Image Steganography : Hiding Short Audio Messages within Digital

Anuncio
JCS&T Vol. 11 No. 2
October 2011
,PDJH6WHJDQRJUDSK\+LGLQJ6KRUW$XGLR0HVVDJHVZLWKLQ'LJLWDO
,PDJHV
0,.KDOLO
5HDFWRU3K\VLFV'HSDUWPHQW1XFOHDU5HVHDUFK&HQWHU$WRPLF(QHUJ\$XWKRULW\&DLUR(J\SW
PDJGLBQUF#KRWPDLOFRP
&U\SWRJUDSK\ LV WUDGLWLRQDOO\ WKH VWXG\ RI PHDQV RI
FRQYHUWLQJ
LQIRUPDWLRQ
IURP
LWV
QRUPDO
FRPSUHKHQVLEOHIRUPLQWRDQLQFRPSUHKHQVLEOHIRUPDW
UHQGHULQJ LW XQUHDGDEOH ZLWKRXW VHFUHW NQRZOHGJH WKH
DUWRIHQFU\SWLRQ
6WHJDQRJUDSK\LVWKHDUWDQGVFLHQFHRI ZULWLQJKLGGHQ
PHVVDJHV LQ VXFK D ZD\ WKDW QR RQH DSDUW IURP WKH
VHQGHUDQGLQWHQGHGUHFLSLHQWVXVSHFWVWKHH[LVWHQFHRI
WKH PHVVDJH D IRUP RI VHFXULW\ WKURXJK REVFXULW\
'LIIHUHQW DSSOLFDWLRQV KDYH GLIIHUHQW UHTXLUHPHQWV RI
WKH VWHJDQRJUDSK\ WHFKQLTXH XVHG )RU H[DPSOH VRPH
DSSOLFDWLRQV PD\ UHTXLUH DEVROXWH LQYLVLELOLW\ RI WKH
VHFUHW LQIRUPDWLRQ ZKLOH RWKHUVUHTXLUH D ODUJHU VHFUHW
PHVVDJHWREHKLGGHQ
7KH PDLQ JRDO RI VWHJDQRJUDSK\ LV WR FRPPXQLFDWH
VHFXUHO\LQDFRPSOHWHO\XQGHWHFWDEOHPDQQHU>@DQGWR
DYRLGGUDZLQJVXVSLFLRQWRWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQRIDKLGGHQ
GDWD >@ ,W LV QRW WR NHHS RWKHUV IURP NQRZLQJ WKH
KLGGHQ LQIRUPDWLRQ EXW LW LV WR NHHS RWKHUV IURP
WKLQNLQJ WKDW WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ HYHQ H[LVWV ,I D
VWHJDQRJUDSK\ PHWKRG FDXVHV VRPHRQH WR VXVSHFW WKH
FDUULHUPHGLXPWKHQWKHPHWKRGKDVIDLOHG
2Q RWKHU KDQG VWHJDQDO\VLV LV D ZD\ RI GHWHFWLQJ
SRVVLEOH VHFUHW FRPPXQLFDWLRQ XVLQJ DJDLQVW
VWHJDQRJUDSK\ 7KDW LV VWHJDQDO\VLV DWWHPSWV WR GHIHDW
VWHJDQRJUDSK\ WHFKQLTXHV ,W UHOLHV RQ WKH IDFW WKDW
KLGLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ GLJLWDO PHGLD DOWHUV WKH FDUULHUV
DQG LQWURGXFHV XQXVXDO VLJQDWXUHV RU VRPH IRUP RI
GHJUDGDWLRQ WKDW FRXOG EH H[SORLWHG 7KXV LWLV FUXFLDO
WKDWDVWHJDQRJUDSK\V\VWHPWRDVFHUWDLQWKDWWKHKLGGHQ
PHVVDJHVDUHQRWGHWHFWDEOH>@
%HIRUH UHYLHZLQJ VRPH RI WKH EDVLF 6WHJDQRJUDSK\
WHFKQLTXHV OHW XV PHQWLRQ VRPH WHUPLQRORJLHV XVHG LQ
WKLVILHOG>@
3D\ORDG7KHLQIRUPDWLRQZKLFKLVWREHFRQFHDOHG
&DUULHU )LOH 7KH PHGLD ZKHUH SD\ORDG KDV WR EH
KLGGHQ
