'LFFLRQDULRWHSHKXDQR GH6DQWD0DUtD2FRWiQ'XUDQJR 0DD০QJXEKDL০PNDU 8QPRUUDOERUGDGR 6HULHGHYRFDEXODULRV\GLFFLRQDULRVLQGtJHQDV ´0DULDQR6LOYD\$FHYHVµ 1~PHUR 6HULHGLULJLGDSRU7KRPDV/:LOOHWW (TXLSRGHUHGDFFLyQ\FRUUHFFLyQ 'RULV%DUWKRORPHZ 6XVDQ*UDKDP /RXLVH6FKRHQKDOV (PLO\6WDLUV 6KDURQ6WDUN (TXLSRGHUHGDFFLyQGHOHVSDxRO 6\OYLD-HDQ2VVHQGH5LJJV 0LULDP3pUH]/XUtD /XSLQR8OWUHUDV2UWL] Diccionario tepehuano de Santa María Ocotán, Durango Compiladores: Elizabeth R. de Willett Thomas L. Willett Colaboradores: Cornelio Ramírez Solís† Emiliano Cervantes Solís Melesio Cervantes Solís Mariana Cervantes Márquez Versión electronica Publicado por el Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C. 2016 Para comprar una copia impresa en lulu.com Primera edición 2015 Versión electronica 2016 © Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C. Apartado 22067 14000 Tlalpan, D.F. México Tel. 5-573-20-24 http://www.mexico.sil.org/es &RQWHQLGR Reconocimiento .................................................................................................................... vii Introducción ........................................................................................................................... ix Prólogo ................................................................................................................................... xi Estructura del artículo .......................................................................................................... xiii Alfabeto tepehuano .............................................................................................................. xix Abreviaturas ......................................................................................................................... xxi Primera Parte: Diccionario tepehuán–español ................................................... 1 Segunda Parte: Diccionario español–tepehuán .............................................. 187 Tercera Parte: Gramática tepehuana .............................................................. 231 Apéndices ............................................................................................................................. 335 A. Términos de parentesco ............................................................................................ 337 B. El cuerpo humano ...................................................................................................... 341 C. Sistema numérico ...................................................................................................... 343 D. Sonidos ...................................................................................................................... 345 E. Topónimos ................................................................................................................. 347 F. Trabalenguas .............................................................................................................. 349 G. 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; [EQPLIKQ ICO EQUCUFGNCOKUOCENCUG [CCFXDC '&+%+024'.+/+0#4` '52#1.6'2'*70 [COGTQV©KRWR [CSWGMCRDJCK¡ [GIWCHMCDCK [GTDCHUCK¡ [QRTQPCC³ [WIQO[WW¡ < \CECVGOUCK¡ \CHCTUGXRTPNLWR³KC¡ \CPECFKNNCH RQPGTWPC\CPECFKNNCDJKC¡ SWGUCDGRQPGTNC\CPECFKNNCEJWDJKCOWM \CPEWFQODCCOW¡ \CRCVQOUCRCCVWKZ \CRQVGOLQDKK¡³ \CT\QOKVRC FGECTTK\QFWTQRCTCUGECTSWGUQ \QRKNQVGO ÎGUECTCDCLQFG\QRKNQVGÏVQDCCICK³DW VKRQFG JQPIQ \QTTCHMCZKQ \QTTKNNQOWWR \Q[CVGOWOWW¡ ECPCUVCFG\Q[CVGWOWW¡DCCNJ EQTVCT\Q[CVGWOICZFJC¡ RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC WOIC¡ UQODTGTQFG\Q[CVGWOWW¡DQPCCO VTGP\CFG\Q[CVGU©¡NJKM '&+%+024'.+/+0#4` \Q[CVG Tercera parte: Gramática tepehuana Índice INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................................................................237 ABREVIATURAS ................................................................................................................................................................238 CAPÍTULO 1. LAS CONSONANTES....................................................................................................................................239 &XDGUR/DVFRQVRQDQWHVGHOWHSHKXiQ '(6&5,3&,Ï1'(/$6&21621$17(6 /DVRFOXVLYDVVRUGDV /DVRFOXVLYDVVRQRUDV /DVIULFDWLYDV /DVDIULFDGDV /DVQDVDOHV /DVOtTXLGDV /DVHPLYRFDO /26352&(626)212/Ï*,&2648(&$0%,$1$/$6&21621$17(6 /DSDODWDOL]DFLyQ (OHQVRUGHFLPLHQWRILQDO /DQDVDOL]DFLyQSUHJORWDOL]DGD CAPÍTULO 2. LAS VOCALES ............................................................................................................................................247 &XDGUR/DVYRFDOHVGHOWHSHKXiQ '(6&5,3&,Ï1'(/$692&$/(6 /DVYRFDOHVFRUWDV /DVYRFDOHVODUJDV /RVGLSWRQJRV /26352&(626)212/Ï*,&2648(&$0%,$1$/$692&$/(6 /DUHDUWLFXODFLyQGHYRFDOHV /DVXSUHVLyQGHYRFDOHVDOILQDOGHODSDODEUD /DVXSUHVLyQGHYRFDOHVGHVSXpVGHXQDVtODEDDFHQWXDGD CAPÍTULO 3. LAS SÍLABAS ..............................................................................................................................................253 /$)250$'(/$66Ë/$%$6 /DVVtODEDVDELHUWDVFRQYRFDOHVFRUWDV /DVVtODEDVDELHUWDVFRQYRFDOHVODUJDVRGLSWRQJRV /DVVtODEDVFHUUDGDVFRQYRFDOHVFRUWDV /DVVtODEDVFHUUDGDVFRQYRFDOHVODUJDVRGLSWRQJRV /DVVtODEDVFHUUDGDVTXHWHUPLQDQFRQXQDVHFXHQFLDGHFRQVRQDQWHV /$$&(178$&,Ï1 /DSULPHUDVtODEDDFHQWXDGD /DVHJXQGDVtODEDDFHQWXDGD /$6&2175$&&,21(6 *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ /DFRQWUDFFLyQGHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWR &XDGUR)RUPDVGHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWR &XDGUR)RUPDVGHOPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWR /DFRQWUDFFLyQGHSUHILMRV &XDGUR&RQWUDFFLRQHVFRPXQHVGHORVSUHILMRV CAPÍTULO 4. LA REDUPLICACIÓN...................................................................................................................................258 /$5('83/,&$&,Ï1&257$ /DUHGXSOLFDFLyQFRUWDGHXQDYRFDOLQLFLDOFRUWD /DUHGXSOLFDFLyQFRUWDGHXQDYRFDOLQFLDOODUJD /DUHGXSOLFDFLyQFRUWDGHXQGLSWRQJRLQLFLDO /$5('83/,&$&,Ï1/$5*$ /DUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDGHXQDYRFDOLQLFLDOFRUWD /DUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDGHXQDYRFDOLQLFLDOODUJD /DUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDGHXQGLSWRQJRLQLFLDO CAPÍTULO 5. LAS ORACIONES .........................................................................................................................................262 /$63$/$%5$6 /$6&/È868/$635,1&,3$/(6 /DVSDODEUDVGHHQODFH (OHQIRTXH (OVXMHWR &XDGUR)RUPDVGHOFOtWLFRGHOSUHWpULWR &XDGUR)RUPDVGHOPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWRWLHPSRVSUHWpULWR\QRSUHWpULWR /RVREMHWRV &XDGUR)RUPDVGHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWR &XDGUR)RUPDVGHOSUHILMRUHIOH[LYR\UHFtSURFR /DIUDVHYHUEDO /DIUDVHQRPLQDO /DIUDVHDGYHUELDO /$6&/È868/$668%25',1$'$6 /DVFOiXVXODVGHFDXVD\SURSyVLWR /DVFOiXVXODVFRPSOHWLYDV\UHODWLYDV /DVFOiXVXODVTXHVHWUDGXFHQDOHVSDxROFRPRJHUXQGLRVRLQILQLWLYRV /DVFOiXVXODVGHPi[LPRHQIRTXH /2602'26'(/+$%/$ (OPRGRLQGLFDWLYR (OPRGRLQWHUURJDWLYR (OPRGRLPSHUDWLYR (OPRGRFRQGLFLRQDO &XDGUR/RVWUHVJUDGRVGHSRVLELOLGDG CAPÍTULO 6. LOS