Diccionario tepehuano de Santa María Ocotán, Durango

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Diccionario tepehuano
de Santa María Ocotán, Durango
Compiladores:
Elizabeth R. de Willett
Thomas L. Willett
Colaboradores:
Cornelio Ramírez Solís†
Emiliano Cervantes Solís
Melesio Cervantes Solís
Mariana Cervantes Márquez
Versión electronica
Publicado por el
Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C.
2016
Para comprar una copia impresa en lulu.com
Primera edición 2015
Versión electronica 2016
© Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C.
Apartado 22067
14000 Tlalpan, D.F. México
Tel. 5-573-20-24
http://www.mexico.sil.org/es
&RQWHQLGR
Reconocimiento .................................................................................................................... vii
Introducción ........................................................................................................................... ix
Prólogo ................................................................................................................................... xi
Estructura del artículo .......................................................................................................... xiii
Alfabeto tepehuano .............................................................................................................. xix
Abreviaturas ......................................................................................................................... xxi
Primera Parte: Diccionario tepehuán–español ................................................... 1
Segunda Parte: Diccionario español–tepehuán .............................................. 187
Tercera Parte: Gramática tepehuana .............................................................. 231
Apéndices ............................................................................................................................. 335
A. Términos de parentesco ............................................................................................ 337
B. El cuerpo humano ...................................................................................................... 341
C. Sistema numérico ...................................................................................................... 343
D. Sonidos ...................................................................................................................... 345
E. Topónimos ................................................................................................................. 347
F. Trabalenguas .............................................................................................................. 349
G. Mapa de la región tepehuana .................................................................................... 350
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=EQORNRNDCCRUC¡RTGVDCKDCCRCKRTGUDCCU
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IÀ¡CMM©¡P$JCLC¡MF©TLC¡MEJCOPCIW¡T
CNJK¡EJCMLQVOQFC¡IC¡M©5QNCOGPVGFGCSWGN
NCFQFGNCEQTFKNNGTCJC[CIWCRQTSWGGNT¯QGU
ITCPFG&GGUVGNCFQPQJC[RQTSWGGNT¯QGU
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t#NCXWGNVCGPNCRNCPVCDCLCtEQPVGUVµ
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M©MDQKDJCK¡ZKLK³MCKFJC¡IWOZKKZ6W¡IK
EJKLCZDWCMWVDC¡OQQLC¡RDCO©©MKO!8G
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FCCZIWODCDQQNJPCV©¡[C¡VWMCC¡PQ¡DCZ
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WUGEWCPFQVGPICHT¯QGPNCPQEJG8GC
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VWVWWT8Q[CGEJCTNGWPRQEQFGCIWCCNCU
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EWCPFQCOCTTGNQUDWG[GU
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DCIKQOEJC¡XaVJWOGFGEGT$CIKQOEJCKFJQ
DJCK¡LKMQPDK¡³EJC¡FJKOUCDWKTCZPQ¡REJCO
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RCPVCNµPRQEQCRQEQUGJWOGFGEG[UG
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♦COR©ZLKZDCIKQOGUV£UWHKEKGPVGOGPVG
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DCK=RTGVFGDCCUC¡?NQOGVKµ
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♦V©K³DCKFJCMOGKPXKVµ
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NNGXCTNGGNRGTTKVQCWPCECDTCRCTCSWGOCOGFG
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ITCPFG
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DCKI©MEJWFC¡XaVJKPEJCT#C³EJCOLK³
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IKQRDCLCIKC¡RCK¡PQ¡VLK³M©K#O¯PQOG
JKPEJCOWEJQGNRKSWGVGFGCXKURCUUQNCOGPVG
WPRQEQFQPFGOGRKEC[NWGIQUGOGSWKVC
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DCKI©MKC¡XaKJKPEJCTUG$CKI©CCIWOPQD
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VGRKEµNCCXKURCCSWGNNCXG\SWGHWKOQUCUCECT
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DJCKFJC¡CCFJKDJCDPCVV©KDCKMKODCLK
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♦EJWDCKMMCOK¡CFLFGURCTGLQ
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NCO¯C
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DJCLC¡RMCCV&GDGPRQPGTGNEWEJKNNQGPUW
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♦DCK³ICTCPGPUWHWPFC
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MCDCK³EJWFCM6QFCX¯CGUV£DWGPCNCHWPFCFG
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DCK³FJCUUJCEJC6WVCCVCUIW³EJKQ¡³IW
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DCRCK³FJCUIC¡P?8CTDCK³ICU
DCK³OKEJFJC¡XaVJGTTCTOCTECT
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DCK³OK¡CFLSWGVKGPGEKECVTK\,CZMWRDC¡Z
DCK³OK¡LWOMQDVCKCO!6W¡DJCOFWW!
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♦VWDCK³OK¡VTCGOCTEC
FGHKGTTQ
DCK³WOUHKGTTQJKGTTQ&CKDCRCK³WOVW
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HKGTTQ
HKGTTQ
FGJGTTCTOCTEC
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DCK³OK¡CC³'UGVQTQVKGPGNCOCTECKIWCNSWG
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$CMIW¡ZK¡ZKQ¡ODC³KKULC³KEJ5GSWGDTµOK
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V©TDK³PQ¡ZDCC¡.CUQICFGEWGTQUGGUVKTC
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ZCDWKTCZPCMCZDCC¡)KKNJKOLKZZQ¡ZQNJKM
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♦DCK¡ICOHWGCNCIWC
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RCTC
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SWKGTGSWGNGNNGPGUFGCIWCGUGIWCLGEJKSWKVQ
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DCK¡³ZKFJC¡XaDNNCOCT
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LQQV8GCNNCOCTNQ&KNGSWG[QVGOCPF«
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CCNIWKGPFGRCTVGFGQVTCRGTUQPCRCTC
SWGXC[C/WOOW³KEJPQTPCRCK¡MKQIW
OCMI©OPC³KEJDCK¡³ZK¡³O©TCMFJK³OCTCCZ
(WKCNN£FQPFGXKXGGNEWTCPFGTQRCTCKPXKVCTNQ
FGRCTVGFGOKJKLC
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DJCK¡M©¡PVWODQZZKM&KEGNCIGPVGSWGJCEG
OWEJQVKGORQJCD¯CDCUVCPVGEC³CFG\CECVGSWG
GTCDWGPCRCTCDCTTGT
DCL©MCFXJCEGOWEJQVKGORQ$CL©MIKKNJKO
VWOMQMFCKO©MPCTL©IKCNJK¡MCV*CEGOWEJQ
VKGORQEWCPFQJWDQIWGTTCRGNGµOWEJCIGPVG
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5GFKEGSWGUKVGPIQJKRQSWKGTGFGEKTSWGCNIWKGP
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8CTD©L©M
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©U‹UVCGUOKVKGTTCRQTSWGNCJGEWNVKXCFQFGUFG
JCEGOWEJQVKGORQ8CTD©L©MF©T
DCMUGUµHCIQ,KEJDCMCODJ©DJ©©IWMQK¡
PQ¡EJOWVWMWC¡%WCPFQEQOGOQUNCEQOKFC
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DCMRCTV+PFKECNQSWGGNJCDNCPVGETGGSWGGU
EKGTVQCDCUGFGNCGXKFGPEKCSWGVKGPG$JCK¡DCM
RCK¡VWMQUDCCRCKEJC¡OIWDJC¡CC¡PCDC¡
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VKGPGRQTCNN¯UWPKFQGPNQURG³CUEQURQTSWG
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DCMGGV
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VQQZMQNJ%WCPFQOCVGUGUGOCTTCPQXQ[C
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UKGPVQF«DKNRQTSWGVGPIQFKCTTGC%WCPFQ
RTWGDQVCPVKVCEQOKFCOGFCFQNQTFGGUVµOCIQ
DCMDW¡XaKVGPGTFKCTTGC%JC¡RIKKNJKOOWLC¡M
MWCFC¡FJKVQQZMQNJDCMCCZPCREJCOIKQ
DJCK¡RLKDCMDW¡0QEQOCUVCPVCECTPGFG
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=RTGV[RTGUDCMDW?
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DCMEJKC¡XaVTGOQLCT
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DWWRNJKC¡IWZKKT4GOQLGGUVGEWGTQRCTCSWG
UGJCICDNCPFKVQRCTCRQFGTEQTVCTNCUEQTTGCU
RCTCCOCTTCTNCUKNNCFGOQPVCT
XaTOGVGTUG
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OK¡ODCRCVV©MKO©MCOUWWFCK¡EJ©TIW
VCVQQZMQNJ,KZK¡MQQTC¡OKUWW¡P2CTGEGSWG
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DCMEJKFJC¡XaDTGOQLCT
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DC¡EQPL+PFKECSWGWPCUKVWCEKµPGUEQPUGEWGPEKC
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DC¡OQQLC¡RPKL©¡ZMWZQK¡³IWVCCVC¡PPKIW
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.CUECUCUVTCFKEKQPCNGU
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RKUQCNVQFGVCDNQPGURCTCFQTOKTGPEGTTCFCEQP
VCDNCUNCDTCFCUEQPJCEJCEQPVGEJQFG\CECVGQ
VCDNGVCU[EQPWPVTQPEQEQPOWGUECUEQOQ
GUECNGTC'PGNUWGNQFGDCLQFGNRKUQUGIWCTFCPNQU
DKGPGUITCPFGUEQOQUKNNCUFGOQPVCT
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♦LCDCMDJCLC¡MDC¡MEJ©TR£UGNG
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DKRTGHaX+PFKECKORGTCVKXQEQPEQTVGU¯C$KEJW
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DKC¡UMQ¡UDQC)WDKC¡UMQ¡RWEJW¡OVWFCCM
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=EQRLKZ?
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VKGTTCRQTSWGCJQTCGUV£OW[FWTCCU¯CRTQXGEJQ
RCTCUGODTCTCNOKUOQVKGORQRQTSWG[CUGT£
VKGORQFGUKGODTC#PVµPEJWOQKM
EJWMICOCFLQUEWTQ
GNF¯C)QTZKD©IKK¡³IW
MC³FJKKT)KKNJKOLKZEJWMICO'PEK«PFCPWPC
XGNCRWGUGUV£OW[QUEWTQ=EQRLKZ?
♦VWOVWMICOVC¡XaKJCDGTGENKRUGUQNCT
EJWMQQZOQFC¡CFLSWGNGFCUWG³Q,KZ
FJCCOFWWMLC¡MLKZEJWMQQZOQFC¡PCZLWWM
MC¡PCDJCK¡ZKEJCPQQTFC¡#NOGFKQF¯CFC
UWG³QEQPGNECNQTFGNUQN=EQRLKZ?
8«CUGMQZKC¡
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EJWMQ¡MCFLSWGFWGNG
EWGTRQGPVGTQ$CKM
VCPQQNJLKZEJWMQ¡MMCVLK³C¡QQCOPC³KEJ
LCZLKEJWLWCOWOOW)GTTGGTQ%WCPFQ
GORG\«CVTCDCLCTGP8KEGPVG)WGTTGTQOG
FQNKGTQPNQUJWGUQURQTVTGUF¯CU=EQRLKZ?
8«CUGMQ¡MNJKC¡
EJWMWMWW¡OZKOC¡=RNFGEJWMWW¡OZKOC¡?
SWGJC[JWOQ
£TGCUGZVGPUCU=EQRLKZ?
EJWMWWDJ©UCFLSWGJC[OWEJQRQNXQ
ECOKPQ
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OQKMMC¡%WCPFQXQ[C5CPVC/CT¯CFWTCPVGNC
«RQECFGUGSW¯CJC[OWEJQRQNXQGPGNECOKPQ
RQTSWGNCVKGTTCGUV£OW[UWGNVCGPGUGVKGORQ
=EQRLKZ?8«CUGMWWDJ©Z
EJWMWWOCFXOW[
FWNEGQUCNCFQ:K¡RKEJ
DCMIÀ¡OKDWK¡³IWCUWWMCTFJKCVWWNJ
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GEJCUVGFGOCUKCFCC\¼ECTGPGNCVQNGRWGUGUV£
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HWGTVG
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IWVTQQMCLKZEJWMWWOLKZD©¡*CEGTCVQRCUµ
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=EQRLKZ?
EJWMWW¡OZKOC¡CFLSWGJC[JWOQ
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MWW¡OZKOC¡ZEJWOCCZOWOOWPKLC¡R
/WTDC¡V2CTGEGSWG[CGUVCOQUGPNC«RQECFG
UGSW¯CRWGUUGXGSWGJC[JWOQRQTCNN£RQT
/WTWCVC=RNEJWMWMWW¡OZKOC¡EQRLKZ?
8«CUGMWW¡OZK¡
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JCEGTEQUCUOCPWCNGU
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GUSWGUCDGUJCEGTOWEJCUEQUCU!
SWGEQPQEG
GNECOKPQ/QQ³EJKOCK¡I©ZKC¡
PQ¡³KEJOWLC¡RZKLKK©TDCPFJKIÀ¡MKKEJCO
PC³IW¡EJCOVWOCCV#NQOGLQTOGXQ[C
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=EQRLKZ?8«CUGOCEJKC¡
EJWOCCZCFLSWGUGXG
£TGCGZVGPUC/KC¡P
LKZEJWOCCZDCMLKC[C¡F©TOWOOW/WTDC¡V
&GCSW¯UGXGEQOQUKGUVWXKGTCEGTSWKVC
/WTWCVC=EQRLKZ?8«CUGOCCZ
EJWOCVFC¡CFLUCDKQSWGVKGPGOWEJQ
EQPQEKOKGPVQ,KZKQ¡OLKZEJWOCOCVFC¡CO
UCRIW,CRQQPQK¡³MCOEJCOR©MRWK¡UCRPC
LCZLCK¡MCRF©T&KEGPSWGNQULCRQPGUGUUQP
O£UUCDKQUSWGNCIGPVGFGQVTCURCTVGU=RNEJW
OCOCVFC¡EQRLKZ?8«CUGOCVFC¡
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/CPWGNPCDCTLKZEJWO³KICO%JCOMCVW
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SWGUGJK\QTKEQCJQTC[CPQSWKGTGUCNWFCTC
PCFKG=RNEJWVWO³KICOEQRLKZ?
EJWOQKMCFLDNCPFQRQNXQTKGPVQ
£TGC
,QKFJCOLKZEJWOQKM[C¡PKPCRCK¡ZEJWDCC¡
3W«DNCPFKVQGUV£CSW¯FQPFGGUV£OQLCFCNC
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8«CUGOQKM
EJWOWMCC¡CFLSWGNGFCEQOG\µP
EWGTRQ
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M©©M©KIWDCROW¡PC³KEJRCZKCTO©TCMOWLC¡M
VCCVUCD/GFCOWEJCEQOG\µPRQTSWGOG
RKECTQPNQU\CPEWFQUEWCPFQHWKFGRCUGQCVKGTTC
E£NKFC
VTCXKGUQ
OQFKUOQd/QQLC¡RLKZEJW
OWMCC¡IWLCTQK¡PCVDC¡RDC³DJ©KZFJCMIW³
ZQOMCTPC³[C¡PKMCDKC¡MCV©ZMW³ZKOd3W«
VCPVTCXKGUCGUNCRGTUQPCSWGUGNNGXµOKCIWLC
SWGVGP¯CIWCTFCFCCSW¯
=RNEJWOWOMC¡EQRLKZ?8«CUGOWMCC¡
EJWPCO©©MCFLSWGUKIWGJCEKGPFQNQOKUOQ
,WRMCK¡EJFJC¡COPCVUCRVWEJKCIWIÀ¡MCO
PCOOW¡CC¡PCIW¡IWK¡R©MVWFCC¡³EJW¡PFC¡
PCOK¡RWK¡VWFW³KC¡PCLCZLC¡MLKZEJW
PCO©©M&KEGPSWGGNLGHGOCPFµOCVCTNQ
RQTSWGUKIWGJCEKGPFQNQOKUOQ=EQRLKZ?
EJWVMW¡=RNFGEJWWMW¡?SWGVKGPGPOWEJC
ECTPG=EQRLKZ?
EJWVQPOQFC¡CFLSWGNGFCUGF,WOCC¡PC³
DCK¡PVW¡PFC¡IWUWWFCK¡PQ¡³KEJRCK¡O©MDC
LKKPCIW¡ZEJWVQPOQFC¡IWDQKEJC¡O
0GEGUKVQNNGXCTCIWCEWCPFQXQ[NGLQURQTSWGGP
GNECOKPQOGFCOWEJCUGF=EQRLKZ?
8«CUGEJCPQQO
EJWVQQ³FJCOCFLSWGECWUCGPHCFQ
RQVGPEKCNOGPVG%JCODJCK¡CCPCROCK¡DC
DWC¡FJKOUC¡WC,WCP!6W¡IKPCIW¡DCT
M©NJK¡³IC¡PLKZEJWVQQ³FJCOR©ZDCVW¡O
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DKGPICUVCFC[[COGGPHCFµXGTNCCU¯=EQRLKZ?
8«CUGVQQ³FJC¡
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VWVQQ³FJCTC¡FJKDJCDUKC³ICOO©L©MWC¡
0QUQPGPHCFQUQUGUVQUHTKLQNGUCWPSWGNQUEQOC
VQFQGNVKGORQ=EQRLKZ?8«CUGVQQ³FJC¡
EJWVWC¡CFLEQPOWEJQUGPEKPQU%JCOR©MVW
VWC¡MCVOWLC¡MPCEJRCK¡FJCTCCVOCCM©¡P
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6'2'*7ƒ0Ê'52#“1.
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L©D©©NJ0QJCD¯COWEJQUGPEKPQUFQPFG
GUVCDCOQUGNC³QRCUCFQRQTGUQRGICDCHWGTVG
GNCKTG=EQRLKZ?8«CUGEJWC¡
EJWVWC¡IKO=RNFGEJWC¡IKO?ENCTQU=EQRLKZ?
EJWVWM=RNFGEJWM?PGITQUOWITKGPVQU
=EQRLKZ?
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=EQRLKZ?
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OWPCRCK¡ZEJWWMIWUWWFCK¡8COQUCKTC
PCFCTFQPFGGUV£JQPFQ=RNEJWWVWMEQRLKZ?
8«CUGVWWMCD
EJWWMCOCFLRTQHWPFQ
VKGTTCQCTGPC
/WOOWPKFJ©TLC¡MLKZKQ¡OLKZEJWWMCOLKPC
OKMCCVIWQ¡[CEJCOVW¡RWK¡PC[C¡PCZ
MQOCCNJKO2QTCNN£JC[WPCTGPCNOWEJQO£U
RTQHWPFQSWGGNFGCSW¯SWGGUUWRGTHKEKCN
=EQRLKZ?#PVµPMQOCCNJKO8«CUGVWWMCD
EJWWMW¡CFLSWGVKGPGOWEJCECTPG#OLKPCEJ
OW¡CKOCOCC[C¡FJKVWWT,QKFJCOLKZ
EJWWMW¡5GT¯CDWGPQOCVCTGUVGVQTQ[
VCVGOCTNQRWGUVKGPGOWEJCECTPG=RNEJWVMW¡
EQRLKZ?8«CUGVWWMW¡
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EJW¡CC¡CFLR£NKFQ
UWLCPKO,KZEJW¡CC¡R©Z
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MC¡QQMMCV5GXGR£NKFQOKV¯QRQTSWGGUVWXQ
GPHGTOQRQTOWEJQVKGORQ=EQRLKZ?
8«CUGEJWC
IWFWWM;CXKGPGNCNNWXKCCR¼TCVGCKTCVTCGT
CIWC0QGUV«UPCFCO£UUGPVCFQ
GUVCTGPEQPVTCTUG
GPWPNWICTJCDKVWCN
t/©L©FCCEJKDC¡IWLQKUOK¡PCRCK¡VW
QRKUKKPC¡tLWRMCK¡EJIW,WCPt,WODJC!
%JCOOQDJCOO©LC¡MFCCMKC¡OK¡³tLWR
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UWQHKEKPC!tRTGIWPVµ,WCPt2WGUPQU«
2WGFGUGTSWGGUV«CNN£GPUWECUCtEQPVGUVµ
2GFTQ
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DJCOO©RCK¡PCRVWLWCP!%QPSWK«PGUGUV£U
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VGPGTHTWVQ
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IW,WCPt%JCMWKFCTCCLCZFJWK!tLWR
MCK¡EJIW2GGITQt/GXGPFGUWPCUEWCPVCU
ECNCDCEKVCUVKGTPCUtFKLQ,WCPt2WGUEµOQUK
VQFCX¯CPQVKGPGNCRNCPVC!tTGURQPFKµ2GFTQ
=UWLRNFCTQFCTCC?
FCC=RTGVFGFCIKC¡?NQCICTTµ
FCCFC¡=RTGUFGFC¡PIKC¡?2GLLWOFCCFC¡
COUGCICTTCP
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FCCMUPCTK\
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JQEKEQ,KZOW¡WMVWFCCMIWWWR'N
\QTTKNNQVKGPGWPJQEKEQRWPVKCIWFQ
=RNFCCFCMCRQUFCCMC¡P?
♦FCCMCTCOGPUWPCTK\
FG«NQFGGNNC
FCCORQURGPEKOCFGCTTKDCFGGPNCUWRGTHKEKG
FG5WWFCK¡FJCCOQKRQCOIWRCRCCV.QU
RCVQUPCFCPGPNCUWRGTHKEKGFGNCIWC
8CTFJCCO
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=0QVC/WEJCURCNCDTCUSWGGORKG\CPEQPFJ
VKGPGPXCTKCPVGUSWGGORKG\CPEQPFNCUEWCNGU
PQUGKPENW[GPGPGUVGFKEEKQPCTKQ?
ÊFCUWHaX+PFKECCEEKµPEQPVKPWCQRQTOWEJQTCVQ
QGPOWEJCUQECUKQPGU,WRMCK¡EJFJC¡COPC
UCRRWK¡LC¡MCCIKZPCEJV©P©¡FC¡IWZKQVCNJ
&KEGPSWGGUV£GUVCDNGEKFCEQOQEQUVWODTGSWG
DCKNGOQUGNOKVQVG=)TCO?8CTÊFJC¡
HWVÊFC¡RTGUÊ¡PEQRTGVÊFCV
FCCXaGGUVCTUGPVCFQ,QVOQFC¡RZKDJ©KTCK
IWUWWFCK¡CCRIW¡FCKICOFCC$JCK¡DCLKO
LCROK¡RZKDQK¡URCVW¡PFC¡FJKLCTCCT#VVKKTW
FCCOCPPCROWVWLWCPCKO'ORWLCO£UGN
CTCFQRWGUPCFCO£UGUV£UCTCPFQNCUWRGTHKEKG
FGNCVKGTTC
EGTECFGNCUWRGTHKEKG
N¯SWKFQ&CCOCPR©Z
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'UVGRG\PCFCEGTECFGNCUWRGTHKEKGFGNCIWC
RQTSWGPQGUV£OW[JQPFC
FCCOF©TRTGRGPEKOCFGCTTKDCFGd,C¡ROQQ
LKZL©D©©TD©L©PKLC¡RFCCOF©TFJKUCMCCNJKM
d%µOQJCEGCKTGCNN£CTTKDCFGGUCEQTFKNNGTC
FCCP=RTGUFGFC³KC¡?QTC
FCCP©=RTGVFGFC³KC¡?QTµ
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6'2'*7ƒ0Ê'52#“1.
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8CTFC³KKO©M
FCCUCTC¡UOCPIQ
FGWPCJGTTCOKGPVC2WK¡
CCRDC¡M©¡PVWUQPKCMFC¡FJKOOCZKKEJ.WKU
UKCMWEJCOVWFCCUCTC¡!%JCOLKZEJW
MQ¡MVWNJFJCTC¡CC!%QTVCUEQPGUGOCEJGVG
CWPSWGPQVKGPGOCPIQ!0QVGNCUVKOCNCU
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CRQUFCCUCTIC¡PFCFCCUCTIC¡PQ
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FCCUC¡XaVRQPGT
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SWGGUV£URQPKGPFQGPNCECPCUVC!
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VWWMWVQKT©FJKCNJKK!0Q¡RKEJOKLC¡RFCCUCM
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PK³QGPNCGURCNFC!2QTSW«PQNQUKGPVCURQT
CJ¯!0QRGUCOWEJQ!
RNCPVCT/CCMCOLC¡MLCRKOFCCUC¡FJK¡³K
MQ¡MQNJPCV[C¡DWWU2QTHCXQTRNCPVCGPQVTQ
NWICTGUVGEJKNGSWGPCEKµ
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FCCUC¡XaVGUEQIGTPQODTCT
CWPECPFKFCVQ
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IWZMCK¡OW,WMV©T!#SWK«PRKGPUCPWUVGFGU
SWGFGDGOQUGUEQIGTRCTCIQDGTPCFQTGP5CPVC
/CT¯C!
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PQODTG$©©ZLCRLCFCCUC¡IW
LC¡VMCO'GL©¡MR©MCKZCO#RWPVCNQU
PQODTGUFGVQFCNCIGPVGRCTCXGTEW£PVQUUQP
XaVOCTECT
EQPHKGTTQ+COR©ZRWEJW¡O
LWRFCCUVW¡IWDCK³WOFJKDJWTW¡ZPCLCZ
EJW¡OIWTCCEJIC¡P'UGDWTTQNNGXCECUKNC
OKUOCOCTECFGJGTTCTSWGNCPWGUVTC
XaKFCTRNC\Q,WOV©©OWKFJCMFJKOCUCC¡P
OQQVWFCCZKZPC³VWPCOMKFJC¡OWVKCPFC
PC³RCK¡VWWC¡VW¡P#HKPGUFGGUVGOGUXGPEG
GNRNC\QSWGVGPIQRCTCRCICTNQSWGFGDQCNN£GP
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♦LWOFC¡PUCUGCRGNNKFC
FCCZFJC¡XaVRCTEJCT+KMW³OQQ
FCNJZKFJC¡IW³RCPVCNQQPOK¡Q¡NJKCTCPPC
IÀ¡IÀTDCV©F©©F©¡8Q[CRCTEJCTOKRCPVCNµP
GPNCUTQFKNNCUFQPFGVKGPGCIWLGTQU
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♦LWTCC¡PFCCZFJC¡EQPUQNCT
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FCCZFJC¡XaDRQPGTCNIQFµP
EGTGOQPKCNC
WPCRGTUQPC$©©R©¡RZKOFCCZFJCKIWVQMPCR
DC¡DCVWFW³KC¡PCIW¡DCVW³QMKC¡IW
OCMICO2TKOGTQVGRQPGUGNCNIQFµPRCTCSWG
[CRWGFCUJCEGTNCUVQTVKNNCURQTSWG[CXCCQTCT
GNEWTCPFGTQ
%WCPFQCNIWKGPNGRKFGCN
EWTCPFGTQSWGQTGRQT«NNGFCWPRCNKVQEQPWP
RGFC\QFGCNIQFµPGPNCRWPVCEQOQTGRTGUGPVCEKµP
FGU¯OKUOQ
FGLCT
GPQVTQNWICTRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC/WPK
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RCPVCNµPC\WNRCTCRQP«TOGNQOC³CPCEWCPFQ
GORKG\GCVTCDCLCT
RQPGTCRNKECT
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RGTUQPC,WRMCK¡EJFJC¡COIWLC¡VMCOPCUCR
LKTTKOGGFKQIWUWTWKPQ¡EJCOQD³KQ¡MEJCT
IWCNJKKPC³DJCK¡ZKFJCC¡³ZKFJC¡OQ¡TCO
.CIGPVGFKEGSWGNCRGTFK\IµPIQTCUKTXGEQOQ
TGOGFKQRCTCEWCPFQWPPK³QPQGORKG\CC
JCDNCTCVKGORQUGNGRQPGGPNCECDG\CXCTKCU
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FCC¡O©TC¡=RTQRFGFCIKC¡?KTCCICTTCT
FCC¡PUUWGITCÎ:KMWC³FJCVCR©RL©¡ZMWO
FCC¡P.WKUPCDC¡IW¡PCVLWOOCCIW
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UWGITCRWGUGNNCVGFKQCUWJKLCÏFKLQNCOCO£
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FCC¡³FJC¡XaDCICTTCT
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6'2'*7ƒ0Ê'52#“1.
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JW«THCPQRCTCSWGNCEJKXCRKPVCNQCOCOCPVG
GNNCVKGPGOWEJCNGEJGRQTSWGUQNCOGPVGCXGEGU
GUV£COCOCPVCPFQCUWEJKXKVQ
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RTGUFCCIK¡³?
