCRLEB\KBCJLQRLCYnMBEGLQHLC
EQHGQFBRQCGLQKSTSQLPBHGDCogCRLEGLQHLW
JLQHLbLP^LHBEJFQGEBRQFQLQCBYB]GLRHEQ
aMBEGLQHLCEQPRBQFJBHCGCKLpLPLQLRRLXRBEHBW
RGBHRBHBKCEQRGHFVGJB]YLCHLRGKLCUQCGLHLKLLC
LVGCH\BBXLEHBEG_QRLQBKLJCHRBKBMR]GMCGBUQ
HKCCLEQCGPFG_RLJGCG_QEJMLHBLQJLCLCU
BCELQCKLH\HFKLSTSKLEIFaBCiRLCMQKG_B
HRBHBJGLQHMRLDLQHGDEQRGHFVGJB] UQLCHLHRB]B[
CLMBQHLBBEFLCHG_QKLCGLRGHFVGJB]MFLKLCLR
LJMLBKQC_MBRBGQKFEGRBRLJGCG_QCGQHBJ]GIQ
EJHRBHBJGLQHKLJBQHLQGJGLQHqHRBEFLCHG_Q
NFLMBQHLBLCHLBRH\EFLQCFKGCEFCG_QLCLLJML
KLRGHFVGJB]CBEJMBOBKKLHRCBPLQHLC
GQJFQCFMRLCRLC8LQLELCGHBQKBHCJgCEJMLHC
MBRBLJGHGREQEFCGQLCZLQLCMLEGBCGCLHGLQLLQ
EFLQHBNFLLVGCHLQHBJ]GIQLVMLRGLQEGBCKLHRBHBJGLQW
HEQRGHFVGJB]LQDBCEFGHGCQHBQCGPQGXGEBHGDBC
SRGLCLHBMRLCLQHBQCEBCCKLfMBEGLQHLCEQ
LQXLRJLKBKKLpLPLQLRPRBDLRLXRBEHBRGBSMLCBRKL
BKLMLEG_QKLEIFBCiZQCL][LHGDBRQEBJ]GCLQ
LH\HFKLSTS8_
MBEGLQHLCLQHRBRQLQRLJGW
CG_QYHRLCMRLCLQHBRQFQBMRPRLCG_QKLBLQXLRJLW
KBKTFR
GCBJLQHLLQLCHCEBCCQCLLJMLBRQERW
HGEGKLCqJKBLHBEJFQGEBRQCEBCCKL
MBEGLQHLCHRBHBKCEQDBRGCRLP\JLQLCKLRGHFVGJB]
LQNFGLQLCCPRBQFJBCRLHRR]GHBRGCQRLPRLCBRQ
BMLCBRKLBKLMLEG_QKLEIFBCiZBKGCJGQFEG_QKL
H\HFKLSTS
YBRLJGCG_QKLHRCC\QHJBCKL
LQXLRJLKBK8LR\BQLELCBRGKLXGQGRCXBEHRLCNFL
MRLKGELQBRLCMFLCHBBHRBHBJGLQHjLQMRLCLQEGBLQ
BFCLQEGBKLKGCJGQFEG_QKLH\HFKLSTSmYERRLBW
EGQBRLCHCXBEHRLCEQBCEBRBEHLR\CHGEBCXLQH\MGEBC
jLCGQLCMRLKJGQBQHLJLQHLPRBQFJBHCBCDBCEFW
\HGEBCmZKFRBEG_QZLVHLQCG_QYPRBDLKBKKLBLQXLRJLW
KBKZBC\EJKGXLRLQEGBCLQCHRBHBJGLQHCBEJMBW
OBQHLCrKLCHCLKL]LR\BRLBGlBRLQLEQHLVHKL
FQLQCBYE\QGE
s1234t8>u8?<vt=:8
UFMFCLRGHLJBHCCGCHIJGEj6U8mLCFQBLQXLRJLW
KBKBFHGQJFQLJFHGCGCHIJGEBEBRBEHLRGlBKBMRL
KLM_CGHKLGQJFQEJML[CYBMRLCLQEGBKLBFHW
BQHGEFLRMCBQHGWS`6BCJBQGXLCHBEGQLCE\QGEBC
CQBJMGBCLGQEFYLQBBXLEHBEG_QRLQBLQFQMRELQW