VERBOS...............................................................................................................................................277 /267,326'(5$',&$/(69(5%$/(6 /RVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVVHQFLOORV /RVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVUHGXSOLFDGRV /RVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVUHGXFLGRV /RVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVGHULYDGRV /DVYRFDOHVGHOUDGLFDOYHUEDO /$6&/$6(6'(9(5%26 /RVYHUERVGHHYHQWR /RVYHUERVGHHVWDGR &XDGUR/RVYHUERVFRPXQHVGHSRVLFLyQ /26$),-26<3$57Ë&8/$69(5%$/(6 /RVVXILMRVGHWLHPSR &XDGUR/RVDILMRVYHUEDOHV\ODVFODVHVGHYHUERV /RVDILMRVGHDVSHFWR /RVDILMRVGHWUDQVLWLYLGDG\GHPRGDOLGDG /RVSUHILMRVGHGLUHFFLyQ\OXJDU &XDGUR/RVSUHILMRVGHOXJDU /DVSDUWtFXODVPRGDOHV &XDGUR/RVJUDGRVGHHYDOXDFLyQ &XDGUR/RVWLSRVGHHYLGHQFLDV CAPÍTULO 7. LOS SUSTANTIVOS .....................................................................................................................................296 /265$',&$/(6120,1$/(6 /RVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVVHQFLOORV /RVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVFRPSXHVWRV /RVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVUHGXSOLFDGRV /RVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVGHULYDGRV /RVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVWRPDGRVGHOHVSDxRO /$326(6,Ï1'(6867$17,926 /DSRVHVLyQRSFLRQDOGHORVVXVWDQWLYRV &XDGUR/RVDILMRVGHSRVHVLyQ /DSRVHVLyQREOLJDWRULDGHORVVXVWDQWLYRV CAPÍTULO 8. LOS PRONOMBRES .....................................................................................................................................300 /26352120%5(63(5621$/(6 &XDGUR/RVSURQRPEUHVSHUVRQDOHV /26352120%5(6'(02675$7,926 &XDGUR/RVSURQRPEUHVGHPRVWUDWLYRV /26352120%5(6,17(552*$7,9265(/$7,926(,1'(),1,'26 /26352120%5(6326(6,926 CAPÍTULO 9. LOS ADJETIVOS .........................................................................................................................................303 /26$'-(7,926'(02675$7,926 &XDGUR/RVDGMHWLYRVGHPRVWUDWLYRV /26$'-(7,926180(5$/(6 /26$'-(7,926&$/,),&$7,926 /RVSURFOtWLFRVFRSXODWLYRV *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ /RVUDGLFDOHVGHORVDGMHWLYRVFDOLILFDWLYRV /RVDILMRVIOH[LYRVGHORVDGMHWLYRVFDOLILFDWLYRV CAPÍTULO 10. LOS ADVERBIOS .......................................................................................................................................308 /26$'9(5%,26'(/8*$5<',5(&&,Ï1 &XDGUR/RVDGYHUELRVGHOXJDU &XDGUR/RVDGYHUELRVGHOXJDUGHGLItFLODFFHVR /26$'9(5%,26'(7,(032 /26$'9(5%,26'(02'2 /26$'9(5%,26,17(552*$7,9265(/$7,926(,1'(),1,'26 CAPÍTULO 11. LAS ADPOSICIONES ..................................................................................................................................313 /$6326326,&,21(6 /$635(326,&,21(6 CAPÍTULO 12. LAS CONJUNCIONES ................................................................................................................................315 /$6&21-81&,21(6&225',1$17(6 /DVFRQMXQFLRQHVDGLWLYDV /DVFRQMXQFLRQHVDXPHQWDWLYDV /$6&21-81&,21(668%25',1$17(6 /DVFRQMXQFLRQHVVXERUGLQDQWHVWHPSRUDOHV\ORFDWLYDV /DVFRQMXQFLRQHVVXERUGLQDQWHVOyJLFDV /DVFRQMXQFLRQHVUHODWLYDV /DVFRQMXQFLRQHVGHFRPSOHPHQWR /$6,17(5-(&&,21(6 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ..................................................................................................................................................................323 GLOSARIO ........................................................................................................................................................................324 Introducción (VWDJUDPiWLFDGHODOHQJXDWHSHKXDQDHPSLH]DFRQXQDH[SOLFDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDIRQROyJLFRTXHVHSUHVHQWDHQORV FDStWXORVGHODO3ULPHURH[SOLFDPRVFXiOHVVRQORVUDVJRVIRQpWLFRVGHORVGLVWLQWRVVRQLGRVGHOWHSHKXiQWDQWR FRQVRQDQWHVFRPRYRFDOHV\FyPRVHHVFULEHQFRQHODOIDEHWRSUiFWLFRDFWXDO/XHJRH[SOLFDPRVFyPRFDPELDQHVWRV VRQLGRVVHJ~QORVFRQWH[WRVIRQROyJLFRVHQORVFXDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQ 'HVSXpVVLJXHFRQXQDH[SOLFDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDVLQWiFWLFRTXHVHSUHVHQWDHQHOFDStWXORVHJXLGRSRUXQD H[SOLFDFLyQGHOVLVWHPDPRUIROyJLFRTXHVHSUHVHQWDHQORVFDStWXORVDO3ULPHURH[SOLFDPRVFRPRVHIRUPDQORV HQXQFLDGRVOXHJRH[SOLFDPRVODVIRUPDV\ORVVLJQLILFDGRVGHORVQXPHURVRVPRUIHPDVJUDPDWLFDOHVTXHVHXVDQWDQWR SDUDIRUPDUSDODEUDVFRPRSDUDXQLUODVSDUDIRUPDURUDFLRQHVFRPSOHWDV (QWRGRVORVFDStWXORVDSDUHFHQUHPLVLRQHVDRWUDVSDUWHVGHODJUDPiWLFDGRQGHH[SOLFDPRVFRQPiVGHWDOOHFDGD XQRGHORVUDVJRVJUDPDWLFDOHVPHQFLRQDGRV$GHPiVHQODELEOLRJUDItDVHOLVWDQODVREUDVDFDGpPLFDVSXEOLFDGDVTXH QRVVLUYLHURQFRPREDVHSDUDODSUHSDUDFLyQGHHVWDJUDPiWLFD 3XHVWRTXHVHXVDQPXFKRVWpUPLQRVOLQJtVWLFRVSDUDH[SOLFDUGLFKRVUDVJRVpVWRVWpUPLQRVVHHVFULEHQFRQOHWUDV PD\~VFXODVODSULPHUDYH]TXHVHXVDQHQXQDSDUWDGR7DPELpQVHSUHVHQWDQHQOLVWDGRVDOIDEpWLFDPHQWHHQHOJORVDULR TXHVHHQFXHQWUDDOILQDOGHODJUDPiWLFDMXQWRFRQVXVGHILQLFLRQHVHQSDODEUDVPHQRVWpFQLFDVSDUDTXHODVSHUVRQDV TXHQRORVFRQRFHQSXHGDQEXVFDUDOOtVXVVLJQLILFDGRV *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ Abreviaturas /DVVLJXLHQWHVDEUHYLDWXUDVVHXVDQDORODUJRGHHVWDJUDPiWLFD ILQDOGH6Ë/$%$$/)$%(72)21e7,&2 ¾ YRFDOODUJD$/)$%(72)21e7,&2 VtODEDDFHQWXDGD$/)$%(72)21e7,&2 m YRFDORFRQRVDQWHVRUGD$/)$%(72)21e7,&2 SULQFLSLRRILQDOGHXQD3$/$%5$ 025)(0$18/2QRSURQXQFLDGR ILQDOGH025)(0$ ± SULQFLSLRGH68),-2ILQDOGH35(),-2 ²¾ SULQFLSLRGH(1&/Ë7,&2ILQDOGH352&/Ë7,&2 FDPELRGHIRUPDIRQROyJLFD WUDQVFULSFLyQFRQHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2 >@ SURQXQFLDFLyQUHSUHVHQWDGDFRQHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2 DSHUVD 35,0(5$3(5621$ DSHUVD 6(*81'$3(5621$ DSHUVD 7(5&(5$3(5621$ $3 $&&,Ï135(9,$ &RQI &21),50$&,Ï1 &RQW &217,18$7,92 &RSUHW &235(7e5,72 'LU ',5(&&,Ï1 'LVWU ',675,%87,92 (3 (9,'(1&,$3(5&,%,'$ eQI e1)$6,6 (5 (9,'(1&,$5(3257$'$ ([W (;7(16,Ï1 )XW )87852 ,PS ,03(5$7,92 ,UU ,55($/,'$' OLW OLWHUDOPHQWH SO 3/85$/GHO3/85$/ 3RV 326(6,Ï1326(6,92326(625 3UHW 35(7e5,72 3URJ 352*5(6,92 3XQW 35(7e5,7238178$/ 5HS 5(3(7,&,Ï1 VLQJ 6,1*8/$5GHO6,1*8/$5 /$6&21621$17(6 Capítulo 1. Las consonantes (QHVWHFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVORVVRQLGRVFRQVRQiQWLFRVGHOWHSHKXiQ3ULPHURGHVFULELPRVFDGDXQDGHODV &21621$17(6LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH>@\OXHJRGHVFULELPRVORV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26PD\RUHVORVFXDOHVFDXVDQTXH FDPELHODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHPXFKDVGHODVFRQVRQDQWHV>@ 7RGDVODVFRQVRQDQWHVGHVFULWDVHQHVWHFDStWXORVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR/DVFROXPQDVUHJLVWUDQORVGLVWLQWRV 381726'($57,&8/$&,Ï1GHODVFRQVRQDQWHV\ORVUHQJORQHVUHJLVWUDQVXVGLIHUHQWHV0$1(5$6'($57,&8/$&,Ï1 (QODSDUWHVXSHULRUGHFDGDFHOGDHVFULWDVHQQHJULOODDSDUHFHQOHWUDVWRPDGDVGHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2WHSHKXDQR TXHIXHDSUREDGRSRUORVPDHVWURVELOLQJHVWHSHKXDQRVHQ(QODSDUWHLQIHULRUHQWUHFRUFKHWHVFXDGUDGRV DSDUHFHQVtPERORVWRPDGRVGHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2TXHIXHDSUREDGRSRUOD$VRFLDFLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD)RQpWLFDHQ Punto de articulación Manera de articulación 2FOXVLYDVRUGD 