'2,FXULH ANNALES 8 1 , 9 ( 5 6 , 7$7 , 6 0 $ 5 , $ ( & 8 5 , ( 6 . à 2 ' 2 : 6 . $ /8 %/, 1 ± 3 2/ 21,$ 92/;;, 6(&7,2. )DFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV3ROtWLFDV 8QLYHUVLGDG-DQ.RFKDQRZVNLGH.LHOFH3RODQG $*1,(6=.$.$6,ē6.$0(75<.$ 'LOHPDVGHOOLGHUD]JRFRQWHPSRUiQHR RESUMEN (OSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRDQDOL]DODSUREOHPiWLFDGHOIHQyPHQRGHOOLGHUD]JRUHILULpQGRVHWDQWRDODWHRUtD FRPRDORVHMHPSORVGHODHVFHQDSROtWLFDSRODFD/DDXWRUDVHKDFHSUHJXQWDVFLHQWtILFDVYLQFXODGDV FRQODUHODFLyQHQWUHODSROtWLFD\ODDXWRULGDG 3DODEUDVFODYHOLGHUD]JRUHVLGHQWHFDULVPD ,1752'8&&,Ï1 (OIHQyPHQRGHOOLGHUD]JRSROtWLFRD~QQRHVWiVXILFLHQWHPHQWHDQDOL]DGRHQOD OLWHUDWXUDDFWXDO/RVGLIHUHQWHVIDFWRUHVH[yJHQRV\HQGyJHQRVPRGLILFDQFRQVWDQWHPHQWHODLPDJHQGHOOLGHUD]JRHQHOWLHPSR\OXJDUFRQFUHWRV(OSUHVHQWHWH[WRWLHQH FRPRREMHWLYRDQDOL]DUODUHODFLyQHQWUHHOIHQyPHQRGHODDXWRULGDG\HOOLGHUD]JR (QHODQiOLVLVGHHVWDVFXHVWLRQHVQRVSRGUHPRVFXHVWLRQDUVLWRGDVODVSHUVRQDVTXH SRVHHQSRGHUVRQDODYH]OtGHUHV\VLSRGUtDH[LVWLUXQIHQyPHQRGHOOLGHUD]JRQR EDVDGRHQXQSRGHUSROtWLFRUHDO (O OLGHUD]JR SROtWLFR IDVFLQD \ GHVDQLPD 3XHGH VHU XQ GRQ \ XQD PDOGLFLyQ 3HUPLWHDOFDQ]DUDSRJHRV\VHSXOWDHQHOROYLGR3URYLHQHGHOFDULVPDQDWXUDORHVWi FUHDGRDGXUDVSHQDV/DPDJLDGHOOLGHUD]JRDWUDtDGHVGHVLHPSUH/DJHQWHFRP~Q VHJXtDDOOtGHU\ORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVLQWHQWDEDQFRPSUHQGHUHVWDUHODFLyQSDUWLFXODU 'HVGH3OXWDUFR>YpDVH3OXWDUFKXV±@SDVDQGRSRU1LFFROR0DFKLDYHOOL>YpDVH $*1,(6=.$.$6,ē6.$0(75<.$ 0DFKLDYHOOL@KDVWDHOFRQWHPSRUiQHR-DPHV0F*UHJRU%XUQV>YpDVH %XUQV@ VHIRUPXODEDQSUHJXQWDVVREUHHOIHQyPHQRGHOOLGHUD]JR(OOLGHUD]JRHVWiVLWXDGR HQPXFKRVSDUDGLJPDV\VHSXHGHDQDOL]DUGHVGHGLYHUVDVSHUVSHFWLYDVFLHQWtILFDV $OHPSUHQGHUXQDDQiOLVLVGHOOLGHUD]JRSROtWLFRHVLPSRVLEOHHYLWDUSUHJXQWDVVREUH HOSRGHUVXHVHQFLDIRUPDVIXHQWHVPara comprender la naturaleza del liderazgo ±FRQVWDWyHODUULEDFLWDGR%XUQV±es preciso captar la esencia del poder, ya que HOOLGHUD]JRHVVXIRUPDHVSHFtILFD>%XUQV@. 3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHHOREMHWLYR IXQGDPHQWDOHVH[DPLQDUODVUHODFLRQHVHQWUHHOSRGHU\HOOLGHUD]JR¢6HOHSXHGH OODPDUOtGHUDFDGDXQRTXHHVWpHQHOSRGHU"¢&DGDOtGHUWLHQHTXHSRVHHUXQSRGHU UHDO"/DDVSLUDFLyQGHDOFDQ]DUHOSRGHUHVXQLPSHUDWLYRGHDFWLYLGDGSROtWLFD\HQ HVWHVHQWLGROHFRQFLHUQHDFDGDXQRWRGRVVRPRVSROtWLFRVÄRFDVLRQDOHV´– cuando depositamos nuestra papeleta de votación o si expresamos nuestra voluntad de una manera semejante, aunque sólo sea aplaudir o protestar en una reunion >:HEHU @. /DVIXHQWHVGHODREHGLHQFLDDODVyUGHQHVGHDOJXLHQSXHGHQSURYHQLUGHODIXHU]D GHOGLULJHQWH force), VXDXWRULGDGauthority) \HOSRGHUSRVHtGRpower).3UHVHQWDU ORV QRPEUHV LQJOHVHV GH HVWDV IXHQWHV SHUPLWH FDSWDU ORV PDWLFHV GH VLJQLILFDGRV /DSDODEUDLQJOHVDÄDXWKRULW\´DYHFHVVHWUDGXFHWDPELpQFRPRHOÄSRGHUOHJtWLPR´ (VWHWpUPLQRQRVHSXHGHDFHSWDUVLQUHVHUYDDOJXQDFRPRXQRTXHSRVHHXQDVSHFWR QRUPDWLYRSRUH[SUHVDUFDUiFWHUOHJtWLPRGHOSRGHUSRVHtGR*LRYDQQL6DWURULQRWDED ODWUDGXFFLyQHUUyQHDGHODLGHDGHÄ+HUUVFKDIW´XVDGDSRU:HEHUODTXHVHWUDGXMR FRQODSDODEUDLQJOHVDGHÄDXWKRULW\´>YpDVH6DUWRUL@(VGLItFLOGHILQLUKDVWDFXiO SXQWR:HEHULQWHQWDEDYLQFXODUHOWpUPLQRXVDGRFRQODOHJDOLGDGQRREVWDQWHHV VHJXURTXHVXXVRHQUHODFLyQDOSRGHULOHJtWLPRRLOtFLWRHVFDVLLPSRVLEOH)LQDOPHQWH 6DUWRULSURSXVRDFHSWDUFRPRHTXLYDOHQWHGHÄ+HUUVFKDIW´ODSDODEUDÄUXOHUVKLS´HV GHFLUGRPLQLRVLQHPEDUJRODOLEHUWDGGHLQWHUSUHWDFLyQGHRWURVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVQR FRQWULEX\yDRUGHQDUODVHPiQWLFD /DJHQWHVHVXERUGLQDDOSRGHUSRUSRVHHUpVWHWDQWRODSUHVLyQIXHU]DFRPROD DXWRULGDG /R ~OWLPR