HB[LLLDBKKLMBEGLQHLC6CGQXEGHCiKLCLJMLOBQ
FQMBMLERFEGBLQBMBHPLQGBKL6U8JLKGBQHLB
MRKFEEG_QKLBQHGEFLRMCZYLMRELCBJGLQHYBMRLW
CLQHBEG_QKLBFHBQH\PLQCBBCEIFBCrZLQHRLHRC
6BLVMLRGLQEGBE\QGEBEQRGHFVGJB]LQL6U8LCJFE^
JgCLVHLQCBNFLBLVMLRGLQEGBMF]GEBKBYBMR]BW
]GGKBKKLCLCPLQBCMF]GEBEGQLCMCGHGDBCKL]L
CLREQCGKLRBKB6CMRGJLRCLCHFKGCC]RLL
LJMLE\QGEKLRGHFVGJB]LQL6U8XFLRQMFhZ]kGEBW
KCMR6LBQKRLHBY5LRRHBLHBLQ
8F
LXGEBEGBXFLKEFJLQHBKBLQMBEGLQHLCEQQLXRGHGC
eMGEBZBRHRBPGBCZBRHRGHGCZCLRCGHGCZDBCEFGHGCEFHgQLBZ
JFECGHGCZXBHGPBYC\QHJBCQLFR_PGECLQFC
EJ]GQBKEQERHGEGKLCYHRCGQJFQCFMRLCW
RLCqHRCLCHFKGC^BQKEFJLQHBKLIVGHKLRGHFW
VGJB]LQQLXRGHGCeMGEBJFYPRBDLRLXRBEHBRGBBEGEW
XCXBJGKBJGEXLQBHJXLHGEJ]GQBKEQERW
HGEGKLCwBCHBLJJLQHLCLLDBKLQeJLRKL
MBEGLQHLCEQ6U8YQLXRGHGCeMGEBHRBHBKCEQRGHFVGW
JB]YLCBEHFBJLQHLBPJLRFQLXRGHGCLQBNFL
CLMCLLFQBJBYRLVMLRGLQEGBEQLLJMLKL
RGHFVGJB]6CMRHECKLBKJGQGCHRBEG_QKLKGE^
XgRJBEBMBEGLQHLCEQ6U8^BQDBRGBKKLCKLBC
KCGCMBRBxLGQXJByYBCKCGCMBRBBxBRHRGHGC
RLFJBHGKLy6BJBYR\BKLMBEGLQHLCHRBHBKC^BCHB
LJJLQHMRLCLQHB]BQLQXLRJLKBKBEHGDBPRBDLZ
RLXRBEHBRGBBHRBHBJGLQHCEQDLQEGQBLCjPFEERHGW
56 0123456789 9 9 !"#$%&'(%)*+,-.,-/,&$*&*)%-.&0,1-,/*2,-.3-$)-1*1-2,4/0)-$'/*$-2
‡ˆ‰Š‹ŒŽ‘’‘“”•Œ–—˜™š‘›œ›‘œž›Ÿ ¡‘¢–—˜™š¡›
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 28/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
789:89;;<=>?@A;8
BCDEFGHIFJKELHEFCLMNLFNOIEFIEFBLBMCP
HJLHEFQGBJFCERSOIEFELHJTJLLEUICHCFVOCBJ8CL
EMTJIKWDJDXNEFOJBCELHEFHIJHJDFBLICHNP
YCMJTOIEFELHJLFCKLFZEHEIK[LEFDEELUEIMEP
DJDWDCUEIELHEF\IKJLFJUEBHJDFGHIJHJMCELHF
OIE]CFDC]EIFFWJF^BMDCUEIELHEFOJNHJFDEICHNP
YCMJTWJBIIEBHJE]JNJBC\LDEFTELEUCBCFB^LCP
BFIEFNHJDCU^BC8LBNJLHJJLEUICHCFVOCBJWE
KIJDDEIEMCFC\LELHIEF
OJBCELHEFXNEZJLFCD