2FOXVLYDVRQRUD )ULFDWLYD $IULFDGDVRUGD $IULFDGDVRQRUD 1DVDO /tTXLGD 6HPLYRFDO $OYHR SDODWDO %LODELDO $OYHRODU 9HODU *ORWDO R =R? DJ =D? V =V? F =F? M =M? I =I? ¡ =!? D =$? U =U? O =O? P =P? Z =5? EJ =V5? FJ =F<? ³ =½? L =J? T =4? NJ =.? [ =L? Cuadro 1. Las consonantes del tepehuán 1.1. Descripción de las consonantes (QVHJXLGDGHVFULELPRVORV5$6*26)21e7,&26GHFDGD&21621$17(GHOWHSHKXiQLQGLFDQGRGHVSXpVGHHOOROD PDQHUDHQTXHVRQFDPELDGDVSRUORV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26SULQFLSDOHV/RVDSDUWDGRVHVWiQRUJDQL]DGRVVHJ~QORV PLVPRVJUXSRVGHFRQVRQDQWHVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQORVUHQJORQHVGHOFXDGURDVDEHU2&/86,9$662125$62&/86,9$6 625'$6)5,&$7,9$6$)5,&$'$61$6$/(6/Ë48,'$6\6(0,92&$/'HHVWDPDQHUDHOOHFWRUSXHGHDSUHFLDUFXiOHV FRQVRQDQWHVWLHQHQUDVJRVLJXDOHVRVHPHMDQWHVDRWUDV 3DUDFDGDFRQVRQDQWHSURSRUFLRQDPRVHOPLVPRWLSRGHLQIRUPDFLyQ3ULPHURGDPRVODOHWUDGHO$/)$%(72 35È&7,&2WDQWRHQPLQ~VFXODFRPRHQPD\~VFXODVHJXLGDSRUHOVtPERORFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHGHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2 /XHJRGDPRVOD'(6&5,3&,Ï17e&1,&$FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHMXQWRFRQVXV9$5,$&,21(6)212/Ï*,&$6\VXV5(675,&&,21(6 ',675,%87,9$6RVHDODVPRGLILFDFLRQHVGHSURQXQFLDFLyQTXHVRQFDXVDGDVSRUVXSRVLFLyQHQODSDODEUDRSRURWURV *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ VRQLGRV$OILQDOGDPRVHMHPSORVGHSDODEUDV\IUDVHVHQWHSHKXiQHQODVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQODVFRQVRQDQWHVHQWRGRVORV &217(;726TXHFDXVDQXQFDPELRGHSURQXQFLDFLyQ 1.1.1. Las oclusivas sordas /DV2&/86,9$6625'$6HQWHSHKXiQVHSURQXQFLDQHQFXDWUR381726'($57,&8/$&,Ï1DVDEHU%,/$%,$/ $/9(2/$59(/$5\*/27$/$GHPiVWUHV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26FDXVDQFDPELRVHQODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODV RFOXVLYDVVRUGDVDVDEHUOD3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1HO(1625'(&,0,(172R$63,5$&,Ï1),1$/\OD5($57,&8/$&,Ï1 92&È/,&$ R2=R? 2&/86,9$%,/$%,$/625'$ 6HSURQXQFLDFRQ$63,5$&,Ï1DO),1$/GHOD)5$6()212/Ï*,&$>@ RCNJ©©R =RC.»¾R*? XQSRFR t, T =V? 2&/86,9$$/9(2/$5625'$ 6HSURQXQFLDFRQ3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1FXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDMXQWRDXQDiRDXQD FRQVRQDQWH$/9(23$/$7$/>@ 6HSURQXQFLDFRQDVSLUDFLyQDOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD>@ LWOVCCV LK³EJCCV =JWOV#¾V*? WXSDSi =JK½V5#¾V*? PLSDSi k, K =M? 2&/86,9$9(/$5625'$ ¡ =!? 2&/86,9$*/27$/625'$ 6HSURQXQFLDFRQDVSLUDFLyQDOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD>@ LKZMCDCCM =M#$#¾M*? HVGXUR 6XSURQXQFLDFLyQFDXVD5($57,&8/$&,Ï192&È/,&$RVHDODYRFDOHVUHSHWLGD GHVSXpVGHOVDOWLOORRDOILQDOGHXQD6Ë/$%$>@RDQWHVGHRWUDFRQVRQDQWH H[FHSWRDQWHVGHXQD1$6$/35(*/27$/,=$'$>@ C¡PC¡ =!#!#P#!#m? SOXPD &RQHODOIDEHWR35È&7,&2ODVYRFDOHVUHDUWLFXODGDVQRVHHVFULEHQ\ODVRFOXVLYDVJORWDOHVVRUGDVWDPSRFRVH HVFULEHQDO,1,&,2GHODVSDODEUDV6LQHPEDUJRFRQHODOIDEHWR)21e7,&2TXHXWLOL]DPRVHQHVWDJUDPiWLFDVtVH HVFULEHQ 1.1.2. Las oclusivas sonoras /DV2&/86,9$662125$6HQWHSHKXiQVHSURQXQFLDQHQWUHVGHORVPLVPRV381726'($57,&8/$&,Ï1GRQGHVH SURQXQFLDQODVRFOXVLYDV625'$6DVDEHU%,/$%,$/$/9(2/$5\9(/$5$GHPiVGRV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26FDXVDQ FDPELRVHQODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODVRFOXVLYDVVRQRUDVDVDEHUOD35(*/27$/,=$&,Ï11$6$/\OD3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1 DJ$J =D? 2&/86,9$%,/$%,$/62125$ 6XSURQXQFLDFLyQFDPELDDXQDQDVDOSUHJORWDOL]DGDDO),1$/GHXQD6Ë/$%$>@ DJCP =D#PPm? FR\RWH VCCDJC¡ =V#¾D#!#m? VHUiWHPSRUDGDGHVHTXtD VCC¡O =V#¾!OOm? HVWHPSRUDGDGHVHTXtD /$6&21621$17(6 =F? 2&/86,9$$/9(2/$562125$ d, D 6HSURQXQFLDFRQ3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1FXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDMXQWRDXQDiRDXQD FRQVRQDQWH$/9(23$/$7$/>@ LWOFCC¡P =JWOF#¾!PPm? WXVXHJUD LK³FJCC¡P =JK½F<#¾!PPm? PLVXHJUD 6XSURQXQFLDFLyQFDPELDDXQDQDVDOSUHJORWDOL]DGDDOILQDOGHXQDVtODED >@ OQKMFC¡ =OQKMF#!#m? DUDUi OQKMC¡P =OQKM#!PPm? HVWiDUDQGR =I? 2&/86,9$9(/$562125$ g, G 6XSURQXQFLDFLyQFDPELDDXQDQDVDOSUHJORWDOL]DGDDOILQDOGHXQDVtODED >@ODFXDOVHDGDSWDDOSXQWRGHDUWLFXODFLyQGHODVLJXLHQWHFRQVRQDQWH FC¡PIKC¡ IKQ¡PV©T 6HSURQXQFLDFRPRRFOXVLYDJORWDOVRUGDDOILQDOGHOD3$/$%5$>@ FCIKC¡ FCC¡ =F#¾!0IK#!#m? OHVDJDUUDUi =IKQ!PV»4m? OODQRV =F#IK#!#m? =F#¾!#m? ORDJDUUDUi ORHVWiDJDUUDQGR 1.1.3. Las fricativas /DVFRQVRQDQWHV)5,&$7,9$6HQWHSHKXiQVHSURQXQFLDQHQFXDWUR381726'($57,&8/$&,Ï1DVDEHU%,/$%,$/ $/9(2/$5$/9(23$/$7$/\*/27$//DIULFDWLYDELODELDOHV62125$\ODVGHPiVVRQ625'$6$GHPiVGRV352&(626 )212/Ï*,&26FDXVDQFDPELRVHQODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODVIULFDWLYDVDVDEHUOD3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1\HO(1625'(&,0,(172 ),1$/ D$ =$? )5,&$7,9$%,/$%,$/62125$ DKD 7DPELpQVXIUHHQVRUGHFLPLHQWRDOILQDOGHXQD6Ë/$%$FXDQGRSUHFHGHDXQD FRQVRQDQWH625'$SHURVHPDQWLHQHVRQRUDFXDQGRSUHFHGHDXQDFRQVRQDQWH 62125$ ZKDOQQ ZKDMCO =U? )5,&$7,9$$/9(2/$5625'$ 6HSURQXQFLDFRQSDODWDOL]DFLyQFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDMXQWRDXQDKRDXQD FRQVRQDQWHDOYHRSDODWDO>@ s, S 6HSURQXQFLD625'$DO),1$/GHOD)5$6()212/Ï*,&$ >@ =$KH? WDEDFR =5K$OQQm? DKRULWD =5KHMCOOm? QXHYR LWOUWWUCM LK³ZWWUCM =JWOUW¾U#M*? WXKXDUDFKH =JK½5W¾UCM*? PLKXDUDFKH *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ DWKDCU =5? )5,&$7,9$$/9(23$/$7$/625'$ 6HSURQXQFLDFRQDVSLUDFLyQDOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD>@ x, X 6HSURQXQFLDFRQDVSLUDFLyQDOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD>@ ZKQIK¡³ VQQZMQNJ DKRKKZ =$WK$#U*? FDUD =5KQIK!½½m? VXKHUPDQRRKHUPDQDPD\RU =VQ¾5MQ.? SXHUFR =DKRK¾5*? FKXSDUURVD L, >K@ )5,&$7,9$*/27$/625'$ 1XQFDVHSUHVHQWDDOILQDOGHXQDVtODED LWWP =JW¾PPm? PDt] LQQLQK¡³ =JQ¾JQK!½½m? HVWiPLUDQGR 1.1.4. Las africadas +D\GRVFRQVRQDQWHV$)5,&$'$6TXHVHSURQXQFLDQHQWHSHKXiQHQHOPLVPR38172'($57,&8/$&,Ï1HVGHFLU $/9(23$/$7$/8QDDIULFDGDHV62125$\ODRWUDHV625'$$GHPiVGRV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26FDXVDQFDPELRVHQ ODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODVDIULFDGDVDVDEHUHO(1625'(&,0,(172),1$/\OD35(*/27$/,=$&,Ï11$6$/ EJ%J =V5?$)5,&$'$$/9(23$/$7$/625'$ 6HSURQXQFLDFRQDVSLUDFLyQDOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD>@ EJKQ¡³ LKKEJKEJ =V5KQ!½½m? KRPEUH =JK¾V5KV5*? VDOLPRV FJ&J =F<? $)5,&$'$$/9(23$/$7$/62125$ 6XSURQXQFLDFLyQFDPELDDXQDQDVDOSUHJORWDOL]DGDDO),1$/GHXQD6Ë/$%$>@ FJK¡³K =F<K!½KKm? pVWH DCKFJC¡ =$#KF<#!#m? ORLQYLWDUi DCK¡³ =$#K!½½m? ORLQYLWy 1.1.5. Las nasales /DVFRQVRQDQWHV1$6$/(6HQWHSHKXiQVHSURQXQFLDQHQWUHV381726'($57,&8/$&,Ï1DVDEHU%,/$%,$/ $/9(2/$5\$/9(23$/$7$/7RGDVVRQVRQRUDV$GHPiVGRV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26FDXVDQFDPELRVHQODVQDVDOHV DVDEHUHO(1625'(&,0,(172),1$/\OD3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1 O/ =O? 1$6$/%,/$%,$/62125$ 6HSURQXQFLDFRQXQ'(6/,=),1$/625'2DOILQDOGHOD)5$6()212/Ï*,&$>@ OCCMCO=O#¾M#OOm? GHRWURPRGR /$6&21621$17(6 P0 =P? 1$6$/$/9(2/$562125$ 6HSURQXQFLDFRQ3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1FXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDMXQWRDXQDiRXQD FRQVRQDQWH$/9(23$/$7$/>@ 6HSURQXQFLDFRQXQGHVOL]ILQDOVRUGR>@DOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD LWOPCCP LK³³CCP =JWOP#¾PPm? WXPDPi =JK½½#¾PPm? PLPDPi ³ =½? 1$6$/$/9(23$/$7$/62125$ $OILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFDVHSURQXQFLDXQGHVOL]ILQDOVRUGR>@ ³K³KC =½K½K##m? VHGHVSHUWy LCFWW³ =J#FW¾½½m? SDULHQWH 1.1.6. Las líquidas /DVFRQVRQDQWHV/Ë48,'$6HQWHSHKXiQVHSURQXQFLDQHQGRV381726'($57,&8/$&,Ï1/DOtTXLGD$/9(2/$5HV XQD9,%5$17(6,03/(\ODOtTXLGD$/9(23$/$7$/HVXQD/$7(5$//DVGRVVRQ62125$6'RV352&(626 )212/Ï*,&26FDXVDQFDPELRVHQVXSURQXQFLDFLyQDVDEHUHO(1625'(&,0,(172),1$/\OD3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1 T4 =4? 