FRQVLVWH HQ WDO LQIOXHQFLDque permite conseguir el efecto de mando sin recurrir a la presión, y en particular a la violencia (…) cualquiera que sea la justificación legal o incluso moral de su uso>6]RVWDN±@. /DVIXHQWHVGHHVWHSRGHUVHYHQHQHOFDULVPDRHQODSHUVRQDOLGDGGHOLQGLYLGXRDXWRULGDG SHUVRQDO R HQ OD SRVLFLyQ GH OD SHUVRQD HQ XQ JUXSR DXWRULGDG LQVWLWXFLRQDO /D PD\RUtDGHORVVXERUGLQDGRVHVWiFRQYHQFLGDGHTXHDOJ~QSRGHUHVLPSUHVFLQGLEOH DXQTXHQRHVQHFHVDULRTXHVHDHOPLVPRTXHH[LVWHDFWXDOPHQWH\ORVGLULJHQWHV SUHILHUHQTXHODREHGLHQFLDDHOORVYHQJDGHVXDXWRULGDG\QRGHODSRVLELOLGDGGHOXVR GHODSUHVLyQ6LQH[LVWHQFLDGHQRUPDVVRFLDOHVVHUtDLPSRVLEOHGLVWLQJXLUODSUHVLyQ DFWLYLGDGSHUPLWLGDSRUODVQRUPDVGHODYLROHQFLDIXHU]DVLQOLPLWDFLyQDOJXQD/D /DSDODEUDSRODFDÄZáDG]DSRGHU´SXHGHWUDGXFLUVHDOLQJOpVWDQWRFRPRHOVLQyQLPRGHÄDXWKRULW\´ FRPRWDPELpQGHÄSRZHU´RDYHFHVLQFOXVRGHÄFRQWURO´/DFRPSUHQVLyQGHOFRQWH[WRGHXVRGHXQ WpUPLQRSHUPLWHLQWHUSUHWDUVXVLJQLILFDGRFRQFUHWR ',/(0$6'(//,'(5$=*2&217(0325È1(2 FRQVROLGDFLyQGHODVUHODFLRQHV\ODFUHDFLyQGHXQYtQFXORSHUPDQHQWHGHOSRGHU VHUHDOL]DSRUKDFHUDORVPLHPEURVGHXQDVRFLHGDGFRQVFLHQWHVGHODQHFHVLGDGGH REVHUYDUUHJODVGHWHUPLQDGDV/DLQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DFLyQGHORVYtQFXORVVLJQLILFDDODYH] XQDFLHUWDIRUPDOL]DFLyQ/DUHODFLyQGHPDQGRVHH[SUHVDPHMRUHQJUXSRVIRUPDOHV HVGHFLUGRQGHSUHGRPLQDQORVYtQFXORVIRUPDOHVVREUHORVSHUVRQDOHV 'H OR DQWHULRUPHQWH GLFKR VH OOHJD D OD FRQFOXVLyQ GH TXH FXDOTXLHUD TXH VHD ODIXHQWHGHODREHGLHQFLDHOSRGHUSXHGHVHUXQDFXDOLGDGTXHDSDUHFHVyORHQODV UHODFLRQHV LQWHUSHUVRQDOHV HV GHFLU FXDQGR VH SURGXFH XQD UHODFLyQ HVSHFtILFD GH GHSHQGHQFLDEl poder±DILUPDED-0F*UHJRU%XUQV±no es una granada de mano que puede ser pasada de mano en mano, SHURHVXQDFLHUWDUHODFLyQHQODTXHKD\ TXHWRPDUHQFXHQWDORVREMHWLYRVODVLQWHQFLRQHVGHOGLULJHQWH\GHOGLULJLGR>%XUQV @/DGHILQLFLyQGHOSRGHUGH:HEHUHVGHFLUODSUREDELOLGDGGHTXHXQRGH ORVTXHSDUWLFLSDQHQXQDUHODFLyQVRFLDOVHDFDSD]GHLPSRQHUOHVVXYROXQWDGDORV GHPiVFRLQFLGHFRQODFRQFHSFLyQILQDOPHQWHDFHSWDGD /DSRVHVLyQGHOPRWLYRMXQWRFRQODSRVLELOLGDGGHDFWXDUIRUPDQODVUHODFLRQHV GH PDQGR /D FRPSUHQVLyQ PRGHUQD GHO SRGHU FRQVLGHUD QR VyOR VX FDQWLGDG VLQR WDPELpQ \ VREUH WRGR VX FDOLGDG (O SRGHU ÄULFR HQ RFWDQRV´ >7RIIOHU @ DSDUHFH GRQGH ORV PLHPEURV GHO JUXSR VH XQHQ FRQ OD]RV GH VROLGDULGDG \ YHQ HO REMHWLYRGHDFWXDUHQJUXSR$GHPiVGHODFRPXQLGDGGHREMHWLYRVHOSRGHUQHFHVLWD OHJLWLPDFLyQ(QHOIHQyPHQRGHODOHJLWLPDFLyQORTXHLPSRUWDQRVyORHVXQFLHUWR HVWDGRUHDOIDFWRUREMHWLYRVLQRWDPELpQODFRQYLFFLyQGHORVVXERUGLQDGRVDFHUFD GHODOHJLWLPDFLyQGHOSRGHUDVSHFWRVXEMHWLYR(VGHLPSRUWDQFLDSDUWLFXODUHQORV SDtVHVGH(XURSD&HQWUDO\GHO(VWHGRQGHODGHVFRQILDQ]DGHORVVXERUGLQDGRVHQ FXDQWRDODVLQWHQFLRQHVGHUHVSHWDUODVUHJODVDFHSWDGDVSRUHOSRGHUHVVLJQLILFDQWH >YpDVHĩXNLHZLF]@ 'HRWURODGRVRQORVSDtVHVSRVWFRPXQLVWDVHQORVTXHVHREVHUYDQODVH[SHFWDWLYDV HVSHFtILFDVDFHUFDGHOHVWLORGHHMHUFHUHOSRGHU(OJRELHUQRGHODOODPDGDPDQRGXUD TXHJDUDQWL]DHORUGHQ\VXUHVSHWRLQFOXVRDFRVWDGHÄDMXVWDU´ORVSURFHGLPLHQWRV GHPRFUiWLFRVSDUHFHVHUXQPRGHORGHVHDGRSRUODVRFLHGDG /DREVHUYDFLyQGHODVUHODFLRQHVGHPDQGROHDFHUFDDXQRDODFRPSUHQVLyQGH ODFDWHJRUtDGHOOLGHUD]JRTXHHVXQDFDOLGDGLQGLYLGXDOGHOKRPEUHSHURSXHGHGHVDUUROODUVHVRODPHQWHHQODUHODFLyQHQWUHHOLQGLYLGXR\HOJUXSR/DHVFHQDSROtWLFD DEXQGD HQ SROtWLFRV PiV R PHQRV HILFDFHV VLQ HPEDUJR VyOR XQRV SRFRV GHVWDFDQ GHOJUXSRFRPROtGHUHV&RPRHVFULEtDHO\DFLWDGRYDULDVYHFHV0D[:HEHU±ira HW VWXGLXP ± VRQ HOHPHQWRV TXH GHILQHQ D XQ SROtWLFR < VREUH WRGR ± D XQ OtGHU SROtWLFR6XDFWLYLGDGVHVRPHWHDXQWLSRGHUHVSRQVDELOLGDGWRWDOPHQWHGLVWLQWRHO TXHHVWiHQXQDRSRVLFLyQWRWDODODUHVSRQVDELOLGDGGHXQIXQFLRQDULR(OKRQRUGH un funcionario consiste en la habilidad, en una situación cuando – en contra de su opinión – el poder superior a él persiste en la orden que le parece injusta, de cum $OGHVFULELUHOSRGHU0D[:HEHUXVDEDXQDSDODEUDDOHPDQDMacht TXHUHIOHMDELHQVXFDUiFWHU HVSHFtILFR $*1,(6=.