ONTCBJDFJBJL_JE`SaP`8LIEFNMELWJNLXNE
FDJHFFLHDJ]^JCMCHJDFWFZJJ_KFCLDCBJL
XNEICHNYCMJTELMLHEIJOCJELBMTCLJBC\LBL
FCLMNLFNOIEFIEFBbFCBFONEDEFEINLJHEIJOCJ
]bCDJELOJBCELHEFBLELUEIMEDJDKIJ]E8CL
EMTJIKWJFCLDCBJBCLEFEFOEB^UCBJFWEOIHB
DEDFCUCBJBC\LWJLEBEFCDJDDEHEIJOCJFBLBMCP
HJLHEFWEEMOEDEICHNYCMJTBMHIJHJMCELHDE
CLCBCGJUIEBNELBCJDEEUEBHFFEBNLDJICFHDJ]^J
DETELDEHEIMCLJIFE
cd3efghi4j13ki40123ldlf
AMHIJHJMCELHEYOEICMELHJWJFONTCBJBCLEF
FTIEICHNYCMJTGHIJFELUEIMEDJDEFKMEINJIEF
EFHbLCMCHJDJFJBJFFJCFJDF<CTEIHEHJDEFBICTEL
NLVLCBBJFDENLOJBCELHEBLNLF^LDIMELEUI\HCP
BBIHCBFELFCTEWOEIDEOELDCELHEDEDFCFEE]JDJF
DEBIHCBCDEFWXNEUNEHIJHJDBLICHNYCMJTmNIJLHE
EHCEMOELEXNEJFB[NJFnUNEILCLDEHEBHJTEFEL
JFJLKIEEOJBCELHEOEIMJLEBC\CTIEDEELUEIMEDJDW
XNEZC_OFCTEJOJNHJDEEFHEICDEFJD^JFJHEIP
LF8OJBCELHEIEBJG\BNJLDFCLUBCHFBMELP
_JILJJFBELDEIDELNE] ACLFEHJDEFBICTELJ
OJBCELHEFBLKMEINLEUICHCFUCTICJIXNEUNEIL
HIJHJDFBLICHNYCMJTOIOIHECLNICJLEUI\HCBJ6F
OJBCELHEFEFHJTJLELHIJHJMCELHBL]ELBCLJDEF^LP
DIMELEUI\HCBCLBNGELDETXNEDEFCFHEMJIELCP
LJPJLKCHELFCLJGNLEFHICBHBLHIDEJOIEFC\LJIHEP
ICJ7DFFOJBCELHEFHN]CEILNLDEFBELFDEJOIP
HECLNICJJMELFDEoWRrKpD^JJF
qMEFEFWBLJ
UNLBC\LIELJOIEFEI]JDJ nEHsEFEHJDEFBICTELE
BJFDENLOJBCELHEBLLEUIOJH^J@K9XNEOIEFELrHo\
IEBCDC]JHIJFEHIJFOJLHEGXNEIEFOLDC\JICHNYCMJT 7DFEFHFIEFNHJDFZJGXNEHMJIFBLBJNHEJW
FCEMOIEHELCELDELBNELHJEFEFKDEJFONTCBJBCP
LEFOFCHC]JF
FEKVLEHCODEOJHK^J6FEFHNDCFONTCBJDF
CLDCBJLXNEICHNYCMJTONEDEFEINLJJHEILJHC]JHEIJP
O[NHCBJ6JMJGI^JDEEFHNDCFZJLEMOEJDEOIP
HBDEDFCUCBJBC\LNHCC_JDELFCLUMJF8CL
EMTJIKWJTCK^JDEJFB[NJFnELECLUMJG
ELJFELUEIMEDJDEFJNHCLMNLEFEFDCUEIELHE8FDE
FNOLEIXNEJFB[NJFnFLJLIMJEFFCFEBMOJP
IJLBLJFB[NJFnLIMJEFWOEILMJCKLJF
:DEMbFWETsEHC]DEHIJHJMCELHBLICHNYCMJTEL