9,%5$17(6,03/($/9(2/$562125$ TWTW¡Z DQQNJKC¡ 6HSURQXQFLDFRQ3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1FXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDMXQWRDXQDiRDXQD FRQVRQDQWH$/9(23$/$7$/>@ =4W4W!W5*? KDPDFD =$Q¾.K#!#m? VXGDUi 6HSURQXQFLD625'$DO),1$/GHOD)5$6()212/Ï*,&$>@ DQQTFC¡ LKZDQQT =$Q¾4F#!#m? VXGRU =JK5$Q¾4m? HVWiVXGRURVR NJ.J =.?/$7(5$/$/9(23$/$7$/62125$ (VODFRPELQDFLyQGHXQD)5,&$7,9$9(/$5\XQDODWHUDO3$/$7$/,=$'$ 6HSURQXQFLD625'$DOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD>@ 5DUDYH]VHSUHVHQWDDO,1,&,2GHOD6Ë/$%$ CNJKK C¡CCNJ =#.K¾Km? QLxRRQLxD =#!#¾Z? QLxRV 1.1.7. La semi-vocal +D\XQD6(0,92&$/HQWHSHKXiQODFXDOHV62125$\$/9(23$/$7$/ [; =L? 6(0,92&$/$/9(23$/$7$/62125$ 1XQFDVHSUHVHQWDDO),1$/GHXQD6Ë/$%$ [QQZK¡ V©¡[C¡ =LQ¾5K!Km? IORU =V»!»L#!#m? GLUi *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 1.2. Los procesos fonológicos que cambian a las consonantes +D\WUHV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26TXHFDXVDQFDPELRVHQODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODV&21621$17(6HQWHSHKXiQORV FXDOHVGHVFULELPRVHQORVDSDUWDGRVVLJXLHQWHVDVDEHUOD3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1HO(1625'(&,0,(172),1$/\OD35( */27$/,=$&,Ï11$6$/ 1.2.1. La palatalización /DVFLQFR&21621$17(6$/9(2/$5(6V,F,U,P\TFDVLVLHPSUHHVWiQHQ',675,%8&,Ï1&203/(0(17$5,$FRQODV FLQFRFRQVRQDQWHV$/9(23$/$7$/(6FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVEJ, FJ, Z, ³ \ NJ(VGHFLUODVFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRODUHVVH SURQXQFLDQFRPRFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRSDODWDOHVFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDQMXQWRDXQD92&$/$/7$$17(5,25KRDXQD FRQVRQDQWHDOYHRSDODWDO V=V? EJ=V5? VQQPC¡P LK³EJQQP VXSLHUQD PLSLHUQD F=F? FJ=F<? FCCMC¡P LK³FJCCM VXQDUL] PLQDUL] U=U? Z=5? LWOUQK¡ LK³ZQK¡ WXDQLPDOGRPpVWLFR PLDQLPDOGRPpVWLFR P=P? ³=½? PQDKK¡³ LK³³QD VXPDQRVXEUD]R PLPDQRPLEUD]R T=4? NJ=.? IC¡TC LWOIC¡NJK ORYHQGLy WHORYHQGLy (QSRFRVFDVRVODVFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRODUHVVtVHSURQXQFLDQFRPRFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRSDODWDOHVDSHVDUGHQR SUHVHQWDUVHMXQWRDXQDKRDXQDFRQVRQDQWHDOYHRSDODWDO(VWRRFXUUHPD\RUPHQWHHQDOJXQDVSDODEUDVPX\FRPXQHV EJCO FJQ Z©©DCP QR UHVSXHVWDDILUPDWLYD VDOXGR (QDOJXQRVFDVRVODVFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRODUHVQRVHSURQXQFLDQFRPRFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRSDODWDOHVDSHVDUGHSUHVHQWDUVH MXQWRDXQDKRDXQDFRQVRQDQWHDOYHRSDODWDO(VWRRFXUUHWDPELpQHQDOJXQDVSDODEUDVPX\FRPXQHV UKC [C¡PK DXQTXH DTXtPHUR <DTXHHOSURFHVRGHSDODWDOL]DFLyQVHSUHVHQWDPX\DPHQXGRSHURQRHVFLHQSRUFLHQWRUHJXODU\SUHGHFLEOHWRGDV ODVFRQVRQDQWHVDOYHRSDODWDOHVVHHVFULEHQWDOFRPRVHSURQXQFLDQHQHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2HOFXDOVHXVDHQHVWH GLFFLRQDULR /$6&21621$17(6 1.2.2. El ensordecimiento final $O),1$/GHXQD6Ë/$%$RXQD)5$6()212/Ï*,&$WRGDVODV&21621$17(6VHYXHOYHQ625'$6SDUFLDOPHQWHR WRWDOPHQWH 7DQWRODV2&/86,9$6625'$6FRPRODV)5,&$7,9$6VRUGDV\OD$)5,&$'$VRUGDVHSURQXQFLDQFRQ$63,5$&,Ï1DO ILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD =R? DCVCCR =$#V#¾R*? VDOLyGHOKXHYR =U? FCCU =F#¾U*? ORVHQWy =5? LK³ZKKZ =JK½5K¾5*? PLKHUPDQRRKHUPDQDPD\RU =V? LKZOCCV =JK5O#¾V*? VDEH =M? UWCM =UW#M*? HVWiOORUDQGR =V5? V©OCKEJ =V»O#KV5*? WDPDO /DV1$6$/(6WHUPLQDQFRQXQ'(6/,=VRUGRDOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD =O? LK³MCCO =JK½M#¾OOm? PLPHMLOOD =P? DJCP =D#PPm? FR\RWH =½? VWWOK³ =VW¾OK½½m? GLQHUR 7DQWRODIULFDWLYDVRQRUDFRPRODODWHUDOVHHQVRUGHFHQWRWDOPHQWHDOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFD =$? DCMCCZ =$#M#¾5*? FDUQH =H? DJCD =DCH? IULMROHV =T? DJWTW¡Z =DW4W!W5*? EXUUR =4m? DJCK¡OMCT =D#K!OMC4m? PRUUDOERUGDGR =.? M©NJKK =M».K¾Km? JDOOR =Z? OWWNJ =OW¾Z? WRUWXJD 3XHVWRTXHHVWRVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHHQVRUGHFLPLHQWRILQDOVRQFLHQSRUFLHQWRUHJXODUHV\SUHGHFLEOHVODPD\RUtDGH HOORVQRVHHVFULEHQHQHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2 1.2.3. La nasalización pre-glotalizada 7DQWRODV2&/86,9$662125$6FRPROD$)5,&$'$VRQRUDFDPELDQD1$6$/(635(*/27$/,=$'$6HQHOPLVPR 38172'($57,&8/$&,Ï1VLHPSUH\FXDQGRVHSUHVHQWHQDO),1$/GHXQD6Ë/$%$(VWHSURFHVRVHSXHGHFRQVLGHUDU FRPRRWURWLSRGHHQVRUGLFLPHQWRILQDO>@6LQHPEDUJRODVIRUPDVSUHJORWDOL]DGDVVHHVFULEHQHQHODOIDEHWR SUiFWLFR\DTXHVXSURQXQFLDFLyQHVPX\GLIHUHQWHDODGHODVRFOXVLYDVVRQRUDV *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ =D? MCKDJC¡ =M#KD#!#m? PDGXUDUiPDt] =!O? MCK¡O =M#K!OOm? PDGXUyPDt] =F? FWWFW¡ =FW¾FW!Wm? OORYHUi =!P? FWW¡P =FW¾!PPm? OORYLy =I? ICCIC¡ =I#¾I#!#m? OREXVFDUi =!0? IC¡PIC¡ =I#!0I#!#m? OREXVFDUiHQWRGDVSDUWHV =F<? DJCKFJC¡ =D#KF<#!#m? ORFRFHUi =!½? DJCK¡³ =D#K!½½m? ORFRFLy $GHPiVFXDQGRODRFOXVLYD9(/$5VRQRUDIVHSUHVHQWDDOILQDOGHXQDSDODEUDVLHPSUHFDPELDDXQDRFOXVLYD */27$/VRUGD¡(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVGDPRVHQWUHSDUpQWHVLVODVIRUPDVVREUHHQWHQGLGDVGHORVPRUIHPDVTXHVH FRPELQDQSDUDIRUPDUODVSDODEUDVFLWDGDV UQKIC¡P UQKIC¡P LWOUQK¡ LWOUQKIC =UQKI#!PPm? =JWOUQK!Km? VXDQLPDOGRPpVWLFR WXDQLPDOGRPpVWLFR /$692&$/(6 Capítulo 2. Las vocales (QHVWHFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVORVVRQLGRVYRFiOLFRVGHOWHSHKXiQ3ULPHURGHVFULELPRVORV5$6*26)21e7,&26GH FDGD92&$/LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH>@GHVSXpVGHVFULELPRVORV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26TXHFDXVDQFDPELRVHQWRGDVODV YRFDOHV>@ 7RGDVODVYRFDOHVGHVFULWDVHQHVWHFDStWXORVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR/DVUHQJORQHVUHJLVWUDQOD$/785$'(/$ /(1*8$DOSURQXQFLDUODV\ORVFROXPQDVUHJLVWUDQWDQWROD326,&,Ï1'(/$/(1*8$FRPROD)250$'(/26/$%,26 (QODSDUWHVXSHULRUGHFDGDFHOGDHVFULWDVHQQHJULOODVDSDUHFHQOHWUDVWRPDGDVGHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2WHSHKXDQR TXHIXHDSUREDGRSRUORVPDHVWURVELOLQJHVWHSHKXDQRVHQ(QODSDUWHLQIHULRUHQWUHFRUFKHWHVDSDUHFHQVtPERORV WRPDGRVGHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2TXHIXHDSUREDGRSRUOD$VRFLDFLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD)RQpWLFDHQ Posición de la lengua y forma de los labios Altura de la lengua $QWHULRUQR UHGRQGHDGRV K =K? G =G? $OWD 0HGLD %DMD 3RVWHULRUQR UHGRQGHDGRV © =»? À =? C =#? 