$.$6,ē6.$0(75<.$ plir esa orden bajo responsabilidad del que la ha dado de una manera concienzuda y meticulosa (…(QFDPELRHOKRQRUGHXQOtGHUSROtWLFRHVGHFLUGHXQKRPEUH de Estado que se ocupa de mandar, consiste exclusivamente en la responsabilidad personal que asume por sus actos >:HEHU±@. $GHPiV:HEHUGLVWLQJXLy GRV PDQHUDV GLIHUHQWHV GH SUDFWLFDU OD SROtWLFD 6H SXHGH YLYLU R ÄSDUD OD SROtWLFD´ RÄGHODSROtWLFD´(QHOFDVRGHORVOtGHUHVVHSXHGHDUULHVJDUODDILUPDFLyQGHTXH SUHGRPLQDODSRVWXUDGHÄSDUDODSROtWLFD´ 6HSXHGHDFHUFDUDFRPSUHQGHUODGLPHQVLyQGHPDQGRGHODSROtWLFDIRUPXODQGR SUHJXQWDV\EXVFDQGRUHVSXHVWDVDFHUFDGHHVWHLQGLYLGXRTXHVHGLVWLQJXHGHOS~EOLFR(VWDVSUHJXQWDVDSDUHFHQQRVyORHQODVFLHQFLDVSROtWLFDVVLQRTXHDVLPLVPR DEXQGDQHQODOLWHUDWXUDÄ*XHUUD\SD]´GH/HyQ7ROVWyLÄ5HEHOLyQHQODJUDQMD´GH *HRUJH2UZHOORÄ$QWtJRQD´GH6yIRFOHVVRQXQRVHMHPSORVGHORVPXFKRVTXHKD\ ¢'HTXpPDQHUDXQKRPEUHGHWHUPLQDGROOHJyDVHUOtGHU"¢6HSXHGHFRQVLGHUDUHO OLGHUD]JRFRPRXQGRQQDWXUDORVLHPSUHHVXQDUHODFLyQHODERUDGDELODWHUDOPHQWH" ¢&yPRHVHOFDUiFWHUGHOJUXSRGLULJLGRSRUHOOtGHU"<SRUILQ¢TXpWLSRGHUHODFLRQHVH[LVWHQHQWUHHOOtGHU\VXVSDUWLGDULRV"6RQXQDVSUHJXQWDVGHODVPXFKDVTXH VXUJHQGHODLGHDGHOOLGHUD]JR$OHQFRQWUDUODUHVSXHVWDXQRQRFLHUUDHOSUREOHPD GHLQYHVWLJDFLyQDOFRQWUDULR±HVWiDQLPDGRDDFODUDUQXHYDVGXGDV¢/RVFDPELRV GHUpJLPHQVHUHODFLRQDQFRQXQWLSRHVSHFLDOGHOLGHUD]JR"¢6RQORVOtGHUHVGHHVWDV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVLGHyORJRVHPLQHQWHVKRPEUHVFRQFDULVPDRSDUDQyLFRV"La paranoia±FRQVWDWDURQ565RELQV\-03RVW±ODPiVLQWHUSHUVRQDOGHODVHQIHUPHGDGHVSVtTXLFDVHVDODYH]ODPiVSROtWLFDHQHOVHQWLGRDPSOLRGHHVWDSDODEUDVH refiere a las relaciones del poder. Los paranóicos necesitan enemigos y ¿dónde se SXHGHQHQFRQWUDUPiVVLQRHQHOPXQGRGHODSROtWLFD">5RELQV\3RVW@/D SDUDQRLDHVXQDHQIHUPHGDG\ORTXHDSDUHFHFRQPiVIUHFXHQFLDHQWUHORVSROtWLFRV VRQORVWUDVWRUQRVGHODSHUVRQDOLGDG/DVLQYHVWLJDFLRQHVGHPXHVWUDQTXHFDGDYH] PiVDPHQXGRVHGHMDQREVHUYDUWDOHVGLVIXQFLRQHVFRPRODSHUVRQDOLGDGQDUFLVLVWD DQDQFiVWLFDQHJDWLYLVWD\SDUDQyLFD (O WUDVWRUQR GH OD SHUVRQDOLGDG OODPDGR QDUFLVLVPR FRQVLVWH HQ HO VHQWLPLHQWR H[DJHUDGRGHODSURSLDLPSRUWDQFLDHQODWHQGHQFLDDVREUHYDORUDUORVSURSLRVORJURV UHDOHVHQODQHFHVLGDGH[KLELFLRQLVWDGHOODPDUODDWHQFLyQ\GHVSHUWDUODDGPLUDFLyQ \HQODVUHDFFLRQHVHPRFLRQDOHVLQFRUUHFWDVDQWHODFUtWLFDGHORVGHPiV(OSROtWLFR FRQHVWHWLSRGHWUDVWRUQRGHODSHUVRQDOLGDGDEXVDGHODIRUPDSOXUDOSDUDTXHQRVHOH VRVSHFKHGHHJRFHQWULVPR\HQYH]GHGHFLUÄKLFHPXFKDVFRVDV´VXHOHGHFLUÄKLFLPRV PXFKDVFRVDV´$OPLVPRWLHPSRFDUHFHGHHPSDWtDQRVyORQRWLHQHHQFXHQWDODV QHFHVLGDGHVGHORVGHPiVVLQRWDPELpQOHVWLHQHHQYLGLDestando convencido de que son ellos los envidiosos y los que le envidian a él>5HEHU@. 2WUR WUDVWRUQR HV GHFLU OD SHUVRQDOLGDG DQDQFiVWLFD VH UHIOHMD HQ GHPDVLDGD DEVRUFLyQSRUORVGHWDOOHVUHJODVRUGHQ(QHVWHFDVRODSUHFLVLyQGHOSHQVDPLHQWR VXHOH VHU WDQ DOWD TXH GHVDSDUHFH HO VHQWLGR EiVLFR GH OD DFWLYLGDG HPSUHQGLGD (O VRPHWLPLHQWR DO FRQYHQFLRQDOLVPR OD DILFLyQ D OD FHUHPRQLDOLGDG \ D OD YH] ODV H[SRVLFLRQHVOOHQDVGHDQiOLVLVGHWDOOHVLQ~WLOHV\FRQXQH[FHVRGHLQIRUPDFLyQTXH ',/(0$6'(//,'(5$=*2&217(0325È1(2 LQWURGXFHQ XQ FDRV FRPXQLFDWLYR VRQ DOJXQRV GH ORV UDVJRV FDUDFWHUtVWFRV GH XQ DQDQFiVWLFR 6LHOWLSRGHODSHUVRQDOLGDGDUULEDSUHVHQWDGRSXHGHFRQWULEXLUDOUDOHQWL]DPLHQWR