JFELUEIMEDJDEFJNHCLMNLEFEFDCUEIELHEJDEHIJP
HJMCELHDECLUMJWGJXNEBJDJELUEIMEDJD
JNHCLMNLEEFDCUEIELHE|JTI^JXNEDCFE}JIECMOEP
MELHJIOIHBF8LJHJTJFEEYOLENLIEFNP
MELDEFOIHBFDEDFCUCBJBC\LEFHbLDJIBL
JFJDJOHJBCLEFXNEFEZJLCDZJBCELDFEKVLJF
ONTCBJBCoLEFWCLBNGELDJFOILKJBCLEFDEHIJP
HJMCELH8FLEBEFJICXNEJCL]EFHCKJBC\LFTIEE
NFDEICHNYCMJTJBJIEJFOEBHFFTIE~
P 8]JNJBC\LDEJEUEBHC]CDJDGFEKNICDJDDEHIJHJMCELP
HBLICHNYCMJTELOJBCELHEFBLKMEINLEUICHCF
OICMJICJFGFEBNLDJICJF
P 8]JNJBC\LJJIKOJ_DEFOJBCELHEFXNEZJLFCD
HIJHJDFBLICHNYCMJT~ELUEIMEDJDIELJHEIMCLJW
MIHJCDJDGEUEBHFJD]EIFF
P AMOIELFC\LDEJUCFCOJHK^JDEOIBEFJNHCLP
MNLEDEOJOEDEICHNYCMJTELDCBZOIBEF
P =EJBC\LELHIEJDEOEBC\LDEB[NJFnDEFJLKIEOEICP
U[ICBJGFLC]EEFF[ICBFDEICHNYCMJTGJJBHC]CDJDDE
JFKMEINLEUICHCFOICMJICJFGFEBNLDJICJF
P @LHELHJIEFHJTEBEIOIHBFDEDFCUCBJBC\LDEICHNP
YCMJTOJIJEHIJHJMCELHDEJFKMEINLEUICHCFOICP
MJICJFGFEBNLDJICJF
e€ieg5
34d4‚4i4fgƒ1gd3edejl10d4g‚40g3ldk„lje€g10giefg10213j1ƒeƒ1f
310ei1fg
3edejl10d
4g1fd…0ƒe3
qRMKpM
FEMJLJWrDFCFOJIJJBICKTNCLEMCJW688W
LEUIOJH^JMEMTIJLFJCDCObHCBJ
3edejl10d
4g†34i40heƒ4
qRMKpM
FEMJLJW`DFCFOJIJJBICKTNCLEMCJ
3edejl10d4g1„d10ƒlƒ4
mFCFEFHbLDJIMbF
DFCFMELFNJEFDEqRMKpM
ELE
tcutvwxyzug
F^LDIMELEUI\HCBGLEUIOJH^JMEMTIJLFJ
8NFDEICHNYCMJTELJFELUEIMEDJDEFKMEINJIEF 3edejl10d4g‚43d4gj4ƒl2l‚eƒ4
GJNHCLMNLEFELKELEIJFEEFHbCLBIEMELHJLDOIP oKD^JoGoREL]JFBNCHCFJFBCJDJ:A:G688
KIEFC]JMELHE{FNEUCBJBCJGFNFEKNICDJDFL]JICJTEF
012345678 !"#$%&'(%)*+,-.,-/,&$*&*)%-.&0,1-,/*2,-.3-$)-1*1-2,4/0)-$'/*$-2 56
9
9
9
®¯°±²³´µ¶·¸¹¸º»·¼·³½¾¿ÀÁ¶··¸ÂøÃÄÅ··ÂÆÇȸ··É½¾¿ÀÁ·È¸
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 28/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
juVC8V__gizhvJ_8
{|0}4~€‚ƒ1
„…†‡ˆ‰Š‹Œ‰Š‡ŽŒ‰‰‘Ž‡‘‡‹’ˆ“”•Œ•‡Š–—˜Œ‰‹ˆ’‘Œ“‰‡Ž“Œ‰ˆ‹’Š™“Ž’˜ŒŽ‡Š™˜Œ‰‹ˆ‰Š‰‡