3RVWHULRU UHGRQGHDGRV W =W? Q =Q? Cuadro 2. Las vocales del tepehuán 2.1. Descripción de las vocales (QVHJXLGDGHVFULELPRVORV5$6*26)21e7,&26GHFDGD92&$/GHOWHSHKXiQLQGLFDQGRGHVSXpVGHHOORODPDQHUDHQ TXHVRQFDPELDGDVSRUORV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26SULQFLSDOHV/RVDSDUWDGRVHVWiQRUJDQL]DGRVVHJ~QORVWUHVJUXSRV SULQFLSDOHVGHYRFDOHVDVDEHU92&$/(6&257$692&$/(6/$5*$6\',3721*26'HHVWDPDQHUDHOOHFWRUSXHGH DSUHFLDUFXiOHVYRFDOHVWLHQHQUDVJRVLJXDOHVRVHPHMDQWHVDRWUDV 3DUDFDGDYRFDOSURSRUFLRQDPRVHOPLVPRWLSRGHLQIRUPDFLyQ3ULPHURGDPRVODOHWUDGHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2 WDQWRHQPLQ~VFXODFRPRHQPD\~VFXODVHJXLGDSRUHOVtPERORFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHGHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2/XHJRGDPRV OD'(6&5,3&,Ï17e&1,&$FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHMXQWRFRQVXV9$5,$&,21(6)212/Ï*,&$6\VXV5(675,&&,21(6 ',675,%87,9$6$OILQDOGDPRVHMHPSORVGHSDODEUDV\IUDVHVHQWHSHKXiQHQODVTXHVHSUHVHQWDODYRFDOHQWRGRVORV &217(;726TXHFDXVDQXQFDPELRGHSURQXQFLDFLyQ 2.1.1. Las vocales cortas 7RGDVODV92&$/(6SXHGHQVHUFRUWDVRODUJDV/DV92&$/(6&257$6VHSURQXQFLDQGHODPLVPDPDQHUDTXHODV YRFDOHVQRDFHQWXDGDVHQHVSDxRO K+ =K? 92&$/&257$$/7$$17(5,25125('21'($'$ ,JXDODODKGHOHVSDxRO OK¡³K K¡[C¡ =OK!K½KKm? DOOtPLVPR =!K!KL#!##m? EHEHUi *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ G' =G? 92&$/&257$0(',$$17(5,25125('21'($'$ ,JXDODODGGHOHVSDxRO 6RODPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDHQLQWHUMHFFLRQHV\HQSDODEUDVWRPDGDVGHOHVSDxRO /DGQRDFHQWXDGDDPHQXGRFDPELDDK GCMWIK TKRTGUMQ © =!G#MWIKKm? GHDFXHUGR =4KR4GUMQQm? UHIUHVFR =»? 92&$/&257$$/7$3267(5,25125('21'($'$ 1RH[LVWHHQHOHVSDxRO /DVHJXQGDYRFDOPiVIUHFXHQWHGHVSXpVGHODC D©©R©¡ =$»¾R»!»m? DQWHV ©¡DJKC¡ =!»!»DK#!#m? ROHUi À =? 92&$/&257$0(',$3267(5,25125('21'($'$ 1RH[LVWHHQHOHVSDxRO /DYRFDOPHQRVIUHFXHQWHSHURVHSUHVHQWDHQDOJXQDVSDODEUDVFRPXQHV IÀ¡ VÀ¡MQD =I!m? JUDQGH =V!mMQH? DOWR C#=#? 92&$/&257$%$-$3267(5,25125('21'($'$ ,JXDODODCGHOHVSDxRO DC¡CCM VWC¡IC =$#!#¾M*? FDVD =VW!#I##m? HVWiKDEODQGR W7=W? 92&$/&257$$/7$3267(5,255('21'($'$ ,JXDODODWGHOHVSDxRO &XDQGRVHSUHVHQWDHQHOSUHILMRtu–H[WHQVLyQVHSURQXQFLDLJXDOTXHODSULPHUD YRFDOGHOYHUERFXDQGRpVWDVHD©RÀSHURQRFDPELDDQWHC WOWW¡ LWT LKZEJWDCC¡ LKZEJ©D©©V VÀMÀÀ =!WOW¾!Wm? ]R\DWH =JW4m? FRUD]yQ =JK5V5W$#¾!#m? PRMDGDiUHDH[WHQVD =JKUV5»$»¾V*? SHVDGRHQJHQHUDO =VM¾m? SXHGHRtU =Q? 92&$/&257$0(',$3267(5,255('21'($'$ o, O ,JXDODODQGHOHVSDxRO MQO Q¡NJKC =MQOOm? =!Q!Q.K##m? HVSDOGD URGLOOD /$692&$/(6 2.1.2. Las vocales largas /DV92&$/(6/$5*$6VHSURQXQFLDQFRQODPLVPDGXUDFLyQTXHORV',3721*26ORVFXDOHVVHGHVFULEHQHQHO DSDUWDGRVLJXLHQWH(VGHFLUODVYRFDOHVWLHQHQXQDGXUDFLyQDOSURQXQFLDUVHFRPRVLIXHUDQXQDFRPELQDFLyQGHGRV 92&$/(6&257$6 MQU MQQU MQK =MQU*? QLGR =MQ¾U*? HVWiGXUPLHQGR =MQKKm? GXUPLy DCCU =$#!#U*? \DVHEXUOy DC¡CCM =$#!#¾M*? FDVD DCCKEJ =$#!#KV5*?\DORWUDMR CC =#¾?92&$//$5*$%$-$3267(5,25125('21'($'$ CCIK¡³ =!#¾IK!½½m? ORHVWiH[SOLFDQGR GG =G¾?92&$//$5*$0(',$$17(5,25125('21'($'$ DCMGGV =$#MG¾V*? FXHUR ÀÀ =¾?92&$//$5*$0(',$3267(5,25125('21'($'$ KK =K¾?92&$//$5*$$/7$$17(5,25125('21'($'$ ©© =»¾?92&$//$5*$$/7$3267(5,25125('21'($'$ ÀÀM =!¾M*? YLQR\VHIXH LKLKK¡³=JKJK¾!½½m? V©©V©¡ =V»¾V»!»m? LQWHVWLQRV VHOODPDFRVD QQ =Q¾?92&$//$5*$0(',$3267(5,255('21'($'$ C¡QQ =!#!Q¾Qm? KXHVRKXHVRV uu =W¾?92&$//$5*$$/7$3267(5,255('21'($'$ W¡WW =!W!W¾Wm? IOHFKD 1RHVSRVLEOHSUHGHFLUFXiQGRXQDYRFDOGHEHVHUODUJDVLQRTXHSDUDFDGDSDODEUDHQWHSHKXiQVHWLHQHTXH HVSHFLILFDUVLVXVYRFDOHVVRQFRUWDVRODUJDV3RUORWDQWRVHGLFHTXHHO$/$5*$0,(172'(/$692&$/(6HQWHSHKXiQ HV³)21e0,&2´SRUTXHVH'(7(50,1$(1(//e;,&2QRHQOD)212/2*Ë$ (QFDPELROD$&(178$&,Ï1GHODVYRFDOHVWHSHKXDQDVVtHVSUHGHFLEOHSXHVWRGDYRFDOODUJDVLHPSUHVHDFHQW~D SRUORTXHVHGLFHTXHODDFHQWXDFLyQHVXQ352&(62)212/Ï*,&2>@ 2.1.3. Los diptongos 7RGRVORV',3721*26HQWHSHKXiQFRQVWDQGHXQD92&$/0(',$R%$-$PiVRWUDYRFDO$/7$TXHVHSURQXQFLDFRPR '(6/,=$17(5,25R'(6/,=3267(5,25(VGHFLUODYRFDOPHGLDREDMDIRUPDODSDUWHFHQWUDOGHOGLSWRQJR\ODYRFDODOWD VHSURQXQFLDUiSLGDPHQWHDQWHVRGHVSXpVGHHOOD $GHPiVDOLJXDOTXHODV92&$/(6/$5*$6WRGRGLSWRQJRVLHPSUHVH$&(17Ò$(VGHFLU\DVHDODSULPHUDYRFDO DOWDRQRpVDVLHPSUHVHSURQXQFLDPiVIXHUWHTXHODVHJXQGDYRFDO *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ (QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVPDUFDPRVODVYRFDOHVDFHQWXDGDVFRQDFHQWRRUWRJUiILFR ',3721*26&21'(6/,=$17(5,25 MWC¡ EJKC KQ¡ =MW"C!#m? =V5K"##m? =!K"Q!Qm? FRPH JUDQL]R WRVD ',3721*26&21'(6/,=3267(5,25 VCK O©K DQK FWK =V#"KKm? =O»"KKm? =$Q"KKm? =FW"KKm? IXHJR VHTXHPy VHQGD FLUXHOD 2.2. Los procesos fonológicos que cambian a las vocales +D\WUHV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26TXHFDXVDQFDPELRVHQODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODV92&$/(6HQWHSHKXiQORVFXDOHV GHVFULELPRVHQORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVDVDEHUOD5($57,&8/$&,Ï1'(92&$/(6OD6835(6,Ï1'(92&$/(6DO),1$/GH OD3$/$%5$\OD6835(6,Ï1GHYRFDOHVGHVSXpVGHXQD6Ë/$%$$&(178$'$ 2.2.1. La rearticulación de vocales &XDQGRXQD92&$/\DVHD&257$R/$5*$VHSUHVHQWDLQPHGLDWDPHQWHDQWHVGHXQD2&/86,9$*/27$/DO),1$/GH XQD6Ë/$%$HVDYRFDOVLHPSUHVHUHDUWLFXODHVGHFLUVHSURQXQFLDRWUDYRFDOLJXDOGHVSXpVGHODRFOXVLYDJORWDO6LDOD 92&$/5($57,&8/$'$OHVLJXHXQD&21621$17(62125$GHQWURGHODPLVPD)5$6()212/Ï*,&$>@ODYRFDO UHDUWLFXODGDWDPELpQVHSURQXQFLDVRQRUDSHURVLOHVLJXHXQDFRQVRQDQWH625'$RVHSUHVHQWDDOILQDOGHXQDIUDVH IRQROyJLFDODYRFDOUHDUWLFXODGDVHSURQXQFLDVRUGD (QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVODVYRFDOHVUHDUWLFXODGDVHVWiQVXEUD\DGDV Q¡FCO =!Q!QF#OOm? JHQWHLQGtJHQD V©V©©¡ =V»V»¾!»m? VHOODPDOXJDU W¡FC¡ =!W!WF#!#m? ORVHVWiOOHYDQGR W¡KK¡ =!W!K¾!Km? SiMDUR &XDQGRXQGLSWRQJRVHSUHVHQWDDQWHVGHXQDRFOXVLYDJORWDODOILQDOGHODVtODEDVRODPHQWHODVHJXQGDYRFDOVH UHDUWLFXOD'HODPLVPDPDQHUDFXDQGRXQGLSWRQJRVHSUHVHQWDDOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFDVRODPHQWHODVHJXQGD YRFDOVHUHDUWLFXOD WK¡MC¡ =WK!KmM#!#m? DKC¡ =$K#!#m? WHQHU ORVOOHYDUi 2.2.2. La supresión de vocales al final de la palabra $OILQDOGHXQDSDODEUDFXDQGRXQDYRFDOFRUWDVHSUHVHQWDLQPHGLDWDPHQWHGHVSXpVGHXQDVHFXHQFLDGHYRFDOPiV FRQVRQDQWHFDVLVLHPSUHVH6835,0(OD~OWLPDYRFDOFRUWD(O~QLFRFDVRHQTXHQRVHVXSULPHHVFXDQGRODFRQVRQDQWH TXHOHDQWHFHGHHVXQDL=J?RIXHLDQWHULRUPHQWH (QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVLQGLFDPRVHQWUHSDUpQWHVLVFyPRVHIRUPDQODVSDODEUDVFLWDGDV8QVLJQRGH³PiV´ LQGLFDGRQGHWHUPLQDXQ025)(0$\HPSLH]DRWUR\HOVLJQR³QXOR´UHSUHVHQWDDO025)(0$18/2RVHDXQ PRUIHPDTXHQRVHSURQXQFLD /$692&$/(6 VWLWCPCV VWJWCPCV VWLWCP VWJWCPC =VWJW#P#V*? =VWJW#PPm? HVWDEDWUDEDMDQGRWUDEDMDUFRSUHWpULWR HVWiWUDEDMDQGRWUDEDMDUSUHVHQWH M©MDQ ÀÀLK =M»M$QQm? =!¾JKKm? SDUDUVHVXMHWRVLQJXODU OOHJDQGR 'HVSXpVGHVXSULPLUOD~OWLPDYRFDOGHODSDODEUDVLOD&21621$17(TXHTXHGDDOILQDOHVXQD2&/86,9$62125$ VLHPSUHVHFDPELDDXQD1$6$/35(*/27$/,=$'$>@ RCNJDWKFJC¡ RCNJDWKFJCC¡ RCNJDWK¡³ RCNJDWKFJC =R#.$WKF<#!#m? =R#.$WK!