6WHJR0HGLXP7KH PHGLXPLQ ZKLFK WKHLQIRUPDWLRQ
LVKLGGHQ
$%675$&7
,W LV VRPHWLPHV QRW HQRXJK WR NHHS WKH
FRQWHQWV RI D PHVVDJH VHFUHW LW PD\ DOVR EH
QHFHVVDU\ WR NHHS WKH H[LVWHQFH RI WKH PHVVDJH
VHFUHW 7KH WHFKQLTXH XVHG WR LPSOHPHQW WKLV LV
FDOOHGVWHJDQRJUDSK\DQGLWLVWKHSURFHVV RIKLGLQJ
RQH PHGLXP RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ZLWKLQ DQRWKHU
0DQ\ GLIIHUHQW FDUULHU ILOH IRUPDWV WH[W VRXQG RU
LPDJHFDQEHXVHGEXWGLJLWDOLPDJHVDUHWKHPRVW
SRSXODU EHFDXVH RI WKHLU IUHTXHQF\ RQ WKH ,QWHUQHW
(VVHQWLDOO\ WKH LQIRUPDWLRQKLGLQJ SURFHVV LQ D
VWHJDQRJUDSKLF V\VWHP VWDUWV E\ LGHQWLI\LQJ D FRYHU
PHGLXP¶V UHGXQGDQW ELWV WKRVH WKDW FDQ EH
PRGLILHG ZLWKRXW GHVWUR\LQJ WKDW PHGLXP¶V
LQWHJULW\ 7KH HPEHGGLQJ SURFHVV FUHDWHV D VWHJR
PHGLXPE\UHSODFLQJWKHVHUHGXQGDQWELWVZLWKGDWD
IURPWKHKLGGHQPHVVDJH7KLVSDSHUZLOOGLVFXVVWKH
SRVVLELOLW\ RI KLGLQJ VKRUW DXGLR PHVVDJHV LQVLGH D
GLJLWDOLPDJH7KHSURSRVHGDSSURDFKHQFU\SWVWKH
DXGLR PHVVDJH EHIRUH KLGLQJ LW LQ LPDJH ILOH 7KH
SURFHVVRIH[WUDFWLQJWKHDXGLRPHVVDJHIURPVWHJR
LPDJHZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGDVZHOO
6WHJDQRJUDSK\ &U\SWRJUDSK\ $XGLR
PHVVDJH LPDJH KLGLQJ OHDVWVLJQLILFDQW ELW /6%
PHWKRG
.(<:25'6
,1752'8&7,21
$ PDMRU LVVXH IRU FRPSXWHU QHWZRUNV LV WR
SUHYHQW LPSRUWDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP EHLQJ GLVFORVHG WR
LOOHJDO XVHUV )RU WKLV UHDVRQ HQFU\SWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV
ZHUH LQWURGXFHG 0RVW HQFU\SWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV KDYH DQ
HDV\LPSOHPHQWDWLRQDQGDUHZLGHO\XVHGLQWKHILHOGRI
LQIRUPDWLRQVHFXULW\
&U\SWRJUDSK\DQG6WHJDQRJUDSK\>@DUHZHOONQRZQ
DQGZLGHO\XVHGWHFKQLTXHVWKDWPDQLSXODWHLQIRUPDWLRQ
PHVVDJHV LQ RUGHU WR FLSKHU RU KLGH WKHLU H[LVWHQFH
7KHVH WHFKQLTXHV KDYH PDQ\ DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ FRPSXWHU
VFLHQFHDQGRWKHUUHODWHGILHOGVWKH\DUHXVHGWRSURWHFW
PLOLWDU\ PHVVDJHV (PDLOV FUHGLW FDUG LQIRUPDWLRQ
FRUSRUDWHGDWDSHUVRQDOILOHVHWF
68
JCS&T Vol. 11 No. 2
October 2011
6WHJDQDO\VLV >@ WRROV FDQ DOVR HDVLO\ GHWHFW WKLV
PHWKRGLQFUHDVHGVXFFHVVFDQEHDFKLHYHGE\UHPRYLQJ