FCC¡³ZKFJC¡=EQORNRNFGFCCZFJC¡?RQPGTNQU
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FCDPC¡XaVSWKVCT
RNWOCUQRGNQ&CDPC¡CR
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DCFCCUC¡PCEJVWLWIKC¡LC¡Z³K2QTHCXQT
SW¯VCNGNCURNWOCUCGUVCICNNKPCSWGOCVµVW
JGTOCPQRCTCSWGNCEQEKPGOQU[NCEQOCOQUCN
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FCD³KC¡XaKECGTUGSWKVCTUG
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♦DCFC¡PDKMIWOCVCKOC¡P[CUGNGEC[GTQP
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8CTFC¡PUCTC¡
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FCFCMDWFC¡=EQPVFGFCMDW¡?GUVCTRGI£PFQUG
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FCFQ¡³EJKFJC¡=UWLRNFGFQ¡³EJKFJC¡?2GL
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FCFQ¡³EJK¡³FJC¡=EQPVFGFQ¡³EJKFJC¡?GUVCT
FGXQNXKGPFQ
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LKKOFCM=RNFGLKOFCO?XKCLGTQU=EQRLKT?
LKKOFC¡=EQPVRNFGLKOKC¡?GUVCT£PCPFCPFQ
LKKOFJC¡=RNFGLKOFJC¡?SWGECOKPCPTGEKQ
=EQRLKZ?
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EQPNCO¼UKECRCTGEGSWGNGIWUVCQ¯TNCRQTSWG
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IWRCPVCNQQPKU#C³VCMCCDCOZKUCTIW³
RCPVCNQQPPC³MCV©VDKCIWDCUMKUDQN2CTGEG
SWGCNIWPQURCPVCNQPGUPQGUV£PDKGP
TGOGPFCFQURWGUC[GTUGOGFGUEQUKµOK
RCPVCNµPEWCPFQGUVCDCLWICPFQDCUSWGVDQN
XaTTGEQUGTTGOGPFCT
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#SW¯GUVQ[TGOGPFCPFQCNIQRCTCRQPGTOG
FGURW«UFGDC³CTOG
=RTGVLKKURTGULKKUWO?
LKLKKUKPVGUVKPQU,KZMCCRCMVWLKLKKIWWWR,KZ
DJCK¡OIKKIKCTIK¡³IWNCDGGT'N\QTKNNQVKGPG
KPVGUVKPQUDKGPFWTQUSWGUKTXGPRCTCJCEGTNCU
EWGTFCUFGWPXKQN¯P=CRQULKLKK¡³?
LKLKKEJQDC¡=RNFGLKKEJQDC¡?XKWFCUPGITCU
CTC³CU
LKLKM=RNFGLKM?QODNKIQU
LKLKMRC¡=RNFGLKMRC¡?VTGP\CU
FG\Q[CVG
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LKMPCRWK¡ZLQK³&GDGURGFKTNGCVWCDWGNC
6GTGUCSWGVGEWTGRCTCSWGUGCUKGPVGVWQODNKIQ
[PQUGOWGXCVCPVQ=RNLKLKMCRQULKMWW¡P?
,WOLKMEJKC¡OQQFJKMWZKKTPCROK¡DWCO
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EWEJKNNQUKLWGICUEQP«N&GDGURQPGTNQGPUW
NWICT=RTGVLKMKKEJRTGULKMKCM?
LKMMWNJ=RNFGLKKMWNJ?V¯QUUQDTKPQUUQDTKPCU
=CRQULKMMWNJK¡³?
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LKMQQOUPKGDNCPGDNKPC$JCK¡LKEJ©UFKC¡IW
LKMQQOPCRCK¡FJWWMMKDCCTFWWMFC¡.C
PKGDNCCRCTGEGEWCPFQNNWGXGEQPVKPWCOGPVG
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LKMRCVCRTGULKMRCV?
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#OLKZEJWDQPOCVCOK³6T«P\COG\Q[CVG
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LKMRC¡UVTGP\C
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LKMVQDUCZKNC#NJK¡EJLK³OCCMIWK¡PC³LKMVQD
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PC³EJCOLKZLKMVQDWWDVW¡POWLC¡RRKCUVC
PC³KEJIW¡EJCODCVDKC2T«UVCOGVCPVKVQ
FGUQFQTCPVGRCTCRQPGTOGRCTCSWGPQOG
JWGNCPHGQNCUCZKNCUEWCPFQXC[CCNCHKGUVC
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EJCOLQQFCK¡PCTFCKF©D©©T5GRWGFGCTCT
DKGPCSW¯GPGUVGRGFC\QFGVKGTTCRQTSWGPQ
VKGPGOWEJCURKGFTCUGURWTCVKGTTC
0QTOCNOGPVGUGRTGRCTCNCOKNRCEQPCTCFQUKP
CNGVCUEWCPFQGORKG\CCNNQXGTRGTQEWCPFQNC
VKGTTCUGOQLCDKGPUGUKGODTCEQPCTCFQEQP
CNGVCU6CODK«PUGGUECTFCNCOKNRCUKPCNGVCU
EWCPFQGNOC¯\GUV£RQEQCNVQRGTQEWCPFQ[CGUV£
ITCPFGCPVGUFGSWGUCNICPNCUGURKICUUGGUECTFC
WPCXG\O£UEQPCNGVCU[NWGIQUGSWKVCNCJKGTDCC
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RTGULKOEJW¡P?
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MCK¡EJIW,WCPt#C³FJQTLK³ZQK¡tLWR
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EQPUQPCPVGPQINQVCN)TCO?8CTʳ
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LK³RTGHaXOG
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OG
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EWTCPFGTQ[CGUV£OW[UWEKQ[RTQDCDNGOGPVG
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RKOEN¯V+PFKECUWLGVQFGNCUGIWPFCRGTUQPCFGN
RNWTCN2WGFGRTGUGPVCTUGEQOQUWHKLQCNXGTDQ
,CMWWRC¡RKOZKDFJKDJG¡OUGTPCOEJCOVW
ZK¡[C¡VWMCC¡MWEJVWUWWUUCKVWK¡[C¡IWDKK¡O
MCDWKOWM2QTHCXQTGPEGTTCNQUDGEGTTQURCTC
SWGPQOCOGPGPNCPQEJG[OC³CPCRQFCOQU
QTFG³CTNCUXCECURCTCVQOCTNCNGEJG
2WGFGRTGUGPVCTUGEQOQUWLKHQCWPCRCNCDTCSWG
CPVGEGFGCNXGTDQ/QQRKOCNJZKIWIWWZFJC¡
IW2GGNGUPCLCK¡LKOKC¡-QTKCPPCEJ
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CPKOCTC(«NKZRCTCSWGVCODK«PXC[CC&WTCPIQ
RCTCRNCVKECTEQPGNIQDGTPCFQT
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INQVCN)TCO?8CTLCRKO8«CPUGLCRKO©V
RKO©V
RKO©VEN¯V+PFKECUWLGVQFGNCUGIWPFCRGTUQPCFGN
RNWTCN[VKGORQRTGV«TKVQ2WGFGRTGUGPVCTUG
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PCRKOOKLC¡RMCIKIK¡FJCVVCMCCD!
.QITCTQPNC\CTGNOCEJQSWGGUVCDCPVTCVCPFQ
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2WGFGRTGUGPVCTUGEQOQUWHKLQCWPCRCNCDTCSWG
CPVGEGFGCNXGTDQ'CIQTZKEJWC¡ICPC³ZK
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RKRRKNJ=RNFGRKKRKNJ?RQNNKVQU8CTZKZRKNJ
RKTKK³UHTGPKNNQ
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FJKKKDJCKR©MCODCVCLCC³KZ;COGTQ
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CDTKGPFQNCUHNQTGU
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CURGEVQ5WUFCIW³³QQPQDPC³KEJZKEJWLWC
PC³IW¡EJCOL©¡ZFJC¡R©MMCVWLWCP/G
UCNKGTQPCORQNNCUGPNCUOCPQUEWCPFQVTCDCL«
RQTSWG[CECUKPWPECVTCDCLQEQPGNNCU
R©PRCTV+PFKECSWGPQTGEWGTFCGZCEVCOGPVG
$JCOO©PKPCOQKRQQKFJC¡VC¡OIWEJ
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R©ZCOCFXEQOQSWG2©ZCOO©MLC¡MLWWI©V
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SWGUGOGGUV£GPVWOGEKGPFQCNTGFGFQTFGCSW¯
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GPWPCHKNC/WPK
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5WUDC¡PVCO2QTCJ¯XCPNCURGTUQPCUHQTOCFCU
GPWPCHKNCRCTCXGTCNIQDGTPCFQTSWKGPXCC
NNGICTC.QU%JCTEQU
R©ZEJ©K=RTGVFGR©ZEJ©¡[C¡?UGQ[µ
FGNGLQU
R©ZEJ©TPKC¡XaKGZVGPFGTUG
HWGIQNKVUGQ[G
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PCIW¡ZEJWICMMC¡2CNJ©©RPQ¡³KEJOKLC¡R
ZKM©KIWVCKR©ZEJ©TPKC¡(£EKNOGPVGGORKG\CP
NQUKPEGPFKQUGPNC«RQECFGUGSW¯CRQTSWGVQFQ
GUV£UGEQUKRTGPFQWPRQSWKVQFGNWODTGRQT
CNN¯UGGZVKGPFGT£RKFCOGPVG=RTGVR©ZEJ©T
RTQITR©ZEJ©T³KO?
R©ZEJ©¡[C¡XaKQ¯TUG
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R©ZLKEJ©MCFXUGIWKFQ6©KR©ZLKEJ©MIW,QUGG
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,QU«NGJCVKTCFQUGIWKFQCNVGEJCNQVGRGTQPQNG
JCFCFQ
R©ZMCKFJC¡XaKFGEKTUGEQOGPVCTUG
TWOQT
8«CPUGMCKFJC¡MCK¡³EJC¡
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FGNGLQU
RQFGGTQ¡XaKRQFGTVGPGTECRCEKFCF‰NJKK¡³
CRCCPCRRQFGGTPCRVWDJKK³QTC¡FJKLWWP
IWF©©NJMC¡³LKIW¡ORCNJDWKFJC¡!%TGGU
SWGV¼UQNQRWGFGUECTICTGUVGOC¯\QSWKGTGU
SWGVGC[WFG!
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CPFCDCUFGCSWGNNCFQEQP$GTPCTFQVGHWKUVGQ
VGXKPKUVGQVTCXG\CN$CL¯Q!=)TCO?
RWEJW¡OCFXKIWCN
CRCTKGPEKC2WEJW¡OLWR
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EJCCVIC¡P/KV¯QVTCGWPECDCNNQKIWCNCNSWG
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ECRCEKFCF
RWKCFXVQFCX¯C2WKDJCK¡FJCCCCIW2CUMWCN
DJCOO©F©T)KQV©T$KDKC¡MC¡OCCMCOLC¡MDC
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RWK¡CFXCU¯
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FJK2GGITQPCEJCODJCCK¡PCRWK¡EJW
DWCFC¡6TCVCOQUFGCFXGTVKTNGC2GFTQSWGPQ
GUV£DKGPCEVWCTCU¯
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VTCDCLCTCU¯UKPEQOGT
CRKG2WK¡UCRDJCLKKDJCK¡FJ©T
5WUDJC¡PVCOIW%JGGPFQ&KEG4QUGPFQSWG
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FGNCOKUOC
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GPRCTVKEWNCT
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EWTCPFGTQRCTCSWGXGPICEQPVKIQRQTSWGCU¯GU
NCEQUVWODTGRWGUPWPECXCCXGPKTUQNQ
RWK¡LKCFXGUV£DKGPDWGPQ
TGURWGUVCCNSWG
CECDCFGNNGICTt#C³IKQDJCLC¡M©RtLWR
MCK¡EJIW#PTGGUt#CRWK¡LKtLWRMCK¡EJIW
2CCDNQt;CXKPGQVTCXG\tFKLQ#PFT«U
t'UV£DKGPtTGURQPFKµ2CDNQ
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VQQPC¡PIWMCTDCZDJCLC¡REJKMKKTVC¡ORWK¡
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CVQTCFCGPWPCRCTVGFGNTGFKN[RQTGUQGUVCDC
DCNCPFQFGFQNQT
RWK¡PCLCZCFXCU¯EQOQ:KDLQKFJCOLKZ
DJCK¡VCPQQTEJCOVW¡RWK¡PCLCZVCMCCDPC
COR©ZRWK¡ZEJ©DCC¡*C[O£UUQNCJQTCSWG
C[GT
NKVPQEQOQC[GTEWCPFQGUVCDCPWDNCFQ
RWK¡RCFXCU¯EQOQ
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UGXKGPGDWTNCPFQFGO¯TGOGF£PFQOG
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RWK¡RDCV©KPCRUCCMEJCORWK¡MCMCK¡EJFJC¡
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♦RWK¡R©ZLKZOCCVSWGVKGPGGUCEQUVWODTG
NKVPCFCO£UCU¯UCDG
RWRCFXWPRQEQO£U
ECPVKFCF#NJK¡EJRWR
IWLCOUWW¡PIK¡&COGWPRQEQO£UFGCIWC
RQTHCXQT
RCTV+PFKECSWGNCUKVWCEKµPUGNNGXCCECDQUKP
KPVGPEKµP$J©KFJKMC¡CRIWDQPOC¡PIWOVCCV
/K¡DCMRWRFCC.N«XCNGGNUQODTGTQCVW
RCR£RWGUCNN¯UGNGSWGFµ
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TWTW¡Z
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CFLGVKXQURGLLC¡RLKPCTCOSW«DWGPQOK¡T
RKCUVCMC¡CNN¯JCDT£HKGUVC=5GRTGUGPVCFGURW«U
FGWPCXQECNQRCWUCINQVCN)TCO[?
8CTLKT
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RCTVGFGNEWGTRQ
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2GGITQIWRC¡EJPCDC¡ICOO©L©VW
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VWMCK¡OVW¡PMC¡!&µPFGEQORTCT£2GFTQGN
XGPGPQ!2WGUUKGORTGRQPGPVTCORCUXGPGPQUCU
GPUWOKNRCEWCPFQJC[GNQVGU
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RGTUQPCFGNUKPIWNCT?8CTÊTCP8«CUGCO
TCOWWLWURCNQEQPWPCNCODTG
RCTCCOCTTCT
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M©¡P!&GSWK«PGUGUGRGTTQSWGGUV£COCTTCFQ
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6GNQJWDKGTCUVTC¯FQRCTCJGTXKTNQ[JCEGTOQNG
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RQTGNQ[GPVG/CC¡PLCRDJCK¡ZK³EJC³ZKFJCK
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UCCTC¡RDJCOO©PKLC¡R©¡NJKEJC¡CMM©¡PPC³
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Segunda parte:
Diccionario español–tepehuán
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CTTKDCEGTEC
DJC¡³K
CTTKDCEGTECRTGEKUCOGPVG
DJ©L©
CTTKDCCRGTVWTCTGUVTKPIKFC
CNN¯OGTQOK¡RWK¡
FGCNN¯DJCK¡FJ©T
CTTKDCEGTECOK¡FJ©T
CDCLQEGTEC
RQTCNN¯DJCLC¡R
CNVQ
CNOCHKK¡OFC¡
CNOQJCFCHOQ¡ZMCT
CNTGFGFQTCFXD©©ZZKMQQNJ
CNVCTODQRVQ¡
CNVQCNVCCFLCFXVÀD
FGGUVCVWTC
VÀ¡MQD
FGCNVWTC
CNWODTCTXVD©¡³FJC¡
COCDNGCFLDJCK¡MCO
COCOCPVCTXVZK¡[C¡
COCPGEGTXKZKC¡NJKC¡
VKGORQ
ZKC¡³FJC¡
UWLCPKO
COCPUCTXVOCOQKUC¡
CPKOCNUCNXCLG
COCTXVCC¡
CWPCRGTUQPC
FC³KC¡
C&KQU
COCTIQCOCTICCFLEJCCRWM
COCTKNNQCOCTKNNCCFLWCO
C³Q
COCTTCTXVDWNJKC¡
DWNJFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
MWC¡³FJC¡
JKNQUFGNVGNCT
V©©O©NJFJC¡
CPKOCNCCNIQRGUCFQ
COCTTCTEQPWPPWFQDJWUCCNJOCMKC¡
RCTC
SWGPQUGTGEQTTCNCUQIC
COCUCTXVFC¡DK³C¡
EQPCIWC
FC¡DK³FJC¡
EQPCIWCRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
COKIQCOKICOHDJCK¡MCK¡EJFJCOLCFWW³
CORNKQCORNKCCFL
CORNKCOGPVGLWRCCDCP
NNGPQ
CORNKCECPVKFCFUCDCCT
EQUCUUGECU
CORQNNCH
UCNKTCORQNNCUUWUFC¡UWWFW[C¡
CPCTCPLCFQCPCTCPLCFCCFLOEJCKOC¡
NKV
EQNQTFGHWGIQ
CPECH
GPNCUCPECUCUCTCCPICU
FGWPCPKOCN
CPEJQCFLO
JCEGTUGO£UCPEJQLWCTMC¡
CPEJQCPEJCCFLOMQOCCTCM
FGHQTOCRNCPC
UCDCCT
T¯Q
FGOCUKCFQCPEJQFGOCUKCFCCPEJCLWCTMCO
SWGVKGPGWPCTC[CCPEJCDJKKUCROC¡
CPKOCN
CPFCTXKQKNJKC¡
IWUVCTNGCPFCTLQKFJC¡
CPKOCN
SWGCPFCH£EKNOGPVGDCCRCKFJC¡
FQPFGJC[
WPCEWGUVCGORKPCFC
CPIQUVQCPIQUVCCFLEJWDWNJ
ECOKPQ
CPKNNQO
EQTVCTWPCPKNNQIKDWWNJMCFC¡
GPNCEQTVG\CFG
WP£TDQN
CPKOCNOUQK¡
FQO«UVKEQ
CPKOCTXVIWIWWZFJC¡
FCMQQ¡³FJC¡
EQPGZKIGPEKC
L©MI©VFC¡
CSWGPQNNQTG
CPQEJGCFXVWMCC¡
CPQEJGEGTXKLWTPKC¡
CNCPQEJGEGTLWTP©M
CPVGC[GTCFXDCUVCMCCD
CPVGRCUCFQCFLO
C³QCPVGRCUCFQDCUOCCM©¡P
CPVGUCFXD©©R©¡
CPVGUSWGPCDC¡
CPVGUSWGPCFCD©©R©¡MCV
CPVQLCTUGXRTPN³CC
CPWPEKCTXVCCIC¡
C³QOQKFJC¡
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
CRCEGPVCT
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
C³QRCUCFQOCCM©¡P
C³QCPVGRCUCFQDCUOCCM©¡P
C³QSWGXKGPGICOCK¡
GORKG\CEQPNC«RQECFG
NNWXKCU
JCEGVTGUC³QUDCUOWLWOCKOCCM©¡P
CRCEGPVCTXVDK¡CC¡
CPKOCN
CRCEJWTTCTXVMK¡URC¡V©KOPC¡
CRCICTXVVWUCC¡
VWMKC¡
NWODTGQOQVQT
CRCTVCTXVL©¡F©NJMCFC¡
CRCTVGCFLCFX
NNGXCTCRCTVGDCCDW¡
RCTCJCDNCT
CRGPCUCFXF©MQQ
MKC¡R©Z
VKGORQ
CRNCPCTXVLKKDC¡
DQK¡MPC¡
\CECVGQOKNRC
CRNCPCFQCRNCPCFCDQK¡MC³
\CECVGQOKNRC
CRNCUVCTXVDQK¡URC¡MK¡URC¡OCK¡URC¡
CRNCWFKTXVMCRKCPC¡
CRNKECTXVFCCZZKFJC¡
TGOGFKQGPGNEWGTRQFG
QVTCRGTUQPC
CRTGEKCTXVM©©ICNJFJC¡
EQORNCPKO
CRTGPFGTXVOCEJKC¡
SWGCRTGPFGH£EKNOGPVGEJ©DJ©KFJC¡
CRTGVCTXVMCDMCFC¡
DJKURC¡
EQPWPCEKPEJC
CRTGVCFQCRTGVCFCMCDMCO
TQRCQ\CRCVQU
MQDMQO
GNRCUQ
DKGPNNGPQ[CRTGVCFQDKGPNNGPC[CRTGVCFC
MCDMCOLKOFCO
GUVCTCRTGVCFQGUVCTCRTGVCFCDJKKUCR
EKPEJC
PQDKGPCRTGVCFQPQDKGPCRTGVCFCFJWUCCTCM
CRWPVCTXVFCCUC¡
PQODTG
CRWTCTXVXRTPNFCK¡EJFJC¡LQVOC¡³FJC¡
CSWGNCSWGNNCCSWGNNQUCSWGNNCUCFLIW¡³K
PQ
XKUKDNGGURGE¯HKEQ
CSWGNNCXG\LCPQ¡
FGCSWGNNCFQDCCUF©T
FGWPCEQTFKNNGTC
D©©RICPF©T
PQUGXG
CSW«NCSW«NNCCSW«NNQUCSW«NNCURTQPIW¡³K
PQ
XKUKDNGGURGE¯HKEQ
CSW¯CFX[C[C¡
[C¡PK
RTGEKUCOGPVG
[©L©
CFGPVTQ
RQTCSW¯DJCLC¡M[CLC¡R
CTCFQOLCTCCT
EQNCFGNCTCFQLCTCCTDJCK
CTC³CHLQ¡MQTCK¡
CTCTXVLKOEJWFC¡
EQPCTCFQUKPCNGVCU
VWK¡EJFJC¡
EQPCTCFQEQPCNGVCU
£TDQNOWWZ
CTEQOICCV
CTFKNNCHDJQ¡OMQZ
CTDµTGCMCCUCK¡
CTDµTGC
V©©MQNJ
VGTTGUVTG
CTGPCHQ¡[C
CTGVGOPCPMCIKC¡
CTOCHDCK³WO
FGHWGIQ
CTOCFKNNQOUQ[QQV
CTTCPECTXVDQQR³KC¡
RGNQ
VCMDWPC¡
FGTC¯\
CTTGCTXVCTFKOKC¡
UCCFC¡
UKPNC\CT
CTTGINCTXVM©©¡ORKIC¡
M©©¡ORKZFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
GEJMCFC¡
GEJMCZFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
CC¡³FJC¡
CTTKDCCFXVÀ¡MQD
FGCNVWTC
CTTKDCFGFCCOFCCOF©T
DQECCTTKDCVCK¡
EWGUVCCTTKDCDCCU©¡PD©©ZEJCK¡VCK¡LC¡M
JCEKCCTTKDCVCK¡LC¡M
CTTQFKNNCTXVXRTPNQ¡NJKCEJKC¡
CTTQNNCTXVKCTC¡
JKNQURCTCVGLGTWPCVCNGIC
CTTQ[QOCM
CTTQ[KVQDCKMMCO
CUCTXVIC¡[C¡
CUGIWTCTXVUKKURC¡
FCNJZKFJC¡
CRNCUVCPFQ
CUGUKPQCFLVWOWC¡MCO
CUHKZKCTXVKK¡OEJW¡KK¡OEJWFC¡
DJCK¡OW¡DJCK¡OVWFC¡
EQPCIWC
CU¯CFXEQPLRWK¡
RWK¡LC¡M
RQTEQUVWODTG
LC¡Z³K
FGVCOC³QEQUCUITCPFGUFKEJQEQP
CFGOCPGU
L©¡Z³K
FGVCOC³QEQUCURGSWG³CUFKEJQEQP
CFGOCPGU
CU¯EQOQRWK¡R
FGKIWCNOCPGTCRWK¡PCLCZ
CU¯PCFCO£ULC¡RR©Z
PCFCO£UCU¯FCKRW¡RWK¡R©Z
CUKGPVQOCVQQZMQT
CUQNGCTXVXRTPNVQZMQIKC¡
UWLCPKO
K¡OW¡
CPKOCN
CUQNGCTFGOCUKCFQK¡OWVFC¡
CPKOCN
£URGTQ£URGTCCFLEJ©TMCO
EQOKFC
EJ©TQQM
PQEQOKFC
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
CUWUVCFK\QCUWUVCFK\CCFLO©NJOWM
CPKOCN
CUWUVCTXV©¡PMKCVC¡
CVCLCTXVUQQ¡OFJC¡
CVCTFGEGTXK
CVCTFGEKGPFQLWT³KFJCM
GORG\CPFQCCVCTFGEGTOKCLKFJW³KKFJCM
CVCUECTXVXRTPNFWR³KC¡
CVKPCTXKCC[C¡
RQTVKTCT
CVK\CTXVO©©OFC¡
HWGIQ
CVQNGOCVWWNJ
CVQNGFGEWKVNCEQEJGL©¡MQ¡P
CVQTCTXVXRTPNUC¡[C¡
UKKURC¡
©ZMWPC¡
FKH¯EKNFGUCECT
CVT£UCFXICVWWMF©T
RCTCCVT£UMWW¡
CWPSWGEQPLUKCRCPCCU
CWTCHPWK
VKRQFG\QRKNQVG
CWVQTKFCFHIÀ¡MCOLQKU
CXCP\CTXKLKDWC¡
GPNQSWGGUV£JCEKGPFQ
OQFKUOQ
CXGPVCTXVDWC¡
DWKFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPCQCPKOCN
CXGTIQP\CTXVXRTPNZK¡©TDQ¡
CXGTKIWCTXVP©©TC¡
CXKµPOCDKQP
CXKUCTXVCC¡³FJC¡
CXKUQO
CXKUQGUETKVQW¡WCP
CXKURCHDKKRKU
EQO¼P
F©DQQT
FGEJCSWGVCCOCTKNNC
RCPCCNJK¡Z
EJKSWKVCPGITCEQPRGSWG³CUTC[CU
DNCPECU
CZKNCHLKMVQD
C[KPVGTLLCC
C[GTCFXVCMCCD
C[WFCH
RGFKTC[WFCWOWC¡³FJC¡
C[WFCTXVRCNJDWKFJC¡
C[WFCTCECTICTOQQVQKFJC¡
UQDTGNCECDG\CQ
GPNQUJQODTQUDJKK³QNJFJC¡
C[WFCTCRCTCTM©MDWKEJFJC¡
C[WFCTCRCUCTLWTWW³FJC¡
NWICTHGQQT¯Q
ETGEKFQ
C[WFCTCUGODTCT©ZFJC¡
C[WPCTXKUCCDW¡
ZKFJWWVFC¡
TKVWCNOGPVG
JCEGTC[WPCTUCCDVWFC¡
EQOQECUVKIQ
DGPFKVQDGPFKVC
C\WNCFLEJ©©FQ¡
EJ©V©©FQ¡
£TGC
$
DCIC\QODK³MCT
FGEC³COCUVKECFC
DCKNCFQTDCKNCFQTCOHP©¡FCO
DCKNCTXKP©¡[C¡
DCLCFCHC¡PUCR
GPNCDCLCFCD©©ZC¡PUCR
DCLCTXVV©O³KC¡
V©DCC³FJC¡
V©DCC³ZKFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
LWTPKC¡
EWGUVCCDCLQ
DCNFGODCNFK
GPDCNFGVW¡MWD
DCPFGTCHDC³FJKKT
DC³CTXVDCVDKC¡
DCVDKEJFJC¡
EQORNCPKO
DCTCVQDCTCVCCFLDCTCCV
DCTDCHEJK³DQ
SWGVKGPGDCTDCQDKIQVGEJK³DQMCO
UCNKTDCTDCEJK³DQVC¡
DCTDGEJCTXVOQKMFC¡
RCTCUGODTCT
DCTEQOMCPWWD
DCTTGTXVDQZMC¡
DCTTQODJK¡³
QNNCFGDCTTQDJK¡³LC¡CC
RNCVQFGDCTTQDJK¡³LQQZKC¡
XCUKLCFGDCTTQDJKFJCC¡
ETWFC
SWGJC[OWEJQDCTTQDJKFJCC¡
DCUVCPVGCFLCFXUCDCCT
DCUWTCHVCPCCTC¡
DCVKTXVDCCIC¡
OCUCEQPCIWC
DCWVK\CTXVDCMWCPC¡
EQORNCPKO
DCMWC³FJC¡
CNJKLQFGQVTCRGTUQPC
DC[QDC[CCFLODCKOC¡
DC[WUCHLWNJKKM
TGIKQPCNKUOQ
DGDGTXVK¡[C¡
JCEGTDGDGTK¡EJFJC¡
DGEGTTQODJGUGGT
DGNNQVCHVWCMCK
ECTRKPVGTQDGNNQVGTQMWTCV
DGPFGEKTXVDKK³MCFC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
ZKQZOCFC¡
DGPFKVQDGPFKVCCFL
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
DGTTKPEJWFQDGTTKPEJWFC
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
GUVCTÎDGPFKVQÏZKFJWW
EGTGOQPKCNOGPVG
DGTTKPEJWFQDGTTKPEJWFCCFLC¡NJOC
RQTSWGPQ
SWKGTGGUVCTUQNQ
D¯EGRUOVQQ¡O
DKGPCFXLQKFJCOCOCO
DJCK¡UKIWWT
M©©¡
FGUCNWF
DKGPCITCFCDNGLQKFJCO
GUV£DKGPRWK¡LK
TGURWGUVCCNSWGCECDCFG
NNGICTGC
PQDKGPRCTDCP