‰•‡š›‰’‡•‡“”•Œ•‡œ‘‰Š‰‹‰‡Œ‹‡‹‰•Ž‹’ˆ‡‰‰•‡Š‰ž‰ˆ‰‘‡‘‰Š‡Œ’ŽŒ‰Š˜Œ‰
‡ž‰“‡‡•ˆŽŸ 6…†‡‘‰‹•‰“ŽŸ‘‰“”•Œ•‡Š–‹’‘ˆš‡‡•‰ˆ‡ˆ‰•“ŒˆŠ’‘‰•‡ˆ‰Š‹Œ‰Š‡‡Œ’ŽŒ‰™¡‹’ˆ‡’¡‹•‡‰‡ˆŠ‰
“’’‘Ž‡‡‘‰ˆ‡‡Ž‰’‰‰Š‡Š‰ž‰ˆ‰‘‡‘‰Š 5…•ˆŽŒ¢Ž‡£¡Œ‡Ž“Œ‰ˆ‹’’’“•’‡•‘ŽˆŽ›Ž‘’“’ˆ‡‰•‡š›‰’‘‰‘Žž‰ˆ‰“Ž‡“ŽŸ‘‰•Žž’“Ž’Š–
#¤¥¦™˜Œ‰Š‰§‡ŒŠ‡‘’“’”¢Ž’‰‰ž‰ˆ‰‘‡‘‰Š§‰‡’•Ÿ›Ž“‡Š™‡ˆˆŽŽŠˆ‰Œ‡’Ž‘‰¡Š‰§‡
“’‰¨‡‘’‡‰‹•‰‡ˆ‡£Ž”‰Œ“§‡Š‰ž‰ˆ‰‘‡‘‰Šˆ‰‡•‰Š Š‰ŒŠ’‘‰ˆŽŒ¢Ž‡£‰•‡Š
‰ž‰ˆ‰‘‡‘‰Š›•’‰ˆŒ•‡ˆ‰Š™‡Œ’ŽŒ‰Š‰›‰‰ˆ‡•Š‰‰Š©Ž“ˆ‰‰‡‘’‘‰ž’ˆ‡‹ˆ’›ˆ‰ŠŽª‡¡
™ŠŒ‰žŽ“‡“Ž‡™ŠŒŠ‰›ŒˆŽ‘‡‘Š’ª‡ˆŽ‡£•‰ŠŠ‰›«‰•Ž‹’‘‰‹‡’•’›š‡ ¬…†’Š‰ŠŒ‘Ž’Š‹Œ£•Ž“‡‘’ŠŽ‘Ž“‡˜Œ‰ˆŽŒ¢Ž‡£‹Œ‰‘‰Š‰ˆŒ‡‡•‰ˆ‡Žª‡‰ˆ‡‹”ŒŽ“‡ª©•Ž‘‡‰•‡
‰žˆ’‹‡š‡‰£ˆ‡’Š‡¡‰•‡‰žˆ’‹‡š‡•«‹Ž“‡’‰•‡›•’‰ˆŒ•’‰žˆŽŽŠ“ˆŽ’›•’£Œ•Ž”Ž“‡ Ž
‰£‡ˆ›’¡•‡ŠŠ‰ˆŽ‰Š‹Œ£•Ž“‡‘‡Š§‡Š‡‰•’‰’Š’£ˆ‰‰Š‰Ž‹’‘‰ˆ‡Š’ˆ’ŠŠ’‹‰˜Œ‰‡Š¡ŠŽ
‰ŠŒ‘Ž’Š“’ˆ’•‡‘’Š™‹ˆ’£‡£•‰‰‰’Š‰§‡‹Œ£•Ž“‡‘’•’Š“‡Š’Š“’ˆ‰ŠŒ•‡‘’Š‰›‡Žª’Š Œ“§‡Šª‰“‰Š‰•ŒŠ’‘‰ˆŽŒ¢Ž‡£Š‰§‡‹ˆ’‘Œ“Ž‘’ˆ‡Š‰•žˆ‡“‡Š’‘‰ˆ‡‡Ž‰’Š‹ˆ‰ªŽ’Š ­…’‰“‰Š‡ˆŽ’Š‰ŠŒ‘Ž’Š“’ˆ’•‡‘’Š‡•‰‡’ˆŽ¨‡‘’Š˜Œ‰›‡ˆ‡Ž“‰•‡Š‘Žª‰ˆŠ‡ŠŽ‘Ž“‡“Ž’‰Š‘‰•
ˆŽŒ¢Ž‡£¡‰•ŒŠ’“’’ˆ‡‡Ž‰’‘‰ŽŽ“Ž’¡‹ˆ’’“’•’Š‘‰‘’ŠŽžŽ“‡“ŽŸ¡‰“ 78798:;<=>?=
@ 8AABACDE5FGHIJDDKFLMNGMLOPQKMPFRMBASMNKHNATMGHAGHANT
PKANGUANPAPMNVAPFKHJMN5KAWHUOK
XY
Q
@Z
CKP[WFTHKH\MGM]NGSKHHFGTHKMPFRMBASHNUAPL[AKHNAI
PKAGUANPH
JOHNJDEJA\AKHGMECKBHNM8E8WOBMT^E^HNLHKCE_PP7EHP
AJD
ZUGMPM\HMN`MPKAPHGMNOFBANBHBSKANFGLBHKFNHZ
UOKMPMGaHUOK
bY@cQ
cZ
dBSAWeC8EDHKHSAMfEVWgKHLKagEfGOMKGALAKCEhAeiaE
AWOBAN5^iMPFRMBASjOHKAUI`KVHBSKANFGHUOKUAPOIQC
8IGPHBAPMWiH\MHkJMNaCB8WHUOK
YlQmlZll
l iHBFnnMgEJOMFKWOMFJECSSAPHVEdKFGHLANEdNPHBUHMVE
iFLLHNHNPM5iMPFRMBAS`KMTMUAPOMWBHBSKANFGNHUOKUAPOI
6ANWHP
YXQ
Zl
b iFLLHNHNPM5EJOMFKWOMFJEdKFGHLANECSSAPHVE5HKNACEhMMUUMJE
HPAiMPFRMBASMNMTMUAPOMWBHBSKANFGNHUOKUAPOIQANHZIHAK
UKGUHWPM\HGPFTIaCB8WHUOK
Y@lQ@cb@Zm
X iGGM5EDHBFRC6EgKANHdEdALNHKHGDEdNMNZgFMAFBH8E