GHORVSURFHVRVGHGHFLVLyQHOSROtWLFRGHSHUVRQDOLGDGQHJDWLYLVWDSXHGHEORTXHDUORV 3UHVHQWD VX IDOWD GH KDELOLGDG FRPR XQ PpULWR TXH KD\ TXH DSUHFLDU \ DGRSWD XQD SRVWXUDGHFUtWLFD\GHVSUHFLRIUHQWHDVXHQWRUQR6LHVWHLQGLYLGXROOHJDDIRUPDU SDUWHGHODFODVHGLULJHQWHVXHOHDSOD]DU\DWUDVDUODUHDOL]DFLyQGHWDUHDVLPSRUWDQWHV HVSHUDGDVSRUORVFRODERUDGRUHV (QWUH ODV SHUVRQDOLGDGHV FRQ WUDVWRUQRV DQWHV PHQFLRQDGDV OD TXH HVWi PHMRU GHVFULWDHQHOiPELWRGHODSROtWLFDHVODSHUVRQDOLGDGSDUDQyLFDSDUDQRLGDO(VWD GLVIXQFLyQ GH OD SHUVRQDOLGDG VH UHIOHMD HQ OD GHVFRQILDQ]D H[DJHUDGD KRVWLOLGDG \ VHQVLELOLGDG D ODV DFXVDFLRQHV 2WURV UDVJRV FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV GH ORV LQGLYLGXRV GH SHUVRQDOLGDG SDUDQRLGDO VRQ UHFHOR YLJLODQFLD FLQLVPR ULYDOL]DFLyQ VHQWLPLHQWR GHLQMXVWLFLDHQYLGLDKLSHUVHQVLELOLGDGDODFUtWLFDIXULDYHQJDWLYLGDGSUHFDXFLyQ YDQLGDGWHQGHQFLDDODYROXQWDULHGDGGHVSRWLVPRHWF /RVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVGHODHVFHQDSROtWLFDSRODFDGHORV~OWLPRVDxRVQRWDQHQHOOD FDGDYH]PiVDFWRUHVFRQORVUDVJRVFDUDFWHUtVWLFRVGHXQDSHUVRQDOLGDGSDUDQyLFD +D\DOJXQRVTXHRSLQDQTXHSDUWLFXODUPHQWHHOOtGHUGHÄ3UDZRL6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü´ 'HUHFKR\-XVWLFLDUHYHOyXQRVUDVJRVTXHUHIOHMDQXQWLSRHVSHFtILFRGHSHUVRQDOLGDG/DGHVFRQILDQ]DIUHQWHDVXHQWRUQRSRUHMHPSORDORVSHULRGLVWDVDQWLSDWtD DODVSHUVRQDVFRQRSLQLRQHVGLIHUHQWHVWDQWRSROtWLFDVFRPRGHFRVWXPEUHVH[SXHVWD GH XQD PDQHUD DELHUWD VHQVLELOLGDG H[DJHUDGD D OD FUtWLFD LQFOXVR D OD IRUPXODGD GHQWURGHO3L6\VREUHWRGRODLQWURGXFFLyQFRQVHFXHQWHGHODFDWHJRUL]DFLyQVRFLDO ÄQRVRWURV´±ÄHOORV´VRQXQRVGHORVDUJXPHQWRVSUHVHQWDGRV(QODVILODVGHO3L6 SUHGRPLQDXQDFRQYLFFLyQGHTXHHOOtGHUGHOSDUWLGRVREUHVDOHSRUVXLQWHOHFWRGHOLPLWDORVKRUL]RQWHVRGHILQHODVGLUHFFLRQHVTXHVLJXHHOSDUWLGRVLQHPEDUJRQR VHVRPHWHDFUtWLFDDOJXQD/DDXWRQRPtDGHSHQVDPLHQWRLQFOXVRGHORVPLOLWDQWHV PiVLPSRUWDQWHVVXHOHVHUFDVWLJDGD$QWRQL0ĊĪ\GáR3DZHá=DOHZVNL.D]LPLHU] 8MD]GRZVNL/XGZLN'RUQ\ORVPLHPEURVFRPXQHVGHOSDUWLGRVLWLHQHQTXHHOHJLU HQWUHODOLEHUWDGGHRSLQLyQ\ODSHUVSHFWLYDGHYROYHUDHQFRQWUDUVHHQODOLVWDHOHFWRUDODYHFHVQRWLHQHQGXGDV(OOtGHUGHO3L6PXFKDVYHFHVKDVLGRGHVFULWRFRPR XQDSHUVRQDOLGDGFRPSXHVWDPXOWLGLPHQVLRQDO8QKRPEUHFHUUDGR\GRJPiWLFRTXH SXHGHVHUGHVHQYXHOWR\HQFDQWDGRU8QSROHPLVWDiJLOTXHGDHOWRQRDODGLVFXVLyQ \XQMXJDGRUFDSD]GHVDFULILFDUFDVLWRGRSRUVXVUD]RQHV6LHQWHSHUIHFWDPHQWHHQ TXp GLVSRVLFLyQ HVWi VX LQWHUORFXWRU \ SXHGH SDVDU PX\ UiSLGR GHVGH UHxLUOH KDVWD GDUOHXQRVFRQVHMRVSDWHUQDOHV 3DUDGyMLFDPHQWHJUDFLDVDODLQWHOLJHQFLDGHPDQGRGHVXOtGHU\DOHVWLOR~QLFR GHHMHUFHUODSROtWLFDHOSDUWLGRÄ3UDZRL6SUDZLHGOLZRĞü´JDQyODVHOHFFLRQHVSDUODPHQWDULDVGHODxR\/HFK.DF]\ĔVNLIXHHOHJLGR3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDGH 3RORQLD/RVRUtJHQHVGHHVHIHQyPHQRVHKDOODEDQHQHOKHFKRGHTXHORVKHUPDQRV .DF]\ĔVNLSHUFLELHURQDORVJUXSRVVRFLDOPHQWHH[FOXLGRV\VXSLHURQOOHJDUKDVWDHOORV HQHODVSHFWRFRPXQLFDWLYR/RVMXELODGRVSHQVLRQLVWDVSHUVRQDVGHXQDIRUPDFLyQ $*1,(6=.$.$6,ē6.$0(75<.$ SHRU R\HQWHV GH XQD HPLVRUD GH XOWUDGHUHFKD Ä5DGLR 0DU\MD´ SXGLHURQ VHQWLUVH UHOHYDGRV \ DSUHFLDGRV &RPR OR SHUFLEH XQ DQDOtWLFR ODV DFWXDFLRQHV GLULJLGDV DO FLXGDGDQRÄIDWLJDGR´FXEUtDQODVLQWHQFLRQHVUHDOHV\UHVSRQGtDQDODVQHFHVLGDGHV \DQVLHGDGHVGHOKRPEUHÄGHODFDOOH´>-DQRZVNL@(VFRUUHFWRDILUPDUTXHHQ VX UHWyULFD HO 3L6 DSHODED D ODV SHUVRQDV FRQ VHQWLPLHQWR GH LQMXVWLFLD $ ORV PiV pobres o vencidos±QRWD.U\VW\QD6NDUĪ\ĔVNDSVLFyORJRVRFLDOVHOHVGHFtDTXHQR VRQSHRUHVTXHORVTXHSRVHHQPiV<JUDFLDVDHVWRHQHODxRHO3L6JDQyODV elecciones. Sin embargo en cada grupo social encontramos