KPEQORNGVQQFGHKEKGPVG
PQOW[DKGPRCTDCPR©Z
PQGUV£DKGPEJCODJCK¡
RQTSWGGUVQTDC
PQGUV£DKGP!EJCODJCK¡
DKIQVGOEJK³DQ
SWGVKGPGDCTDCQDKIQVGEJK³DQMCO
UCNKTDKIQVGEJK³DQVC¡
DKUCDWGNCHDKKUCNJ
DKUCDWGNQODQZKK
DNCPEQDNCPECCFLEJWC
DNCPFQDNCPFCCFLOQKM
EJWOQKM
£TGC
ZWW¡PIK¡
PQOCFWTQHTWVQ
DNWUCHMWVWWP
UCCMW
CFQTPCFCEQPGURKIWKNNCQGPECLG
DQCHDKC¡UMQ¡
DQECHEJK³
OCPVGPGTGPNCDQECMCCOVC¡
DQNCH
HQTOCTWPCDQNCMCDWWNJMCFC¡
DQPKVQDQPKVCCFLCDJCCT
EJWCDJCCT
£TGC
DQTFCTXVDCCRUC¡
EQPGUVCODTGU
DQTFGO
GPGNDQTFGMQQMDC¡P
FGWPRG³CUEQ
DQTTCEJQDQTTCEJCCFLOCKO
OHOCKOMCO
DQTTGIQDQTTGICOHMCUPKT
MCEJ³KNJ
TGEK«PPCEKFQ
NCPCFGDQTTGIQMCUPKTDCRQQ
DQUSWGOLWMICO
FGEQP¯HGTCU
GPGNDQUSWGW¡ZEJ©T
DQUVG\CTXKEJK³³CMKC¡
DQVGNNCHDJQVGG[C
DTCXQDTCXCCFLDJCPCC¡DJCPICO
DTC\QOPQD
DTKNNCTXKVQVDKMKC¡
VQPPKC¡
UQN
OCUDCNJKC¡VQMDKFJC¡
NWPC
SWGDTKNNCOCUDC¡
NWPC
DTKPECTXKVWW¡PPKC¡
DTQOCHLCCZOCFC¡
DTQPEQDTQPECCFLLKIKCT
CPKOCNFQO«UVKEQ
DTQVCTXKKKRW³KC¡
[GOCUWJQLCU
DC¡RW³KC¡
N¯SWKFQ
SWGDTQVCO©NJOWM
TGUKPC
DTWEGUH
FGDTWEGUM©R©NJ
DWEGCTXKFWR³KC¡
DWGPQRCTCDWEGCTFJWR³K¡
DWGPQDWGPCCFLCFXM©©¡
FGECNKFCFQFG
ECT£EVGT
RWK¡LK
TGURWGUVCCNSWGCECDCFGNNGICT
DWGPCIGPVGDJCK¡MCO
DWGPQUF¯CUZ©©DCP
UCNWFQVTCFKEKQPCN
SW«DWGPQHWGTCKCOI©V
DWG[ODJWW[CZVWWT
DWNGODCMWC
DWTDWLCHVQMUQ¡
DWTNCTXVXRTPNCC¡³ZKFJC¡C¡ZKC¡
LCCZOC¡³FJC¡
DWTTQODJWTW¡Z
DWUECTXVICCIC¡
ICC¡³FJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPCQCWPEWTCPFGTQ
V©V©IKC¡
CNIQGPGURGEKCN
%
ECDCNNQOMCDCK
ECDGNNQOMWWR
ECDGTXKCC[C¡
PQECDGDKGPFJWUCCTCM
ECDGUVTQOZKCMKO
ECDG\CHOQ¡
CEQUVCTNCECDG\COQ¡V©MC¡
ECDTQECDTCOHMCTDCZ
MCNJDC¡EJ
TGEK«PPCEKFQ
NGEJGFGECDTCMCTDCZDKK¡O
ECEJQTTQECEJQTTCOHZKKIC¡P
ECFCCFLPCDCR
F¯COGUQC³Q
ECFCWPQL©¡OC¡P
ECFGTCHVWDWWNJ
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
ECGTXKLKI©ZKC¡
I©ZKC¡
FGUFGWPCCNVWTC
©NJKC¡
GPWPRNCPQQGPWPCRGPFKGPVG
V©KOPC¡
GPEKOC
PCMIC¡
EQORNKPCP
CC[C¡
GPWPCHGEJC
FCD³KC¡
RKGN
FGLCTECGTFQ¡PMQPC¡
JCEGTECGTKCTC¡
ECNHOCVCK
CDUQTDGTECNDQRIKC¡
PKZVCOCN
SWGUCDGCECNDCCRCM
ECNCDC\CHKOCK
UGOKNNCFGECNCDC\CMCKEJWM
ECNCTXVMCRCK³C¡
ECNECTXVLWRPC¡
ECNFQODCCTIC¡P
FGECTPGQNGIWODTGU
EQEKFCU
MCCNFQ
FGECTPGEQPVQFQ[JWGUQ
SWGVKGPGECNFQDCTCC¡
CNIQEQEKFQ
ECNGPVCTXVLWWMC¡³FJC¡LWWMIKC¡MWC¡³FJC¡
SWGUGECNKGPVCDKGPEJQK³FJK¡
ECNGPVWTCH
DCLCTECNGPVWTCL©RNJKC¡
SWGVKGPGECNGPVWTCEJQK³
E£NKFQE£NKFCCFLLWWM
ENKOC
VKGTTCE£NKFCVCCVUCD
ECNKGPVGCFLEJQK³
ECNKGPVKVQLWWM
ECNK\QECNK\CCFLDCCRCM
ECNQTO
JCEGTECNQTEJCVQK³VWVQK³FJKC¡
ECOCHDQRVQ¡
FGVCDNCU
ECOCTµPOUCOKK¡
ECODKCTXVRCVCCUC¡
ECODKQODKK
OQPGFC
GPECODKQMWIW¡
ECOKPCTXKQKNJKC¡
U©NJ³C¡
RCTCECNGPVCTUGQJCEGTGLGTEKEKQ
ECOKPCTDKGPZKM©MMC¡
JCEGTECOKPCTQKNJKEJFJC¡
SWGECOKPCTGEKQLKOFJC¡
ECOKPQODQK
CDTKTECOKPQDQK¡³ZKFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
ECOKµPOVTQQMC
ECOKQPGVCHVTQQMC
ECOQVGOMCOC¡D
ECOQVGUKNXGUVTGUCCTC¡R
ECTVC
ECORQOICOR©Z
FQPFGPQJCDKVCPCFKG
ECPCNO
JCEGTWPECPCNCMZKFJC¡
RCTCFGUXKCTGN
CIWCCRCC³EJKEJFJC¡
RCTCRTQVGIGTNCECUC
ECPCUVCHDCCNJ
ECPCUVCFGECTTK\QVQQVMQODCCNJ
ECPCUVCFGRCNOCUQQDQNJDCCNJ
ECPCUVCFG\Q[CVGWOWW¡DCCNJ
ECPFGNCTKCH
.C%CPFGNCTKC-QDC¡TCO
NWICT
ECPUCTXVOCIQQ³KC¡
ECPUCFQECPUCFCOCIQQP
ECPVCTXKLKK³MKC¡
ICNNQ
MWWMW¡
KPUGEVQQR£LCTQ
NCCNCIKC¡
RGTUQPCQR£LCTQ
ECPVKFCFH
CORNKCECPVKFCFUCDCCT
EQUCUUGECU
EC³CHDCLCCM
OCEK\CFG\CECVG
DQ¡DJCT
FGOC¯\
LWPDQ¡
FGC\¼ECT
ECRCEKFCFH
VGPGTECRCEKFCFRQFGGTQ¡
ECRC\CFL
UGTECRC\FCCUC¡
FGJCEGTCNIQFKH¯EKN
ECRWNNQO©ZMW¡
FGOCTKRQUC
ECTCHDWKDCU
GPNCQVTCECTCLC¡MF©T
ECTCEQNOMCTQMUQMDQNJ
ECTCEVGT¯UVKECH
SW«ECTCEVGT¯UVKECUVKGPG!LCZEJW¡O
ECTDµPOVWWRCNJ
ECTICHDJKK³QT
NNGXCFCGPCPKOCNQGPXGJ¯EWNQ
ECTICTXVDJKK³QTC¡
GPCPKOCNQGPXGJ¯EWNQ
OQQVQ[C¡
UQDTGNCECDG\CQGPNQUJQODTQU
VWMKC¡
GPNCGURCNFCEQORNCPKO
C[WFCTCECTICTOQQVQKFJC¡
UQDTGNCECDG\CQ
GPNQUJQODTQUDJKK³QNJFJC¡
ECTPGHDCMCCZ
FGCPKOCN
SWGVKGPGOWEJCECTPGEJWWMW¡
ECTQECTCCFLFJC¡TC¡
ECTRKPVGTQO
ECTRKPVGTQDGNNQVGTQMWTCV
ECTRKPVGTQFGCNCUTQLCUMKQ¡
ECTTK\QODCCRCM
FGVCNNQDNCPFQ
VQQVMQO
FGVCNNQFWTQ
ECPCUVCFGECTTK\QVQQVMQODCCNJ
ECTVCHW¡WCP
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
ECUC
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
ECUCHDC¡CCM
DJK¡³DCM
FGCFQDGNCFTKNNQQRKGFTC
MKKEJCO
JCDKVCFC
MK¡CCO
EQPGNVGTTGPQEQTTGURQPFKGPVG
JCEGTWPCECUCDC¡MEJKFJC¡
RCTCQVTC
RGTUQPCDC¡MEJC¡
ECUCTXVV©©OQ¡
LQQ³EJC¡DJ©©[C¡
JQODTG
MWPVC¡QKFJC¡
OWLGT
ECUECFCHMWK¡DW¡
E£UECTCHMQO
MQUDJCNJ
FGNKGPFTG
ECUECTµPO
JCEGTUCNKTFGNECUECTµPVCCVMKEJFJC¡
CXGU
ECUGTQECUGTCOHMKQMCO
ECUQO
GPECUQFGSWGPQ¡
ECUVKICTXVVWNJKK³EJWFC¡
ECVCTTQOUQOCKIK¡
EC\CFQTEC\CFQTCOHPCDF©FCO
EC\CTXVPCDFJKC¡
CPKOCN
DWGPQRCTCEC\CT³CDFJK¡
EGDQNNCHLQVMQZ
EGD¼OZKDWW
EGLCHL©©DQ
EGNGUVKCNCFL
0WGUVTQ2CFTG%GNGUVKCNLKEJEJCCVLKZFJCCO
MCO
EGPK\CHOCVCK
OK«TEQNGUFGEGPK\CUKPKKU
EGT£OKECCFLH
QNNCFGEGT£OKECIKTKEJLC¡CC
EGTECCFXOKC¡P
VCCIKQD
FGWPCRGTUQPCUGPVCFCQRCTCFC
EGTECFGNCNWODTGVCKMQD
EGTECFGNCUWRGTHKEKGFCCOCP
N¯SWKFQ
EGTSWKVCCOWWD
FGEGTEC[C¡MCO
JCDKVCPVG
EGTECTXVMWWRC¡
EGTFQOVQQZMQNJ
EGTGDTQOQDCC¡
EGTGOQPKCNCFL
RQPGTXGNCEGTGOQPKCND©¡³FJC¡
VCOCNEGTGOQPKCNDJCOOCZ
EGTTCTXVMWWRC¡
EGTTCFQEGTTCFCMQDMQO
GNRCUQ
GUVCTEGTTCFCMWWR
RWGTVC
EGTTQOQKFJC¡
EGUVCHDCCNJ
EJCOWUECTXVDCRQKMFJC¡DCRQKMKC¡DCRQKUC¡
EJCOWUECFQEJCOWUECFCDCRQKMDQKM
EJCRCTTQEJCRCTTCCFLFWOCCNJ
RNCPVC
EJCRQVGCTXKDJ©©[C¡
VTCVCPFQFGPCFCT
EJCRWN¯POUQK
EJCRWN¯PXGTFGUCK¡OCT
EJCTEQO
JCDGTEJCTEQUUWUFC¡
FGCIWC
.QU%JCTEQU5WUDJC¡PVCO
NKVNWICTFGNCU
TCPCU
EJCTNCTXKUQRMKC¡
UQRMKFJC¡
EQPQVTCRGTUQPC
EJC[QVGOUKNC[QQV
EJKEQEJKECCFLCNJK¡EJ
EJKSWKVQEJKSWKVC©NJK¡EJ
EJKHNCTXKMWKEJFJC¡
WUCPFQNCUOCPQU
EJKNGOMQ¡MQNJ
EJKNNCTXKLKK³MKC¡
EJKPQEJKPCCFLOZKK³OC¡
ECDGNNQQRGNQ
EJKUOGCTXKLQQLQKFJC¡
EJKUVQUQEJKUVQUCCFLL©©OKO
EJKXQEJKXCOHMCTDCZ
MCNJDC¡EJ
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CPKOCN
IWUVCTNGEQOGT³CC
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JCDGTXKLCK¡EJLCK¡EJFJ©NJKC¡
PQJCDGTJGEJQEJCMWK
JGEJQCNIQRQTOWEJQ
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UKVWCEKµPUWRWGUVCPQRTQDCDNG
QPQRQUKDNG
JCDKNKFCFH
SWGVKGPGJCDKNKFCFOCCV©V
JCDKVCTXKMKQ
JCDKVCGPMCO
CPKOCNQRNCPVC
JCDNCH³K¡QQM
FGWPCRGTUQPC
JCDNCTXKC¡IC¡PQMKC¡
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CQVTCRGTUQPC
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JCDNCTHWGTVGLK³MCKFJC¡
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HQTOCTRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
FQQFC¡
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FGNCOKUOCOCPGTC
JCEJCHDCK³FJCU
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JCEKCRTGRLC¡M
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JCEKCCDCLQC¡PUCRLC¡M
EQUCEQNICFC
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JCNNCTXVV©IKC¡
JCOCECHTWTW¡Z
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JCUVCRTGRLWWI©V
JGEJK\CTXVF©©PMKFJC¡
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RCTCSWGUCNICFGNCECUC
JGNCTXVXRTPNI©DMC¡
UWLCPKO
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RNCPVC
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JGPFKFWTCH
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JGTKTXVU©ZKC¡
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JGTOCPCOGPQTFGNRCR£QFGNCOCO£
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JGTOCPCOC[QTFGNRCR£QFGNCOCO£
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JQICTOMKKEJCO
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JQLCFGOC\QTECLCCVWM
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JQPIQFGNÎGUVµOCIQÏDQQMC¡P
JQPIQGURQPLQUQMCRZKC¡
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FGDCTTQQRKGFTC
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JQ[QO
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CNOCEGPCTGNCIWC
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JCEGTJWCTCEJGUNKCTW¡
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JWKEJQNOHDKUW¡NJ
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CPKOCN
JWKTXKOCK¡O©NJKC¡
LKO©K³³QNJKC¡
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SWGGEJCJWOQMWW¡OZK¡
SWGJC[JWOQEJWMWW¡OZKOC¡
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JWPFKFC³QNJ
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KINGUKCHEJKQR
KIWCNCFLRWEJW¡O
CRCTKGPEKC
FGKIWCNHQTOCQOCPGTCOK¡RWK¡
FGKIWCNP¼OGTQLC¡MDWK¡
KIWCNCLC¡RRW¡³K
KIWCNEQOQLC¡RPCLCZ
KIWCNFGVCOC³QLC¡ZDWK¡
SWGGUKIWCNQK¡³
CQVTCRGTUQPCGPCNI¼P
CURGEVQ
KIWCPCHMK¡CCU
KOKVCTXVCC¡³ZKFJC¡
KORQTVCPVGCFL
RGTUQPCKORQTVCPVGIÀ¡MCO
KPEWDCTXV
KPEWDCTJWGXQUDQK¡URC¡
ICNNKPC
RQPGTCKPEWDCTDQQFC¡
CXG
KPFKECTXVCC¡³FJC¡
KPF¯IGPCOQ¡FCO
RGTUQPC
PQKPF¯IGPCPCCDCV
RGTUQPC
KPFµOKVQKPFµOKVCCFLDJCPICO
KPHGTKQTCFL
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KPHQTOCTXVCC¡³FJC¡
KPKEKCTXVV©DICVC¡
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CNIQRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
KPKEKCTOKVQVGVWFCCUC¡
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KPUVKVWKTXVCCIC¡
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KPUVTWOGPVQO
KPUVTWOGPVQOWUKECNUCCUDKMCT
KPVGNKIGPVGCFLEJ©DJ©KFJC¡
KPVGPVCTXV
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CQVTC
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KTXQNCPFQFCK¡EJI©FC¡
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LCDCN¯OVQQZMQNJL©IKCTWO
LCDµPODCMWCPMCT
LCNCTXVV©©O©NJKC¡
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LGHGLGHCOIÀ¡MCO
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NCFGCTXVICKI©ZKC¡
DWNVQQECTIC
GUVCTNCFGCFCICKM©©M
EQUCCNVC
GUVCTNCFGCFQGUVCTNCFGCFCICKMCCV
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NCFGTCHICK
GPNCNCFGTCD©©ZICK
NCFQO
CNNCFQUCPQQR
CNNCFQFGUQPRCP
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CNNCFQK\SWKGTFQC¡PUCRF©TLC¡M
CNQVTQNCFQDCCU©¡PF©T
FGNCTTQ[QFGNT¯QQFG
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EWCPFQGUV£CEQUVCFQUWL
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FGWPCEQTFKNNGTC
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FGNQUFQUNCFQUD©ZZKMF©T
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NCFTµP
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FGWPNCFQOCCRF©T
NCFQCNCFQMQ¡MOCT
RQTVQFQUNCFQUD©©ZZKMQQNJPCK¡
RQTWPNCFQICD©©NJ
FQPFGPQJC[ECOKPQ
ICMQQNJ
FGUXKCEKµP
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NCFTµPNCFTQPCOH
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NCICTVKLCHDCF©©T
FGGUECOCUNKUCU
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FGGUECOCUFWTCU
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NCPCH
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FGDQTTGIQ
NCPCFGDQTTGIQMCUPKTDCRQQ
NCPIQUVCHMCDCCMUQK
KPUGEVQ
NCTIQNCTICCFLVÀD
FGNQPIKVWF
NCTKPIGHMWK
NCUVKOCTXVICDPC¡
RCTVGFGNEWGTRQ
NCVCHDJQQVK
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NCWTGNOWREJK¡WWNJ
RNCPVC
NCXCTXVDCMWCPC¡
EQORNKPCP
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RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
KMQKOFJC¡
NCUOCPQUQNCECTC
NC\CTXVIK¡CC¡
EQPUQICÎEJCXKPFCÏ
NGRTQPLWOÊO
CCR
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NGULC
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NGEJGFGXCECDCCMDKK¡O
NGEJWIWKNNCHDK³DWK
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LK³MCKZFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC
NGLQUCFXO©M
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NGPIWCHP©©P
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EQTVCTNG³CMWC¡IKC¡MWC¡³FJC¡
NGVTCHW¡WCP
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NGXCPVCTXVDCOIKC¡DCOKK¡³FJC¡
SWGUGNGXCPVCVGORTCPQDCCOIK¡
NKGPFTGHUC¡QQ¡
SWGVKGPGNKGPFTGUZC¡QQ¡
NKIGTQNKIGTCCFLLCDQQM
NKIGTCOGPVGMKDCCT
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NKOCHL©¡MQNJ
NKOCFGGPEGPFGTVCCK¡
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CIWCFGNKOµPL©¡MQNJDCC¡
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M©©¡ORKZFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
M©©¡³FJC¡
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WC³FJC¡
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NNCPVCHTQK¡P
NNGICTXKCC[C¡
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FGNOKVQVG
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NNGPCTXVXRTPNUWWFWKFJC¡
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RCTCQVTCRGTUQPCQCPKOCN
UWWFW[C¡
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MCDMCOLKOFCO
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NNGPQNNGPCCFLMQQDC¡P
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OCFTWICFCHZKC¡NJKFJCM
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GPNCOCFTWICFCMCVWMICD
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HTWVC
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HNQTFGOCIWG[LWNJKKM
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FGKIWCNOCPGTCOK¡RWK¡
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NQQEWNVQ
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ETGR¼UEWNQ
RCUCFQOC³CPCOCCZFJK
OC³QUQOC³QUCCFLLQK³OWM
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OCTECHDCK³WO
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RNCPVC
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OC[QTCFL
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RCTC
SWGPQUGTGEQTTCNCUQIC
PWGUVTQPWGUVTCCFLRTQPLKEJÊEJ
PWGXGCFLZKLWOOCCMQD
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RCTGLQRCTGLCCFLLWRCCDCP
RCTKGPVGOLCFWW³
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CPKPIWPCRCTVGGPPKPIWPCRCTVGEJCORCK¡
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RGNKITQUQCFLIKFJWWNJ
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RGNQODCRQQ
RGNµPRGNQPCCFLFJCCRCM
RGNWSWGTQRGNWSWGTCOHLKKMFCO
RGPECH
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RGPECFGOCIWG[ZKOCCV
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RGPUCTFGEKTDK¡EJWNJFJC¡
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RGTFGTXVXRTPNOCK¡DWC¡OCK¡I©ZKC¡
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RGTOGCDNGCFLCUMK¡
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CNEQPVTCTKQ
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RGTUGIWKTXVCTFKOKC¡
RGTUKIPCTXVMWTWWUVWFC¡
RGTUQPCHOCC¡PMCO
EWCNSWKGTRGTUQPCLCTQK¡PCR©Z
RGTUQPCULC¡VMCO
RGTUQPCKORQTVCPVGIÀ¡MCO
RGTUQPKHKECTXVLWRCCDFC¡
RGUCTXK
CRGUCTFGSWGRCPCCU
RGUCFQRGUCFCD©©V
SWGRGUCRQEQLCDQQM
RGUECFQODCVQQR
RGUVC³CHL©©DQ
RGVCECH
RGVCECFGEWTCPFGTQDQUCC
JGEJCFGUQ[CVG
RCTCIWCTFCTHNGEJCUEGTGOQPKCNGU
RGVCVGOOCK³
DCMZKFJCTC¡
RCTCFQTOKT
SWGUCDGJCEGTRGVCVGUOCK³EJCNJK¡
RG\ODCVQQR
RKECPVGCFLMC¡QQM
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
RKECT
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
RKECTXVQOPC¡U©ZKC¡
U©ZZKFJC¡
UWRGTHKEKCNOGPVG
M©¡[C¡
EQPGNCIWKLµP
DJCKFJC¡
EQPEJKNG
RKEQOEJK³
RKGOVQQP
CNRKGFGUCPQQRUQPRCP
CRKGMQM[QM©¡P
OQFKUOQRWK¡
GUVCTFGRKGM©©MC¡
RQPGTUGFGRKGM©MDQ¡
UWLCPKO
RKGFTCHLQFCK
RGSWG³C
RKGFTCFGCHKNCTOWC¡MCT
RKGFTCFWTCUQQ³MCT
RCTCRGICT
SWGVKGPGRKGFTCULQQFCK¡
RKGNHLQ¡
RGTUQPCQCPKOCN
RKGTPCHVQQP
EQPNCURKGTPCUETW\CFCUPCRCCNJ
RKNQPEKNNQOOCKMCM
RKPQOLWM
RKPQTGUKPQUQLWMLKZDJCKMCO
TCOCUFGRKPQLWMOCCOTC
TGUKPCFGRKPQQUCC¡O
RKPQNGOVWKUCR
RKPVCTXVOCOZKFJC¡
RKPVQRKPVCCFLC¡QKFJCNJZK¡³OC¡ZWTKKNJOC¡
RK³CHLWMKKDJCKFJC¡
RKQLQOC¡CCV
RKQLQUQC¡CCV
SWGVKGPGRKQLQULKRVC¡
DNCPEQUGPGNEWGTRQ
RKRCHFWK³MCT
FGHWOCT
RKUCTXVM©KURC¡
RKUQOF©©TCR
RKUVCHP©K¡MCTVCO
FGNOKVQVGVTCFKEKQPCN
RKVCJC[CHIKUWNJ
RKVCTXVMWKEJFJC¡
ENCZQP
RK\ECH
«RQECFGRK\ECQ¡TCDJCM
PQXKGODTG
RK\ECTXVQTCC¡
RNCPGVCOQK¡³IC¡P
RNCPQRNCPCCFLIKQQ¡
RNCPVCTXVFCCUC¡
RN£UVKEQO
EWDKGTVCFGRN£UVKEQPCKNQ
RCTCEWDTKTGN
EWGTRQ
RNCVCHQTOCHDQRVQ¡
FGVCDNCU
RN£VCPQOMCTWWO
RN£VKECHC¡IKEJCO
JCDGTRN£VKECC¡IC¡
RNCVQOLQQZKC¡
RNCVQFGDCTTQDJK¡³LQQZKC¡
RNC\QO
FCTRNC\QFCCZFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPCFCCUC¡
RNGKVQO
SWGNGIWUVCDWUECTRNGKVQU³KQMDQNJK¡
RNWOCHC¡PC¡
UCNKTRNWOCUC¡PICVC¡
RNWOCLGODCRQQ
R£LCTQ
RQEQRQECCFLRTQP
JCEGRQEQMKC¡R©Z
RQEQCRQEQUCCNJ
RQSWKVQRCNJ©©R
VKGORQ
WPRQEQCNJK¡EJRC¡
WPRQEQO£UKCO
FKUVCPEKCRWR
ECPVKFCF
CRQEQ!UCRR©MDC¡
RQFCTXVMWW¡ORKIC¡
RQFGTXVPCMIC¡RQFGGTQ¡
SWGUGRWGFGDJCCK¡
RQN¯VKEQRQN¯VKECCFLCKZMCO
SWGUGETGGRQN¯VKEQCKZ
RQNNQOVCMCCTWK¡
RQNNKVQRKKRKNJ
SWGVKGPGRQNNKVQUMQVIKZ
CXG
RQNXQO
RQNXQTKGPVQEJWOQKM
£TGC
SWGJC[OWEJQRQNXQEJWMWWDJ©U
ECOKPQ
RQPEJCTXVZKR³KC¡
NNCPVCQRGNQVC
RQPGTXVCCFC¡
RCPVCNµPHCNFCQ\CRCVQU
CC¡³FJC¡
RCPVCNµPHCNFCQ\CRCVQUCQVTC
RGTUQPC
FCCUC¡
EQUCUPQNCTICU
FCCZZKFJC¡
TGOGFKQGPGNEWGTRQFGQVTC
RGTUQPC
ICCOFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
ICCOW¡