hKANWHGoCNPMZJD
BNWNAANPMSTI`KPOHPKHAPBHNP`
KH`KAWPKIAFPMBBFNHOAHBIPMWANAHBMAAGGWMAPHTkMPOMTMUAZ
POMWBHBSKANFGNHUOKUAPOIiOHFBAPLI
bYllQlZb
m JSVE^HKNpNTHnDEiTK[LFHnJE5qKHnZjABAr]N68FWWHGG`F
POHKAUHFPMWFGH`KMPFRMBASMNKH`KAWPKIBHBSKANFG
LBHKFNHUOKMPMGJMNHUOK
XYXXQblZm
c gAN6EJOOASKADCNPMZJD
BNWNAANPMSTIsKMPFRMBASt
`KPOHPKHAPBHNP`KHWFKKHNPMTMUAPOMWBHBSKANFGNHUOKUAPOI
MNAKHNAPKANGUANPUAPMHNPCBajKANGUANP
XYXQ@mZ
@
iFLLHNHNPM5EJKA\HTM5E8LOMKANnNMVJEgALMAKTMNMgEJNPM8E
gAGUAKMhEHPAu``HWPG`iMPFRMBASNVKUO`FNWPMNA
CSNKBAMPMHG`VHBSKANFGgBHKFUAPOIJMNaCB8W
HUOK
cYQ@Xb
Z
@JKA\HTM5EiFLLHNHNPM5E8LOMKANnNMVJEiHBFnnMgjMPKAPMNL
iMPFRMBASPJMKWFAPMNLdJHGP_UPMBMnH6IBUOWIPIPMW
jOHKAUIMNvTMUAPOMWVHBSKANFGHUOKUAPOIJrANG
mY
Q
Z
m
@@iFLLHNHNPM5EJOMFKWOMFJECSSAPHVE5HKNACEJKA\HTM5E
dNPHBUHMVEHPAiMPFRMBAS`KvTMUAPOMWVHBSKANFG
HUOKUAPOIQwOJANdHNH`MPxJrANG
XY@QmcZlc
@
hHK\HNnAhJEJGMhgEuKMWeGN8dE8UHWeG7E^HKnHNSHKLCVE
DMNaaEHPAiMPFRMBASPKHAPBHNP`MTMUAPOMWBHBSKANFG
NHUOKUAPOIfMTNHIvNP
cYmQ@@mZ
b
@8HLAKKACE5KALAVEiABGE5ANWEJAKLvEgFPMqKKHnZ8[G
uEHPA8FWWHGG`FjKHAPBHNP`VHBSKANFGgBHKFNHUOKMPMG
kMPOiMPFRMBASMNJAWMNHFKMNvNOMSMPKZDHUHNTHNP5APMHNPGJMNa
CB8WHUOK
YlQ@cZc
jKASArKHWMHNPHIKMLMNATHFNLKFUHGUAyGSKHFGTHKMPFRMZ
BASHNANH`KUAP[ABHBSKANGA
@lnFfEvMrMBAfEhFrMGAkAVEAeALAkACEoGOMeAkAEVAPGF
ViMPFRMBASPKHAPBHNP`KUGPPKANGUANPIBUOUKM̀HKAPM\H
TMGKTHKs5j6DtMNTFWHGWBUHPHKHBMGGMN`KHWFKKHNPNHUOKPMW
GINTKBH5HTMAPKHUOK
bY
Q@XXZ
56 0123456789 9 9 !"#$%&'(%)*+,-.,-/,&$*&*)%-.&0,1-,/*2,-.3-$)-1*1-2,4/0)-$'/*$-2
rstuvwxyz{|}|~{€{w‚ƒ„…z{{|†‡†|‡ˆ‰{{†Š‹Œ|{{‚ƒ„…{ŒŒ
Documento descargado de http://www.elsevier.es el 28/11/2016. Copia para uso personal, se prohíbe la transmisión de este documento por cualquier medio o formato.