personas con ese tipo de VHQWLPLHQWRGHLQMXVWLFLD<SRUHVRHQFDGDJUXSRVRFLDOKDEtDSHUVRQDVDODVTXH OHVFRQYHQFtDHVDUHWyULFD(QFDPELRODVSHUVRQDVFRQXQDDXWRHYDOXDFLyQVXSHULRU YRWDEDQ FRQ PiV IUXHFXHQFLD SRU 3ODWIRUPD 2E\ZDWHOVND 3ODWDIRUPD &LYLO 6X HOHFWRUWtSLFRVHODVDUUHJODPHMRUHQXQPXQGRGHFRPSHWLFLyQ\WLHQHXQDVHQVDFLyQ GHFRQWURODUVXYLGDSURSLD(VWiGLVSXHVWRVREUHWRGRDFRQRFHUHOPXQGR\QR DGHIHQGHUVHFRQWUDpO$VLPLVPRWLHQHPiVFRQILDQ]D6HVLHQWHVHJXURHQ3RORQLD porque cree en su potencial propio >6NDUĪ\ĔVND@. (OVRVWHQLPLHQWRGHOSRGHUHQORVDxRVVLJXLHQWHVIXHSRVLEOHJUDFLDVDODHVWUDWHJLD GHO DxR (O LQWHUFDPELR GH ODV HOLWHV HV GHFLU OD FLUFXODFLyQ GHO SRGHU HQWUH3ODWIRUPD2E\ZDWHOVND\3UDZRL6SUDZLHGOLZRĞüFDPELyIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH WUDVODFDWiVWURIHGH6PROHQVN(QDTXHOHQWRQFHVODLQIOXHQFLDDIHFWLYDGHORV HOHFWRUHVUHJUHVyFRQXQDPD\RUIXHU]DDODSROtWLFDSRODFD7DQWRODRSLQLyQS~EOLFD FRPRODVHOLWHVDXWRULWDULDVFRPHQ]DURQDSHUFLELU\DGHVFULELUODUHDOLGDGEDMROD LQIOXHQFLDGHXQDVHPRFLRQHVILUPHV\DOJXQRVGHORV³DFWRUHV´GHODHVFHQDSROtWLFD FRPHQ]DURQDPDQLIHVWDUDFWLWXGHVH[WUHPDV /RVSVLTXLDWUDVTXHH[DPLQDQDFWLWXGHVGHORVSROtWLFRVKDQREVHUYDGRXQIHQyPHQRSDUHFLGR6LSRUFDGDSHUVRQDVVDQDVKD\XQSVLFySDWDHQODSROtWLFDHVWH Q~PHURDXPHQWD3RUVXSXHVWRQRVRQSVFLFySDWDVHVWULFWRVVLQRSHUVRQDVGHODOODPDGDSHUVRQDOLGDGLQPDGXUD6XFDUDFWHUtVWLFDSULQFLSDOHVXQDYLVLyQGHOPXQGRHQ EODQFR\QHJURQHJDFLyQGHODVSDODEUDVSURQXQFLDGDVRFRQYLFFLyQGHTXHODYHUGDG HVWiVLHPSUHGHVXODGR3DUDGyMLFDPHQWHORVPHGLRVIDFLOLWDQHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRHQ ODSROtWLFDGHWDOHVDFWRUHVSRUTXHDXQKRPEUHGHSHUVRQDOLGDGPDGXUDHVGHFLUDO TXHHVWiGLVSXHVWRDUHIOH[LRQDUSHUFLELUORVWRQRVJULVHVRVRSHVDUVXVSDODEUDVVH OH FRQVLGHUDUtD SRFR DWUDFWLYR R SRFR PHGLiWLFR (O SHULRGR GH WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ GHO UpJLPHQ R FXDOTXLHU RWUR LQWHQWR GH LQWURGXFLU QXHYR RUGHQ IDYRUHFH D ORV OtGHUHV FRQWUDVWRUQRVGHSHUVRQDOLGDGNo hay revolución sin paranoia (…) Para derribar el orden antiguo hay que volver a definir el bien y el mal. Encontrar a un enemigo. £4XpLQIOXHQFLDWLHQHVREUHQXHVWURVLQVWLQWRVEiVLFRV7RGRVORWHQHPRVGHQWURHVWD división entre lo blanco y lo negro>0XUDZLHF@. /RVWLSRVGHWUDVWRUQRVDQWHVPHQFLRQDGRVQRVRQHQIHUPHGDGHVHQVtPLVPRV1R REVWDQWHSXHGHQDFRPSDxDUDHQIHUPHGDGHVWDOHVFRPRSDUDQRLDGHSUHVLyQPDQtD RHVTXL]RIUHQLDREDMRFRQGLFLRQHVGHOHVWUpV\GHOFDQVDQFLRH[FHVLYRFRQYHUWLUVH HQHOODV ',/(0$6'(//,'(5$=*2&217(0325È1(2 (QWRQFHV¢FyPRGHEHUtDVHUHOOLGHUD]JRFRQWHPSRUiQHR"¢(VSRVLEOHFRQVWULXU XQ SURWRWLSR GH XQ OtGHU LGHDO" /D HYDOXDFLyQ GH ORV DFWRV GH ORV OtGHUHV SROtWLFRV UHTXLHUHXQDGHILQLFLyQQRUPDWLYDGHHVWHVXMHWRHVGHFLUXQDGHWHUPLQDFLyQGHXQ PRGHORQRUPDWLYRFRQHOILQGHFDOLILFDUORVDFWRVUHDOHVGHORVSROtWLFRV&RPROR GHPXHVWUDQORVQXPHURVRVLQWHQWRVGHORVLQYHVWLJDGRUHVODGHILQLFLyQGHXQHMHPSOR LGHDOHVGLItFLOVLQRLPSRVLEOH/DLQYHQFLyQGHXQDÄIyUPXOD´SDUDXQOtGHULGHDO UHYROXFLRQDUtD QR VyOR HO PXQGR GH OD SROtWLFD VLQR WDPELpQ WRGDV ODV UHODFLRQHV VRFLDOHV 6LQ HPEDUJR OD WHRUtD GHO (VStULWX GHO 7LHPSR FRQRFLGD HQ ODV FLHQFLDV SROtWLFDVQRSHUPLWHROYLGDUTXHODHILFDFLDGHORVDFWRVHQODVUHODFLRQHVGHPDQGR SXHGHDQDOL]DUVH\HYDOXDUVHVyORHQUHODFLyQDXQOXJDU\WLHPSRGHWHUPLQDGRV<D TXHODSROtWLFDHVXQFDPSRGHDFWRVDUULHVJDGRVORVOtGHUHVHVWiQVRPHWLGRVQRVyOR DODHYDOXDFLyQGLDULDVLQRWDPELpQFRQIRUPHFRQODUHJODGHÄODKLVWRULDMX]JDUi´ DODFUtWLFDGHODVJHQHUDFLRQHVYHQLGHUDV (Q OD KLVWRULD FRQWHPSRUiQHD GH 3RORQLD XQ HMHPSOR SHUIHFWR GH OLGHUD]JR GH WUDQVIRUPDFLyQHQUHGDGRHQVXVGLOHPDVHV/HFK:DáĊVDREUHURVLQGLFDOLVWDODXUHDGR