GPWPUCEQQWPCDQNUC
M©©UC¡
EQORNKPCP
M©©UC¡
UQODTGTQ
M©©ZFJC¡
GPRQUKEKµPXGTVKECNRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
V©K¡FJC¡
ECOKUCQDNWUCCQVTCRGTUQPC
V©MKC¡
GPRQUKEKµPJQTK\QPVCNEQORNKPCP
V©¡[C¡
TQRC
RQPGTUGWPUQODTGTQDQPOCVFC¡
RQPGTCFGPVTQDCCZFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
DCCUC¡
RQPGTCNIQFµPFCCZFJC¡
EGTGOQPKCN
RQPGTCKPEWDCTDQQFC¡
CXG
RQPGTFKGPVGUVCCVOWVFC¡
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
RQPGTXGNCEGTGOQPKCND©¡³FJC¡
RQPKGPVGOLWTPKR
FGNRQPKGPVGC¡PUCRF©TLC¡M
RQTRTGRCOÊTCO
D©©Z
NQNCTIQ
RQTSWGEQPLPCIW¡
RQTSWGUKPQMWVVW
RQTVCTXVXRTPNDWCODWCFC¡
OCNEQPQVTC
RGTUQPC
RQUKDNGCFL
RQUKDNGOGPVGMCVVK
RQUVGO
RQUVGFGNTKPEµPV©VPQTC¡
RTGEKUQRTGEKUCCFL
RTGEKUCOGPVGCOR©M
RTGIWPVCTXVV©MMC¡
C¡IKFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC
RTGPFCHLCPPWNJ
RTGPFGTXVD©¡³FJC¡
RCTCSWGCNWODTG
O©KEJFJC¡
CRCTCVQGN«EVTKEQ
O©©[C¡
HWGIQ
RTGQEWRCTXVCCIC¡
RTGRCTCTXVDKQOC¡
CPKOCNOWGTVQRCTC
EQEGTNQ
ICCOFJC¡
EQOKFCRCTCNNGXCTRCTCQVTC
RGTUQPC
KCTC¡
JKNQURCTCVGLGTWPCVCNGIC
DKGPRTGRCTCFQCDKCTZKO
EQPDWGPCTQRC[
CTOCU
RTGUGPVCTXVLW¡³EJWFC¡
CNPK³QGPGNOKVQVG
JCEK«PFQNGEQOGTEQOKFCTKVWCN
RTGUVCTXVVCK³DWKFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC
UKKURC¡
FKPGTQ
RGFKTRTGUVCFQVCK³DWKFJC¡
FGQVTCRGTUQPC
RTKGVQRTKGVCCFLEJWM
RTKOGTQCFXD©©R©¡MCV
D©©R©¡
VKGORQ
D©©R©¡F©T
CPVGUFGQVTQGXGPVQ
RTKOGTQRTKOGTCCFLD©©R©¡
GPNCHKNC
GNRTKOGTNCRTKOGTCD©©R©¡MCO
RTKOGTF¯CFCKEJCO
FGNOKVQVG
RTKOQRTKOCOH
RTKOQJGTOCPQRTKOCJGTOCPCZKKZ
JKLQQ
JKLCFGNJGTOCPQQFGNCJGTOCPCOC[QTFGN
RCR£QFGNCOCO£ZKMW¡
JKLQQJKLCFGN
JGTOCPQQFGNCJGTOCPCOGPQTFGNRCR£Q
FGNCOCO£
RTKOQNGLCPQRTKOCNGLCPCZKKZO©MF©TMCO
ZKMW¡O©MF©TMCO
RWTKHKECT
UWRTKOQJGTOCPQUWRTKOCJGTOCPC
U©RFJK¡³
JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQQFGNC
JGTOCPCOGPQTFGNRCR£QFGNCOCO£
ZKQ¡IK¡³
JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQQFGNC
JGTOCPCOC[QTFGNRCR£QFGNCOCO£
RTKUCH
VGPGTRTKUCLQVOC¡³FJC¡
RTQDCDNGCFL
RTQDCDNGOGPVGIW¡EJK
RTQDCTXVVCCVC¡
F©©MC¡
CNKOGPVQ
RTQDNGOCOMQMFC
RTQFWEKTXVLQKFJC¡
RNCPVC
RTQFWEKTO£UI©¡NJFJC¡
RTQHWPFQRTQHWPFCCFLEJWWMCO
VKGTTCQ
CTGPC
VWWMCD
JQ[Q
PQRTQHWPFQMQOCCNJKO
VKGTTCQCTGPC
RQEQRTQHWPFQOCCZKM
RTQIGPKVWTCHVCLCC³K¡
RTQJKDKTXV
GUVCTRTQJKDKFQGUVCTRTQJKDKFCZKFJWW
EGTGOQPKCNOGPVG
RTQPVQCFXEJCOZKKOLQQVQO
RTQRµUKVQO
EQPGUGRTQRµUKVQFJK¡M©¡P
EQPSW«RTQRµUKVQVW¡MWDC¡
RTQVGIGTXV©RIKFJC¡RCNJDWKFJC¡
RWFTKTXVF©DCC¡
RQFTKFQFJ©DCCNJ
RWGTEQOVQQZMQNJ
RWGTVCH
GPNCRWGTVCMK¡³IQD
RWGUEQPLDCMIW¡FJQ
RWGUVQCFLO
TGEKDKTWPRWGUVQIÀ¡MCOVC¡
RQN¯VKEQ
RWNICHVCR©©Z
RWNICTCFLO
FGFQRWNICTIÀ¡FC¡
OCPQQRKG
RWNOµPOLCDMCNJ
ÎRWNOµPFGGPEKPQÏLCDMCNJK¡³
RWPVCH
EQTVCTNCRWPVCMWW¡ORKIC¡
FGWPCRNCPVC
RWPVKCIWFQRWPVKCIWFCCFLOW¡WWM
RW³GVC\QO
FCTRW³GVC\QUI©DKEJRCIC¡
RW³QOUCCMW
FGITCPQUUGEQU
RWTKHKECTXV
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
SWG
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
RWTKHKECFQRWTKHKECFCWC³
CNOCQGUR¯TKVW
3
SWGRTQPEQPLPCUCR
SWGVCPVQPCLCZ
SW«RTQPLCZVW¡PCLCZPCVW¡
FGSW«OQFQPCLCZFJWWM
VKGORQRCUCFQ
SW«VCPVQSW«VCPPCL©¡Z
CSW«RCTVG!RCLC¡M
FGSW«OCPGTC!LCZR©M
EWCPFQJC[FWFCFG
EµOQJCEGTCNIQLCZLC¡M
FGSW«OQFQ!LCZFJWWM
VKGORQRCUCFQ
QSW«!LCZR©P
RCTCENCTKHKECT
RCTCSW«!VW¡MWDC¡
RQTSW«PQ!EJCODJCK¡
RQTSW«UGT£!LCZDC¡EJK
RTGIWPVCTGVµTKEC
LCZLKPCDC¡
RQTSW«!LCZDC¡LCZMWDC¡
SW«ECTCEVGT¯UVKECUVKGPG!LCZEJW¡O
SW«EQUCUGT£!VW¡PCFC¡
SW«VCPVQ!L©¡Z
SW«VCPVQ!SW«VCPVC!LCZ
dSW«OQQIW¡
SWGDTCFK\QSWGDTCFK\CCFLQO³K¡
EQUCNCTIC
SWGDTCTXVLCK³C¡LCKMKC¡
QOPC¡
GPRGFC\QUQO³KC¡
DKKOUC¡
GPRGFCEKVQU
VWWOUC¡
GPRGFC\QUITCPFGU
LCK³FJC¡
RCTCFCTFGEQOGT
SWGDTCFQSWGDTCFCLCKM
SWGUGSWKGDTCH£EKNOGPVGLCKMK¡
DCTTQQ
XKFTKQ
SWGFCTXRTPNDK¡[C¡
LWTWW³FJC¡
GPWPNWICT
CC[C¡
FGVCNNC
I©ZKC¡
FGVCOC³Q
FCTRGTOKUQFGSWGFCTUGV©DKCRVWFC¡
RCTC
RCUCTNCPQEJG
SWGFCTUCVKUHGEJQSWGFCTUCVKUHGEJCMQQDFC¡
FGEQOKFC
SWGNKVGOUCCTC¡RVWMIKC¡
SWGOCTXVXRTPNO©KFJC¡
O©©[C¡
EQUCSWGUGECNKGPVC
SWGTGTXVCC¡
CWPCRGTUQPCCCIC¡
LQKFJC¡
EQORNCPKO
CC¡
JCEGTCNIQ
SWGTGTEQOGT³CC
SWGTGTOWEJQFC¡VC¡
EQORNCPKO
SWGNQSWKGTGOWEJQFJCCP
EQORNCPKO
FJCC¡
EQORNKPCP
SWGSWKGTGEQOGTKK³CO
ECTPG
SWGUQOMKKU
JCEGTSWGUQFCIKCPC¡
SWKGPRTQPPC
RTQPQODTGTGNCVKXQ
SWKGPUGCLCTQK¡PCR©Z
SWK«PRTQPLCTQQPCLCTQK¡
SWK«PUCDG!LWODJC
SWKQVGOUCCD
SWKVCTXVXRTPNDCCDWKFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC
DJKC¡
FGNHWGIQ
FCDPC¡
RNWOCUQRGNQ
FCD³KC¡
RKGN
MK¡UOC¡
EQPNQUFKGPVGU
M©©¡ORKIC¡
NQUWEKQ
M©©¡ORKZFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
MWCPC¡
EWDKGTVQECOKUCQUQODTGTQEQUC
OGVKFCGPNCVKGTTC
MWC³FJC¡
TQRCFGQVTCRGTUQPC
V©K¡DJKQMC¡
EQDKLCQTGDQ\Q
4
TC¯\HVCM
TCLCTXVLCK³C¡LCKMKC¡
VCCRPC¡
EQPJCEJCQEWEJKNNQ
VCCR³KC¡
RQTRGICTQRQTUGECTUG
TCOCH
TCOCUOCOTC
£TDQN
TCOCUFGRKPQLWMOCCOTC
TCPCHUWDJCC¡P
T£RKFQT£RKFCCFLLQVOQFC¡QD
SWGETGEGT£RKFQKKRW³K¡
RNCPVCEJ©¡VDKNJK¡
SWGOCFWTCT£RKFQDJCKFJC¡
HTWVC
SWGUGEWGEGT£RKFQDJCKFJC¡
EQOKFC
TCUECTXVICK³DW¡
EQPNCUW³CU
IQQVC¡
EQPNCUW³CUQNCRG\W³C
TCUICTXVUCTPC¡
VGNCQXCSWGVC
UCTPKC¡
VGNCQXCSWGVC
VCKM³KC¡
TQRC
VCKMPC¡
TQRC
TCUICFCEJCKMC³
TQRC
TCUIW³CTXVLQMKCPC¡
TCURCTXVLKKDC¡
LWOCC¡
RCTCGZVTCGTNQUJKNQU
TCVGTQTCVGTCCFLO
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
SWGGUTCVGTQSWGGUTCVGTC©ZDK¡
TCVQO
CNTCVQLC¡Z³K
JCEGTCVKVQD©©R©¡
OWEJQTCVQO©M
RQTWPTCVQCNJKQUGTTCV
TCVµPODCU©©M
ÎHTKLQNFGTCVµPÏDCU©MDJCDKK¡
GLQVGUKNXGUVTG
TC[CH
SWGVKGPGWPCTC[CCPEJCDJKKUCROC¡
CPKOCN
TC\µPH
UKPTC\µPCNIWPCICO©TFCV
TGDCLCTXVUQDMQPC¡
OCFGTCQRKGFTC
TGDCUCTXVDJCK¡DEJKC¡
CNVWTCQFKUVCPEKC
TGDQ\QOTKDJWWU
TGDW\PCTXKMWWMW¡
DWTTQ
TGECTICTXVUKKURC¡
TGEGRV£EWNQOVWVWWT
FGNCUGOKNNCFGOCIWG[
TGEJKPCTXKM©TPKFJC¡
NQUFKGPVGU
TGEKDKTXV
TGEKDKTDKGPM©©ICNJFJC¡
EQORNCPKO
TGEKDKTWPRWGUVQIÀ¡MCOVC¡
RQN¯VKEQ
TGEKGPVGCFL
TGEKGPVGOGPVGMKC¡R©Z
TGEKQCFXMWWFCO
SWGECOKPCTGEKQLKOFJC¡
TGENCOCTXVC¡IKFJC¡
CCIC¡
NQRGFKFQ
TGEQIGTXVVWDW¡[C¡
ITCPQU
TGEQTFCTXVV©¡³EJQ¡
TGEQUGTXVLKKUOC¡
TGFQPFQTGFQPFCCFLZKMQQNJKM
TGFWEKTXVXRTPN
TGFWEKFQTGFWEKFCEJWDWNJ
ECOKPQ
TGGORNC\CTXVRCVCCUC¡
TGHNGLCTXVVQVDKMKC¡
NW\
TGICNCTXVQPDCK¡³FJC¡
KKOEJWFC¡
WPCPKOCNCQVTCRGTUQPC
TGIC³CTXV³KQMFJC¡
TGICTXVDCCIC¡
RNCPVC
TGITGUCTXKF©DKC¡LC¡MI©ZKC¡
NNGICT[TGITGUCTPQTIKC¡
TG¯TXKC¡ZKC¡L©©OKC¡
TGNCORCIWGCTXKD©RIKC¡
TGNKIKQUQTGNKIKQUCCFL
JCEGTTKVQTGNKIKQUQDCPQQUC¡
TGNKPEJCTXKMWWMW¡
OCEJQQECDCNNQ
TKGUIQUQ
TGOCTXKDJ©©[C¡
DCTEQ
TGOGPFCTXVLKKUOC¡
TGOQLCTXVDCMEJKC¡
DCMEJKFJC¡
EWGTQRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
TGOQNKPQOZKDQQNJKM
TGPCEWCLQOOCMCTQKEJ
TGPFKTXVI©¡NJFJC¡
SWGTKPFGOWK¡FJCNJK¡
RTQPVQ
SWGTKPFGOWEJQMQDMQNJK¡
EQOKFCCN
EQEGTUG
TGPSWGCTXKQDKC¡MKC¡
TGRCTCTXVLQ³KC¡
TGRGVKTXV
SWGNGIWUVCTGRGVKTEJWCC¡³ZKFJCTC¡
NQSWG
WPQFKEGEQOQDWTNC
TGSWGTKTXVCCIC¡
TGUDCNCFK\QTGUDCNCFK\CCFLFJCR³K¡FJC¡PRKM
EJWFC¡PRKM
£TGC
TGUDCNCTXKFCRKK³FJC¡
KPVGPEKQPCNOGPVG
FCR³KC¡
CEEKFGPVCNOGPVG
TGUKFGPEKCH
GUVCDNGEGTTGUKFGPEKCMKKEJC¡
TGUKPCHDCCTIC¡P
RKPQTGUKPQUQLWMLKZDJCKMCO
TGUKPCFGRKPQQUCC¡O
TGUKUVGPVGCFLMCDCCM
TGUQPCTXKV©TPKC¡
UQPKFQHWGTVG
TGURGVCTXV
UGTTGURGVWQUQP©K¡³FJC¡
TGURKTCTXKKKDJKC¡
TGVQ³CTXKDCRRC³KC¡
RNCPVCGPTGFCFGTC
KKRW³KC¡
[GOCUWJQLCU
TGVQ\CTXKQK¡FJC¡
WPQEQPQVTQ
TGVTCVQOFKVTCCVQ
TGWPKTXVLWORCFC¡
UWLCPKO
TGXGPVCTXK©MKC¡
UQICQJKNQ
MQDMQ¡
SWGUGTGXKGPVCH£EKNOGPVG©©MK¡
JKNQQUQIC
TGX«UO
CNTGX«ULC¡MF©T
TGXQNECTXVXRTPNKCRV©MC¡
TGXQNXGTXVFC¡OW³FJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
VCLCCPC¡
PWDGU
TG\CTXVOCOVWFC¡
DKK³MCFC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
TG\QOOCOVW¡P
TKEQTKECCFLEJWO³KICO
TKGUIQUQCFLIKFJWWNJ
ECOKPQ
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
TKHNG
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
TKHNGOMCTCDK³
CTOCFGHWGIQ
T¯IKFQT¯IKFCCFLIWDWWM
TKPEµPOUQQUPC¡P
CNRKGFGWPEGTTQQEQTFµPQ
GPHTGPVGFGWP£TDQN
RQUVGFGNTKPEµPV©VPQTC¡
T¯QOCM
T¯QITCPFGIÀ¡CM
TKUWG³QTKUWG³CCFLL©©ORC¡
NKVTKGPFQWPRQEQ
TKVQO
JCEGTTKVQTGNKIKQUQDCPQQUC¡
TQDCTXV©©ZFJC¡
FGQVTCRGTUQPC
TQDQO©©ZK¡³
TQECHLQFCK
ITCPFG
SWGGUTQECCK¡
TQFCTXVVWWNJRC¡
VWWNJKQRFJC¡
JCEKCQVTCRGTUQPCQCPKOCN
TQFKNNCHQNJKC
TQGTXVMK¡UOC¡
TQLQTQLCCFLD©¡
EJ©D©RIK¡
£TGC
TQORGTXV©MKC¡
UQICQJKNQ
UCTPKC¡
VGNCQXCSWGVC
TQVQTQVC©©M
TQPECTXKUCTQMMKC¡
LCCNQMKC¡
NKIGTCOGPVGDGD«
TQPTQPGCTXKLCCNQMKC¡
ICVQ
TQRCHLCPPWNJMCM³K¡
VWWMCDK¡
KPVGTKQT
SWGVKGPGOWEJCTQRCLCLCPPWNJMCM³K¡
TQUCCFLHD©IKQO
TQ\CTXVI©DMW¡
NKIGTCOGPVGRQTGNEWGTRQ
TWGFCHTQK¡P
TWIKTXKL©©TMKC¡
TWKFQO
JCEGTTWKFQDTQPEQUCTQMMKC¡
RTQFWEKTTWKFQMCR³KC¡
EQOQGNFGCRNCWFKT
SWGUQPTWKFQUNGJCEGPGPUQTFGEGTMCC[W¡
TWODQO
TWODQCOWLC¡M
EKGTVQFGUVKPQOWLC¡R
EKGTVC£TGC
UKPTWODQICOO©L©
TWOKCTXVDKKNJFJC¡
5
U£DCFQOUCCRCV
UCDGTXVOCCV
NNGICTCUCDGTOCEJKC¡
CXKUQQPQVKEKC
SWGUCDGEJWOCCV
JCEGTEQUCUOCPWCNGU
OCCV©V
JCEGTWPCEQUC
SWGUCDGCECNDCCRCM
SWGUCDGJCEGTRGVCVGUOCK³EJCNJK¡
UCDGSW«FGEKTCKZ
SWK«PUCDG!LWODJC
UCDKQUCDKCCFLOEJWOCVFC¡
UCDQTO
VGPGTUCDQTMCCM
UCDQTGCTXVF©©MC¡
CNKOGPVQ
UCDTQUQUCDTQUCCFLIK¡MCM
HTWVCQXGTFWTC
K¡QQD
UCECTXVDCCDW¡LWRPC¡
DCCDWKFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPCLWR³KFJC¡
RCTC
QVTCRGTUQPC
DWWUCKEJWNJFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPCEQORN
CPKO
DCZDJC¡
N¯SWKFQFGCDCLQJCEKCCTTKDC
DJKC¡
FGNCIWC
DJKKFJC¡
FGNCIWCRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
MWCPC¡
FGFQPFGGUV£OGVKFQ
VCMDWPC¡
FGTC¯\
DWWUCKFJC¡
OG\ECN
SWGUCDGUCECTEJWDJKCOWM
FGFQPFGGUV£
OGVKFQ
UCECTCIWCDCK¡³FJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
DCK¡IKC¡
UCEGTFQVGORCCNJ
UCEWFKTXVDQZMC¡
RCTCSWKVCTNCUGURKPCU
UCNHQP
SWGNGHCNVCUCNDCUFCM
SWGVKGPGUWHKEKGPVGUCNQPMCM
UCNCFQUCNCFCCFLQPMCM
UCNKTXKDWWUPKC¡
F©©DQ³KC¡
N¯SWKFQ
PW¡CC¡
N¯SWKFQITCPQQRQNXQ
I©ZKC¡
HTWVQFGWPCRNCPVCEWEWTDKV£EGC
JCEGTUCNKTDWWUCKEJWNJFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
EQORNCPKO
JCEGTUCNKTFGNECUECTµPVCCVMKEJFJC¡
CXGU
SWGUCNGO©NJOWM
TGUKPC
UCNKTDCTDCQDKIQVGEJK³DQVC¡
UCNKXCHEJK³DCTCC¡
UCNVCOQPVGUOUQK
UCNWFCTXV³KQ¡MFJC¡
PCOMKC¡
EQPTGURGVQDGUCPFQNCOCPQ
UCNXCLGCFLLKIKCTWO
CPKOCNFGNOQPVG
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'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
UCPCTXVFWC¡³FJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC
UCPF¯CHUCPFKK[CU
UCPITCTXK©¡TRWMKC¡
UCPITGH©¡©©T
UCNKTUCPITG©¡TRWMKC¡
UCPVQCFLO
5CPVC/CT¯C1EQV£P,WMV©T
UCRQOUWDJCC¡P
UCVKUHGEJQUCVKUHGEJCCFL
SWGFCTUCVKUHGEJQSWGFCTUCVKUHGEJCMQQDFC¡
FGEQOKFC
UCXKCHDCCTIC¡P
QUDJC¡
GURGUCFGEKGTVQU£TDQNGU
SWGVKGPGUCXKCGURGUCQUDJC¡
£TDQN
UGRTQPLWOÊO
UGECTXVDJCCVC[C¡
RNCPVC
ICMKC¡
ICMKK¡³FJC¡
UGEQUGECCFLICM
EJWICM
£TGCQEQPLWPVQFGEQUCU
DJCCVC¡
RNCPVC
EJ©F©©DJCZ
VKGTTC
NCUUGECUVCCDJCM
TGIKQPCNKUOQ
PQUGEQPQUGECDCC¡
RNCPVC
UGFH
FCTUGFVGPGTUGFVQPOQ¡
SWGNGFCUGFEJWVQPOQFC¡
SWGVKGPGUGFEJCPQQO
UGFKGPVQUGFKGPVCCFLEJCPQQO
UGIWKFQCFLLKTOCC¡PR©ZLKEJ©M
UGIWKTXVF©©MEJKC¡
RQTNCUJWGNNCU
QKFJC¡
RQTCVT£U
VWK¡FJK¡
FGEKGTVCOCPGTC
SWGUKIWGOCC¡P
SWGUKIWGJCEKGPFQNQOKUOQEJWPCO©©M
UGIWTQUGIWTCCFLUKIWWT
UGIWTCOGPVGIW¡EJK
UGKUCFLZKLWOOCC¡P
UGODTCTXV©ZKC¡
C[WFCTCUGODTCT©ZFJC¡
UGOKNNCHMCK
©ZEJWM
FGUVKPCFCRCTCUGODTCT
UGOKNNCFGECNCDC\CMCKEJWM
UGPFCHVCDJKKM
GPVTGNCUNCFGTCU
UGPVCTXVFCCUC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC
FCKDW¡
RGTUQPCQCPKOCN
GUVCTUGPVCFQGUVCTUGPVCFCFCC
KTUGPVCFQKTUGPVCFCFCKEJI©FC¡
UQDTKPQUQDTKPC
UGPVKTXVXRTPN©NJFJC¡VCCVC¡VCVFCEJKC¡
UGPVKTFQNQTO©KFJC¡
EQPCNIQECNKGPVG
UGPVKTVGTTQTLCDMC¡
UG³CNH
SWGGUOCNCUG³CNQ¡ZDK¡
UG³CNCTXVU©ZKC¡
EQPNCOCPQ
UG³QTKVCHV©[CC
FGSWKPEGC³QUQO£UFGGFCF
UGRCTCTXVXRTPNL©¡F©NJMCFC¡
UGSW¯CH
«RQECFGUGSW¯CVCCDJCM
FGFKEKGODTGCOC[Q
NNGICTNC«RQECFGUGSW¯CVCCDJC¡
UGTXKCC[C¡
WPCECPVKFCF
C¡O
NCGUGPEKCFGNCRGTUQPC
FC¡
EQUCPQEQPQEKFC
VWVW¡KK¡
£TGC
SW«EQUCUGT£!VW¡PCFC¡
UGTKQUGTKCCFL
EQPUGTKGFCFI©¡O
UGTXKTXVDJKKFJC¡
EQOKFCCQVTCRGTUQPC
FJCC¡
UWLKPCP
QPDCK¡³FJC¡
EQOKFC
UKEQPLPQ¡
RQTSWGUKPQMWVVW
U¯RTQP
RQTU¯OKUOQF©©NJR©Z
U¯CFXL©©¡LÀÀ¡
DCCDWK¡
UKPEQORTQOGVGTUG
UKGODTCH
«RQECFGUKGODTC©¡ZKCDJCM
LWPKQ
UKGORTGCFXICOO©L©
UKGTTCHLWMICO
FGEQP¯HGTCU
UKGVGCFLZKLWOIQQM
UKIPKHKECFQOLWOFWWMCO
FGCNI¼PGXGPVQ
UKNNCHCVQQZMQT
UKNNCFGOQPVCTZKKT
UKNXGUVTGCFLLKIKCTWO
RNCPVC
UKPQEQPL
UKPQSWGIW¡OCVICO
CNEQPVTCTKQ
UKSWKGTCCFXEQPL
PKUKSWKGTCEJCOL©¡Z
UQDTCTXKDK¡[C¡
UQDTGRTGRDJCCP
NCUWRGTHKEKGFG
VC¡O
NCUWRGTHKEKGFG
UQDTKPQUQDTKPCOHCDWKN
FGWPCOWLGT
MWWNUK
FGWPJQODTG
OCT
JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQFGNGURQUQFGWPC
OWLGT
QQICZ
JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQQFGNCJGTOCPC
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
UQIC
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
FGNCGURQUC
FJKZKKM
JKLQQJKLCFGNCJGTOCPCOC[QTFGWPC
OWLGT
DCDQQNJ
JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQOC[QTFGWPC
OWLGT
Q¡MKZ
JKLQQJKLCFGNCJGTOCPCOGPQTFGWPC
OWLGT
RCCUWNJ
JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQOGPQTFGWPC
OWLGT
VCVCCNJ
JKLQQJKLCFGNCJGTOCPCOC[QTFGWP
JQODTG
LKKMWNJ
JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQOC[QTFGWP
JQODTG
MWWZK¡
JKLQQJKLCFGNCJGTOCPCOGPQTFGWP
JQODTG
M©NJKK
JKLQQJKLCFGNJGTOCPQOGPQTFGWP
JQODTG
UQICHV©TDK³
EQPUQICNCTICV©D©©R
5QNOVCPQQNJ
GUVCTGN5QNFWW
GPEKGTVCRCTVGFGNEKGNQ
UQNOLKEJEJCCV
GPGNUQNVCPQQNJKQR
JCDGTUQNVQPPKC¡
VQOCTUQNVQZMQIKC¡
UWLCPKO
UQNCOGPVGCFXFCK
UQNCTCFL
JCDGTGENKRUGUQNCTVWOVWMICOVC¡
UQNFCFQOUCPFCCTWK¡Z
UQNKVCTKQUQNKVCTKCCFLOF©NJFJ©O
CPKOCN
UQNQUQNCCFLF©©NJ
CUQNCUF©NJMQD
UGPVKTUGUQNKVQUGPVKTUGUQNKVCVWMNJKC¡
OQFKUOQ
UQNVCTXVFQ¡PMQPC¡
MWRKQ¡MC¡
RCTCUCNKT
PCMIC¡
EQORNCPKO
FQ¡³EJQ¡
RCTCSWGXC[CEQORNCPKO
UQNVGTQUQNVGTCCFLOF©NJFJ©O
RGTUQPC
UQODTCH
FCTUQODTC©RIKFJC¡
JCDGTUQODTC©©MC[C¡
SWGJC[UQODTC©©MC¡
UQODTGTQODQPCCO
RQPGTUGWPUQODTGTQDQPOCVFC¡
UQODTGTQFGRCNOCUQQDQNJDQPCCO
UQODTGTQFG\Q[CVGWOWW¡DQPCCO
UQPCLCHZKKZMKNJ
X¯DQTCFGECUECDGN
UQPCTXKMWWMW¡
KPUVTWOGPVQOWUKECN
UCCO³KC¡
ECORCPC
SWGUWGPCPNQUFKGPVGUM©TPKO
CNEQOGTEQUCU
UGECU
UQ³CTXVV©©VMKC¡
UQRNCTXKL©NJDKFJC¡
CKTG
UQRQTVCTXVUKKURC¡
UKKURKFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
PCMIC¡
CIWCPVCT
UQTIQOW¡KK¡LWPWW¡
UKNXGUVTGNKVOC¯\FGR£LCTQ
UQUVGPGTXVUKKURC¡
UKKURKFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
UWCFLÊ¡P
FG«NQFGGNNC
LCO
FGWUVGFGU
LC
FGGNNQU
UWUÊ¡P
FG«NQFGGNNCLCO
FGWUVGFGULC
FGGNNQU
UWCXGCFLOQKM
UWDKFCHVCK¡
GPNCUWDKFCD©©ZEJCK¡
UWDKTXKV©UFKC¡V©UCC¡³FJC¡
KC¡³FJC¡
CNEWGTRQ
SWGUWDGH£EKNOGPVGEJ©UFK¡
NWICTGUECTRCFQ
UWEGFGTXKLCZFJW³KC¡
FW³KC¡
CEVQPCVWTCN
DWKFJC¡
NQRNCPGCFQ
UWEKQUWEKCCFLKMQQTC¡
UWFCFGTQOKCRVCTC¡
RCTCECDCNNQ
UWFCTXKDQQTVC¡
UWFQTODQQTFC¡
UWFQTQUQUWFQTQUCCFLDQQT
UWGITCHFCC¡P
UWGITQOQQ¡
UWGNQOF©D©©TF©©TCR
UWG³QOV©©VMK¡
DWGPQRCTCRGTEKDKTEQUCUCVTCX«UFGNQU
UWG³QUEJ©©VMK¡
SWGNGFCUWG³QEJWMQQZOQFC¡
SWGVKGPGUWG³QMQQZKO
NKVSWGSWKGTG
FQTOKT
UWHKEKGPVGCFLCKZKO
UGTUWHKEKGPVGCC[C¡
UWHKEKGPVGOGPVGLWRCCDCP
NNGPQ
UWHTKOKGPVQOVWNJKK³CTC¡
UWHTKTXVVWNJKK³C¡
JCEGTUWHTKTVWNJKK³EJWFC¡
UWLGVCTXVOCK¡URC¡
EQORNKPCP
UWOCTXVLC¡M©NJFJC¡
UWRGTHKEKCNCFLMQOCCNJKO
VKGTTCQCTGPC
UWRGTHKEKGH
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
EGTECFGNCUWRGTHKEKGFCCOCP
N¯SWKFQ
GPNCUWRGTHKEKGFCCOCP
UµNKFQ
GPNCUWRGTHKEKGFGFCCO
U¼RNKECHWC³FJCTC¡
TGURGVWQUCCNEWTCPFGTQ
UWRNKECTXVWC³FJC¡
EQPTGURGVQCNEWTCPFGTQ
UWRWGUVQUWRWGUVCCFL
UWRWGUVCOGPVGUCRR©MDC¡
6
VCDCEQODKD
VQQDQZ
FGJQLCUCPEJCU
VCDNCHVCC¡ONC
VCEQO
JCEGTWPVCEQMK¡URKFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
VCNGICHCTRWWU
FGVGLKFQHKPQFGCNIQFµP
CUCCM
FGVGLKFQOCNNCFQFGKZVNG
DJCK¡OMCT
DQTFCFC
VCNNCTXVM©©MUC¡
LWOCC¡
RCTCGZVTCGTNQUJKNQU
UQDMQPC¡
OCFGTC
VCNNQOVQQP
UCCD
FGOCIWG[
VCNµPOV©MDQ
FGNRKG
VCOCNOV©OCKEJ
PCCMV©OCKEJ
FGECTPGFGNCECDG\CFGNRWGTEQ
VCOCNEGTGOQPKCNDJCOOCZ
VCOCNFGFWNEGMKRK¡
FGRKPQNG
VCOC³QO
KIWCNFGVCOC³QLC¡ZDWK¡
VCOCTKPFQO
VCOCTKPFKNNQPCMWCNJ
VCODK«PCFXD©©ZIKQ
DCRWK¡©R
FGNCOKUOCOCPGTC
LCK¡
LWPVQEQPQVTQU
VCODQTOVCODJWNJ
VCPVQVCPVCCFX
PQVCPVQEJCOR©M
SWGVCPVQPCLCZ
SW«VCPVQSW«VCPPCL©¡Z
VCPVKVQVCPVKVCL©¡Z³K
VKGORQ
SW«VCPVQ!SW«VCPVC!LCZL©¡Z
VCRCTXVKK³C¡
DJKKDIC¡
EQPVGNCQRN£UVKEQ
MWWRC¡
EQPVCRCFGTC
V©K¡FJC¡
EQPEQDKLCQTGDQ\QCQVTCRGTUQPC
ZK¡O³KFJC¡
DKGP
VGTOKPCT
VCRGVGODCMZKFJCTC¡
RCTCFQTOKT
VCRµPOMWWRCTC¡
VCTFCTXKO©©MKFJC¡
VCTFGCFX
GUVTGNNCFGNCVCTFGUWWUCMPCCM©O
JCEGTUGVCTFGLWTPKC¡
OGFKCVCTFGOKCFWWM
VCVGOCTXVOCOCC[C¡
VC\CHVCCU
VGRTQPLWOÊO
CCR
GPH£VKEQ
V«OVCCRWM
FGEQTVG\CFGGPEKPQ
VGCHLWM
VGEJCNQVGODJQ¡OMQZ
TGIKQPCNKUOQ
VGEQNQVGO
VGEQNQVGEQTPWFQVWMWWT
VGLGTXVCUMKEJC¡
VCNGICFGKZVNG
CUMKEJFJC¡
VCNGICFGKZVNGRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
KMZKEJC¡
OQTTCNFGCNIQFµP
VGLKFQOCUMKEJ
FGKZVNG
KMZKEJ
FGCNIQFµP
VGLµPODCKU©NJ
VGNCHMCM³K¡
EQTVGFGVGNCLCPPWNJ
FQUOGVTQU[OGFKQ
VGOGTQUQVGOGTQUCCFLEJQQ¡PPKOWM
NKV
H£EKNOGPVGNGFCOKGFQ
VGORNQOEJKQR
VGORTCPGTQVGORTCPGTCCFLLQQVQM
RNCPVC
VGORTCPQCFXM©¡PMQD
MCRDJWKOWM
EWCPFQGORKG\CCCOCPGEGT
SWGUGNGXCPVCVGORTCPQDCCOIK¡
VGORTCPKVQDCL©M