678988::;<=>?@:8
AB5CDEFGHI8JKLMLNK8GOPCQ<9<CDRHGPSQCERQQCPHSETDCUV
WCPHTUWCQRDECQDGDXQHCGPRQGTTSHCQQGHRYGWTZHQCTHWCPH
7PU[8CO
\]B^_A\AV
A\LCPINKJHDE`[K<TDE`CQaK8HTE`CJ@`TPUCSH`CERQDCSDHCV
QGOVOCXCPOCPHPCX`QHGEDbPOQWCTSHCQQGHRYGWTZH`CQTXb5COGTHQ
CX`Q
^]A_c^Vc
AcNTWTQK>TURCQ8K7DXDGH6K;RGHTQO[KUGCQ8LKJRQTPOJKCH
T6QCTHWCPHSSETDCUWCPHTUWCQRTQDECQDGDdGH`QGHRYGWTZ_
ETDCQCXQHD@GPCX`Q
c]\c_
BV^
AefQGDHCTJKfTOTbTNK8TQTPUPKLR`CQ6KGTQO[K8QC5KCHT
8REECDDSRHQCTHWCPHSQCERQQCPHSETDCUWCPHTUWCQRDECQV
DGDTSHCQMGOPCbHQTPDXTPHTHGPZbXTDWTX`CQCDGDTPOQGHRYGWTZ
6QTPDX?PH
c]
_A
VB
A>CQPgPOCIV>QCDPCO;K8CUTQQT9K;PIgCI7K9CYTPOQR8K
JCUTO<K<TWDKCHT<GHRYGWTZHQCTHWCPHSTORHXTHGCPHD
dGH`DHCQGOVQCDGDHTPHSETDCUWCPHTUWCQRDECQDGD@GP[9W
8ECX`Q
]^_AAcV
6TWXQCE`H5K6CQGPV6ITP@K8CQIfKJCPPGP<fK;TRDC9K
DdGPMC[KCHT<GHRYGWTZGPORECDQCWGDDGPGPQCSQTEHQbf@
TDDEGTHCOEQbUZRGPTCWGEFTDERGHGD9PP<`CRWJGD
]V
\
_A
V
A<EETHCJKLTOFGP8K<DDGJK8TPDRQG8KTQCHH@K;CPPTQ
8KCHT6PUVHCQWCSSCEHDSTPHGV@J
WPEPTTPHGZObHQCTHV
WCPHSEQbUZRGPTCWGEUWCQRPCX`QGHGDCX`QJGT
6QTPDXTPH
^]A_B^V\A
hTiT>KJCGHT8K8TIITQ@K8TEE8KJTWGTPGJKJC8TQE`G;KCH
T7SSGETEbTPODTSCHbSQGHRYGWTZGPHbXC??WGYCOEQbUZRGPCWGT
LO
]AA_e
cV^
;`GiDCD7K6CQRH7KTPQCPHCQU`CWjKNRbXCQDJ9PHGV@J
WPV
EPTTPHGZObkQGHRYGWTZlHQCTHWCPHSQ`CXTHGHGD@VPCUTHGFCH`CV
QTXbVQCDGDHTPHCDDCPHGTWGYCOEQbUZRGPCWGTdGH`QCPTTPOETQV
OGTESTGRQC9W[NGOPCbJGD
^]^_C^VCe
^mRTQHREEG6K8TQO;K<WTP;KhTiT>K8EHH@9KJC8TQE`G;K
CHT<GHRYGWTZHQCTHWCPHSQUWCQRPCX`QGHGDGPf@VTDDEGTHCO
WGYCOEQbUZRGPTCWGT_CSSGETEbTPODTSCHbGPH`CTZDCPECSDHCV
QGOD<`CRWTHUb
\]^B_e^
V\
B<EETHCJKLTOFGP8K<DDGJK;GTE`GP:K8TPDRQG8KTQCHH
@KCHT<GHRYGWTZTDTH`CQTXCRHGEHGPDCFCQCWGYCOEQbUZRV
GPCWGT@GP<CF9CQUb?WWRP
e]^_AAAVc
\;`ZQGT?8K7DTPJhK@T6;KaGHIGU67K;CQHI89?PGHGTGPEQCTV
DCGPH`CEQbUZRGPCFCTSHCQQGHRYGWTZH`CQTXbSQHbXC??EQbV
UZRGPCWGTDCEPOTQbHaTOCPDHQWWTEQUZRGPCWGTOCD
PHGPOGETHCSTGRQCSQCDXPDC9W[fCWTH
^]cc_
V