½½m? YDDD\XGDUD\XGDUIXWXUR HVWiD\XGDQGRD\XGDUSUHVHQWH 2.2.3. La supresión de vocales después de una sílaba acentuada +D\GRVFDVRVHQORVFXDOHVVH6835,0(XQD92&$/GHOD6Ë/$%$SRVWHULRUDODVtODED$&(178$'$>@ (QSULPHUOXJDUVHVXSULPHQODVYRFDOHVHQODSULPHUDVtODEDGHVSXpVGHODVtODEDDFHQWXDGD\HQFDGDWHUFHUDVtODED GHVSXpVGHpVDVLHPSUH\FXDQGRHVDVVtODEDVVHDQ6Ë/$%$60(',$1$6RVHDTXHQRVHSUHVHQWHQDOILQDOGHODSDODEUD \WDPELpQTXHVHDQ6Ë/$%$6$%,(57$6HVGHFLUTXHQRWHUPLQHQFRQXQD&21621$17(7RGDVODVYRFDOHVVHVXSULPHQ HQHVWH&217(;72\DVHDQYRFDOHV/$5*$6YRFDOHV&257$6R',3721*26DGLIHUHQFLDGHODVXSUHVLyQGHYRFDOHVDO ILQDOGHODSDODEUD>@HQODTXHVRODPHQWHVHVXSULPHQODVYRFDOHVFRUWDV/DVXSUHVLyQGHYRFDOHVHQHOFRQWH[WR DTXtGHVFULWRVHSUHVHQWDDPHQXGRHQODVSDODEUDV5('83/,&$'$6>@ (QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVLQGLFDPRVHQWUHSDUpQWHVLVFyPRVHIRUPDQODVSDODEUDVFLWDGDV$VLPLVPRPDUFDPRVODV YRFDOHVDFHQWXDGDVFRQDFHQWRRUWRJUiILFR PCMU©T PCMCU©Tt P£MU©T PCCPMCU©T PCCPCMCU©Tt P£CPMCU©T =P#MU»4m? =P#¾PM#U»4m? DODFUiQ DODFUDQHV PWWEJKZ P¼WEJKZ PWW³EJKZ PWWPWWEJKZt P¼W³EJKZ =PW¾V5K5*? =PW¾½V5K5*? FXxDGRFXxDGD FXxDGRVFXxDGDV 'HVSXpVGHVXSULPLUXQDYRFDOHQXQDVtODEDQRDFHQWXDGDVLXQD2&/86,9$62125$OOHJDUDDSUHVHQWDUVHDOILQDOGH XQDVtODEDHVDRFOXVLYDVLHPSUHVHFDPELDDXQD1$6$/35(*/27$/,=$'$>@ IKQV©T IKµV©T IKQ¡PV©T IKQIKQV©Tt IKQIV©Tt IKµ¡PV©T =IKQV»4m? =IKQ!PV»4m? OODQR OODQRV (VWHSURFHVRVHOODPD5(6,/$%,),&$&,Ï1SRUTXHGDFRPRUHVXOWDGRXQDUHRUJDQL]DFLyQGHODVVtODEDVGHODSDODEUD (QVHJXQGROXJDUHQODVVtODEDVQRDFHQWXDGDVWRGDVODVYRFDOHVODUJDVVHKDFHQFRUWDV6LQHPEDUJRORVGLSWRQJRV QRUPDOPHQWHQRFDPELDQHQHVWHFRQWH[WR VQRCC VQR£C VQVRC VQVQRCCt VµVRC =VQR#¾#m? =VQVR##m? PROFDMHWH PROFDMHWHV *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ LQFCK LQF£K LQQFCK LµQFCK =JQF#KKm? =JQ¾F#KKm? SLHGUD SLHGUDV /$66Ë/$%$6 Capítulo 3. Las sílabas /DIRUPDGHODV6Ë/$%$6HQWHSHKXiQLQIOX\HWDQWRHQHOSURFHVRGH$&(178$&,Ï1GHSDODEUDVFRPRHQHOSURFHVR GH&2175$&&,Ï1GHPRUIHPDV(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVSULPHURGHVFULELPRVODIRUPDGHODVVtODEDV>@OXHJR GHVFULELPRVHOSURFHVRGHDFHQWXDFLyQGHODVVtODEDV>@\ILQDOPHQWHGHVFULELPRVHOSURFHVRGHFRQWUDFFLyQGH PRUIHPDVHQHOKDEODGHORVDGXOWRV>@ 3.1. La forma de las sílabas &DVLVLHPSUHODV6Ë/$%$6HQODV3$/$%5$6HQWHSHKXiQHPSLH]DQFRQXQD&21621$17(/DV~QLFDVVtODEDVTXHQR HPSLH]DQFRQXQDFRQVRQDQWHVRQDOJXQRV68),-26$GHPiVHQWRGDVODVVtODEDVXQD92&$/VLJXHDODSULPHUD FRQVRQDQWHFRPR1Ò&/(2GHODVtODED(VWDYRFDOSXHGHVHUFRUWDODUJDRXQGLSWRQJR +D\GRVIRUPDVGHVtODEDVHQWHSHKXiQDVDEHU6Ë/$%$$%,(57$RVHDTXHWHUPLQDFRQXQDYRFDO\6Ë/$%$ &(55$'$HVGHFLUTXHWHUPLQDFRQXQDFRQVRQDQWH$OJXQDVGHODVVtODEDVFHUUDGDVWHUPLQDQFRQXQDFRPELQDFLyQGH FRQVRQDQWHVTXHVLHPSUHFRQVWDGHXQDRFOXVLYDJORWDOVHJXLGDSRURWUDRFOXVLYDVRUGDXQDIULFDWLYDRXQDQDVDO (QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVFRPRHQWRGRVORVHMHPSORVGHHVWDJUDPiWLFDGRQGHLQGLFDPRVODSURQXQFLDFLyQSRU PHGLRGHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2XQVLJQRFRPRDSyVWURIRUHFWRLQGLFDTXHODVtODEDTXHVLJXHHVWi$&(178$'$\XQ SXQWRLQGLFDTXHODVtODEDTXHVLJXHQRHVWiDFHQWXDGD /DVGRVIRUPDVGHVtODEDVRVHDVtODEDVDELHUWDV\VtODEDVFHUUDGDVVHSUHVHQWDQWDQWRDOSULQFLSLRFRPRHQPHGLRR DOILQDOGHODSDODEUD(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVVRODPHQWHGDPRVHMHPSORVGHODVGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDVGHODVSDODEUDVGH GRVVtODEDV (QWRGRVORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVXVDPRVHOVtPERORSDUDLQGLFDUHOOtPLWHGHXQDSDODEUD\DVHDDOSULQFLSLRRDO ILQDO7DPELpQXVDPRVODOHWUDPD\~VFXOD%SDUDLQGLFDUXQDFRQVRQDQWHODOHWUDPD\~VFXOD8SDUDLQGLFDUXQDYRFDO WUHVSXQWRVÔSDUDLQGLFDUHOUHVWRGHODSDODEUD$VLPLVPRVXEUD\DPRVODVtODEDTXHWLHQHODIRUPDLQGLFDGD 3.1.1. Las sílabas abiertas con vocales cortas %8 %8Ô Ô%8 DC DCMCCZ EJK³DQ =$#? =$#M#¾5*? =V5K½$QQm? \DSUHILMRYHUEDO FDUQH EDUEDELJRWH 3.1.2. Las sílabas abiertas con vocales largas o diptongos %88 %88Ô Ô%88 RCC VCCVC¡P W¡WW =R#¾#m? =V#¾V#!PPm? =!W!W¾Wm? GyQGH VXSDSi IOHFKD WDKK OCK DJCKFJC¡ =O#KKm? =D#KF<#!#m? =!W$K¾Km? PDJXH\ IUXWD PXMHU *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 3.1.3. Las sílabas cerradas con vocales cortas %8% %8%Ô Ô%8% UCR DCZDJC¡ V©UFKO =U#R*? =$#5D#!#m? =V»\FKOOm? VHJ~QGLFHQ VDFDU HVWiVXELHQGR 3.1.4. Las sílabas cerradas con vocales largas o diptongos %88% %88%Ô %88%Ô OCC¡P LKK³MCK¡³ ICVWWM =O#¾!PPm? =JK¾½M#K!½Pm? =I#VW¾M*? XQRXQD HVWiJULWDQGR GHVSXpV OCK³ DCK³FJCU DCDJ©KEJ =O#K½½m? =$#K½F<#U*? =$#D»KV5*? SHWDWH KDFKD \DVHORHQWUHJy 3.1.5. Las sílabas cerradas que terminan con una secuencia de consonantes %8¡% %8¡%Ô %88¡%Ô Ô%8¡% LC¡M LC¡VMCO OCC¡PMCO TWTW¡Z =J#!#mM*? =J#!#mVM#OOm? =O#¾!PM#OOm? =4W4W!Wm5*? KDFLD SHUVRQDVJHQWH SHUVRQD KDPDFD 3.2. 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Formas del clítico del pretérito 7RGDVODVIRUPDVSRVLEOHVGHOPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWRMXQWRFRQHODX[LOLDU\HOFOtWLFRGHOSUHWpULWRVHSUHVHQWDQHQHO FXDGURHOFXDOHVXQDYDULDQWHPiVFRPSOHWDGHOFXDGUR>@FRQODVIRUPDVHVFULWDVHQVXIRUPDEiVLFDWDOFRPR DSDUHFHQHQHOVHJXQGRUHQJOyQGHORVHMHPSORVHQHVWDJUDPiWLFD Persona y número del sujeto DSHUV GHOVLQJ Contexto DSHUV GHOVLQJ DSHUV GHOVLQJ 'HVSXpVGH K³ CR t 7LHPSR YRFDOX RFOXVLYD QR SUHWpULWR JORWDO 'HVSXpVGH K³ CR t 'HVSXpV FRQVRQDQWH GHOYHUER 'HVSXpVGH ³KEJ RKEJ t 7LHPSR YRFDOX SUHWpULWR RFOXVLYD JORWDO 7LHPSR QR SUHWpULWR $QWHVGHO YHUER 7LHPSR SUHWpULWR DSHUV GHOSO DSHUV GHOSO DSHUV GHOSO KEJ RKO CO KEJ LCRKO CO EJKEJ RKO©V O©V 'HVSXpVGH LC³KEJ LCRKEJ t FRQVRQDQWH LCEJKEJ LCRKO©V LCO©V 'HVSXpVGH ³ YRFDOX RFOXVLYD JORWDO R t EJ RKO O 'HVSXpVGH LC³ FRQVRQDQWH LCR t LCEJ LCRKO LCO 'HVSXpVGH ³KEJ YRFDOX RFOXVLYD JORWDO RKEJ V EJKEJ RKO©V O©V 'HVSXpVGH LC³KEJ LCRKEJ t FRQVRQDQWH LCEJKEJ LCRKO©V LCO©V Cuadro 7. Formas del morfema del sujeto, tiempos pretérito y no pretérito /RVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVLOXVWUDQDOJXQDVGHODVIRUPDVGHOPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWR(OYHUERFRPHUHVLUUHJXODUSXHVOD IRUPDGHO7,(032)87852HVLWIKC¡\ODIRUPDGHO7,(03235(7e5,72HVLWWSHURODIRUPDGHO7,(03235(6(17(HV MWC¡ /$625$&,21(6 6WMWC¡ KEJ VWÊLWI© ¡KEJ ([W FRPHU QRVRWURV (VWDPRVFRPLHQGR 6W MWC¡ CR VWÊ LWI© ¡CR ([W FRPHU W~ (VWiVFRPLHQGR 6W MWC¡ RKO VWÊ LWI© RKO ([W FRPHU XVWHGHV (VWiQFRPLHQGRXVWHGHV 6W MWC¡ VWÊ LWI© ([W FRPHU (VWiFRPLHQGRpORHOOD 6W MWC¡ CO VWÊ LWI© ¡CO ([W FRPHU HOORV (VWiQFRPLHQGRHOORV +KDJCK³ EJW MWC¡ KKDCK³ VWÊ LWI© WXQD \R ([W FRPHU (VWR\FRPLHQGRWXQDV $CMCCZ LC³ EJW MWC¡ DJCD LC³ VWÊ LWI© IULMRO \R ([W FRPHU (VWR\FRPLHQGRIULMROHV LWW ³KEJ LWI© ³ KEJ FRPHU \R 3UHW $JCD M©¡P LC³KEJ EJW LWW DJCD M©¡P LC³ KEJ VWÊ LWI© IULMRO FRQ \R 3UHW ([W FRPHU &RPtIULMROHVFRQODVWRUWLOODV 6W MWC¡ K³ VWÊ LWI© ¡K³ ([W FRPHU \R (VWR\FRPLHQGR $C VW DCÊ VWÊ \D ([W <DFRPt 5.2.4. Los objetos /D3(5621$\HO1Ò0(52GHO2%-(72',5(&72GHXQD&/È868/$75$16,7,9$>@VHLQGLFDSRUPHGLRGHO 35(),-2PiVFHUFDQRDOD5$Ë=GHO9(5%2/DVIRUPDVGHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWRVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR 6LQJXODU 3OXUDO DSHUVRQD LK³Ê LKEJÊ DSHUVRQD LWOÊ LCOÊ DSHUVRQD t LCÊ Cuadro 8. Formas del prefijo del objeto /DVOHWUDVLQLFLDOHVLK=JK?\LW=JW?GHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWRQRUPDOPHQWHVHVXSULPHQHQHOKDEODQRUPDOGHORV DGXOWRVFXDQGRHVWHSUHILMRVHSUHVHQWDGHVSXpVGHRWURSUHILMRRGHXQDSDUWtFXODTXHWHUPLQDFRQXQDYRFDO0XFKDVGH ODVFRQWUDFFLRQHVTXHUHVXOWDQVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR>@&RQHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2WDQWRORVSUHILMRVVRORV FRPRODVFRQWUDFFLRQHVVHHVFULEHQFRPRSDODEUDVVHSDUDGDV ,WO PCOMKFJC¡ K³ MCDWKOWM PC³ LWOÊ PCOMK ÊKFJC ÊC¡¡K³ MCDWKOWM PC³ WH SDJDU D )XW \R PDxDQD TXH\R 7HSDJRPDxDQDORTXHWRGDYtDWHGHER L©¡M MCO WC¡VW¡P L©¡M MCÊ LWOÊ WC¡VW¡P WDQWR D~Q WH GHEHU *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ (OSUHILMRGHOREMHWRVRODPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDFXDQGRHOREMHWRGLUHFWRHV$1,0$'26LHV,1$1,0$'2QRUPDOPHQWHQR VHSUHVHQWD -CDWKOWM LCO LC IC¡TC¡ MCDWKOWM LCO LCÊ IC¡TC ÊC¡ PDxDQD HOORV ORV YHQGHU)XW 0DxDQDYDQDYHQGHUGRVJXDMRORWHV IQQMIW IQQM IW GRV ORV -CDWKOWM LCO IC¡TC¡ IQQM IW MCDWKOWM LCO IC¡TC ÊC¡ IQQM IW PDxDQD HOORV YHQGHU)XW GRV ORV 0DxDQDYDQDYHQGHUGRVVLOODV VQVDC VQÊVQDCC SO JXDMRORWH C¡VQZMCT ¡CÊ¡CVQQZMCT SO VLOOD 