CPVGUFGFGUC[WPCT
VGPFGTXVDCMVC¡
VCRGVGRGVCVGQEQDKLC
DCMZKFJC¡
VCRGVGRGVCVGQEQDKLCRCTCQVTC
RGTUQPC
L©NJIC¡
CUQNGCT
VGPFµPOVCVCC¡
SWGVKGPGOWEJQUVGPFQPGUEJCVCC¡
VGPGTXVDKC¡
VGPVCTXVVCCVC¡
VG³KTXVDWC¡
VGNCQJKNQ
VGRGJW£POHQ¡FCO
RGTUQPCQKFKQOC
VGTOCNCFL
CIWCUVGTOCNGUVQK³MCO
VGTOKPCTXVCKEJFJC¡
FKUVCPEKCQVKGORQ
UG³CNCFQ
MWWICNJFJC¡
VKGORQUG³CNCFQ
V©©OQ¡
FGJCEGT
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
VGTTGPQ
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
VGTTGPQOF©D©©T
VGTTµPO
JCDGTVGTTµPMCDQQTCM
VKRTQP
CVKCCR
GPH£VKEQ
V¯CHPCCP
GURQUCFGNJGTOCPQFGNRCR£QFGNC
OCO£
Q¡MKZ
JGTOCPCOC[QTFGNCOCO£
FJKZKKM
JGTOCPCOGPQTFGNCOCO£
RCCUWNJ
JGTOCPCOC[QTFGNRCR£
DCDQQNJ
JGTOCPCOGPQTFGNRCR£
V¯CCDWGNCCDWKN
VKDKCHLQUGG
FGNCRKGTPC
VKDKQVKDKCCFLOLWWM
VKGORQO
FGUFGJCEGOWEJQVKGORQDCL©MF©T
JCEGOWEJQVKGORQDCL©M
VGPGTVKGORQRQFGGTQ¡
VKGTPQVKGTPCCFLOOQKM
RNCPVCQHTWVC
6KGTTCHQK¡³IC¡P
VKGTTCHF©D©©T
VKGTTCE£NKFCVCCVUCD
VKGUQVKGUCCFL
RQPGTUGVKGUQIWDMC¡
EQUCFGHQTOCRNCPC
VKITGOF©¡PDCNJ
V¯OKFQV¯OKFCCFLEJQQ¡PPKOWM
NKVH£EKNOGPVGNG
FCOKGFQ
VKOµPOVKOQQP
FGNCTCFQ
VKPCLCHDCK¡³FJCMCT
RCTCCNOCEGPCTCIWC
V¯QOQQICZ
GURQUQFGNCJGTOCPCFGNRCR£QFG
NCOCO£
MWWZK¡
JGTOCPQOC[QTFGNCOCO£
VCVCCNJ
JGTOCPQOGPQTFGNCOCO£
M©NJKK
JGTOCPQOC[QTFGNRCR£
LKKMWNJ
JGTOCPQOGPQTFGNRCR£
V¯QCDWGNQMWWNUK
VKRQO
FGOWEJQUVKRQUD©©ZCKZKOVW¡O
VKTCFQTVKTCFQTCOH
DWGPVKTCFQTDWGPCVKTCFQTCVWOWOWWFCO
CTEQ
VKTCTXVXRTPNOCK¡DWC¡
OCK¡³³C¡
DCNCQRKGFTC
OWOWW[C¡
RTQ[GEVKNNCTIQ
PW¡CC¡
N¯SWKFQITCPQQRQNXQ
LCCZEJC¡
N¯SWKFQ
DWDWCMKC¡
N¯SWKFQQITCPQU
LKDWC¡
CNUWGNQ
FGLCTVKTCFQFGLCTVKTCFCIKQRPC¡
GUVCTVKTCFQGUVCTVKTCFCMCCV
VK\PCTXVMWDJC¡DKFJC¡
MWDJC¡DKFJC¡
XQNWPVCTKCOGPVG
MWDJC¡D³KC¡
UWLKPCP
VK\PCFQVK\PCFCMWDJC¡DK³
VNCEWCEJGOLQQD
VNC\QNGOVCUQQNJ
VQDKNNQOMÀNJ
VQECTXVL©NJDKFJC¡
CKTGEQORNCPKO
MWKEJFJC¡
KPUVTWOGPVQOWUKECNFGCNKGPVQ
UCCUDKC¡
O¼UKEC
UCCUDKFJC¡
O¼UKECRCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
UQQUPKC¡
CNCRWGTVC
VQEµPOUQP
VQFCX¯CCFXMCMCRWRMKC¡RWK
VQFCX¯CPQEJCMWK
VQFQVQFCCFLRTQPD©©Z
FGVQFCENCUGD©©ZCKZKOVW¡O
GUVQFQFCKRW¡
RQTVQFQUNCFQUD©©ZZKMQQNJPCK¡
VQFQUD©©ZPCDCR
F¯CUOGUGUQC³QU
VQOCTXVDJC¡[C¡
UµNKFQ
K¡[C¡
N¯SWKFQ
LWRPC¡
HQVQITCH¯C
JCEGTVQOCTK¡EJFJC¡
VQOCTOG\ECNPCDCKEJFJC¡
EGTGOQPKCN
VQOCVGOUQURQ¡MCNJ
XGTFGFGE£UECTC
VWOKCNJ
TQLQ
OQNGFGVQOCVKNNQUQURQ¡MCNJLWPOC¡P
VQOCVKNNQUQURQ¡MCNJ
TGIKQPCNKUOQ
VQRQOVWDWC
CPKOCN
VQTEGTXVPCCURC¡
ICDPC¡
RCTVGFGNEWGTRQ
VQTEKFCICDKK³
WPCRCTVGFGNEWGTRQ
VQTQOVWWT
VQTVGCTXVVWFW³KC¡
DWKFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
VQTVKNNCHV©OMCNJ
JCEGTVQTVKNNCUDWKFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
UWWNJIC¡
FGOCUC[CJGEJCUWWNJIKFJC¡
FG
OCUC[CJGEJCRCTCQVTCRGTUQPCVWFW³KC¡
VQTVWICHOWWNJ
VQUHKQ¡IK¡
VQUGTXKKQ¡IKC¡
VQUVCFQTOLCKMMCT
VQUVCTXVLCCMKC¡
ITCPQUQUGOKNNCU
VTCDCLCFQTVTCDCLCFQTCCFLOVWLWCPFCO
OW[VTCDCLCFQTOW[VTCDCLCFQTCEJW
LWCPCTICO
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
VTCDCLCTXKVWLWCPC¡
VWLWC³FJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
DWGPQRCTCVTCDCLCTEJWLWCPCTC¡
VTCGTXVDJ©KMC¡CKEJFJC¡
DJ©KFJC¡CKEJWNJFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC
MWUDKMC¡
RQTOGFKQFGWPCEQNICFGTCGPGN
JQODTQQGPNCECDG\C
OQQVKMC¡
CRQ[CFQUQDTGNCECDG\CQGPNQU
JQODTQU
VTCICTXVDJC¡[C¡
UµNKFQ
VTCORCHV©©¡PMCT
JQ[QGPNCVKGTTC
RQPGTWPCVTCORCV©©¡³FJC¡
RCTCCPKOCN
VTCPURCTGPVGCFLWC³
N¯SWKFQ
ZWW¡PIK¡
UµNKFQ
VTCURTGR
VTCUFGQKFJCVF©T
VTCXKGUQVTCXKGUCCFLLWCPDKNJLWCPDKNJK¡
EJWOWMCC¡
OQFKUOQ
VTGP\CHLKMRC¡
FGUQ[CVG
VTGP\CFG\Q[CVGU©¡NJKM
VTGP\CTXVLKMRCVC¡
UQ[CVG
LKMRCZFJC¡
RCTCQVTCRGTUQPC
VTGRCFQTVTGRCFQTCCFLDCRRC³K¡
VTGUCFLDCKM
VTGUXGEGUDCKMKO
VTKNNCTXVL©NJDKFJC¡
OC¯\HTKLQNQVTKIQ
VTQORQOP©K¡ZMCNJ
LWIWGVG
VTQPCTXKZKR³KC¡
V©TPKC¡
CNNNQXGTQCNECGTUGWPQDLGVQITCPFG
VCLCCPC¡
VKTQUFGWPCTOCOQFKUOQ
VCVPCMKC¡
OCFGTCGPNCNWODTGQOC¯\VQUVCFQ
VTQPEQOVQQP
VTQRG\CTXKDJKC¡
VWCFLLWOÊO
RQUGUKµPFGUGIWPFCRGTUQPCFG
UKPIWNCT
VWULWOÊO
RQUGUKµPFGUGIWPFCRGTUQPCFG
UKPIWNCT
V¼RTQPCCR
VWODCTXVLKDWC¡KCTC¡
©NJKC¡
GPWPRNCPQQGPWPCRGPFKGPVG
VWPCHKKDJCK
E£UECTCCOCTKNNCRNCPVCITCPFG
LQK¡U©NJ
ECRCTQLCRNCPVCRGSWG³C
FC¡PRCMKKDJCK
ECRCNKUC
PCMCCD
E£UECTCTQLC
VQQVQPCMCCD
E£UECTCDNCPEC
VWPCDNCPECLK³CDQQ¡
E£UECTCCOCTKNNCRNCPVC
EJCRCTTC
VWPCTQLCLKZD©R©©¡LK³CDQQ¡
V¼PKECHMWVWWP
VTCFKEKQPCNFGJQODTG
X£OQPQU
VWRKFQVWRKFCCFLZKDQQTCM
7
WDKECTXRTPNDK¡[C¡
NWICT
WJKPVGTLGGLC
¼NVKOQ¼NVKOCCFLOICVWWMMCO
CN¼NVKOQICVWWM
GN¼NVKOQNC¼NVKOCICVWWMMCO
GPPCEGT
NNGICTCN¼NVKOQF¯CLWTWW³FJC¡
FGNOKVQVG
UGT¼NVKOQF¯CLWTPKC¡
FGNOKVQVG
WPCTV
FGWPNCFQOCCRF©T
WPQUL©¡M
WPKTXVD©PVC¡
UWLCPKO
WPQWPCCFLOCC¡P
ECFCWPQECFCWPCL©¡OC¡P
FGWPCXG\OCC¡PLKOFCO
WPCXG\OCC¡PPKO
WPQUEWCPVQUIQQM
WPQFGOCCF©V
RGTUQPCQCPKOCNRCTVGFGWP
ITWRQ
WPVCTXVLWWNJKC¡
LWWNJFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC
WPWPCCTVOCC¡P
WPWPCWPQUWPCUIW
W³CHLWWV
RGTUQPC
WTVKECTKCH
SWGECWUCWTVKECTKCM©©M©KFJC¡
EQOKFC
WUCTXVDWC¡
WUVGFRTQPCCR
CWUVGFCCR
GPH£VKEQ
WUVGFGUCWUVGFGUCCRK¡O
8
XCECHDCCM
NGEJGFGXCECDCCMDKK¡O
XCEKCTXVVW¡CC¡
N¯SWKFQ
XCE¯QXCE¯CCFLLWRVW¡O
XCIQXCICCFLOQKT©FCO
XCNGTXKPCOMKC¡
XCNKQUQXCNKQUCCFLFJC¡TMCO
X£OQPQUKPVGTLOCKM
V¼[[Q
'&+%+•024'.+/+0#4`
XCPQXCPC
'52#“1.6'2'*7ƒ0
XCPQXCPCCFL
GPXCPQVW¡MWD
XCTCHQZKC
FGCWVQTKFCF
XCTKQUXCTKCUCFLLCK¡FJ©VL©¡MEJK
XCUKLCH
XCUKLCFGDCTTQDJKFJCC¡
ETWFC
X£UVCIQOWRWC
ECEVWU
XGKPVGCFLOCC¡PQQ¡O
XGLKICHLK¡DUQP
XGNCHMC³FJKKT
RCTCCNWODTCT
RQPGTXGNCEGTGOQPKCND©¡³FJC¡
XGNCFQTXGNCFQTCOHPWWMFCFCO
XGNNQODCRQQ
XGNQ\CFLFJCK¡FJC¡
CNXQNCT
XGPCFQOUWKOCNJ
XGPFGTXVIC¡TC¡
IC¡TCVW¡
UGIWKFQ
IC¡NJKFJC¡
CQVTCRGTUQPC
XGPGPQUQXGPGPQUCCFLOCKOFC¡
XGPICTXV
RGPUCTEµOQXGPICTUGVWDK¡EJWFC¡
XGPKTXKLKOKC¡
dXGP[C¡PK
RCTCNNCOCTCWPRGTTQ
XGTXVV©IKC¡OCCZ
LQQLQKFJC¡
QDUGTXCT
V©V©IKC¡
CNIQGPGURGEKCN
RQFGTXGT³KC
SWGUGXGEJWOCCZ
£TGCGZVGPUC
SWGUGXGDKGP³CO©©M
GNOQFQFGXGUVKTFG
CEWGTFQCUWRGTUQPCNKFCF
XGTFCFHRKCO
FGXGTFCFOCCZKM
XGTFGCFLEJ©©FQ¡
EJ©V©©FQ¡
£TGC
DCC¡
RNCPVC
OQKM
RNCPVCQHTWVC
SWGUGRQPGXGTFGEJWKKRWP
£TGC
SWGUGXGXGTFGEJ©¡PIKEJ
XGTFGDCLKVQOQPFQTC¡
EQNQTFGCNIC
XGTI¾GP\CH
SWGNGFCXGTI¾GP\CZK¡©T
VGPGTXGTI¾GP\CZK¡©TIK¡³
FGCNIWKGPZK¡©TCC¡
XGTVGDTCNCFL
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Tercera parte:
Gramática tepehuana
Índice
INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................................................................237
ABREVIATURAS ................................................................................................................................................................238
CAPÍTULO 1. LAS CONSONANTES....................................................................................................................................239
&XDGUR/DVFRQVRQDQWHVGHOWHSHKXiQ '(6&5,3&,Ï1'(/$6&21621$17(6 /DVRFOXVLYDVVRUGDV /DVRFOXVLYDVVRQRUDV /DVIULFDWLYDV
/DVDIULFDGDV
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/DVHPLYRFDO
/26352&(626)212/Ï*,&2648(&$0%,$1$/$6&21621$17(6 /DSDODWDOL]DFLyQ (OHQVRUGHFLPLHQWRILQDO /DQDVDOL]DFLyQSUHJORWDOL]DGD
CAPÍTULO 2. LAS VOCALES ............................................................................................................................................247
&XDGUR/DVYRFDOHVGHOWHSHKXiQ '(6&5,3&,Ï1'(/$692&$/(6
/DVYRFDOHVFRUWDV
/DVYRFDOHVODUJDV
/RVGLSWRQJRV
/26352&(626)212/Ï*,&2648(&$0%,$1$/$692&$/(6 /DUHDUWLFXODFLyQGHYRFDOHV
/DVXSUHVLyQGHYRFDOHVDOILQDOGHODSDODEUD /DVXSUHVLyQGHYRFDOHVGHVSXpVGHXQDVtODEDDFHQWXDGD
CAPÍTULO 3. LAS SÍLABAS ..............................................................................................................................................253
/$)250$'(/$66Ë/$%$6
/DVVtODEDVDELHUWDVFRQYRFDOHVFRUWDV
/DVVtODEDVDELHUWDVFRQYRFDOHVODUJDVRGLSWRQJRV /DVVtODEDVFHUUDGDVFRQYRFDOHVFRUWDV
/DVVtODEDVFHUUDGDVFRQYRFDOHVODUJDVRGLSWRQJRV
/DVVtODEDVFHUUDGDVTXHWHUPLQDQFRQXQDVHFXHQFLDGHFRQVRQDQWHV
/$$&(178$&,Ï1 /DSULPHUDVtODEDDFHQWXDGD /DVHJXQGDVtODEDDFHQWXDGD
/$6&2175$&&,21(6 *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$
/DFRQWUDFFLyQGHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWR &XDGUR)RUPDVGHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWR &XDGUR)RUPDVGHOPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWR /DFRQWUDFFLyQGHSUHILMRV &XDGUR&RQWUDFFLRQHVFRPXQHVGHORVSUHILMRV CAPÍTULO 4. LA REDUPLICACIÓN...................................................................................................................................258
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/$5('83/,&$&,Ï1/$5*$
/DUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDGHXQDYRFDOLQLFLDOFRUWD
/DUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDGHXQDYRFDOLQLFLDOODUJD
/DUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDGHXQGLSWRQJRLQLFLDO
CAPÍTULO 5. LAS ORACIONES .........................................................................................................................................262
/$63$/$%5$6
/$6&/È868/$635,1&,3$/(6
/DVSDODEUDVGHHQODFH
(OHQIRTXH (OVXMHWR &XDGUR)RUPDVGHOFOtWLFRGHOSUHWpULWR &XDGUR)RUPDVGHOPRUIHPDGHOVXMHWRWLHPSRVSUHWpULWR\QRSUHWpULWR /RVREMHWRV &XDGUR)RUPDVGHOSUHILMRGHOREMHWR &XDGUR)RUPDVGHOSUHILMRUHIOH[LYR\UHFtSURFR /DIUDVHYHUEDO /DIUDVHQRPLQDO /DIUDVHDGYHUELDO /$6&/È868/$668%25',1$'$6 /DVFOiXVXODVGHFDXVD\SURSyVLWR
/DVFOiXVXODVFRPSOHWLYDV\UHODWLYDV /DVFOiXVXODVTXHVHWUDGXFHQDOHVSDxROFRPRJHUXQGLRVRLQILQLWLYRV
/DVFOiXVXODVGHPi[LPRHQIRTXH
/2602'26'(/+$%/$ (OPRGRLQGLFDWLYR (OPRGRLQWHUURJDWLYR (OPRGRLPSHUDWLYR (OPRGRFRQGLFLRQDO &XDGUR/RVWUHVJUDGRVGHSRVLELOLGDG CAPÍTULO 6. LOS VERBOS...............................................................................................................................................277
/267,326'(5$',&$/(69(5%$/(6
/RVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVVHQFLOORV
/RVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVUHGXSOLFDGRV
/RVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVUHGXFLGRV
/RVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVGHULYDGRV
/DVYRFDOHVGHOUDGLFDOYHUEDO /$6&/$6(6'(9(5%26 /RVYHUERVGHHYHQWR /RVYHUERVGHHVWDGR
&XDGUR/RVYHUERVFRPXQHVGHSRVLFLyQ /26$),-26<3$57Ë&8/$69(5%$/(6 /RVVXILMRVGHWLHPSR
&XDGUR/RVDILMRVYHUEDOHV\ODVFODVHVGHYHUERV /RVDILMRVGHDVSHFWR
/RVDILMRVGHWUDQVLWLYLGDG\GHPRGDOLGDG /RVSUHILMRVGHGLUHFFLyQ\OXJDU &XDGUR/RVSUHILMRVGHOXJDU /DVSDUWtFXODVPRGDOHV &XDGUR/RVJUDGRVGHHYDOXDFLyQ &XDGUR/RVWLSRVGHHYLGHQFLDV CAPÍTULO 7. LOS SUSTANTIVOS .....................................................................................................................................296
/265$',&$/(6120,1$/(6 /RVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVVHQFLOORV
/RVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVFRPSXHVWRV /RVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVUHGXSOLFDGRV
/RVUDGLFDOHVQRPLQDOHVGHULYDGRV
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/$326(6,Ï1'(6867$17,926 /DSRVHVLyQRSFLRQDOGHORVVXVWDQWLYRV &XDGUR/RVDILMRVGHSRVHVLyQ /DSRVHVLyQREOLJDWRULDGHORVVXVWDQWLYRV CAPÍTULO 8. LOS PRONOMBRES .....................................................................................................................................300
/26352120%5(63(5621$/(6
&XDGUR/RVSURQRPEUHVSHUVRQDOHV /26352120%5(6'(02675$7,926 &XDGUR/RVSURQRPEUHVGHPRVWUDWLYRV /26352120%5(6,17(552*$7,9265(/$7,926(,1'(),1,'26 /26352120%5(6326(6,926 CAPÍTULO 9. LOS ADJETIVOS .........................................................................................................................................303
/26$'-(7,926'(02675$7,926 &XDGUR/RVDGMHWLYRVGHPRVWUDWLYRV /26$'-(7,926180(5$/(6 /26$'-(7,926&$/,),&$7,926 /RVSURFOtWLFRVFRSXODWLYRV *5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$
/RVUDGLFDOHVGHORVDGMHWLYRVFDOLILFDWLYRV /RVDILMRVIOH[LYRVGHORVDGMHWLYRVFDOLILFDWLYRV
CAPÍTULO 10. LOS ADVERBIOS .......................................................................................................................................308
/26$'9(5%,26'(/8*$5<',5(&&,Ï1 &XDGUR/RVDGYHUELRVGHOXJDU &XDGUR/RVDGYHUELRVGHOXJDUGHGLItFLODFFHVR /26$'9(5%,26'(7,(032 /26$'9(5%,26'(02'2 /26$'9(5%,26,17(552*$7,9265(/$7,926(,1'(),1,'26 CAPÍTULO 11. LAS ADPOSICIONES ..................................................................................................................................313
/$6326326,&,21(6 /$635(326,&,21(6 CAPÍTULO 12. LAS CONJUNCIONES ................................................................................................................................315
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/$6&21-81&,21(668%25',1$17(6 /DVFRQMXQFLRQHVVXERUGLQDQWHVWHPSRUDOHV\ORFDWLYDV
/DVFRQMXQFLRQHVVXERUGLQDQWHVOyJLFDV
/DVFRQMXQFLRQHVUHODWLYDV /DVFRQMXQFLRQHVGHFRPSOHPHQWR /$6,17(5-(&&,21(6 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ..................................................................................................................................................................323
GLOSARIO ........................................................................................................................................................................324
Introducción
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Capítulo 1. Las consonantes
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381726'($57,&8/$&,Ï1GHODVFRQVRQDQWHV\ORVUHQJORQHVUHJLVWUDQVXVGLIHUHQWHV0$1(5$6'($57,&8/$&,Ï1
(QODSDUWHVXSHULRUGHFDGDFHOGDHVFULWDVHQQHJULOODDSDUHFHQOHWUDVWRPDGDVGHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2WHSHKXDQR
TXHIXHDSUREDGRSRUORVPDHVWURVELOLQJHVWHSHKXDQRVHQ(QODSDUWHLQIHULRUHQWUHFRUFKHWHVFXDGUDGRV
DSDUHFHQVtPERORVWRPDGRVGHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2TXHIXHDSUREDGRSRUOD$VRFLDFLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD)RQpWLFDHQ
Punto de articulación
Manera de
articulación
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Cuadro 1. Las consonantes del tepehuán
1.1. Descripción de las consonantes
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PLVPRVJUXSRVGHFRQVRQDQWHVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQORVUHQJORQHVGHOFXDGURDVDEHU2&/86,9$662125$62&/86,9$6
625'$6)5,&$7,9$6$)5,&$'$61$6$/(6/Ë48,'$6\6(0,92&$/'HHVWDPDQHUDHOOHFWRUSXHGHDSUHFLDUFXiOHV
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35È&7,&2WDQWRHQPLQ~VFXODFRPRHQPD\~VFXODVHJXLGDSRUHOVtPERORFRUUHVSRQGLHQWHGHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2
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',675,%87,9$6RVHDODVPRGLILFDFLRQHVGHSURQXQFLDFLyQTXHVRQFDXVDGDVSRUVXSRVLFLyQHQODSDODEUDRSRURWURV
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1.1.1. Las oclusivas sordas
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$/9(2/$59(/$5\*/27$/$GHPiVWUHV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26FDXVDQFDPELRVHQODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODV
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1.1.2. Las oclusivas sonoras
/DV2&/86,9$662125$6HQWHSHKXiQVHSURQXQFLDQHQWUHVGHORVPLVPRV381726'($57,&8/$&,Ï1GRQGHVH
SURQXQFLDQODVRFOXVLYDV625'$6DVDEHU%,/$%,$/$/9(2/$5\9(/$5$GHPiVGRV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26FDXVDQ
FDPELRVHQODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODVRFOXVLYDVVRQRUDVDVDEHUOD35(*/27$/,=$&,Ï11$6$/\OD3$/$7$/,=$&,Ï1
DJ$J =D? 2&/86,9$%,/$%,$/62125$
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Capítulo 2. Las vocales
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Cuadro 2. Las vocales del tepehuán
2.1. Descripción de las vocales
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2.1.1. Las vocales cortas
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2.1.2. Las vocales largas
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2.1.3. Los diptongos
7RGRVORV',3721*26HQWHSHKXiQFRQVWDQGHXQD92&$/0(',$R%$-$PiVRWUDYRFDO$/7$TXHVHSURQXQFLDFRPR
'(6/,=$17(5,25R'(6/,=3267(5,25(VGHFLUODYRFDOPHGLDREDMDIRUPDODSDUWHFHQWUDOGHOGLSWRQJR\ODYRFDODOWD
VHSURQXQFLDUiSLGDPHQWHDQWHVRGHVSXpVGHHOOD
$GHPiVDOLJXDOTXHODV92&$/(6/$5*$6WRGRGLSWRQJRVLHPSUHVH$&(17Ò$(VGHFLU\DVHDODSULPHUDYRFDO
DOWDRQRpVDVLHPSUHVHSURQXQFLDPiVIXHUWHTXHODVHJXQGDYRFDO
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$
(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVPDUFDPRVODVYRFDOHVDFHQWXDGDVFRQDFHQWRRUWRJUiILFR
',3721*26&21'(6/,=$17(5,25
MWC¡ EJKC KQ¡
=MW"C!#m? =V5K"##m? =!K"Q!Qm?