c@TERZ5KJCRE9K8TTORPJK6TPOTRJ9K8CPCJ9PHGV@J
WPEPTTPHGZObkQGHRYGWTZlHQCTHWCPHSQEQbUZRGPCWGE
FTDERGHGD_d`CQCOdCDHTPOn9PP<`CRWJGD
e]\c_
eVc
eNCU`N9KabTW87K8HPC[fK8XCEMD7?POREHGPSQCWGDDGP
ZbLbWX`EbHCOCXCHGPGPCCFCPXTHGCPHDdGH`QCSQTEHQbTPV
HGPCRHQX`GEbHXTDWGETPHGZObVTDDEGTHCOFTDERGHGD9QH`QGHGD
<`CRW
B]B
_
\
Ve
8WGH`N;@7SSCEHGFCHQCTHWCPHSQCSQTEHQbFTDERGHGDZbLEC
OCXCHGPdGH`QGHRYGWTZNGOPCbLO5QCDD<CD
c]
e_AcoTZDV
HQTEHp
7QGMDDP5GPCXTHGCPHDdGH`TPHGVPCRHQX`GEbHXTDWGETPHGZObV
XDGHGFCFTDERGHGDDREECDDSRbHQCTHCOdGH`QGHRYGWTZ[?PHCQP8CO
B]
Bc_B^Ve
ANCU`N9KjHHCQZCQU8<K>CQFCPIT>@K@TQDPN9K8E`QCOCQJ<K
8XCEMD7<GHRYGWTZSQQCSQTEHQbaCUCPCQqDUQTPRWTHDGD_QCXQH
STXQDXCEHGFCKXCPVTZCXGHHQGT9W[<CDXGQ@QGH@TQC8CO
\]Ac_AeVc
9QGCD58KfCWGE`LKDdGPMC[KLH`8KCLKfV7QGE`NKCH
T6TEMSCSSGETEbSQGHRYGWTZGPaCUCPCQqDUQTPRWTHDGDdGH`
QCSQTEHQbUQTPRWTHRDWTPGSCDHTHGPD9PP<`CRWJGD
\]
\B_eBVe
^:WOT<KaGO`TUCPNKfTPDCP6K;RPPTQDDP<KNQGDHSSCQDCP;
9PHGV@J
H`CQTXbSHQCTHWCPHVQCDGDHTPHaCUCPCQqDUQTPRWTHDGD_
STFRQTZCZRHHCWXQTQbQCDXPDC8ETPO[<`CRWTH
B]^_
V
B6CTPOQ8[K7OdTQOD[@K@TWZQGOUC;K7`QCPDHCGP8<K?DCPZCQU
J99PXCPDHRObSLbWX`EbHCOCXCHGPGPDbDHCWGERXRDCQbV
H`CWTHDRD9QH`QGHGD<`CRW
]^\_
\cVc
\5CQQHHT8K6ETHCG>K6T8TPPT9K@CPPTW6KJC8HCSTP5KZGGL
9PHGV@J
WPEPTTPHGZObk<GHRYGWTZlSQGSCVH`QCTHCPGPU
TRHGWWRPC`TCWbHGETPTCWGTGPTXTHGCPHdGH`DbDHCWGERXRD
CQbH`CWTHDRDLQ[fTCWTH
]AA\_^\BVc
c8SGMTMGD55KLCHGD[K6DMD;@<GHRYGWTZTPHGVLVECH`CQTXbGP
DbDHCWGERXRDCQbH`CWTHDRD_XGPHGPUHH`CSRHRQC@RQQ:XGP
<`CRWTH
B]Ac_BBVc
e;GZCQH<JKfRDC7K<GUOCP8<GHRYGWTZH`CQTXbSQDHCQGOV
OCXCPOCPHWGPGWTE`TPUCPCX`QHGEDbPOQWC5COGTHQCX`Q
\]
A_A\eVc
@GPD8KTFTPCCH`TP8JK@`RPU8K8TPO[K;OWTPLK9XXC
;KCHT<GHRYGWTZHQCTHWCPHSSGZQGTQbUWCQRPCX`QGHGD9W[
NGOPCbJGD
e]B
_AABeV\
^LCHiCD8;K<OPTH[?<CDRHGPS?U8PCX`QXTH`bTSHCQQGHRYGV
WTZHQCTHWCPH9W[NGOPCbJGD
]B_ABV\
012345678 !"#$%&'(%)*+,-.,-/,&$*&*)%-.&0,1-,/*2,-.3-$)-1*1-2,4/0)-$'/*$-2 55
9
9
9