6LHOREMHWRGLUHFWRGHODFOiXVXODWUDQVLWLYDHVLQDQLPDGRSHURHO2%-(72,1',5(&72HVDQLPDGRVLHPSUHVH SUHVHQWDHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWRSDUDLQGLFDUODSHUVRQD\HOQ~PHURGHOREMHWRLQGLUHFWR -CDWKOWM LCO LKEJ IC¡NJKFJC¡ IQQM IW MCDWKOWM LCO LKEJÊ IC¡TC ÊKFJC ÊC¡ IQQM IW PDxDQD HOORV QRV YHQGHUD )XW GRV ORV 0DxDQDQRVYDQDYHQGHUGRVVLOODV C¡VQZMCT ¡CÊ¡CVQQZMCT SO VLOOD $VLPLVPRVLWDQWRHOREMHWRGLUHFWRFRPRHOREMHWRLQGLUHFWRVRQDQLPDGRVODIRUPDGHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWRVLHPSUHLQGLFD ODSHUVRQD\HOQ~PHURGHOREMHWRLQGLUHFWR -CDWKOWM LCO LKEJ IC¡NJKFJC¡ MCDWKOWM LCO LKEJÊ IC¡TC ÊKFJC ÊC¡ PDxDQD HOORV QRV YHQGHUD )XW 0DxDQDQRVYDQDYHQGHUGRVJXDMRORWHV IQQM IW IQQM IW GRV ORV VQVDC VQÊVQDCC SO JXDMRORWH 6LHOVXMHWRGHXQDFOiXVXODWUDQVLWLYDHVHOPLVPRTXHHOREMHWRGLUHFWRHQYH]GHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWRVHSUHVHQWDHO SUHILMR5()/(;,92\5(&Ë352&2VHJ~QODSHUVRQD\HOQ~PHURFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH/DVIRUPDVGHOSUHILMRUHIOH[LYR\ UHFtSURFRVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR 6LQJXODU UHIOH[LYR 3OXUDO UHFtSURFR DSHUVRQD LK³Ê LKEJÊ DSHUVRQD DSHUVRQD LWOÊ Cuadro 9. Formas del prefijo reflexivo y recíproco ,KEJP©K¡³ KEJ LKEJÊP©KFJC¡KEJ QRV YHU QRVRWURV 1RVYHPRVDQRVRWURVPLVPRV ,WO Q¡KK¡³ CO IW C¡CCNJ LWOÊ QK¡FJC ¡COIW ¡CÊ¡CNJKK VH MXJXHWHDU HOORV ORV SO QLxR /RVQLxRVHVWiQMXJXHWHDQGRORVXQRVFRQORVRWURV /$625$&,21(6 5.2.5. 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La frase nominal /DV)5$6(6120,1$/(6QRVRQREOLJDWRULDVFRPRODIUDVHYHUEDOVLQRTXHVHSUHVHQWDQFXDQGRHOKDEODQWHTXLHUH KDFHUUHIHUHQFLDGLUHFWDDXQDSHUVRQDDQLPDORFRVD/DVSDUWHVGHODIUDVHQRPLQDOVHSUHVHQWDQHQHORUGHQTXHDTXt VHxDODPRV Determinante Posesión– RADICAL –Posposición Adjetivo (O5$',&$/QRPLQDOTXHHVHO1Ò&/(2GHODIUDVHQRPLQDOSXHGHVHUXQD5$Ë=VHQFLOODR&2038(67$>@ 7DPELpQSXHGHVHUXQDUDt]TXHVHKDPRGLILFDGRSRUXQRGHORV352&(626025)2/Ï*,&26GH)250$&,Ï1'(5$',&$/ DVDEHU5('83/,&$&,Ï1SRUHO3/85$/>@RHOXVRGH$),-26'(5,9$7,926SDUDIRUPDURWUDSDODEUDQXHYD>@ $OJXQDVUDtFHVVRQWRPDGDVGHOHVSDxRO>@ /RV'(7(50,1$17(6VRQ$57Ë&8/26XRWURV$'-(7,926'(02675$7,926>@RELHQSXHGHQVHU$'-(7,926 180(5$/(6>@ /D326(6,Ï1GHVXVWDQWLYRVVHLQGLFDSRUPHGLRGHXQ$),-2TXHVHSUHVHQWDFRPR35(),-2SDUDWRGDVODVSHUVRQDV H[FHSWRODGHODWHUFHUDSHUVRQDGHOVLQJXODUHOFXDOVHSUHVHQWDFRPR68),-2>@ 7DQWR35(326,&,21(6FRPR326326,&,21(6>FDS@LQGLFDQODSRVLFLyQUHODWLYDGHOVXVWDQWLYRFRQUHVSHFWRDRWURV GHQWURGHO&217(;72 /DPD\RUtDGHORV$'-(7,926&$/,),&$7,926>@VHSUHVHQWDQFRPRORV9(5%26'((67$'2>@6LQHPEDUJR DYHFHVORVDGMHWLYRVFDOLILFDWLYRVVHSUHVHQWDQFRPRSDUWHGHODIUDVHQRPLQDOGRQGH02',),&$1GLUHFWDPHQWHDO VXVWDQWLYRDXQTXHWRGDYtDVHSUHVHQWDFRQVX352&/Ë7,&2&238/$7,92FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH>@(ORUGHQUHODWLYRGHO VXVWDQWLYR\GHODGMHWLYRGHSHQGHGHO(1)248(TXHHOKDEODQWHTXLHUHUHIOHMDUSXHVQRUPDOPHQWHHOHOHPHQWRFRQPD\RU pQIDVLVVHSUHVHQWDSULPHUR IW MWVWWPC¡P IW MWVWWPC Ê¡P OD EOXVD VX VXEOXVDQHJUD IWZ EJWM IWLKZ VWM OD HV QHJUD IWZ FJWCMCO IWVQQZMQNJ IW LKZ FWC MCO IWVQQZMQNJ HO HV JRUGR GH HO PDUUDQR HOPDUUDQRJRUGR *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 5.2.7. 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Las cláusulas que se traducen al español como gerundios o infinitivos /D3$57Ë&8/$68%25',1$17(PCWDPELpQVHSUHVHQWDDOSULQFLSLRGHODVFOiXVXODVTXHVHWUDGXFHQDOHVSDxROFRPR *(581',26H,1),1,7,926 8QDFOiXVXODHQODTXHXQ(9(172R(67$'2VHHQFXHQWUDHQHO$63(&72352*5(6,9235(6(17(VHSXHGHWUDGXFLUDO HVSDxROFRPRJHUXQGLR /K¡EJ R©Z DQQDQM CNJKQ PCZ EJ© ©©MC¡ OK¡ EJ R©Z DQQÊ DQ¡ ÊM CNJKQ PC LKZ VWÊ ©©MC¡ DOOt QRVRWURV QDGDPiV SO DFRVWDUVH 3XQW UDWR TXH HVWi ([W VRPEUD +DELHQGRVRPEUDDOOtOLWTXHHVWiKDFLHQGRVRPEUDGHVFDQVDPRVXQUDWR $JC³ DJ©K¡³ /CTVKKPCIW³ KMZKEJ PC³ DJCÊLK³Ê DJ©KFJC /CTVKPC IWLK³Ê KMZKEJ PC ³ DFi PH WUDHU 0DUWLQD HO PL WHMLGR TXH \R EJW KMZKEJC¡ PC VWÊ KMZK ÊVC¡ PC ([W WHMHU KDFHU TXH MCRWR MCRWR WRGDYtD L©¡Z ZK L©¡Z ZKÊ FXDQWRLQWHQFLyQ FWWM FWWM OORYHU 7UiHPHPLWHMLGR0DUWLQDSDUDTXHSXHGDDYDQ]DUXQSRFRPLHQWUDVVLJXHOORYLHQGROLWTXHWRGDYtDHVWi OORYLHQGR 6HKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDXQHYHQWRRHVWDGRHQJHQHUDOVLQHVSHFLILFDUQLHOWLHPSRQLHODVSHFWRXWLOL]DQGRXQDFOiXVXOD TXHVHWUDGXFHDOHVSDxROFRPRLQILQLWLYR(QWHSHKXiQHOYHUERGHHVWDVFOiXVXODVVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDHQ7,(032 )87852HOFXDOHVHOPiVQHXWURGHORVWLHPSRVJUDPDWLFDOHV$VLPLVPRVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDHQODSULPHUDSHUVRQDOD FXDOHVODPiVQHXWUDGHODVSHUVRQDVJUDPDWLFDOHV ,KZ M©©¡ FJK UWWFCK¡ PC³ EJW K¡[C¡ LKZ M©©¡ FJK UWWFCK¡ PC ³ VWÊ K¡[C ÊC¡ HV EXHQD HVWD DJXD TXH \R ([W EHEHU )XW (VWDDJXDHVEXHQDSDUDWRPDUOLWTXH\RWRPDUp ,KZ LKZ HVWi M©¡P LWO CC¡ PC³ KCTC¡ FJK M©¡P LWOÊ CCIC PC³ KCTC ÊC¡ FJK FRQ VH TXHUHUTXH\R WXPEDU)XW HVWH OW¡WWM DCK³FJCU OW¡WWM DCK³FJCU ILORVD KDFKD LWM LWM SLQR PCIW¡T UCTDJCM PCIW¡ LKT UCTDJCM SRUTXH HV JUXHVR (VQHFHVDULRXVDUXQDKDFKDELHQILORVDSDUDWXPEDUOLWTXH\RWXPEDUpHVWHSLQRSRUTXHHVWiJUXHVR /$625$&,21(6 5.3.4. Las cláusulas de máximo enfoque /D3$57Ë&8/$68%25',1$17(PCWDPELpQVHSXHGHSUHVHQWDUHQWUHXQ6867$17,92R$'9(5%,2(1)2&$'2\HO UHVWRGHODFOiXVXOD(VWDIRUPDGHUHRUGHQDUODFOiXVXODLQGLFDHOPi[LPRJUDGRGHpQIDVLVSRVLEOHHQHOWHPDGHXQD KLVWRULDRGHVFULSFLyQ &CK LK IWICIQQZ D©©OC¡P PC FCK LK IWICIQQZ D©©OC¡P PC VyOR eQI OD SHUUD FRQpO TXH DC¡ OK¡ DC¡ OK¡ HQWRQFHV DOOt IC Ê¡P SURSLRVX PCIW¡T UQKIC¡P PCIW¡ LKT UQK SRUTXH HV DQLPDOGRPpVWLFR LK DKK LKÊ DKK LQLFLR VHTXHGy LKC LKC eQI 6RODPHQWHODSHUUDVHTXHGyFRQpOSXHVHUDVXPDVFRWD &JQ FJQ SXHV IW¡ FJK IW¡ FJK SHUR HVWH IKQ IKQ \ LQQD PCZ NQQMQ¡ PC LQQD PC LKZ NQQMQ¡ PC WODFXDFKH TXH HVWi ORFR TXH PCZ ³CC PC LKZ PCC TXH OHJXVWDFRPHU EJCODJCPCC¡ EJCODJCPCC¡ QR EUDYR IWOCK IWOCK HO PDJXH\ %XHQRHOWODFXDFKHHVXQDQLPDOORFRSHURQREUDYR\OHJXVWDFRPHUHOPDJXH\ 5.4. Los modos del habla (QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVGHVFULELPRVORVFXDWUR02'26'(/+$%/$HQWHSHKXiQDVDEHUHO02'2,1',&$7,92 >@HO02'2,17(552*$7,92>@HO02'2,03(5$7,92>@\HO02'2&21',&,21$/>@ 5.4.1. El modo indicativo /RVKDEODQWHVGHOWHSHKXiQXVDQHO02'2,1',&$7,92SDUDGHFODUDURH[FODPDU/DVFOiXVXODVVHFRPSRQHQFRPR \DORGHVFULELPRV\ODYR]GHOKDEODQWHEDMDDOILQDODVtFRPRHQODVRUDFLRQHVGHFODUDWLYDVHQHVSDxRO %JCO R©M FWW¡P EJCO R©M FWW¡P QR PXFKR OORYHU3UHW 1ROORYLyPXFKRDQRFKH VWMCC¡ VWMCC¡ QRFKH d,QKFJCO LKZ EJW CDJCCT [C LC¡R LQKFJCO LKZ VWÊ CDJCCT [CÊ LC¡R PXFKR HV ([W ERQLWR DTXt iUHD £4XpERQLWRHVSRUDTXt 5.4.2. El modo interrogativo 6HXVDHO02'2,17(552*$7,92SDUDSUHJXQWDU+D\GRVWLSRVGHSUHJXQWDVODV&21),50$7,9$6\ODV ,1)250$7,9$6 /DV35(*817$6&21),50$7,9$6SLGHQXQDFRQILUPDFLyQRVHDXQDUHVSXHVWDDILUPDWLYDRQHJDWLYD/DIRUPDGH XQDFOiXVXODFRQILUPDWLYDHVODPLVPDTXHXQDFOiXVXODLQGLFDWLYDH[FHSWRTXHHQODFOiXVXODFRQILUPDWLYDVHSUHVHQWDOD 3$57Ë&8/$FRQILUPDWLYDCCTXHVHSURQXQFLDFRQXQWRQRPiVDOWR *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ 6WLWCP CR CC! VW LWCPC ¡CR CC 'ZVWUDEDMDU W~ &RQI ¢(VWiVWUDEDMDQGR" 6WLWCP K³ FJQ VW LWCPC ¡K³ FJQ 'ZVWUDEDMDU \R (3 6tHVWR\WUDEDMDQGR 3RUPHGLRGHODV35(*817$6,1)250$7,9$6HOKDEODQWHSLGHFLHUWDLQIRUPDFLyQSRUORTXHVLHPSUHHPSLH]DQFRQOD IRUPDLQWHUURJDWLYDGHXQ352120%5(5(/$7,92RGHXQ$'9(5%,25(/$7,92 2CC RKEJ RCC RKEJ GyQGH W~3UHW ¢$GyQGHYDV" DC DCÊ \D LKK! LKK LU3UHW ,CTQQFC¡ FJK¡ PC OK¡³K LCTQQ FC¡ FJK¡ PC OK¡³K TXLpQ VHU pVH TXH DOOt ¢4XLpQHVHVDSHUVRQDTXHYDDOOt" DC DCÊ \D LKO! LKO© LU $GHPiVSXHGHSUHVHQWDUVHHQODVSUHJXQWDVLQIRUPDWLYDVODSDUWtFXODGH,1&5('8/,'$'IK )K LCZ DC¡T IK LCZ DC¡ LKTÊ LQFUpGXOR FyPR HQWRQFHV HV (QWRQFHV¢TXpVLJQLILFD" LWO FWWMCO! LWOÊ FWW MCO VH KDFHU GH 2WUDSDUWtFXODTXHVHSUHVHQWDVRODPHQWHHQHOPRGRLQWHUURJDWLYRHVODSDUWtFXODGH$/7(51$7,9$MC¡ODFXDOLQGLFD TXHDOFRQWHVWDUODSUHJXQWDKD\TXHHVFRJHUHQWUHGRVRPiVDOWHUQDWLYDV /CKM LCEJ RCZKCTRQ¡ -C¡R OCKM LCEJ RCZKCTÊRQ ÊC¡ MC¡ R YiPRQRV QRVRWURV SDVHDULUD )XW R W~ 9DPRVDSDVHDU¢2SUHILHUHVTXHGDUWHDTXt" [C¡ MC [C¡ MC DTXt D~Q DK¡[C¡! 