FRPH JUDQL]R WRVD
',3721*26&21'(6/,=3267(5,25
VCK O©K DQK FWK =V#"KKm? =O»"KKm? =$Q"KKm? =FW"KKm?
IXHJR VHTXHPy VHQGD FLUXHOD
2.2. Los procesos fonológicos que cambian a las vocales
+D\WUHV352&(626)212/Ï*,&26TXHFDXVDQFDPELRVHQODSURQXQFLDFLyQGHODV92&$/(6HQWHSHKXiQORVFXDOHV
GHVFULELPRVHQORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVDVDEHUOD5($57,&8/$&,Ï1'(92&$/(6OD6835(6,Ï1'(92&$/(6DO),1$/GH
OD3$/$%5$\OD6835(6,Ï1GHYRFDOHVGHVSXpVGHXQD6Ë/$%$$&(178$'$
2.2.1. La rearticulación de vocales
&XDQGRXQD92&$/\DVHD&257$R/$5*$VHSUHVHQWDLQPHGLDWDPHQWHDQWHVGHXQD2&/86,9$*/27$/DO),1$/GH
XQD6Ë/$%$HVDYRFDOVLHPSUHVHUHDUWLFXODHVGHFLUVHSURQXQFLDRWUDYRFDOLJXDOGHVSXpVGHODRFOXVLYDJORWDO6LDOD
92&$/5($57,&8/$'$OHVLJXHXQD&21621$17(62125$GHQWURGHODPLVPD)5$6()212/Ï*,&$>@ODYRFDO
UHDUWLFXODGDWDPELpQVHSURQXQFLDVRQRUDSHURVLOHVLJXHXQDFRQVRQDQWH625'$RVHSUHVHQWDDOILQDOGHXQDIUDVH
IRQROyJLFDODYRFDOUHDUWLFXODGDVHSURQXQFLDVRUGD
(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVODVYRFDOHVUHDUWLFXODGDVHVWiQVXEUD\DGDV
Q¡FCO =!Q!QF#OOm? JHQWHLQGtJHQD
V©V©©¡
=V»V»¾!»m? VHOODPDOXJDU
W¡FC¡ =!W!WF#!#m? ORVHVWiOOHYDQGR
W¡KK¡
=!W!K¾!Km? SiMDUR
&XDQGRXQGLSWRQJRVHSUHVHQWDDQWHVGHXQDRFOXVLYDJORWDODOILQDOGHODVtODEDVRODPHQWHODVHJXQGDYRFDOVH
UHDUWLFXOD'HODPLVPDPDQHUDFXDQGRXQGLSWRQJRVHSUHVHQWDDOILQDOGHODIUDVHIRQROyJLFDVRODPHQWHODVHJXQGD
YRFDOVHUHDUWLFXOD
WK¡MC¡ =WK!KmM#!#m?
DKC¡
=$K#!#m? WHQHU
ORVOOHYDUi
2.2.2. La supresión de vocales al final de la palabra
$OILQDOGHXQDSDODEUDFXDQGRXQDYRFDOFRUWDVHSUHVHQWDLQPHGLDWDPHQWHGHVSXpVGHXQDVHFXHQFLDGHYRFDOPiV
FRQVRQDQWHFDVLVLHPSUHVH6835,0(OD~OWLPDYRFDOFRUWD(O~QLFRFDVRHQTXHQRVHVXSULPHHVFXDQGRODFRQVRQDQWH
TXHOHDQWHFHGHHVXQDL=J?RIXHLDQWHULRUPHQWH
(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVLQGLFDPRVHQWUHSDUpQWHVLVFyPRVHIRUPDQODVSDODEUDVFLWDGDV8QVLJQRGH³PiV´
LQGLFDGRQGHWHUPLQDXQ025)(0$\HPSLH]DRWUR\HOVLJQR³QXOR´šUHSUHVHQWDDO025)(0$18/2RVHDXQ
PRUIHPDTXHQRVHSURQXQFLD
/$692&$/(6
VWLWCPCV VWJWCPCV VWLWCP VWJWCPCš
=VWJW#P#V*? =VWJW#PPm?
HVWDEDWUDEDMDQGRWUDEDMDUFRSUHWpULWR HVWiWUDEDMDQGRWUDEDMDUSUHVHQWH
M©MDQ ÀÀLK
=M»M$QQm? =!“¾JKKm?
SDUDUVHVXMHWRVLQJXODU OOHJDQGR
'HVSXpVGHVXSULPLUOD~OWLPDYRFDOGHODSDODEUDVLOD&21621$17(TXHTXHGDDOILQDOHVXQD2&/86,9$62125$
VLHPSUHVHFDPELDDXQD1$6$/35(*/27$/,=$'$>@
RCNJDWKFJC¡ RCNJDWKFJCC¡ RCNJDWK¡³ RCNJDWKFJCš
=R#Š.$WKF<#!#m? =R#Š.$WK!½½m?
YDDD\XGDUD\XGDUIXWXUR HVWiD\XGDQGRD\XGDUSUHVHQWH
2.2.3. La supresión de vocales después de una sílaba acentuada
+D\GRVFDVRVHQORVFXDOHVVH6835,0(XQD92&$/GHOD6Ë/$%$SRVWHULRUDODVtODED$&(178$'$>@
(QSULPHUOXJDUVHVXSULPHQODVYRFDOHVHQODSULPHUDVtODEDGHVSXpVGHODVtODEDDFHQWXDGD\HQFDGDWHUFHUDVtODED
GHVSXpVGHpVDVLHPSUH\FXDQGRHVDVVtODEDVVHDQ6Ë/$%$60(',$1$6RVHDTXHQRVHSUHVHQWHQDOILQDOGHODSDODEUD
\WDPELpQTXHVHDQ6Ë/$%$6$%,(57$6HVGHFLUTXHQRWHUPLQHQFRQXQD&21621$17(7RGDVODVYRFDOHVVHVXSULPHQ
HQHVWH&217(;72\DVHDQYRFDOHV/$5*$6YRFDOHV&257$6R',3721*26DGLIHUHQFLDGHODVXSUHVLyQGHYRFDOHVDO
ILQDOGHODSDODEUD>@HQODTXHVRODPHQWHVHVXSULPHQODVYRFDOHVFRUWDV/DVXSUHVLyQGHYRFDOHVHQHOFRQWH[WR
DTXtGHVFULWRVHSUHVHQWDDPHQXGRHQODVSDODEUDV5('83/,&$'$6>@
(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVLQGLFDPRVHQWUHSDUpQWHVLVFyPRVHIRUPDQODVSDODEUDVFLWDGDV$VLPLVPRPDUFDPRVODV
YRFDOHVDFHQWXDGDVFRQDFHQWRRUWRJUiILFR
PCMU©T PCMCU©Tt P£MU©T PCCPMCU©T PCCPCMCU©Tt P£CPMCU©T
=P#MU»4m? =P#¾PM#U»4m?
DODFUiQ DODFUDQHV
PWWEJKZ P¼WEJKZ PWW³EJKZ PWWPWWEJKZt P¼W³EJKZ
=PW¾V5K5*? =PW¾½V5K5*?
FXxDGRFXxDGD FXxDGRVFXxDGDV
'HVSXpVGHVXSULPLUXQDYRFDOHQXQDVtODEDQRDFHQWXDGDVLXQD2&/86,9$62125$OOHJDUDDSUHVHQWDUVHDOILQDOGH
XQDVtODEDHVDRFOXVLYDVLHPSUHVHFDPELDDXQD1$6$/35(*/27$/,=$'$>@
IKQV©T IKµV©T IKQ¡PV©T IKQIKQV©Tt IKQIV©Tt IKµ¡PV©T
=IKQV»4m? =IKQ!PV»4m?
OODQR OODQRV
(VWHSURFHVRVHOODPD5(6,/$%,),&$&,Ï1SRUTXHGDFRPRUHVXOWDGRXQDUHRUJDQL]DFLyQGHODVVtODEDVGHODSDODEUD
(QVHJXQGROXJDUHQODVVtODEDVQRDFHQWXDGDVWRGDVODVYRFDOHVODUJDVVHKDFHQFRUWDV6LQHPEDUJRORVGLSWRQJRV
QRUPDOPHQWHQRFDPELDQHQHVWHFRQWH[WR
VQRCC VQR£C VQVRC
VQVQRCCt VµVRC
=VQR#¾#m? =VQVR##m?
PROFDMHWH PROFDMHWHV
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LQFCK LQF£K LQQFCK LµQFCK
=JQF#KKm? =JQ¾F#KKm?
SLHGUD SLHGUDV
/$66Ë/$%$6
Capítulo 3. Las sílabas
/DIRUPDGHODV6Ë/$%$6HQWHSHKXiQLQIOX\HWDQWRHQHOSURFHVRGH$&(178$&,Ï1GHSDODEUDVFRPRHQHOSURFHVR
GH&2175$&&,Ï1GHPRUIHPDV(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVSULPHURGHVFULELPRVODIRUPDGHODVVtODEDV>@OXHJR
GHVFULELPRVHOSURFHVRGHDFHQWXDFLyQGHODVVtODEDV>@\ILQDOPHQWHGHVFULELPRVHOSURFHVRGHFRQWUDFFLyQGH
PRUIHPDVHQHOKDEODGHORVDGXOWRV>@
3.1. La forma de las sílabas
&DVLVLHPSUHODV6Ë/$%$6HQODV3$/$%5$6HQWHSHKXiQHPSLH]DQFRQXQD&21621$17(/DV~QLFDVVtODEDVTXHQR
HPSLH]DQFRQXQDFRQVRQDQWHVRQDOJXQRV68),-26$GHPiVHQWRGDVODVVtODEDVXQD92&$/VLJXHDODSULPHUD
FRQVRQDQWHFRPR1Ò&/(2GHODVtODED(VWDYRFDOSXHGHVHUFRUWDODUJDRXQGLSWRQJR
+D\GRVIRUPDVGHVtODEDVHQWHSHKXiQDVDEHU6Ë/$%$$%,(57$RVHDTXHWHUPLQDFRQXQDYRFDO\6Ë/$%$
&(55$'$HVGHFLUTXHWHUPLQDFRQXQDFRQVRQDQWH$OJXQDVGHODVVtODEDVFHUUDGDVWHUPLQDQFRQXQDFRPELQDFLyQGH
FRQVRQDQWHVTXHVLHPSUHFRQVWDGHXQDRFOXVLYDJORWDOVHJXLGDSRURWUDRFOXVLYDVRUGDXQDIULFDWLYDRXQDQDVDO
(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVFRPRHQWRGRVORVHMHPSORVGHHVWDJUDPiWLFDGRQGHLQGLFDPRVODSURQXQFLDFLyQSRU
PHGLRGHO$/)$%(72)21e7,&2XQVLJQRFRPRDSyVWURIRUHFWRLQGLFDTXHODVtODEDTXHVLJXHHVWi$&(178$'$\XQ
SXQWRLQGLFDTXHODVtODEDTXHVLJXHQRHVWiDFHQWXDGD
/DVGRVIRUPDVGHVtODEDVRVHDVtODEDVDELHUWDV\VtODEDVFHUUDGDVVHSUHVHQWDQWDQWRDOSULQFLSLRFRPRHQPHGLRR
DOILQDOGHODSDODEUD(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVVRODPHQWHGDPRVHMHPSORVGHODVGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDVGHODVSDODEUDVGH
GRVVtODEDV
(QWRGRVORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVXVDPRVHOVtPERORSDUDLQGLFDUHOOtPLWHGHXQDSDODEUD\DVHDDOSULQFLSLRRDO
ILQDO7DPELpQXVDPRVODOHWUDPD\~VFXOD%SDUDLQGLFDUXQDFRQVRQDQWHODOHWUDPD\~VFXOD8SDUDLQGLFDUXQDYRFDO
WUHVSXQWRVÔSDUDLQGLFDUHOUHVWRGHODSDODEUD$VLPLVPRVXEUD\DPRVODVtODEDTXHWLHQHODIRUPDLQGLFDGD
3.1.1. Las sílabas abiertas con vocales cortas
%8 %8Ô Ô%8
DC DCMCCZ EJK³DQ
=$#?
=$#M#¾5*? =V5K½$QQm?
\DSUHILMRYHUEDO FDUQH EDUEDELJRWH
3.1.2. Las sílabas abiertas con vocales largas o diptongos
%88
%88Ô Ô%88
RCC
VCCVC¡P W¡WW
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3.1.3. Las sílabas cerradas con vocales cortas
%8%
%8%Ô Ô%8%
UCR DCZDJC¡ V©UFKO
=U#R*? =$#5D#!#m? =V»\FKOOm?
VHJ~QGLFHQ VDFDU HVWiVXELHQGR
3.1.4. Las sílabas cerradas con vocales largas o diptongos
%88% %88%Ô
%88%Ô
OCC¡P LKK³MCK¡³ ICVWWM
=O#¾!PPm? =JK¾½M#K!½Pm? =I#VW¾M*?
XQRXQD HVWiJULWDQGR GHVSXpV
OCK³ DCK³FJCU DCDJ©KEJ
=O#K½½m? =$#K½F<#U*? =$#D»KV5*?
SHWDWH KDFKD \DVHORHQWUHJy
3.1.5. Las sílabas cerradas que terminan con una secuencia de consonantes
%8¡% %8¡%Ô
%88¡%Ô Ô%8¡%
LC¡M LC¡VMCO OCC¡PMCO TWTW¡Z
=J#!#mM*? =J#!#mVM#OOm? =O#¾!PM#OOm? =4W4W!Wm5*?
KDFLD SHUVRQDVJHQWH SHUVRQD KDPDFD
3.2. La acentuación
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TXHRWUDVVtODEDV
1RVHHVFULEHODWLOGHFRQHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2WHSHKXDQRSRUTXHVLHPSUHVHSXHGHVDEHUFXiOVtODEDVHDFHQW~D
(VGHFLUVLHPSUHVHDFHQW~DODSULPHUDVtODEDGHO5$',&$/VLHVXQDVtODED³SHVDGD´6LODSULPHUDVtODEDHVXQDVtODED
³OLJHUD´\ODVHJXQGDVtODEDHV³SHVDGD´HQWRQFHVVHDFHQW~DODVHJXQGD
8QD6Ë/$%$/,*(5$HVXQDVtODED$%,(57$FX\R1Ò&/(2HVXQD92&$/&257$8QDVtODED3(6$'$HVXQDVtODED
&(55$'$RXQDVtODEDDELHUWDFX\RQ~FOHRHVXQD92&$//$5*$RXQ',3721*2
(QORVGRVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVGDPRVHMHPSORVGHVtODEDVDFHQWXDGDV\DVHDQODSULPHUDHQXQDSDODEUDROD
VHJXQGD6LHPSUHTXHQRVHDFHQW~DODSULPHUDVtODEDODSULPHUDVtODEDHVOLJHUD\ODVHJXQGDHVSHVDGD
3.2.1. La primera sílaba acentuada
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=5KHM#OOm? =FWK½M#4m? =D»KM#!#m?
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3.2.2. La segunda sílaba acentuada
Ô%8%
Ô%88%
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3.3. Las contracciones
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UHGXFLUXQDSDODEUDDXQVXILMRVHOODPDFRQWUDFFLyQ
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3.3.1. La contracción del clítico del sujeto
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Cuadro 3. Formas del clítico del sujeto
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(VWRVVRQLGRVDGLFLRQDOHVVHOODPDQ$8;,/,$5(6(ODX[LOLDUQRHVXQPRUIHPDSRUTXHQRWLHQHVLJQLILFDGRHQVt\QXQFD
VHSUHVHQWDVLQHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWR/DIRUPDGHODX[LOLDUGHSHQGHGHWUHVIDFWRUHVGLIHUHQWHVODSHUVRQD\HOQ~PHUR
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Persona y número del sujeto
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Posición del clítico
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Cuadro 4. Formas del morfema del sujeto
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3.3.2. La contracción de prefijos
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VHDLK³ÊLKEJÊ\LWOÊ>@
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FRPELQDFLyQLK=JK?RLW=JW?FRQODFXDOHPSLH]DQHVWRVSUHILMRVQRVHSURQXQFLDFXDQGROD3$/$%5$TXHOD
DQWHFHGHWHUPLQDHQXQDYRFDO(QHVWHFRQWH[WRVRODPHQWHVHSURQXQFLDOD~OWLPDFRQVRQDQWHGHOSUHILMRODFXDOVH
FRQYLHUWHHQODSDUWH),1$/GHOD~OWLPD6Ë/$%$GHODSDODEUDDQWHULRUFRPRORGHPXHVWUDQORVHMHPSORVFLWDGRVDEDMR
(QHOFXDGURVHSUHVHQWDQODVIRUPDVGHODVFRQWUDFFLRQHVGHHVWRVGRVJUXSRVGHSUHILMRVFRQPXFKRVRWURV
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Prefijo que se contrae
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Prefijo o partícula
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Prefijo del objeto
(TXLYDOHQWH DSHUVGHOVLQJ DSHUVGHOVLQJ DSHUVGHOSO
LKT
LK³
LWO
LKEJ
DC5HDOL]DGR
DCZ
DCT
DC³
DCO
DCEJ
MC7HPSRUDO
MCZ
MCT
MC³
MCO
MCEJ
RW6HQFLOOR
RWZ
RWT
RW³
RWO
RWEJ
VW([WHQVLyQ
t
t
VW³
VWO
VWEJ
ZK,PSHUDWLYR
t
t
ZK³
ZKO
ZKEJ
DJC+DFLDDFi
DJCZ
t
DJC³
DJCO
DJCEJ
OW+DFLDDOOi
OWZ
t
OW³
OWO
OWEJ
IW$UWtFXOR
IWZ
t
IW³
IWO
IWEJ
PC6XERUGLQDGRU PCZ
PCT
PC³
PCO
PCEJ
IW¡$GYHUVDWLYR
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PQ¡&RQGLFLRQDO
PQ¡Z
PQ¡T
PQ¡³
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PQ¡EJ
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DC¡Z
DC¡T
DC¡³
DC¡O
DC¡EJ
V©K,QWHQWR
V©KZ
V©KT
V©K³
V©KO
V©KEJ
Cuadro 5. Contracciones comunes de los prefijos
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DOJXQDVIRUPDVGHFRQWUDFFLyQGHORVSUHILMRVGHOREMHWRVHSXHGHQFRQIXQGLUIiFLOPHQWH6RODPHQWHHOFRQWH[WRD\XGDD
GLVWLQJXLUODV
(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVHOVLJQRGHLJXDOGDG LQGLFDXQFOtWLFR\XQJXLyQ±LQGLFDXQSUHILMRRXQVXILMR
6©K³ EJKCP CO PC³ V©K LK³Ê EJKCP CO PC ³
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/HURJDEDTXHPHORSUHVWDUD
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$
Capítulo 4. La reduplicación
(QHVWHFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVHO352&(62)212/Ï*,&2GHOD5('83/,&$&,Ï1HOFXDOHVPX\FRP~QHQWHSHKXiQ
7DQWRODVIRUPDV3/85$/(6GHORV6867$17,926\$'-(7,926>@FRPRODIRUPDGHO$63(&72',675,%87,92GHORV
9(5%26>@VHIRUPDQDOUHSHWLUODSULPHUDVHFXHQFLDGHXQD&21621$17(VHJXLGDSRUXQD92&$/TXHVHSUHVHQWDHQ
OD5$Ë=
/DYRFDOGHODUDt]TXHVHUHSLWHHQODVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDSXHGHVHU92&$/&257$92&$//$5*$R',3721*2
$GHPiVODYRFDOGHODVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDSXHGHVHUFRUWDRODUJD(VGHFLUFXDOTXLHUDTXHVHDODIRUPDGHODSULPHUD
YRFDOGHODUDt]ODYRFDOGHODVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDSXHGHUHSHWLUVHGHGRVPDQHUDVDVDEHU5('83/,&$&,Ï1&257$
GRQGHODVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDFRQWLHQHXQDYRFDOFRUWD\5('83/,&$&,Ï1/$5*$GRQGHODVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDFRQWLHQH
XQDYRFDOODUJD
1RHVSRVLEOHSUHGHFLUFXiOGHODVGRVIRUPDVGHUHGXSOLFDFLyQVHGHEHDSOLFDUDXQVXVWDQWLYRDGMHWLYRRYHUERVLQR
TXHVHWLHQHTXHHVSHFLILFDUHQHO/e;,&2DOLJXDOTXHHO$/$5*$0,(172GHODVYRFDOHV>@3RUORWDQWRHQHVWH
GLFFLRQDULRVHFLWDQWRGDVODVIRUPDVUHGXSOLFDGDVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOKDEODQRUPDO
(VSHFtILFDPHQWHHOSURFHVRGHUHGXSOLFDFLyQFDXVDORVVLJXLHQWHVFDPELRVIRQROyJLFRV
, /DUHGXSOLFDFLyQFRUWDWLHQHFRPRUHVXOWDGRXQDVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDTXHFRQWLHQHXQDYRFDOFRUWDLJXDODODSULPHUD
YRFDOGHODUDt]GHODSDODEUD
,, /DUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDGHXQDSDODEUDFX\DSULPHUDYRFDOHVFRUWDRODUJDSHURQRXQGLSWRQJRGDFRPRUHVXOWDGR
XQDVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDTXHFRQWLHQHXQDYRFDOODUJDLJXDODODSULPHUDYRFDOGHODUDt]
,,, /DUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDGHXQDSDODEUDFX\DSULPHUDYRFDOHVXQGLSWRQJRGDFRPRUHVXOWDGRXQDVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGD
TXHFRQWLHQHHOPLVPRGLSWRQJR
$VLPLVPRKD\RWURVGRVFDPELRVIRQROyJLFRVTXHVHSUHVHQWDQHQODVSDODEUDVUHGXSOLFDGDV
$ (QODUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDVHDFHQW~DODVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDHQYH]GHXQDGHODVGRVVtODEDVGHODUDt]&RPRUHVXOWDGR
GHHVWHFDPELRVHDSOLFDOD5(6,/$%,),&$&,Ï1>@DOUHVWRGHODSDODEUDUHGXSOLFDGD
% 7DQWRHQODUHGXSOLFDFLyQFRUWDFRPRHQODUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDXQDIULFDWLYDELODELDOVRQRUDGHODUDt]YXHOYHDVHU
XQDRFOXVLYDELODELDOVRUGDHVGHFLUD²¾R$GHPiVVLODSULPHUDYRFDOHVXQDYRFDOPHGLDSRVWHULRUUHGRQGHDGD
pVWDYXHOYHDVHUXQDYRFDOEDMDSRVWHULRUQRUHGRQGHDGDHVGHFLUQ²¾C
(QHOUHVWRGHHVWHFDStWXORGDPRVHMHPSORVGHFyPRODUHGXSOLFDFLyQFDXVDHVWRVFDPELRVIRQROyJLFRV\RWURV
FRPRODVXSUHVLyQGHYRFDOHV>@HQWRGRVORVWLSRVGHSDODEUDVGHXQD\GHGRVVtODEDV(QFDGDHMHPSOR
VXEUD\DPRVODVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGD
4.1. La reduplicación corta
7RGDVODV92&$/(6WDQWR&257$6FRPR/$5*$6\',3721*26SXHGHQ5('83/,&$56(GHODPLVPDPDQHUDHV
GHFLUWRGDVSXHGHQUHSHWLUVHHQXQD6Ë/$%$UHGXSOLFDGDFRQXQDYRFDOFRUWD(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVGDPRV
HMHPSORVGHUHGXSOLFDFLyQFRUWDSDUDODVWUHVIRUPDVGHODSULPHUDYRFDOGHODUDt]GHODSDODEUDDVDEHUDGHXQDYRFDO
FRUWDEGHXQDYRFDOODUJD\FGHXQGLSWRQJR
4.1.1. La reduplicación corta de una vocal inicial corta
$5Dt]GHXQDVtODED
6tODEDDELHUWD
(VWHWLSRGHUDt]QRVHSUHVHQWD
/$5('83/,&$&,Ï1
6tODEDFHUUDGD
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LQLQ¡t LCLQ¡
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SLHO SLHOHV
%5Dt]GHGRVVtODEDV
3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
7RGDVODVUDtFHVGHHVWHWLSRVHUHGXSOLFDQGHIRUPDODUJD>@
MCTDCZ MCMCTDCZ
=M#4$#5*? =M#M#4$#5*?
FKLYR FKLYRV
4.1.2. La reduplicación corta de una vocal incial larga
$5Dt]GHXQDVtODED
6tODEDDELHUWD
ICC ICICC
=I#¾#m? =I#I#¾#m?
PLOSD PLOSDV
6tODEDFHUUDGD
ICCV ICICCV
=I#¾V*? =I#I#¾V*?
DUFRGHWLUDU DUFRV
%5Dt]GHGRVVtODEDV
3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
DQQLK DCRQQLK
DQDQQLKt DCRQQLK
=$Q¾JKKm? =$#RQ¾JKKm?
RVR RVRV
3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
VQQVMQO VCVQQVMQO
=VQ¾VMQOOm? =V#VQ¾VMQOOm?
FDUUL]R FDUUL]RV
4.1.3. La reduplicación corta de un diptongo inicial
$5Dt]GHXQDVtODED
3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
DQK DCRQK
DQDQKt DCRQK
=$QKKm? =$#RQKKm?
VHQGD VHQGDV
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$
3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
OCK³ OCOCK³
=O#K½½mm? =O#O#K½½m?
SHWDWH SHWDWHV
%5Dt]GHGRVVtODEDV
3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
DCK³WO DCRCK³WO
=$#K½WOOm? =$#R#K½WOOm?
PHWDOFRVD PHWDOHV
3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
P©KZMCNJ P©P©KZMCNJ
=P»K!»m5M#Zˆ? =P»P»K!»m5M#Zˆ?
WURPSR WURPSRV
4.2. La reduplicación larga
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PLVPDPDQHUDHVGHFLUSXHGHQUHSHWLUVHHQXQDVtODEDUHGXSOLFDGDFRQXQDYRFDOODUJD(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRV
GDPRVHMHPSORVGHUHGXSOLFDFLyQODUJDSDUDODVWUHVIRUPDVGHODSULPHUDYRFDOGHODUDt]GHODSDODEUDDVDEHUDGH
XQDYRFDOFRUWDEGHXQDYRFDOODUJD\FGHXQGLSWRQJR
4.2.1. La reduplicación larga de una vocal inicial corta
$5Dt]GHXQDVtODED
3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
(VWHWLSRGHUDt]QRVHSUHVHQWD
PQR PQQPQR
=PQR*? =PQ¾PQR*?
WHFRORWH WHFRORWHV
%5Dt]GHGRVVtODEDV
3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
V©TQM
V©TQM V©©VTQM V©©V©TQMt V©©VTQM
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ODJDUWLMD ODJDUWLMDV
3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
V©TDK³
V©TQDK³t V©TDK³ V©©VTQRK³
V©©V©TQDK³t V©©VTQRK³
=V»4$K½½m? =V»¾V4QRK½½m?
VRJD VRJDV
/$5('83/,&$&,Ï1
4.2.2. La reduplicación larga de una vocal inicial larga
$5Dt]GHXQDVtODED
3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
7RGDVODVUDtFHVGHHVWHWLSRVHUHGXSOLFDQGHIRUPDFRUWD>@
MCCO MCCMCO
=M#¾OOm? =M#¾M#OOm?
PHMLOOD PHMLOODV
%5Dt]GHGRVVtODEDV
3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
RKKRKNJ RKKRRKNJ RKKRKKRKNJt RKKRRKNJ
=RK¾RKZˆ? =RK¾RRKZˆ?