FRQHO3UHPLR1REHOKRPEUHTXHHPSH]yDGHVPRQWDUHOUpJLPHQQRGHPRFUiWLFR \ILQDOPHQWH3UHVLGHQWHGHOD5HS~EOLFDGH3RORQLD'HXQODGR:DáĊVDSRVHtDORV UDVJRVQDWXUDOHVGHXQOtGHUGHORVWLHPSRVGHOFDPELR±FDULVPDFDSDFLGDGGHHQVHxDUREMHWLYRVTXHVREUHSDVHQODVYLVLRQHVGHORVGLULJLGRVKDELOLGDGGHHVFXFKDU ODV H[SHFWDWLYDV VRFLDOHV GXUH]D YROXQWDG GH DFFLyQ SHUR WDPELpQ XQD DVWXFLD FRUULHQWH\KDELOLGDGGHXQLUORVLQWHUHVHVDSDUHQWHPHQWHRSXHVWRV'HRWURODGRVX SHUVRQDOLGDGWHQtDXQDLQIOXHQFLDGHVWUXFWLYDVREUHODSROtWLFD(OVHQWLPLHQWRH[DJHUDGRGHODPLVLyQKLVWyULFDVREUHVWLPDFLyQGHORJURVSURSLRVGHVFRQILDQ]DIUHQWH DRWURVSROtWLFRV\VXWUDWDPLHQWRFRPRHQHPLJRVSRWHQFLDOHVFDXVDURQTXHHOFDULVPD HQHOTXHVHEDVDEDHOIHQyPHQRGH:DáĊVDFRQWULEX\HUDDVXH[WLQFLyQ(OWLHPSR GH HVWDELOL]DFLyQ GHO QXHYR RUGHQ HV D OD YH] HO WLHPSR FXDQGRORV HOHFWRUHV HVWiQ PiVGLVSXHVWRVDFRQILDUHQORVPHFiQLVPRVOHJDOHVHVWDEOHVTXHHQODSHUVRQDOLGDG DWUDFWLYDGHOOtGHU3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHVHSXHGHOOHJDUDODFRQFOXVLyQGHTXHXQOtGHU VHUiSHUFLELGRFRPRySWLPRDEDVHGHODHYDOXDFLyQGHOWRWDOGHODVFRQVHFXHQFLDV GHVXVDFWRV6LQHPEDUJR¢QRH[LVWHQLQJ~QPRGHORXQLYHUVDO\VLHPSUHDFWXDOGHO OLGHUD]JR"¢4XL]iVVHDHOOODPDGROLGHUD]JRQDWXUDOOLEUHGHWpFQLFDVGHPHUFDGRWHFQtD H LQGHSHQGLHQWH GH ORV PHDQGURV GH OD KLVWRULD" &RPR FRPSRQHQWHV GH WDO OLGHUD]JRQDWXUDOVHSXHGHQFRQVLGHUDUODSHUVRQDOLGDGGHOOtGHUVXVEDVHVFDUiFWHU GHODVUHODFLRQHVFRQVXHQWRUQR\GHODVLQWHUDFFLRQHV(QWRQFHV¢HOOtGHULGHDOHV FDULVPiWLFR"/DLGHDGHOFDULVPDKDJDQDGRPXFKDIDPDno necesariamente por haEHUPiVFDULVPiWLFRVKR\TXHDQWHV4XL]iVVHDORFRQWUDULR/DGHVSHUVRQDOL]DFLyQ SURJUHVLYDGHODVUHODFLRQHVVRFLDOHVHQODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVEXURFUiWLFDV\ODFXOWXUDGH PDVDVVLJQLILFDUtDTXHQRVODVDUUHJODPRVPX\ELHQVLQSHUVRQDVH[WUDRUGLQDULDV nos bastan las competentes y a la vez ambiciosas, infalibles y obedientes. A veces nos basta cualquiera >.DUZDW@. 3DUDGyMLFDPHQWH KD\ XQD HVFDVH] GHO OLGHUD]JR FDULVPiWLFR R PiV DPSOLR GH SHUVRQDOLGDGHVFDULVPiWLFDV&DGDYH]PiVDPHQXGRODVHVWUHOODVGHODP~VLFDGH- $*1,(6=.$.$6,ē6.$0(75<.$ SRUWHOLWHUDWXUDVRQOODPDGDVFDULVPiWLFDVHQORVPHGLRV\HQORVSROtWLFRVPHGLRFUHV ORVSHULRGLVWDVLQWHQWDQGHVFXEULUSRUORPHQRVODVKXHOODVGHÄXQFDULVPDEODQGR´ (QWRQFHV¢FXiOHVVRQORVUDVJRVUDFLRQDOHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFRVGHOOLGHUD]JRFDULVPiWLFR"1RFDEHGXGDGHTXHXQRGHHOORVHVFDSDFLGDGGHHPSUHQGHUXQDDFWLYLGDGTXH DWUDLJDHLQVSLUH(OOtGHUFDULVPiWLFRFRQYLHUWHORVDFWRVTXHUHDOL]DHQDOJRLQVyOLWR &RQWDJLDGHVXYLVLyQDORVGHPiV\DXQTXHVHOHSHUFLEDFRPRXQÄORFRLQVSLUDGR´ ORVVXERUGLQDGRVTXLHUHQFXPSOLUVXYROXWDGEULOODUFRQHOUHIOHMRGHVXOX]\VHQWLU TXHVHGLVWLQJXHQ3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHHOFDULVPDHVXQIHQyPHQRVLQGURPiWLFR\YLQFXODGRFRQXQDGHILQLFLyQUHODWLYDGHOOLGHUD]JR/RFRPSRQHQQXPHURVDVFXDOLGDGHV FDGDXQDGHHOODVLPSUHVFLQGLEOHSHURQLQJXQDSXHGHJDUDQWL]DUSRUVtPLVPDTXH VHFUHDPDQWHQJD\IXQFLRQHHOFDULVPD /RVTXHWLHQHQRSLQLRQHVLQWHUHVDQWHVDFHUFDGHOOLGHUD]JRVRQORVHVSHFLDOLVWDV HQ OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ +DQ REVHUYDGR TXH PX\ D PHQXGR ORV JUDQGHV HPSUHVDULRV VHGLVWLQJXHQSRUVXVUDVJRVFDULVPiWLFRV6RQSHUVRQDVTXHGHEHQWRGRORORJUDGR D Vt PLVPDV FUHDQ LPSHULRV LQGXVWULDOHV HQRUPHV \ DFWXDQGR FRQ PXFKD HQHUJtD FRQVLJXHQUHDOL]DUWDUHDVTXHQDGLHPiVVHKDEtDDWUHYLGRDUHDOL]HU>$OEHURQL @(OFDULVPDGHOOtGHUHVODFDSDFLGDGGHDQLPDUDORVGHPiVDUHDFFLRQDUFRQ eficacia actuando de una manera consciente y tomando en consideración a otra gente con el objetivo de hacer algo útil juntos >%HQWRQ±@. (VFRQYLQFHQWH ODREVHUYDFLyQGHTXHORVOtGHUHVFDULVPiWLFRVGLVSRQHQGHXQÄHOHPHQWRTXHIDOWD´ HOTXHVXHOHOODPDUVHGHPDQHUDVGLIHUHQWHVKDELOLGDGHVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQPpWRGR DGHFXDGR GH WUDWDU D OD JHQWH $'1 GLYLVD VRFLDO HQHUJtD HPRFLRQDO DGDSWDFLyQ SHUIHFWDHWF>%HQWRQ@ $GHPiVHVSRVLEOHDILUPDUTXHHOOLGHUD]JRFDULVPiWLFRHVXQWLSRGHUHODFLRQHV EDVDGDVHQUHJODV\pVWDVSURYLHQHQGHODSHUVRQDOLGDGGHOOtGHUTXHVLHQGRFRQVFLHQWH GHVXVDWULEXWRVSXHGHHVSHUDUODVXERUGLQDFLyQVRFLDO(OOLGHUD]JREDVDGRHQUHJODV VHDQ FRQYHQFLRQDOHV R OHJDOHV VH FUHD SRU KDEHU VXSXHVWR TXH HO TXHEUDQWDPLHQWR GHHOODVQRVHSXHGHGHMDUVLQFDVWLJRNo importa si creemos en ellas o no – DILUPD &RYH\ ± probaron su autenticidad durante siglos de la historia humana >&RYH\ ±@. (OOtGHUGHEHUtDVHUHILFD]FXDOTXLHUDTXHVHDODIXHQWHGHVXOHJLWLPDFLyQ6LQ HPEDUJR¢TXpVHSXHGHHQWHQGHUFRPRODHILFDFLDGHODDFFLyQ"$OJXQRVSURSRQHQ TXH VH FRQVLGHUH FRPR XQ OtGHU HILFD] D XQ LQGLYLGXR TXH VLJXH IRUPiQGRVH HVWi GLVSXHVWRDHVWDUDOVHUYLFLRGHORVGHPiVPDQGDXQDHQHUJtDSRVLWLYDFRQItDHQOD JHQWHPDQWLHQHODYLGDHQDUPRQtDFUHHTXHODYLGDHVXQDDYHQWXUDHVVLQpUJLFR HUHDOL]DHVIXHU]RVFRQHOILQGHDXWRUUHQRYDUVH(VYHUGDGTXHORVFRQWDFWRVSRVLWLYRV FRQVXHQWRUQRD\XGDQDFRQVWUXLUXQDLPDJHQGHOtGHUHILFD]SHURHQODSROtWLFDHV ODVLQHUJtDGHOOtGHUODTXHSDUHFHVHUODPiVLPSRUWDQWH6LHOSROtWLFRFRQVLGHUDTXH ODIXHU]DGHDFWLYLGDGFRP~QHVPD\RUTXHODHILFDFLDGHOLQGLYLGXRHVSRVLEOHTXH QRVyORFRQVWUX\DUHODFLRQHVSRVLWLYDVVLQRTXHWDPELpQWRPHGHFLVLRQHVDGHFXDGDV 3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHHVGLItFLOFUHDUXQPRGHORLGHDOGHOOtGHUIXHUDGHFRQWH[WR\VLQ WHQHUHQFXHQWDHOPRGRGHSHUFHSFLyQGHODHVHQFLDGHOOLGHUD]JRPLVPR ',/(0$6'(//,'(5$=*2&217(0325È1(2 'LIHUHQWHVPDQHUDVGHGHWHUPLQDUHOSDSHOGHOOtGHUHVWiQDFRPSDxDGDVSRUFODVLILFDFLRQHVGLYHUVDVGHOHVWLORGHDFWXDUGHOOtGHUEDVDGDVHQYDULDVSUHPLVDV8QD GH ODV WLSRORJtDV PiV LQWHUHVDQWHV GLVWLQJXH XQ HVWLOR YLVLRQDULR GH HQWUHQDGRU GH DILOLDFLyQGHPRFUiWLFRGLFWDWRULDO\XQHVWLORGHYDTXHUR>*ROHPDQ@&DGD OLGHUD]JRSROtWLFR\VREUHWRGRGHWUDQVDFFLyQORFRQGLFLRQDQGRVWLSRVGHIDFWRUHV HVGHFLUFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHVLQVWLWXFLRQDOHV\H[WUDFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHVEHKDYLRUDOHV$O SULPHUJUXSRSHUWHQHFHQODVQRUPDVFRQVWLWXFLRQDOHV\ODSUiFWLFDFRQVWLWXFLRQDO/RV TXH IRUPDQ HO VHJXQGR VRQ HO HVWLOR GH HMHUFHU HO SRGHU SHUVRQDOLGDG KDELOLGDGHV \FRQWH[WRVLWXDFLRQDO>6WĊSLĔVND@ 3DUDFRQFOXLUHVSUHFLVRVXEUD\DUTXHHOOLGHUD]JRHVWiSDUFLDOPHQWHHQIXQFLyQ GHODVFDSDFLGDGHVGHVDUUROODGDVFRQKDELOLGDGSHURWDPELpQGHODLQWHUDFFLyQHQWUH ORVOtGHUHV\VXVSDUWLGDULRV\GHSURFHVRVPiVJHQHUDOHVJUDFLDVDORVFXDOHVHQOD RUJDQL]DFLyQDSDUHFHQODYROXQWDG\HOFRPSURPHWLPLHQWR(VXQDPRGRGHHMHUFHUHO SRGHUTXHFRQVLVWHHQFUHDUODLPSUHVLyQGHDFWLYLGDG\GHILQDOLGDGGHDFWXDFLRQHV FRQHOREMHWLYRGHUHDOL]DUODVQHFHVLGDGHVVRFLDOHVHVHQFLDOHV3RUFRQVLJXLHQWHKD\ TXHFRQVLGHUDUHOOLGHUD]JRWDQWRHQODGLPHQVLyQFXOWXUDO\SVLFROyJLFDFRPRHQOD GHFODUDWLYD\GHOSURFHGLPLHQWR>6]NODUVNL±@ (QWRQFHV¢HVSRVLEOHUHVSRQGHUODSUHJXQWDVREUHXQOtGHULGHDO"6tXQOtGHULGHDO HVHOTXHVHSRQHDODFDEH]D\UHFXHUGDTXHes la disposición de la gente a seguir DXQDSHUVRQDODTXHODFRQYLHUWHHQOtGHU>%MHUNH@. (QWRQFHV¢HOOLGHUD]JR FRQWHPSRUiQHRVHHQIUHQWDFRQGLOHPDVGLVWLQWRVDORVGHOSDVDGR"/DUHVSXHVWDQR HVVLPSOH\SDUDGyMLFDPHQWHVHSXHGHDILUPDUTXHHVODGHPRFUDFLDODTXHFUHDXQ FOLPD GHVIDYRUDEOH SDUD HO OLGHUD]JR (V OD FRQVHFXHQFLD GH SRSXODUL]DFLyQ GH OD OODPDGDIXHUWHUHJODGHLJXDOGDGFRQIRUPHFRQODFXDOWRGRVORVPLHPEURVGHODVRFLHGDGFXDOTXLHUDTXHVHDVXVLWXDFLyQHFRQyPLFDIRUPDFLyQRVH[RVRQLJXDOPHQWH FRPSHWHQWHV SDUD SDUWLFLSDU HQ OD YLGD S~EOLFD LQFOX\HQGR HO SURFHVR GH