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El modo imperativo 6HXVDHO02'2,03(5$7,92SDUDPDQGDURKDFHUXQDVXJHUHQFLD&XDQGRHO68-(72GHXQD&/È868/$,03(5$7,9$ QRVHPHQFLRQDVHHQWLHQGHTXHHVOD6(*81'$3(5621$ $JCK¡ ZK LKO DJCK¡ ZKÊ LKO© DFi ,PS LU £9HQ /$625$&,21(6 /CKM LCEJ DC OCKM LCEJ DCÊ YiPRQRV QRVRWURV \D 9DPRVDFRPHU VW MQK¡RQ¡ VWÊ LWI© ÊRQ ÊC¡ ([W FRPHU LUD )XW 6HSXHGHQH[SUHVDUWUHVJUDGRVGHLPSHUDWLYRSRUPHGLRGHORV$),-26LPSHUDWLYRV(O35(),-2DKÊLQGLFDXQ LPSHUDWLYRFRUWpVHOFXDOVHXVDDPHQXGRHQWUHDGXOWRV $K ³K³KC DKÊ ³K³KC ,PSFRUWpV GHVSHUWDUVH 'HVSLHUWDPLKHUPDQR LK³ ZKKZ LK³Ê ZKKZ PL KHUPDQRPD\RU (OSUHILMRZKÊLQGLFDXQLPSHUDWLYRQRUPDOHOFXDOVHXVDDPHQXGRFRQORVQLxRV /WZK V©VDKO©T OW ZKÊ V©VDKC ÊO©TC DOOi ,PS MXJDU LUD 9HWHDMXJDUDOOi (O68),-2ÊK³LQGLFDXQLPSHUDWLYRIXHUWHHOFXDOVHXVDFXDQGRKD\XUJHQFLD $JKCK³ FJK DJKC ÊK³ FJK TXLWDU ,PSIXHUWH HVD £4XLWDODROODGHOIXHJR LC¡CC LC¡CC ROOD 5.4.4. El modo condicional (O02'2&21',&,21$/VHXVDSDUDLQGLFDUHOJUDGRGHSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHRFXUUDXQ(9(172R(67$'27RGDVODV 25$&,21(6FRQGLFLRQDOHVHPSLH]DQFRQOD&21-81&,Ï1FRQGLFLRQDOPQ¡VL +D\WUHVJUDGRVGHSRVLELOLGDGTXHVHSXHGHQH[SUHVDUHQHOPRGRFRQGLFLRQDOORVFXDOHVVHVHxDODQSRUPHGLRGHO 68),-2GH7,(032TXHVHSUHVHQWDHQODFOiXVXODTXHHPSLH]DFRQPQ¡ Contrario a la realidad Hipotético Conforme a la realidad 7LHPSRIXWXUR 7LHPSRSUHVHQWH 7LHPSRSUHWpULWR VLLPSRVLEOHLPSUREDEOH VLSRVLEOHPHQWH VLSUREDEOHFXDQGR Cuadro 10. Los tres grados de posibilidad &XDQGRHOYHUERVHSUHVHQWDHQHO7,(032)87852FRQODFRQMXQFLyQFRQGLFLRQDOPQ¡HVRLQGLFDTXHHVLPSRVLEOHR LPSUREDEOHTXHHOHYHQWRRHVWDGRRFXUUD3DUDHQIDWL]DUHVWDIDOWDGHSUREDELOLGDGQRUPDOPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDWDPELpQOD 3$57Ë&8/$GH,55($/,'$' 0Q¡³ DKC¡ MC¡ PQ¡ ³ DKC¡ ÊMC ÊC¡ UK [Q WHQHU HVWDGR)XW I©V IW I©V IW ,UU 8Q TCCFKQ TCCFKQ UDGLR *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$ D©Z EJCPQQNJ D©©Z VCPQQNJ WRGR GtD LC³ LC³ \R MCC[C¡ MCC[C ÊC¡ HVFXFKDU )XW I©V I©V ,UU LK LK eQI 6L\RWXYLHUDXQUDGLRORHVFXFKDUtDWRGRHOGtD &XDQGRHOYHUERVHSUHVHQWDHQHO7,(03235(6(17(FRQODFRQMXQFLyQFRQGLFLRQDOPQ¡HVRLQGLFDTXHHVSRVLEOH SHURQRSUREDEOHTXHHOHYHQWRRHVWDGRRFXUUD(VGHFLUODSUREDELOLGDGGHTXHRFXUUDRQRHVLJXDO 'CR ZK CC¡P FJK KRWWT PQ¡ EJCO 'C R ZKÊ CCFC FJK KRWWT PQ¡ EJCO ELHQ W~ ,PS SRQHU HVWD IDOGD VL QR 3RQWHHVWDIDOGDSDUDYHUVLWHYHVELHQRQR ZKO PCO©©M LKZ LWOÊ PCO©©M VH WH FRPELQD &XDQGRHOYHUERVHSUHVHQWDHQHO7,(03235(7e5,72FRQODFRQMXQFLyQFRQGLFLRQDOPQ¡HVRLQGLFDTXHHVSUREDEOH TXHRFXUUDHOHYHQWRRHVWDGRGHWDOPRGRTXHVHSXHGHWUDGXFLUPQ¡FRPRVLRFRPRFXDQGR 2CCR C¡L© PQ¡RKEJ LKZFJCCO FWWM RCC R CC[C PQ¡RKEJ LKZFJCCO FWWM GyQGH W~ OOHJDU VL W~3UHW HV VREUH HVWiVRO ¢$GyQGHYDVDLUFXDQGRVDOJDVGHDTXtDOPHGLRGtD" [C¡ F©T OWK¡ LK LKK! [C¡ F©T OWK¡ LK LKO© DTXt GH DOOi LQLFLRLU /269(5%26 Capítulo 6. Los verbos (QHVWHFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVORV9(5%26GHOWHSHKXiQ(VSHFtILFDPHQWHGHVFULELPRVORV352&(626025)2/Ï*,&26 GH)250$&,Ï1'(5$',&$/(6YHUEDOHV>@FXiOHVVRQODVFODVHVGHUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHV>@\FXiOHVVRQORV$),-26\ 3$57Ë&8/$6TXHDPHQXGRVHSUHVHQWDQFRQORVUDGLFDOHVHQOD)5$6(9(5%$/ 6.1. Los tipos de radicales verbales (QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVGHVFULELPRVORVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGH5$',&$/(69(5%$/(6HQWHSHKXiQ/DPD\RUtDGH ORVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVFRQVWDQGHXQD5$Ë=VHQFLOOD>@RXQDUDt]5('8&,'$>@$OJXQRVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHV WDPELpQVRQ5('83/,&$'26>@\RWURVVHIRUPDQSRUPHGLRGH68),-26'(5,9$7,926ORVFXDOHVKDFHQFDPELDUOD FODVHGHUDGLFDO>@7DPELpQGHVFULELPRVFyPRVRQODV92&$/(6TXHDYHFHVVHSUHVHQWDQDOILQDOGHOUDGLFDOYHUEDO >@ 6.1.1. Los radicales verbales sencillos /DIRUPDPiVVHQFLOODGHXQ5$',&$/9(5%$/HVOD5$Ë=YHUEDOODFXDOPRVWUDPRVHQHOVHJXQGRUHQJOyQGHORV HMHPSORVDSHVDUGHTXHFDVLQXQFDVHSUHVHQWDDVtHQHOKDEODQRUPDOGHELGRDODVXSUHVLyQGHODYRFDOILQDO>@R XQDGHODVYRFDOHVPHGLDQDV>@6LQHPEDUJRODUDt]VHQFLOODVHXVDIUHFXHQWHPHQWHSDUDLQGLFDUHO$63(&72 352*5(6,9235(6(17(HVGHFLUTXHXQ(9(172HVWiHQSURFHVRRTXHXQ(67$'2HVWiYLJHQWHDOPRPHQWRGHO (181&,$'2 ;C¡³ R©Z LC¡R QKT© [C¡ ³ R©Z LC¡R QKT© DTXt \R QDGDPiV iUHD DQGDU $TXtDQGRSDVHDQGRQDGDPiV $CZ DJCK CC IWDJCD PCEJ DC¡ DCÊLKZ DJCK CC IWDJCD PCEJDC¡ \D HVWiQ FRFLGRV &RQI ORVIULMROHV SDUDTXHQRVRWURV ¢<DHVWiQOLVWRVORVIULMROHVSDUDTXHORVFRPDPRV" M©¡P VW LWIKC¡! 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Los radicales verbales reduplicados $OJXQDVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVFDPELDQGHIRUPDSRUPHGLRGHOSURFHVRIRQROyJLFRGHUHGXSOLFDFLyQ>FDS@&XDQGRVH SUHVHQWDXQUDGLFDOUHGXSOLFDGRHVRSXHGHLQGLFDUXQRGHORVVLJXLHQWHVVLJQLILFDGRVDHO68-(72GHXQD&/È868/$ ,175$16,7,9$HV3/85$/EHO2%-(72GHXQDFOiXVXOD75$16,7,9$R%,75$16,7,9$HVSOXUDORFXQDDFFLyQVHUHSLWH YDULDVYHFHVHQXQVROROXJDURXQDYH]HQYDULRVOXJDUHVDORTXHVHOHOODPD$63(&72',675,%87,92 6XMHWRSOXUDOGHFOiXVXODLQWUDQVLWLYD MQZKC¡ MQU© ÊC¡ GRUPLU )XW GRUPLU6XMVLQJ MQMZKC¡ MQÊMQU© ÊC¡ SO GRUPLU )XW GRUPLU6XMSO 2EMHWRSOXUDOGHFOiXVXODWUDQVLWLYD DCK³OK¡EJFJC¡ DCK³OK¡ÊVW ÊKFJCÊC¡ KHUUDU FDXVDWLYR D )XW KHUUDU2EMVLQJ DCRCK³OK¡EJFJC¡ DCÊ DCK³OK¡ ÊVW ÊKFJCÊC¡ SO KHUUDU FDXVDWLYR D )XW KHUUDU2EMSO $VSHFWRGLVWULEXWLYR V©MMC¡ V©MMC ÊC¡ SUHJXQWDU )XW SUHJXQWDUXQDYH] V©V©MMC¡ V©Ê V©MMC ÊC¡ 'LVWU SUHJXQWDU )XW SUHJXQWDUPiVGHXQDYH] &RPRVHSXHGHDSUHFLDUHQHVWRVHMHPSORVHOUDGLFDOUHGXSOLFDGRPXFKDVYHFHVFDPELDGHIRUPDSRUHO352&(62 )212/Ï*,&2GH5(6,/$%,),&$&,Ï1>FK@GHOUDGLFDOYHUEDO 3XHVWRTXHORVUDGLFDOHVUHGXSOLFDGRVVRODPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQHQDOJXQRVYHUERV\ODIRUPDUHGXSOLFDGDQRVHSXHGH SUHGHFLUFRQH[DFWLWXGLQFOXLPRVHQHVWHGLFFLRQDULRWRGRVORVUDGLFDOHVUHGXSOLFDGRVGHORVYHUERVFRQORVFXDOHVVH SUHVHQWDQ 6.1.3. Los radicales verbales reducidos /DPD\RUtDGHODVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVVH5('8&(1GHIRUPDSDUDLQGLFDUHO7,(03235(7e5,72(OSURFHVRGHIRUPDUXQ UDGLFDOUHGXFLGRQRUPDOPHQWHVLJXHXQRGHORVGRVSDVRVVLJXLHQWHV 6XSULPLUOD~OWLPDFRQVRQDQWH\OD~OWLPDYRFDOGHODUDt] 6LODFRQVRQDQWHVXSULPLGDQRIXHDOYHRODUDODUJDUOD6LIXHDOYHRODUDJUHJDUOHXQDK LWIKC¡ LWI© FRPHU FRPHUi ÊC¡ )XW MQZKC¡ MQU© ÊC¡ GRUPLU ±)XW GRUPLUi LWW LWI©²¾LW²¾LWW FRPHU FRPLy MQK MQU©t MQt MQK GRUPLU GXUPLy 6LQHPEDUJRHOSURFHVRGHUHGXFFLyQGHOWLHPSRSUHWpULWRQRVHDSOLFDDWRGDVODVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVVLQRTXHDOJXQRV QRFDPELDQXRWURVFDPELDQGHRWUDPDQHUD DCVDKC VHEDxDVHEDxy /269(5%26 UCDC¡FC FRPSUD UCDC¡NJ FRPSUy 3XHVWRTXHORVUDGLFDOHVUHGXFLGRVVRODPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQHQDOJXQRVYHUERV\ODIRUPDUHGXFLGDQRVHSXHGH SUHGHFLUFRQIDFLOLGDGLQFOXLPRVHQHVWHGLFFLRQDULRWRGRVORVUDGLFDOHVUHGXFLGRVGHORVYHUERVFRQORVFXDOHVVH SUHVHQWDQ 6.1.4. 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