SROOXHOR SROOXHORV
3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
7RGDVODVUDtFHVGHHVWHWLSRVHUHGXSOLFDQGHIRUPDFRUWD>@
4.2.3. La reduplicación larga de un diptongo inicial
$5Dt]GHXQDVtODED
+LVWyULFDPHQWHHVWHWLSRGHSDODEUDWHQtDXQDL=J?HQWUHODVGRVYRFDOHVTXHKR\IRUPDQXQGLSWRQJR3RU
ORWDQWRDXQTXHHVWDVSDODEUDVVHSXHGHQUHGXSOLFDUGHIRUPDODUJDVHVLJXHKDFLHQGRFRPRVLODSULPHUDYRFDO
IXHUDFRUWD
DWK DWJKt DWK DWWRWK DWWRWJKt DWWRWK
=DWKKm? =$W¾RWKKm?
RMR RMRV
%5Dt]GHGRVVtODEDV
3ULPHUDVtODEDDELHUWD
UWKOCNJ UWKUOCNJ UWKUWKOCNJt UWKUOCNJ
=UWKO#Zˆ? =UWKUO#Zˆ?
YHQDGR YHQDGRV
3ULPHUDVtODEDFHUUDGD
7RGDVODVUDtFHVGHHVWHWLSRVHUHGXSOLFDQGHIRUPDFRUWD>@
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$
Capítulo 5. Las oraciones
(QHVWHFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVOD6,17$;,6GHOWHSHKXiQHVGHFLUODPDQHUDHQTXHORVKDEODQWHVIRUPDQ25$&,21(6
*5$0$7,&$/(6GHODV)5$6(63$/$%5$63$57Ë&8/$6\RWURV025)(0$6TXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQHVWHGLFFLRQDULR
3ULPHURGHVFULELPRVFyPRVHIRUPDQODVSDODEUDV>@([SOLFDPRVSRUTXpDOJXQDVSDODEUDVHQWHSHKXiQFRPRORV
9(5%26WLHQHQPXFKRVPRUIHPDV\RWUDVFRPRODV&21-81&,21(6WLHQHQSRFRVPRUIHPDV7DPELpQH[SOLFDPRVFyPR
VHUHSUHVHQWDQORVGLIHUHQWHVPRUIHPDV\SDODEUDVHQORVHMHPSORVTXHXVDPRVSDUDLOXVWUDUODJUDPiWLFDWHSHKXDQD
/XHJRGHVFULELPRVFyPRVHIRUPDQODV&/È868/$6%È6,&$6>@ORVFXDOHVSXHGHQHPSH]DUFRQSDODEUDVGH
(1/$&(\RSDODEUDV(1)2&$'$6VLHPSUHVHJXLGDVGHXQD)5$6(9(5%$/MXQWRFRQVXVLQGLFDGRUHVGHOVXMHWR\2%-(72
\SXHGHQWHUPLQDUFRQ)5$6(6120,1$/(6\R)5$6(6$'9(5%,$/(6
(QVHJXLGDGHVFULELPRVFyPRVHIRUPDQODVFOiXVXODV68%25',1$'$6>@WDOHVFRPRORVGH&$86$\3523Ï6,72
5(/$7,9$6&203/(7,9$6ORVTXHFRQWLHQHQIUDVHV*(581',$/(6,1),1,7,9$6\FOiXVXODVGH(1)248(
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&21',&,21$/
5.1. Las palabras
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WDQWRXQYHUERVHQFLOORTXHFRQVWDGHODUDt]PiVYDULRVSUHILMRV\VXILMRVSXHGHVHUWUDGXFLGRSRUXQDRUDFLyQFRPSOHWD
HQHVSDxRO3RUHMHPSORHOYHUERDCLKEJWLCCCIK¡³FJC¡KEJHVXQDVROD5$Ë=YHUEDOCCICKDEODUDODTXHVHOH
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025)(0$6*5$0$7,&$/(6VRQGLItFLOHVGHWUDGXFLUORVVXEVWLWXLPRVFRQXQDVWHULVFRSDUDLQGLFDUTXHQRVHSXHGHQ
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GHHVWDJUDPiWLFD
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LQFOXLPRVHQWUHSDUpQWHVLVLQIRUPDFLyQDGLFLRQDORLPSOtFLWDTXHD\XGDDHQWHQGHUPHMRUHOVLJQLILFDGRGHOHMHPSOR
5.2. Las cláusulas principales
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RUGHQTXHDTXtVHxDODPRV
Enlace
Enfoque
FRASE VERBAL
Frase nominal
Frase adverbial
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9(5%27DPELpQORV352120%5(6SHUVRQDOHV>@QRUPDOPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQHQHVWDSRVLFLyQDOXVDU
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ODIUDVHYHUEDOHVHO1Ò&/(2RFRPSRQHQWHFHQWUDOGHODFOiXVXOD'HVFULELPRVFRQPiVGHWDOOHFyPRVRQORVYHUERV
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3XHGHSUHVHQWDUVHPiVGHXQDIUDVHQRPLQDOSDUDLQGHQWLILFDUWDQWRDO68-(72FRPRDO2%-(72GHODFOiXVXODSHURHO
RUGHQUHODWLYRGHODVIUDVHVQRPLQDOHVQRWLHQHQDGDTXHYHUFRQHOSDSHOVLQWiFWLFRTXHFDGDXQDMXHJDHQODFOiXVXOD
/RV$'-(7,926WDQWR&$/,),&$7,926FRPR180(5$/(6>FiSLWXOR@VHSUHVHQWDQFRPRSDUWHGHODIUDVHQRPLQDODVt
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5.2.1. Las palabras de enlace
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PCRCK¡ MKQ IWDJCP
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5.2.2. El enfoque
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HO ³WHFKDORWH´ HV VDEURVR HO PDt] PROH
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/$625$&,21(6
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IQQM LK³Ê OCC IW VCÊVCMCCTWK¡ IWLK³Ê ZKKZ
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0LKHUPDQDPHGLRGRVGHVXVJDOOLQDV
,KZ CDJCCT MWUDKQ FJK OCC¡PMCO IW
LKZ CDJCCT MWUDKQ FJK OCC¡PMCO IW
HV ERQLWR OOHYDU HVD SHUVRQD HO (VDSHUVRQDWUDHXQPRUUDOPX\ERQLWR
DJCK¡OMCT
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PRUUDOERUGDGR
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PHQXGRVHSUHVHQWDHO$'9(5%,2DJCK¡ELHQMXQWRFRQHOSUHILMRGHODFWRFHQWUDO
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5.2.3. El sujeto
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35,0(5$3$/$%5$R)5$6((VWHFRPSRQHQWHSXHGHVHUXQDFRQMXQFLyQXQDGYHUELRRVXVWDQWLYRDGHODQWDGRSDUDGDUOH
pQIDVLVRELHQHOYHUERPLVPR(VWHSURFHVRPRUIROyJLFRQRYDUtDQLHQODVFOiXVXODV35,1&,3$/(6QLHQODVFOiXVXODV
68%25',1$'$6$GHPiVPXFKDVYHFHVHOFOtWLFRGHOVXMHWRHVHO~QLFRLQGLFDGRUGHODSHUVRQD\HOQ~PHURGHOVXMHWR
SRUTXHORV352120%5(63(5621$/(6>@VHXVDQVRODPHQWHSDUDGDUOHe1)$6,6DOVXMHWR\VLXQFOtFLWRGHOVXMHWRVH
SUHVHQWDDQWHVGHOYHUERHOYHUERQRWLHQHXQVXILMRTXHLQGLTXHFXiOHVHOVXMHWR
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Cuadro 6. Formas del clítico del pretérito
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Persona y número del sujeto
DSHUV
GHOVLQJ
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DSHUV
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Cuadro 7. Formas del morfema del sujeto, tiempos pretérito y no pretérito
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MWC¡
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VWÊ LWI© RKO
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5.2.4. Los objetos
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Cuadro 8. Formas del prefijo del objeto
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DGXOWRVFXDQGRHVWHSUHILMRVHSUHVHQWDGHVSXpVGHRWURSUHILMRRGHXQDSDUWtFXODTXHWHUPLQDFRQXQDYRFDO0XFKDVGH
ODVFRQWUDFFLRQHVTXHUHVXOWDQVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR>@&RQHO$/)$%(7235È&7,&2WDQWRORVSUHILMRVVRORV
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WH SDJDU D )XW \R PDxDQD TXH\R
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VHSUHVHQWD
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Cuadro 9. Formas del prefijo reflexivo y recíproco
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5.2.5. La frase verbal
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GHODIUDVHYHUEDO/DVSDUWHVGHODIUDVHYHUEDOVHSUHVHQWDQHQHORUGHQTXHDTXtVHxDODPRV
Prefijos–
RADICAL
–Sufijos Partículas
(OUDGLFDOYHUEDOSXHGHVHUXQD5$Ë=VHQFLOOD>@RXQDUDt]TXHVHKDPRGLILFDGRSRUXQRGHORV352&(626
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SDODEUDQXHYD>@
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5.2.6. La frase nominal
/DV)5$6(6120,1$/(6QRVRQREOLJDWRULDVFRPRODIUDVHYHUEDOVLQRTXHVHSUHVHQWDQFXDQGRHOKDEODQWHTXLHUH
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VHxDODPRV
Determinante
Posesión–
RADICAL
–Posposición
Adjetivo
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DVDEHU5('83/,&$&,Ï1SRUHO3/85$/>@RHOXVRGH$),-26'(5,9$7,926SDUDIRUPDURWUDSDODEUDQXHYD>@
$OJXQDVUDtFHVVRQWRPDGDVGHOHVSDxRO>@
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180(5$/(6>@
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7DQWR35(326,&,21(6FRPR326326,&,21(6>FDS@LQGLFDQODSRVLFLyQUHODWLYDGHOVXVWDQWLYRFRQUHVSHFWRDRWURV
GHQWURGHO&217(;72
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5.2.7. La frase adverbial
/DV)5$6(6$'9(5%,$/(6WDPSRFRVRQREOLJDWRULDVFRPRODIUDVHYHUEDOVLQRTXHVHSUHVHQWDQFXDQGRHOKDEODQWH
TXLHUHUHIHULUVHDOWLHPSRPDQHUDOXJDURGLUHFFLyQ/DVSDUWHVGHODIUDVHDGYHUELDOVHSUHVHQWDQHQHORUGHQTXHDTXt
VHxDODPRV
ADVERBIO
Partículas
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(QFDPELRORVDGYHUELRVGH/8*$5\GH',5(&&,Ï1>@DVtFRPRORVDGYHUELRV,1'(),1,'26>@SXHGHQVHU
FRPSOHMRVSXHVDGHPiVGHODGYHUELRSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUVHXQDRPiVSDUWtFXODVTXHPRGLILFDQHOVLJQLILFDGRGHO
DGYHUELR
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DOOt SUHFLVDPHQWH
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OWOOW DCCU F©T QKFJC¡ UCPQQR
DOOi PiVDOOi GH FHUUR DOSLH
DOOiDOSLHGHOFHUURGRQGHQRVHYH
RCK¡
GRQGH
RCK¡ PC R©Z LC¡R FWWM
RCK¡ PC R©Z LC¡R FWW ÊM
GRQGH TXH QDGDPiV iUHD HVWDUVRO 3XQW
DFXDOTXLHUKRUDOLWGRQGHTXLHUDTXHHVWpHOVRO
5.3. Las cláusulas subordinadas
7RGDVODV&/È868/$668%25',1$'$6HQWHSHKXiQFRQH[FHSFLyQGHODVFOiXVXODV&21',&,21$/(6>@
HPSLH]DQFRQODPLVPD3$57Ë&8/$68%25',1$17(PC+D\FXDWURWLSRVGHFOiXVXODVVXERUGLQDGDVORVFXDOHV
GHVFULELPRVHQORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVDVDEHUODVFOiXVXODVGH&$86$\3523Ï6,72>@ODV&/È868/$6
&203/(7,9$6\5(/$7,9$6\>@ODVFOiXVXODVTXHVHWUDGXFHQDOHVSDxROFRPR*(581',26H,1),1,7,926>@\
ODVFOiXVXODVTXHVHXVDQSDUDLQGLFDUHOPi[LPRJUDGRGH(1)248(>@
5.3.1. Las cláusulas de causa y propósito
/D&/È868/$68%25',1$'$TXHLQGLFDODFDXVDGHXQ(9(172R(67$'2VLHPSUHHPSLH]DFRQODFRQMXQFLyQPC
IW¡SRUTXHODFXDOFRQVWDGHODSDUWtFXODVXERUGLQDQWHPCPiVODSDUWtFXOD$'9(56$7,9$IW¡TXHFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWD
VRODLQGLFDXQDVLWXDFLyQQRHVSHUDGD>@
/$625$&,21(6
;C¡ CC³ LKT LK³ FJ©D©©T PC³ IW¡ DCL©M F©T [C¡ V© ©U
[C¡ CC³ LKT LK³Ê F©D©©T PC³IW¡ DCL©M F©T [C¡ VWÊ©U©
DTXt \R HV PL WLHUUD SRUTXH\R KDFHPXFKR GHVGH DTXt ([W VHPEUDU
(VWHHVPLWHUUHQRSRUTXH\RKHVHPEUDGRDTXtGHVGHKDFHPXFKRWLHPSR
$VLPLVPRODFOiXVXODVXERUGLQDGDTXHLQGLFDHOSURSyVLWRGHXQHYHQWRRHVWDGRVLHPSUHHPSLH]DFRQODFRQMXQFLyQ
PCDC¡SDUDTXHODFXDOFRQVWDGHODSDUWtFXODVXERUGLQDQWHPCPiVODSDUWtFXODGH6(&8(1&,$(675(&+$DC¡TXH
FXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDVRODLQGLFDTXHODVLWXDFLyQVLJXHLQPHGLDWDPHQWHGHVSXpVGHRWUD>@
6©MMC¡ CR PQ¡ IC¡TC PCR DC¡ VC³KC¡
V©MMC ÊC¡ CR PQ¡ IC¡TC PCRDC¡ VC³© ÊC¡
SUHJXQWDU )XW W~ VL YHQGHU SDUDTXHW~ SHGLU )XW
3UHJ~QWDOHVLORYHQGHSDUDTXHORFRPSUHV
5.3.2. Las cláusulas completivas y relativas
$XQDFOiXVXODTXHHVHOFRPSOHPHQWRGHRWUDFOiXVXODVHOHGHQRPLQD&/È868/$&203/(7,9$8QDFOiXVXOD
FRPSOHWLYDVLHPSUHHPSLH]DFRQOD3$57Ë&8/$68%25',1$17(PC
,WR MCK¡EJ PC EJCOLCK¡EJ
LWR MCK¡EJ PC EJCO LCK¡EJ
5HS GHFLU TXH QR KD\
'LFHTXHQRKD\
%JCOOCCVCR PCT LCTQK¡
EJCO OCCV©¡CR PC LKT LCTQQK¡
QR VDEHU W~ TXH HV TXLpQ ¢6DEHVTXLpQHV"
FJC¡!
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0K L©¡Z MWO EJCOLK³ L©©IK¡³ PC³ PK L©¡Z MWO EJCO LK³Ê L©©¡³FJC PC³
QL FXDQWR HOORV QR PH FUHHU TXH\R
1RFUHHQQDGDGHORTXHOHVGLJR
LCZ LC LCZ LCÊ
FyPR OHV
V©VFC
V©VFC
GHFLU
$VLPLVPRFXDQGRXQD&/È868/$5(/$7,9$LQWURGXFHLQIRUPDFLyQDGLFLRQDODFHUFDGHXQVXVWDQWLYRWDPELpQ
HPSLH]DFRQPC(VGHFLUWRGRVORV352120%5(65(/$7,926>@\$'9(5%,265(/$7,926>@FRQVWDQGHPCPiV
RWUDVSDUWtFXODV
$C LKK EJKEJ OW PCRCK¡ VW CC¡
DCÊ LKK EJKEJ OWÊ PCRCK¡ VWÊ CCIC
\D LU3UHW QRVRWURV3UHW DOOi GRQGH ([W KDEODU
)XLPRVDOOXJDUTXHQRVKDEtDLQGLFDGR
$©©Z LCRKO IWIWWMKC¡ PCRCK¡FJWWM [C¡ CC[C¡ D©©Z LCRKO IWIWWM© ÊC¡ PCRCK¡FJWWM [C¡ CCL© ÊC¡
WRGRV XVWHGHV SDUDUVH )XW FXDQGR DTXt OOHJDU)XW
7RGRVGHEHQSDUDUVHFXDQGROOHJXHHOVDFHUGRWH
IWRCCNJ
IWRCCNJ
HO VDFHUGRWH
/DVFOiXVXODVUHODWLYDVSXHGHQVHU5(675,&7,9$6RQRUHVWULFWLYDV/RVFOiXVXODVUHODWLYDVUHVWULFWLYDVSURSRUFLRQDQ
LQIRUPDFLyQDILQGHTXHHOR\HQWHSXHGDLGHQWLILFDUDTXpRDTXLpQVHUHILHUHHOKDEODQWHSRUORTXHHQODVFOiXVXODV
UHODWLYDVUHVWULFWLYDVVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDXQ352120%5('(02675$7,92DQWHVGHOSURQRPEUHUHODWLYR
)WWRWMC VCM IW V©OMCNJ IWK¡ PC ³KEJ VCMCCD VW FWW
IWWRWMC VCM IW V©OMCNJ IWK¡ PC ³KEJ VCMCCD VWÊ FWW
HQGXUHFHU ODV WRUWLOODV ODV TXH \R3UHW D\HU ([W KDFHU3UHW
6HHQGXUHFLHURQODVWRUWLOODVTXHKLFHD\HU
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$
(QFDPELRODVFOiXVXODVUHODWLYDVQRUHVWULFWLYDVVRODPHQWHDJUHJDQGHWDOOHVDFHUFDGHODSHUVRQDRFRVD\D
LGHQWLILFDGDHOFXDOVHVHxDODSRUODDXVHQFLDGHXQSURQRPEUHGHPRVWUDWLYR
$JCK¡R DJCK¡ R
DFi W~ ZK³ DJ©KFJCK IW³ ZC¡WCPC
ZKÊ LK³Ê DJ©KFJC ÊLKIW³ UC¡WC PC
,PS PH WUDHU OD PL FRELMD TXH
DJCOO© DJCOO© DOOiDUULED
RWR FCC
RWR FCC
DVt HVWi
PCR RCK¡ MKQ
PCRRCK¡ MKQ
TXHW~GRQGH YLYLUVLQJ
3RUIDYRUWUiHPHODFRELMDTXHGHMpHQWXFDVD
5.3.3. Las cláusulas que se traducen al español como gerundios o infinitivos
/D3$57Ë&8/$68%25',1$17(PCWDPELpQVHSUHVHQWDDOSULQFLSLRGHODVFOiXVXODVTXHVHWUDGXFHQDOHVSDxROFRPR
*(581',26H,1),1,7,926
8QDFOiXVXODHQODTXHXQ(9(172R(67$'2VHHQFXHQWUDHQHO$63(&72352*5(6,9235(6(17(VHSXHGHWUDGXFLUDO
HVSDxROFRPRJHUXQGLR
/K¡EJ R©Z DQQDQM CNJKQ PCZ EJ© ©©MC¡
OK¡ EJ R©Z DQQÊ DQ¡ ÊM CNJKQ PC LKZ VWÊ ©©MC¡
DOOt QRVRWURV QDGDPiV SO DFRVWDUVH 3XQW UDWR TXH HVWi ([W VRPEUD
+DELHQGRVRPEUDDOOtOLWTXHHVWiKDFLHQGRVRPEUDGHVFDQVDPRVXQUDWR
$JC³ DJ©K¡³ /CTVKKPCIW³ KMZKEJ PC³ DJCÊLK³Ê DJ©KFJC /CTVKPC IWLK³Ê KMZKEJ PC ³
DFi PH WUDHU 0DUWLQD HO PL WHMLGR TXH \R EJW KMZKEJC¡ PC
VWÊ KMZK ÊVC¡ PC
([W WHMHU KDFHU TXH
MCRWR
MCRWR
WRGDYtD
L©¡Z ZK
L©¡Z ZKÊ
FXDQWRLQWHQFLyQ
FWWM
FWWM
OORYHU
7UiHPHPLWHMLGR0DUWLQDSDUDTXHSXHGDDYDQ]DUXQSRFRPLHQWUDVVLJXHOORYLHQGROLWTXHWRGDYtDHVWi
OORYLHQGR
6HKDFHUHIHUHQFLDDXQHYHQWRRHVWDGRHQJHQHUDOVLQHVSHFLILFDUQLHOWLHPSRQLHODVSHFWRXWLOL]DQGRXQDFOiXVXOD
TXHVHWUDGXFHDOHVSDxROFRPRLQILQLWLYR(QWHSHKXiQHOYHUERGHHVWDVFOiXVXODVVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDHQ7,(032
)87852HOFXDOHVHOPiVQHXWURGHORVWLHPSRVJUDPDWLFDOHV$VLPLVPRVLHPSUHVHSUHVHQWDHQODSULPHUDSHUVRQDOD
FXDOHVODPiVQHXWUDGHODVSHUVRQDVJUDPDWLFDOHV
,KZ M©©¡ FJK UWWFCK¡ PC³ EJW K¡[C¡
LKZ M©©¡ FJK UWWFCK¡ PC ³ VWÊ K¡[C ÊC¡
HV EXHQD HVWD DJXD TXH \R ([W EHEHU )XW
(VWDDJXDHVEXHQDSDUDWRPDUOLWTXH\RWRPDUp
,KZ LKZ
HVWi M©¡P LWO CC¡ PC³ KCTC¡ FJK
M©¡P LWOÊ CCIC PC³ KCTC ÊC¡ FJK
FRQ VH TXHUHUTXH\R WXPEDU)XW HVWH
OW¡WWM DCK³FJCU
OW¡WWM DCK³FJCU
ILORVD KDFKD LWM
LWM
SLQR
PCIW¡T UCTDJCM
PCIW¡ LKT UCTDJCM
SRUTXH HV JUXHVR
(VQHFHVDULRXVDUXQDKDFKDELHQILORVDSDUDWXPEDUOLWTXH\RWXPEDUpHVWHSLQRSRUTXHHVWiJUXHVR
/$625$&,21(6
5.3.4. Las cláusulas de máximo enfoque
/D3$57Ë&8/$68%25',1$17(PCWDPELpQVHSXHGHSUHVHQWDUHQWUHXQ6867$17,92R$'9(5%,2(1)2&$'2\HO
UHVWRGHODFOiXVXOD(VWDIRUPDGHUHRUGHQDUODFOiXVXODLQGLFDHOPi[LPRJUDGRGHpQIDVLVSRVLEOHHQHOWHPDGHXQD
KLVWRULDRGHVFULSFLyQ
&CK LK IWICIQQZ D©©OC¡P PC
FCK LK IWICIQQZ D©©OC¡P PC
VyOR eQI OD SHUUD FRQpO TXH
DC¡ OK¡
DC¡ OK¡
HQWRQFHV DOOt
IC Ê¡P
SURSLRVX PCIW¡T UQKIC¡P PCIW¡ LKT UQK SRUTXH HV DQLPDOGRPpVWLFR
LK DKK
LKÊ DKK
LQLFLR VHTXHGy
LKC
LKC
eQI
6RODPHQWHODSHUUDVHTXHGyFRQpOSXHVHUDVXPDVFRWD
&JQ
FJQ SXHV
IW¡ FJK
IW¡ FJK
SHUR HVWH
IKQ
IKQ
\ LQQD PCZ NQQMQ¡ PC
LQQD PC LKZ NQQMQ¡ PC
WODFXDFKH TXH HVWi ORFR TXH
PCZ ³CC PC LKZ PCC TXH OHJXVWDFRPHU
EJCODJCPCC¡
EJCODJCPCC¡
QR EUDYR
IWOCK
IWOCK
HO PDJXH\
%XHQRHOWODFXDFKHHVXQDQLPDOORFRSHURQREUDYR\OHJXVWDFRPHUHOPDJXH\
5.4. Los modos del habla
(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVGHVFULELPRVORVFXDWUR02'26'(/+$%/$HQWHSHKXiQDVDEHUHO02'2,1',&$7,92
>@HO02'2,17(552*$7,92>@HO02'2,03(5$7,92>@\HO02'2&21',&,21$/>@
5.4.1. El modo indicativo
/RVKDEODQWHVGHOWHSHKXiQXVDQHO02'2,1',&$7,92SDUDGHFODUDURH[FODPDU/DVFOiXVXODVVHFRPSRQHQFRPR
\DORGHVFULELPRV\ODYR]GHOKDEODQWHEDMDDOILQDODVtFRPRHQODVRUDFLRQHVGHFODUDWLYDVHQHVSDxRO
%JCO R©M FWW¡P EJCO R©M FWW¡P QR PXFKR OORYHU3UHW
1ROORYLyPXFKRDQRFKH
VWMCC¡
VWMCC¡
QRFKH
d,QKFJCO LKZ EJW CDJCCT [C LC¡R
LQKFJCO LKZ VWÊ CDJCCT [CÊ LC¡R
PXFKR HV ([W ERQLWR DTXt iUHD
£4XpERQLWRHVSRUDTXt
5.4.2. El modo interrogativo
6HXVDHO02'2,17(552*$7,92SDUDSUHJXQWDU+D\GRVWLSRVGHSUHJXQWDVODV&21),50$7,9$6\ODV
,1)250$7,9$6
/DV35(*817$6&21),50$7,9$6SLGHQXQDFRQILUPDFLyQRVHDXQDUHVSXHVWDDILUPDWLYDRQHJDWLYD/DIRUPDGH
XQDFOiXVXODFRQILUPDWLYDHVODPLVPDTXHXQDFOiXVXODLQGLFDWLYDH[FHSWRTXHHQODFOiXVXODFRQILUPDWLYDVHSUHVHQWDOD
3$57Ë&8/$FRQILUPDWLYDCCTXHVHSURQXQFLDFRQXQWRQRPiVDOWR
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$
6WLWCP CR CC!
VW LWCPC ¡CR CC
'ZVWUDEDMDU W~ &RQI
¢(VWiVWUDEDMDQGR"
6WLWCP K³ FJQ
VW LWCPC ¡K³ FJQ
'ZVWUDEDMDU \R (3
6tHVWR\WUDEDMDQGR
3RUPHGLRGHODV35(*817$6,1)250$7,9$6HOKDEODQWHSLGHFLHUWDLQIRUPDFLyQSRUORTXHVLHPSUHHPSLH]DQFRQOD
IRUPDLQWHUURJDWLYDGHXQ352120%5(5(/$7,92RGHXQ$'9(5%,25(/$7,92
2CC RKEJ RCC RKEJ
GyQGH W~3UHW
¢$GyQGHYDV"
DC
DCÊ
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LKK
LU3UHW
,CTQQFC¡ FJK¡ PC OK¡³K
LCTQQ FC¡ FJK¡ PC OK¡³K TXLpQ VHU pVH TXH DOOt ¢4XLpQHVHVDSHUVRQDTXHYDDOOt"
DC
DCÊ
\D LKO!
LKO©
LU
$GHPiVSXHGHSUHVHQWDUVHHQODVSUHJXQWDVLQIRUPDWLYDVODSDUWtFXODGH,1&5('8/,'$'IK
)K LCZ DC¡T IK LCZ DC¡ LKTÊ
LQFUpGXOR FyPR HQWRQFHV HV (QWRQFHV¢TXpVLJQLILFD"
LWO FWWMCO!
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VH KDFHU GH
2WUDSDUWtFXODTXHVHSUHVHQWDVRODPHQWHHQHOPRGRLQWHUURJDWLYRHVODSDUWtFXODGH$/7(51$7,9$MC¡ODFXDOLQGLFD
TXHDOFRQWHVWDUODSUHJXQWDKD\TXHHVFRJHUHQWUHGRVRPiVDOWHUQDWLYDV
/CKM LCEJ RCZKCTRQ¡ -C¡R OCKM LCEJ RCZKCTÊRQ ÊC¡ MC¡ R
YiPRQRV QRVRWURV SDVHDULUD )XW R W~ 9DPRVDSDVHDU¢2SUHILHUHVTXHGDUWHDTXt"
[C¡ MC
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DK¡[C¡!
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TXHGDU)XW
&XDQGRODSDUWtFXODGHDOWHUQDWLYDHQHOPRGRLQWHUURJDWLYRVHSUHVHQWDMXQWRFRQODSDUWtFXODGHFRQILUPDFLyQHVR
LQGLFDTXHKD\TXHGHFLGLUHQWUHGRVDOWHUQDWLYDVLJXDOHV
6W¡R DC K¡[C¡ VW¡ R DC K¡ ÊC¡
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DKK¡OCC MC¡
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OHFKH &RQI R UWWFCK¡ CC!