WRPDU ODV GHFLVLRQHVTXHFRQFLHUQHQODFRPXQLGDG $GHPiVGHODVFRQGLFLRQHVDQWHVPHQFLRQDGDVHOPLVPRSURFHVRGHGHVDUUROORGH ODFLYLOL]DFLRQSUHVHQWDQXHYRVUHWRV/DVVRFLHGDGHVVRQFRPSXHVWDV\HQUHGDGDVHQ UHODFLRQHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVODVLGHRORJtDVDQWLJXDVYDQFD\HQGR\HQFRQVHFXHQFLDHV GLItFLOFUHDUQDUUDFLRQHVFRQYLQFHQWHV/DVVRFLHGDGHVFRQWHPSRUiQHDVVRQFDGDYH] PiVGLYHUVDV\SRUHVRHVPiVGLItFLODORVSROtWLFRVUHIHULUVHDODFXOWXUDFRP~QRDO FRQMXQWRGHYDORUHV$GHPiVDSDUHFHQXQDVGLIHUHQFLDVUHOHYDQWHVHQWUHHOPXQGR SROtWLFR\QRSROtWLFR/DSURIHVLRQDOL]DFLyQGHODSROtWLFDHVXQDHVSDGDGHGRVILORV SRUTXHQRVyORODVHQVLELOLGDGVLQRWDPELpQHOOHQJXDMHGHORVSROtWLFRVVHDOHMDGHODV H[SHFWDWLYDV\HVSHUDQ]DVVRFLDOHV &21&/86,21(6 5HVSRQGLHQGRDODVSUHJXQWDVFLHQWtILFDVEiVLFDVGHEHPRVFRQVWDWDUTXHQRTXLHQ SRVHHOHSRGHUHVOtGHU$SHVDUGHSRVHHUXQDLQIOXHQFLDIRUPDOXQDSHUVRQDVLQSRGHU $*1,(6=.$.$6,ē6.$0(75<.$ \VLQDXWRULGDGQRHVQRPEUDGDOtGHU(QFDPELRHVSRVLEOHHMHUFHUSUHVLyQVRFLDO UHOLJLRVDSROtWLFDVLQSRVHHUDSDUDWRVIRUPDOHVGHOSRGHU'HHVWHPRGRIXQFLRQDQSRU HMHPSORJUXSRVUHYROXFLRQDULRVUHIRUPDGRUHVOLGHUHVUHOLJLRVRV\WDPELpQTXLHQHV VRQLQLFLDGRUHVGHXQSURFHVRGHWUDQVLFLyQSROtWLFD %,%/,2*5$)Ë$ $OEHURQL)6]WXNDU]ąG]HQLD:\GDZQLFWZR$NDGHPLFNLH'LDORJ:DUV]DZD %HQWRQ'0HQDGĪHU]FKDU\]Pą*GDĔVNLH:\GDZQLFWZR3V\FKRORJLF]QH*GDĔVN %MHUNH%Kultura a style przywództwa2ILF\QD(NRQRPLF]QD.UDNyZ &RYH\65Zasady skutecznego przywództwa:\G5HELV3R]QDĔ *ROHPDQ'%R\DW]LV50F.HH$Naturalne przywództwo. Odkrywanie mocy inteligencji emocjonalnej-DFHN6DQWRUVNL±:\GDZQLFWZD%L]QHVRZH:URFáDZ±:DUV]DZD -DVNLHUQLD-3RVWDZ\Z\ERUF]HXNV]WDáWRZDQHZZ\QLNXRGG]LDá\ZDQLDDSUREOHPOHJLW\PDFMLGR VSUDZRZDQLDZáDG]\$UWtFXORSUHSDUDGRSDUDODSXEOLFDFLyQ .DVLĔVND0HWU\ND $ 3URFHV NUHDFML SU]\ZyGFyZ SROLW\F]Q\FK 2G XMĊFLD WUDG\F\MQHJR GR ZVSyáF]HVQHJR:\G8-..LHOFH .DUZDW0Charyzma i pseudocharyzma>HQ@Przywództwo polityczne7%RGLRHG'RP :\GDZQLF]\(OLSVD:DUV]DZD 0DFKLDYHOOL1.VLąĪĊ:\G$OID:HUR:DUV]DZD 0F*UHJRU %XUQV - :áDG]D SU]\ZyGF]D >HQ@ :áDG]D L VSRáHF]HĔVWZR $QWRORJLD WHNVWyZ z zakresu socjologii polityki6HOHFFLyQ\HODERUDFLyQ-6]F]XSDF]\ĔVNLHG:\G1DXNRZH 6FKRODU:DUV]DZD 0F*UHJRU%XUQV-Leadership+DUSHUDQG5RZ1HZ<RUN 3OXWDUFKXV±ĩ\ZRW\UyZQROHJáHWL:\G3UyV]\ĔVNLL6ND:DUV]DZD 5HEHU$66áRZQLNSV\FKRORJLL:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH6FKRODU:DUV]DZD 5RELQV 5 6 3RVW - 0 3DUDQRMD SROLW\F]QD 3V\FKRSDWRORJLD QLHQDZLĞFL :\G .VLąĪND L:LHG]D:DUV]DZD 6DUWRUL*Teoria demokracji:\G1DXNRZH3:1:DUV]DZD 6WĊSLĔVND$Marketingowe strategie wyborcze:\ERU\SUH]\GHQFNLHZ3ROVFH± :\G1DXNRZH,13L'8$03R]QDĔ 6]NODUVNL % 3U]\ZyG]WZR V\PEROLF]QH PLĊG]\ U]ąG]HQLHP D UHSUH]HQWDFMą $PHU\NDĔVND SUH]\GHQWXUDNRĔFD;;ZLHNX,633$1:DUV]DZD 6]RVWDN:Zarys teorii polityki:\G:6(L$.UDNyZ±.LHOFH 7RIIOHU$=PLDQDZáDG]\:\G=\VNL6ND3R]QDĔ :HEHU05DFMRQDOQRĞüZáDG]DRF]DURZDQLH:\GDZQLFWZR3R]QDĔVNLH3R]QDĔ :áDG]D L SU]\ZyG]WZR SROLW\F]QH Z GHPRNUDFML ( 1RZDN ' /LWZLQ/HZDQGRZVND HG :\G8QLZHUV\WHWX0DULL&XULH6NáRGRZVNLHM/XEOLQ ĩXNLHZLF]3Przywództwo polityczne7HRULDLSUDNW\ND:\G'LILQ:DUV]DZD 1DV] NUyO PD SDUDQRMĊ 0XUDZLHF 6 HQ OD FRQYHUVDFLyQ FRQ 0HOHFKRZLF] 0 1HZVZHHN 3ROVND1 Oblicza polskiej dumy6NDUĪ\ĔVND.HQODFRQYHUVDFLyQFRQ0D]LDUVNL:\2]PLQNRZVNL 91HZVZHHN3ROVND1 KWWSZZZDVWHUFLW\QHWaMDQRZVNLFRQIHFKDGH ',/(0$6'(//,'(5$=*2&217(0325È1(2 127$%,2*5È),&$ $JQLHV]ND.DVLĔVND0HWU\ND±SURIHVRUDGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG-DQ.RFKDQRZVNLGH .LHOFHIDFXOWDGGH&LHQFLDV3ROtWLFDV(VWXGLDODSUREOHPiWLFDGHODWHRUtDGHOOLGHUD]JRODFRPXQLFDFLyQVRFLDO\ORVFDPELRVHQODVRFLHGDGHVSDxRODFRQWHPSRUiQHD