UWWFCK¡ CC
DJXD &RQI
5.4.3. El modo imperativo
6HXVDHO02'2,03(5$7,92SDUDPDQGDURKDFHUXQDVXJHUHQFLD&XDQGRHO68-(72GHXQD&/È868/$,03(5$7,9$
QRVHPHQFLRQDVHHQWLHQGHTXHHVOD6(*81'$3(5621$
$JCK¡ ZK LKO
DJCK¡ ZKÊ LKO©
DFi ,PS LU
£9HQ
/$625$&,21(6
/CKM LCEJ DC
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YiPRQRV QRVRWURV \D 9DPRVDFRPHU
VW MQK¡RQ¡
VWÊ LWI© ÊRQ ÊC¡
([W FRPHU LUD )XW
6HSXHGHQH[SUHVDUWUHVJUDGRVGHLPSHUDWLYRSRUPHGLRGHORV$),-26LPSHUDWLYRV(O35(),-2DKÊLQGLFDXQ
LPSHUDWLYRFRUWpVHOFXDOVHXVDDPHQXGRHQWUHDGXOWRV
$K ³K³KC DKÊ ³K³KC ,PSFRUWpV GHVSHUWDUVH
'HVSLHUWDPLKHUPDQR
LK³ ZKKZ
LK³Ê ZKKZ
PL KHUPDQRPD\RU
(OSUHILMRZKÊLQGLFDXQLPSHUDWLYRQRUPDOHOFXDOVHXVDDPHQXGRFRQORVQLxRV
/WZK V©VDKO©T
OW ZKÊ V©VDKC ÊO©TC
DOOi ,PS MXJDU LUD
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$JKCK³ FJK
DJKC ÊK³ FJK
TXLWDU ,PSIXHUWH HVD
£4XLWDODROODGHOIXHJR
LC¡CC
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5.4.4. El modo condicional
(O02'2&21',&,21$/VHXVDSDUDLQGLFDUHOJUDGRGHSRVLELOLGDGGHTXHRFXUUDXQ(9(172R(67$'27RGDVODV
25$&,21(6FRQGLFLRQDOHVHPSLH]DQFRQOD&21-81&,Ï1FRQGLFLRQDOPQ¡VL
+D\WUHVJUDGRVGHSRVLELOLGDGTXHVHSXHGHQH[SUHVDUHQHOPRGRFRQGLFLRQDOORVFXDOHVVHVHxDODQSRUPHGLRGHO
68),-2GH7,(032TXHVHSUHVHQWDHQODFOiXVXODTXHHPSLH]DFRQPQ¡
Contrario a la realidad
Hipotético
Conforme a la realidad
7LHPSRIXWXUR
7LHPSRSUHVHQWH
7LHPSRSUHWpULWR
VLLPSRVLEOHLPSUREDEOH
VLSRVLEOHPHQWH
VLSUREDEOHFXDQGR
Cuadro 10. Los tres grados de posibilidad
&XDQGRHOYHUERVHSUHVHQWDHQHO7,(032)87852FRQODFRQMXQFLyQFRQGLFLRQDOPQ¡HVRLQGLFDTXHHVLPSRVLEOHR
LPSUREDEOHTXHHOHYHQWRRHVWDGRRFXUUD3DUDHQIDWL]DUHVWDIDOWDGHSUREDELOLGDGQRUPDOPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDWDPELpQOD
3$57Ë&8/$GH,55($/,'$'
0Q¡³ DKC¡ MC¡ PQ¡ ³ DKC¡ ÊMC ÊC¡
UK [Q WHQHU HVWDGR)XW
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D©Z EJCPQQNJ
D©©Z VCPQQNJ WRGR GtD LC³ LC³
\R MCC[C¡ MCC[C ÊC¡
HVFXFKDU )XW
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LK
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6L\RWXYLHUDXQUDGLRORHVFXFKDUtDWRGRHOGtD
&XDQGRHOYHUERVHSUHVHQWDHQHO7,(03235(6(17(FRQODFRQMXQFLyQFRQGLFLRQDOPQ¡HVRLQGLFDTXHHVSRVLEOH
SHURQRSUREDEOHTXHHOHYHQWRRHVWDGRRFXUUD(VGHFLUODSUREDELOLGDGGHTXHRFXUUDRQRHVLJXDO
'CR ZK CC¡P FJK KRWWT PQ¡ EJCO
'C R ZKÊ CCFC FJK KRWWT PQ¡ EJCO ELHQ W~ ,PS SRQHU HVWD IDOGD VL QR 3RQWHHVWDIDOGDSDUDYHUVLWHYHVELHQRQR
ZKO PCO©©M
LKZ LWOÊ PCO©©M
VH WH FRPELQD
&XDQGRHOYHUERVHSUHVHQWDHQHO7,(03235(7e5,72FRQODFRQMXQFLyQFRQGLFLRQDOPQ¡HVRLQGLFDTXHHVSUREDEOH
TXHRFXUUDHOHYHQWRRHVWDGRGHWDOPRGRTXHVHSXHGHWUDGXFLUPQ¡FRPRVLRFRPRFXDQGR
2CCR C¡L© PQ¡RKEJ LKZFJCCO FWWM RCC R CC[C PQ¡RKEJ LKZFJCCO FWWM GyQGH W~ OOHJDU VL W~3UHW HV VREUH HVWiVRO
¢$GyQGHYDVDLUFXDQGRVDOJDVGHDTXtDOPHGLRGtD"
[C¡ F©T OWK¡ LK LKK!
[C¡ F©T OWK¡ LK LKO©
DTXt GH DOOi LQLFLRLU
/269(5%26
Capítulo 6. Los verbos
(QHVWHFDStWXORGHVFULELPRVORV9(5%26GHOWHSHKXiQ(VSHFtILFDPHQWHGHVFULELPRVORV352&(626025)2/Ï*,&26
GH)250$&,Ï1'(5$',&$/(6YHUEDOHV>@FXiOHVVRQODVFODVHVGHUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHV>@\FXiOHVVRQORV$),-26\
3$57Ë&8/$6TXHDPHQXGRVHSUHVHQWDQFRQORVUDGLFDOHVHQOD)5$6(9(5%$/
6.1. Los tipos de radicales verbales
(QORVVLJXLHQWHVDSDUWDGRVGHVFULELPRVORVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGH5$',&$/(69(5%$/(6HQWHSHKXiQ/DPD\RUtDGH
ORVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHVFRQVWDQGHXQD5$Ë=VHQFLOOD>@RXQDUDt]5('8&,'$>@$OJXQRVUDGLFDOHVYHUEDOHV
WDPELpQVRQ5('83/,&$'26>@\RWURVVHIRUPDQSRUPHGLRGH68),-26'(5,9$7,926ORVFXDOHVKDFHQFDPELDUOD
FODVHGHUDGLFDO>@7DPELpQGHVFULELPRVFyPRVRQODV92&$/(6TXHDYHFHVVHSUHVHQWDQDOILQDOGHOUDGLFDOYHUEDO
>@
6.1.1. Los radicales verbales sencillos
/DIRUPDPiVVHQFLOODGHXQ5$',&$/9(5%$/HVOD5$Ë=YHUEDOODFXDOPRVWUDPRVHQHOVHJXQGRUHQJOyQGHORV
HMHPSORVDSHVDUGHTXHFDVLQXQFDVHSUHVHQWDDVtHQHOKDEODQRUPDOGHELGRDODVXSUHVLyQGHODYRFDOILQDO>@R
XQDGHODVYRFDOHVPHGLDQDV>@6LQHPEDUJRODUDt]VHQFLOODVHXVDIUHFXHQWHPHQWHSDUDLQGLFDUHO$63(&72
352*5(6,9235(6(17(HVGHFLUTXHXQ(9(172HVWiHQSURFHVRRTXHXQ(67$'2HVWiYLJHQWHDOPRPHQWRGHO
(181&,$'2
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$VLPLVPRODUDt]VHQFLOODGHXQYHUERDYHFHVVHSUHVHQWDSDUDLQGLFDUHODVSHFWR+$%,78$/35(6(17(HVGHFLUTXH
XQHYHQWRVHOOHYDDFDERUHJXODUPHQWH(ODVSHFWRKDELWXDOGHHVWDGRVVHLQGLFDSRUPHGLRGHODVSHFWRFRQWLQXDWLYR
>@
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$JC LKO MW³ LWO DJCÊ LKO© MW ³ LWOÊ DFi LU SDUD \R DXVWHG
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$SHVDUGHTXHODUDt]VHQFLOODGHXQYHUERVLHPSUHLQGLFDHODVSHFWRSURJUHVLYRSUHVHQWHRKDELWXDOSUHVHQWHHQHO
VHJXQGRUHQJOyQGHORVHMHPSORVODVWUDGXFLPRVFRPRLQILQLWLYRVSDUDLQGLFDUFXiOHVODIRUPDEiVLFDGHOYHUER
*5$0È7,&$7(3(+8$1$
6.1.2. Los radicales verbales reduplicados
$OJXQDVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVFDPELDQGHIRUPDSRUPHGLRGHOSURFHVRIRQROyJLFRGHUHGXSOLFDFLyQ>FDS@&XDQGRVH
SUHVHQWDXQUDGLFDOUHGXSOLFDGRHVRSXHGHLQGLFDUXQRGHORVVLJXLHQWHVVLJQLILFDGRVDHO68-(72GHXQD&/È868/$
,175$16,7,9$HV3/85$/EHO2%-(72GHXQDFOiXVXOD75$16,7,9$R%,75$16,7,9$HVSOXUDORFXQDDFFLyQVHUHSLWH
YDULDVYHFHVHQXQVROROXJDURXQDYH]HQYDULRVOXJDUHVDORTXHVHOHOODPD$63(&72',675,%87,92
6XMHWRSOXUDOGHFOiXVXODLQWUDQVLWLYD
MQZKC¡ MQU© ÊC¡ GRUPLU )XW GRUPLU6XMVLQJ MQMZKC¡
MQÊMQU© ÊC¡
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GRUPLU6XMSO
2EMHWRSOXUDOGHFOiXVXODWUDQVLWLYD
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KHUUDU FDXVDWLYR D )XW
KHUUDU2EMVLQJ DCRCK³OK¡EJFJC¡
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SO KHUUDU FDXVDWLYR D )XW
KHUUDU2EMSO
$VSHFWRGLVWULEXWLYR
V©MMC¡ V©MMC ÊC¡ SUHJXQWDU )XW SUHJXQWDUXQDYH]
V©V©MMC¡
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'LVWU SUHJXQWDU )XW
SUHJXQWDUPiVGHXQDYH]
&RPRVHSXHGHDSUHFLDUHQHVWRVHMHPSORVHOUDGLFDOUHGXSOLFDGRPXFKDVYHFHVFDPELDGHIRUPDSRUHO352&(62
)212/Ï*,&2GH5(6,/$%,),&$&,Ï1>FK@GHOUDGLFDOYHUEDO
3XHVWRTXHORVUDGLFDOHVUHGXSOLFDGRVVRODPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQHQDOJXQRVYHUERV\ODIRUPDUHGXSOLFDGDQRVHSXHGH
SUHGHFLUFRQH[DFWLWXGLQFOXLPRVHQHVWHGLFFLRQDULRWRGRVORVUDGLFDOHVUHGXSOLFDGRVGHORVYHUERVFRQORVFXDOHVVH
SUHVHQWDQ
6.1.3. Los radicales verbales reducidos
/DPD\RUtDGHODVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVVH5('8&(1GHIRUPDSDUDLQGLFDUHO7,(03235(7e5,72(OSURFHVRGHIRUPDUXQ
UDGLFDOUHGXFLGRQRUPDOPHQWHVLJXHXQRGHORVGRVSDVRVVLJXLHQWHV
6XSULPLUOD~OWLPDFRQVRQDQWH\OD~OWLPDYRFDOGHODUDt]
6LODFRQVRQDQWHVXSULPLGDQRIXHDOYHRODUDODUJDUOD6LIXHDOYHRODUDJUHJDUOHXQDK
LWIKC¡
LWI© FRPHU
FRPHUi
ÊC¡
)XW
MQZKC¡ MQU© ÊC¡
GRUPLU ±)XW
GRUPLUi LWW
LWI©²¾LW²¾LWW
FRPHU FRPLy
MQK
MQU©t MQt MQK
GRUPLU GXUPLy
6LQHPEDUJRHOSURFHVRGHUHGXFFLyQGHOWLHPSRSUHWpULWRQRVHDSOLFDDWRGDVODVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVVLQRTXHDOJXQRV
QRFDPELDQXRWURVFDPELDQGHRWUDPDQHUD
DCVDKC
VHEDxDVHEDxy
/269(5%26
UCDC¡FC
FRPSUD UCDC¡NJ
FRPSUy
3XHVWRTXHORVUDGLFDOHVUHGXFLGRVVRODPHQWHVHSUHVHQWDQHQDOJXQRVYHUERV\ODIRUPDUHGXFLGDQRVHSXHGH
SUHGHFLUFRQIDFLOLGDGLQFOXLPRVHQHVWHGLFFLRQDULRWRGRVORVUDGLFDOHVUHGXFLGRVGHORVYHUERVFRQORVFXDOHVVH
SUHVHQWDQ
6.1.4. Los radicales verbales derivados
$OJXQRV5$',&$/(69(5%$/(6VRQGHULYDGRVGHRWURYHUERRGHXQ6867$17,92SRUPHGLRGHXQ68),-2
'(5,9$7,92ORVFXDOHVGHVFULELPRVHQHVWHDSDUWDGR(QORVVLJXLHQWHVHMHPSORVHOVLJQR8LQGLFDXQDUDt]YHUEDO\HO
VLJQR0LQGLFDXQDUDt]QRPLQDO
3RUHMHPSORFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDHOVXILMR$3/,&$7,92ÊKFJCMXQWRDXQDUDt]YHUEDOORTXHUHVXOWDHVXQUDGLFDOTXH
WLHQHXQJUDGRPD\RUGH75$16,7,9,'$'>@(VGHFLUXQYHUER,175$16,7,92PiVÊKFJCGDFRPRUHVXOWDGRXQ
YHUER75$16,7,92\XQYHUERWUDQVLWLYRPiVÊKFJCGDFRPRUHVXOWDGRXQYHUER%,75$16,7,92ORTXHTXLHUHGHFLUTXHOD
DFFLyQVHOOHYDDFDERSDUDHOEHQHILFLRGHRWUDSHUVRQD
8ÊKFJCVSRUXQDSHUVRQDRSDUDRWUDSHUVRQD
DJCC[C¡ DJCC C¡ FRFHU )XW VHFRFHUiVROR
DQRMQPC¡ DQRMQPC ÊC¡ ODYDUSO )XW ORVODYDUiXQDSHUVRQD
DJCKFJC¡
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ORFRFHUiXQDSHUVRQD
DQRMQ³FJC¡
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ODYDUSO SDUD )XW
VHORVODYDUiXQDSHUVRQDDRWUD
$GHPiVDOJXQRVYHUERVVHIRUPDQGHUDtFHVQRPLQDOHVSRUPHGLRGHSUHILMRV3RUHMHPSORHOSUHILMRQRPLQDOVWÊ
HOFXDOTXLHUHGHFLUH[WHQVLyQWHPSRUDORORFDWLYRFXDQGRVHSUHVHQWDHQORVYHUERV>@LQGLFD326(6,Ï1GHO
VXVWDQWLYR
VWÊ0 SRVHHUN
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OCC¡P R©Z VWÊ UC¡WC ¡K³
XQR QDGDPiV ([W FRELMD \R
1DGDPiVWHQJRXQDVRODFRELMD
%JCO VW VCCV FJK
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QR ([W SDSi HVWH
(VWHQLxRQRWLHQHSDSi
CNJKK
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6.1.5. Las vocales del radical verbal
&XDQGROD92&$/),1$/GHXQD5$Ë=9(5%$/VHSUHVHQWDMXQWRFRQODIRUPDUHGXSOLFDGDGHOYHUERLQGLFDHO
$63(&72+$%,78$/
%JCO QD IC¡M©
EJCO QD ICÊ ICM©
QR UiSLGDPHQWH 'LVWU VHFDUVH
1RVHVHFDUiSLGDPHQWH
$VLPLVPRODVYRFDOHVILQDOHVGHODVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQMXQWRFRQHOVXILMRGHO&235(7e5,72±V>@
/K¡ VWLWCPCV L©¡MEJK OCUCC¡P
OK¡ VWLWCPC ÊV L©¡MEJK OCUCC¡P
DOOt WUDEDMDU &RSUHW XQRV PHVHV
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$GHPiVODV92&$/(60(',$1$6GHODVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQSDUDLQGLFDUHO$63(&72352*5(6,9235(6(17(
>@DSHVDUGHTXHODVYRFDOHV),1$/(6VHVXSULPHQ
DKKNJFJC¡
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$VLPLVPRODVYRFDOHVPHGLDQDVGHODVUDtFHVYHUEDOHVVHSUHVHQWDQFRQORV35(),-26,03(5$7,926>@
V©O³KC¡ V©OK³K ÊC¡
EDMDUVH )XW
VHEDMDUi ZK EJ©OKK³
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6.2. Las clases de verbos
/RVYHUERVGHOWHSHKXiQVHSXHGHQGLYLGLUHQGRVFODVHVSULQFLSDOHVDVDEHUORVTXHGHVFULEHQXQ(9(172\ORVTXH
GHVFULEHQXQ(67$'2RVHDHOUHVXOWDGRGHXQHYHQWR
/DFODVHGHYHUERVTXHGHVFULEHQXQHYHQWRVHSXHGHQGLYLGLUHQORVTXHGHVFULEHQDFFLRQHV\HQORVTXHGHVFULEHQ
SURFHVRV>@
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DCÊ LWI© ÊKO IWMW¡CC¡
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/DFODVHGHYHUERVTXHGHVFULEHQXQHVWDGRVHSXHGHQGLYLGLUHQORVTXHGHVFULEHQH[LVWHQFLD\HQORVTXHGHVFULEHQ
H[SHULHQFLD>@
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IWMW¡CC¡
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6.2.1. Los verbos de evento
/RV9(5%26GH(9(172GHVFULEHQXQHYHQWRRVHDXQDDFFLyQTXHVHOOHYDDFDERXQDVRODYH]RXQSURFHVRTXH
WDUGDSDUDWHUPLQDU\FX\RUHVXOWDGRHVREVHUYDEOH
/RVYHUERVGHHYHQWRVRQODFODVHPiVJUDQGHGHYHUERVHQWHSHKXiQ7RGRVHVWRVYHUERVSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUVHHQWUHV
GLIHUHQWHVWLHPSRVDVDEHUHO7,(032)87852FXDQGRVHOOHYDUiDFDERODDFFLyQHO7,(03235(6(17(FXDQGRVHOOHYDD
FDERODDFFLyQ\HO7,(03235(7e5,72FXDQGRODDFFLyQ\DVHOOHYyDFDER
6W³DQRMQ³FJC¡ VWÊ LK³Ê DQRMQP ÊKFJC ÊC¡
([W PH ODYDU SDUD )XW
/iYDPHPLVFDPLVDVSRUIDYRU
CR ¡CR W~ kuktun.
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ku- kutuun
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ODVPL V3OFDPLVD
kuktun.
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ku- kutuun
VWÊ LK³Ê DQRMQP ÊKFJC ¡CR CC IWLK³Ê MWVWWP
([W PH ODYDU SDUD W~ &RQI ODV PLV3OFDPLVD
¢(VWiVODYDQGRPLVFDPLVDV"
kuktun.
6W³ DQRMQ³ LCRKEJ CC IW³ MWVWWP!
ku- kutuun
VWÊ LK³Ê DQRMQP ÊKFJC LCRKEJ CC IWLK³Ê MWVWWP
([W PH ODYDU SDUD W~ 3UHW &RQI ODV PLV3OFDPLVD
¢<DODYDVWHPLVFDPLVDV"
$VLPLVPRORVYHUERVGHDFFLyQVHSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUHQFXDWURJUDGRVGHWUDQVLWLYLGDGDVDEHUORVYHUERV
LQWUDQVLWLYRVORVYHUERVWUDQVLWLYRVORVYHUERVELWUDQVLWLYRV\ORVYHUERVUHIOH[LYRV
8QYHUER,175$16,7,92VRODPHQWHWLHQHXQ68-(72SHURQRWLHQH2%-(72
-CDWKOWM LC³ LKOKC¡ 6QDCCVCO
MCDWKOWM LC³ LKO© ÊC¡ VQDCC ÊVCO
PDxDQD \R LU )XW JXDMRORWHOXJDU
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RCC FWWM© ³K³KC FJK OCKOW MCO GRQGH HVWDUVRO GHVSHUWDUVH HVWH HPERUUDFKDU GH
¢&XiQGRVHGHVSHUWyHVHERUUDFKR" VXMHWRHVHERUUDFKR
8QYHUER75$16,7,92WLHQHWDQWRXQVXMHWRFRPRXQ2%-(72',5(&72
&CK PC³ VW VWKURC¡ FJK LCCM
FCK PC³ VWÊ VWKURCÊC¡ FJK LCCM
VyOR TXH\R ([W PROHU )XW HVWH PDt]WRVWDGR
1DGDPiVYR\DPROHUHVWHPDt]WRVWDGRVXMHWR\RREMHWRGLUHFWRHVWHPDt]WRVWDGR
6W¡R OK¡ WC¡VW¡ FJK IÀ¡O CUCCM!
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#NJK¡EJ LCR LK³ OCMKC¡ IWO UWW¡PIK¡
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$C M©¡ORKZ LCRKEJ CC IW ,QUGG IW UWWUMC¡P!
DCÊ M©¡ORK ÊZK ÊKFJC LCR KEJ CC IW ,QUGG IW UWWUMC Ê¡P
\D DUUHJODU SDUD DSOLFDWLYR W~ 3UHW &RQI HO -RVp ORV KXDUDFKHVVX
¢<DDUUHJODVWHORVKXDUDFKHVGH-RVp"VXMHWRW~REMHWRGLUHFWRKXDUDFKHVREMHWRLQGLUHFWR-RVp
8QYHUER5()/(;,92WLHQHXQVXMHWRTXHHVWDPELpQHOREMHWRGLUHFWRHVGHFLUHVWDQWRHO$*(17(FRPRHO
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VLHPSUH VH DQLPDUVH &RQI HO -RVp TXH WDPELpQ LU )XW
¢)LQDOPHQWHVHDQLPy-RVpDLUWDPELpQ"VXMHWR\REMHWRGLUHFWR-RVp
7DPELpQORVYHUERVGHHYHQWRSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUVHHQGRVGLIHUHQWHVYRFHVRVHDOD92=$&7,9$\OD92=3$6,9$
8QYHUERHQYR]DFWLYDWLHQHXQVXMHWRH[SOtFLWRHOFXDOHVHODJHQWHGHOHYHQWR
&CC O©V IW ,WCP IW Q¡TQUKKTKU
FCC O ©V IW ,WCP IW Q¡TQUKKTKU
DJDUUDU HOORV 3UHW HO -XDQ ORV DOJXDFLOHV
/RVDOJXDFLOHVDJDUUDURQD-XDQVXMHWRORVDOJXDFLOHV
/K¡ V© P©¡ IW³ ZKKZ
OK¡ VWÊ P©¡[C IWLK³Ê ZKKZ
DOOt ([W EDLODU HO PL KHUPDQRPD\RU
0LKHUPDQRHVWiEDLODQGRDOOtVXMHWRPLKHUPDQR
(QFDPELRXQYHUERHQYR]SDVLYDQRWLHQHVXMHWRH[SOtFLWRSXHVHOKDEODQWHQRTXLHUHHQIRFDUVHHQHODJHQWHVLQR
HQHOSDFLHQWHVHPiQWLFR(VWRVHSXHGHH[SUHVDUSRUPHGLRGHXQVXMHWRLPSHUVRQDOGH7(5&(5$3(5621$'(/3/85$/
RELHQSRUPHGLRGHXQSUHILMRUHIOH[LYR
-WW O©V IW,WCP
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DOOt ([W VH EDLODU
$OOtKD\XQEDLOHOLW$OOtVHHVWiEDLODQGR
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6.2.2. Los verbos de estado
/RV9(5%26GH(67$'2GHVFULEHQHOUHVXOWDGRGHXQ(9(172(VODFODVHPHQRVH[WHQVDGHYHUERVHQWHSHKXiQ3RU
ORWDQWRVRODPHQWHVHSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUFRQDOJXQRVGHORVDILMRVGH7,(032\$63(&72QRFRQWRGRVFRPRORVYHUERVGH
HYHQWR
6LQHPEDUJRVHSXHGHQSUHVHQWDUHQGRVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVDVDEHUYHUERVGH(;,67(1&,$\YHUERVGH(;3(5,(1&,$
/RVYHUERVGHH[LVWHQFLDLQGLFDQODH[LVWHQFLDROD326,&,Ï1GHO$*(17('RVYHUERVGHH[LVWHQFLDFRPXQHVVRQ
DKC¡WHQHU\VW¡KK¡HVWDUHQFLHUWROXJDURHVWDGR
,©¡M LCR QKFJC¡ DKC¡!
L©¡M LCR QKFJC¡ DKC¡
FXiQWRV W~ DxRV WHQHU
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/W LKK PCRCK¡R VW¡KK¡ IWZ MCK¡
OW LKK PCRCK¡LWR VW¡KK¡ IWLKZ MCK¡
DOOi LU3UHW GRQGH5HS HVWDU HO JREHUQDGRUWUDGLFLRQDO
6HIXHDGRQGHHVWiHOJREHUQDGRUWUDGLFLRQDO
0XFKRVGHORVYHUERVGHSRVLFLyQVHSXHGHQWUDGXFLUFRPRHVWDUPiVODSRVLFLyQFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH/RVYHUERVGH
SRVLFLyQPiVFRPXQHVVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOFXDGUR
6LQJXODU
$QLPDGR
3OXUDO
,QDQLPDGR
HVWDUVHQWDGR
FCC
HVWDUSDUDGR
M©©M
$QLPDGR
,QDQLPDGR
FCTCC
IWIWWM
VW¡V
HVWDUDFRVWDGR
DQ¡
MCCV
DQQDQM
D©©V
HVWDUDQGDQGR
QKT©
t
QKRQ
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MKQ
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Cuadro 11. Los verbos comunes de posición
$JC³ DJ©K¡³ IW³ DQPCCO OK¡ FJ©T PCRCK¡ MCCV
DJCÊLK³Ê DJ©KFJC IWLK³Ê DQPCCO OK¡ F©T PCRCK¡ MCCV
DFi PH WUDHU HO PL VRPEUHUR DOOt GH GRQGH HVWiDFRVWDGR
7UiHPHPLVRPEUHURGHDOOtGRQGHHVWiSRUIDYRU
$JCOO©PK LC¡M MQQMDC¡P LCO QKRQ IWMCMDCK
DJCOO©PK LC¡M MQQMDC¡P LCO QKRQ IWMCÊ MCDCK
DOOiDUULED GLUHFFLyQ SUHFLSLFLR HOORV HVWDUDQGDQGRORVSO FDEDOOR
/RVFDEDOORVDQGDQDOOiDUULEDHQHOERUGHGHOSHxDVFR
/RVYHUERVGHH[SHULHQFLDLQGLFDQTXHHOVXMHWRHVHOSDFLHQWHVHPiQWLFRRVHDHOTXHH[SHULPHQWDHOHVWDGR7RGRV
HVWRVYHUERVVHSUHVHQWDQMXQWRFRQXQRGHORVGRV352&/Ë7,&26&238/$7,926TXHVHSUHVHQWDQFRQORV$'-(7,926
&$/,),&$7,926>@TXHVHSXHGHQWUDGXFLUFRPRVHURHVWDU
/WLC¡R LKZ LQK¡³ CMM©¡P IWDCMQQP
OW LC¡R LKZ LQK¡³ CMM©¡P IWDCMQQP
DOOi iUHD HV JXVWDUOH UtRHQ OD JDU]D
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)KKNJKO LKZ DJKQ¡ K³ PC³ O©M VWLWCPKO©M
IKKNJKO LKZ DJKQ¡ ¡K³ PC³ O©M VWLWCPC ÊKO©M
PXFKR HVWi WHQHUKDPEUH \R TXH\R OHMRV WUDEDMDU HVWDED
7HQJRPXFKDKDPEUHSRUTXHHVWXYHWUDEDMDQGRPXFKR
;C¡ R©Z LKZ OCCZ PCRCK¡ FCC MCV [C¡ R©Z LKZ OCCZ PCRCK¡ FCC MC ÊV DTXt QDGDPiV HV YHUVH GRQGH HVWDUVHQWDGR HVWDGR&RSUHW
$TXtVHYHGRQGHHVWDEDSXHVWDODFD]XHOD
IWMCCU
IWMCCU
OD FD]XHOD
6.3. Los afijos y partículas verbales
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