VRPHRIWKHUDQGRPQHVVLQWURGXFHGE\WKHELWFKDQJHV
HJDFKDQJHRIHYHU\/6%E\RQHZRXOGSUREDEO\QRW
EHGHWHFWHGDVWKHUHLVQRUDQGRPHOHPHQWSUHVHQW7KH
ELWV ZRXOG EH DVVXPHG WR IRUP SDUW RI WKH RULJLQDO
LPDJH $Q LQFUHDVLQJO\ FRPSOH[ PHWKRG RI LPDJH
6WHJDQRJUDSK\ LV NQRZQ DV WKH SDWFKZRUN DOJRULWKP
7KLV DOJRULWKP UDQGRPO\ VHOHFWV SDLUV RI SL[HOV RQ D
JLYHQ LPDJH 7KH EULJKWHU RI WKH WZR SL[HOV LV PDGH
EULJKWHU DQG WKH GDUNHU RQH GDUNHU 7KLV FKDQJH LV VR
VXEWOHWKDWLWLVXQGHWHFWDEOHWRWKHKXPDQH\HHYHQDW
KLJK]RRPOHYHOVWKHFKDQJHVVLPSO\DUHQRWVXIILFLHQW
WRPDNHWKHLPDJHDSSHDUDOWHUHG7KHFRQWUDVWFKDQJH
EHWZHHQ WKHVH WZR SL[HOV QRZ IRUPV SDUW RI WKH ELW
SDWWHUQIRUWKHKLGGHQILOH,QRUGHUWRJRXQGHWHFWHGE\
DILOWHULQJDWWDFNVHHVHFWLRQDOLPLWWRDIHZKXQGUHG
FKDQJHVFDQWDNHSODFH
352326('$3352$&+
7KHSUHVHQWZRUNVWXGLHVWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIKLGLQJ
VKRUWDXGLRPHVVDJHVZLWKLQGLJLWDOLPDJHV7KHUHDUHD
QXPEHU RI GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI $XGLR ILOHV 7KH PRVW
FRPPRQDUH:DYHILOHVZDYDQG03(*/D\HUILOHV
PS 7KHUH DUH KRZHYHU PDQ\ RWKHU DXGLR ILOH
W\SHV 7KH W\SH LV XVXDOO\ GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH ILOH
H[WHQVLRQ ZKDW FRPHV DIWHU WKH LQ WKH ILOH QDPH
)RUH[DPSOHZDYPSRUGFW'LIIHUHQWDXGLR
ILOH IRUPDWV KDYH EHHQ LQVSHFWHG >@ WR ILQG WKH PRVW
VXLWDEOHIRUPDWFRQFHUQLQJWKHVL]HRIHDFKILOHIRUPDW
,WKDVEHHQIRXQGWKDWWKHDXGLR:$9ILOHVDUHSUREDEO\
WKH VLPSOHVW RI WKH FRPPRQ IRUPDWV IRU VWRULQJ DXGLR
VDPSOHV8QOLNH03(*DQGRWKHUFRPSUHVVHGIRUPDWV
:$9V VWRUH VDPSOHV LQ WKH UDZ ZKHUH QR SUH
SURFHVVLQJLVUHTXLUHGRWKHUWKDWIRUPDWWLQJRIWKHGDWD
7KHGHVFULSWLRQRI:$9ILOHIRUPDWLVOLVWHGLQ7DEOH
,WLVFOHDUWKDWWKHILUVWE\WHVGHVFULEHVWKHKHDGHURI
DQ\ZDYILOH7KHOHQJWKRIDXGLRGDWDLVVWRUHGLQE\WHV
DQG DXGLR VDPSOHV LWVHOI RFFXSLHV WKHUHPDLQGHU
RIWKHILOHVWDUWLQJIURPE\WH
5HJDUGOHVV RI WKH VHOHFWHG DXGLR ILOH IRUPDW WKH
VWHJDQRJUDSK\ WHFKQLTXH ZLOO VLPSO\ HPEHG WKH DXGLR
PHVVDJH LQWR WKH FRYHULPDJH ZLWKRXW VXSSO\LQJ DQ\
SDVVZRUGRUVWHJRNH\$WWKLVVWDJH,GHFLGHGWRGRVR
MXVWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHZD\V RI /6%LQVHUWWKHPHVVDJH
ELW LQWR WKH LPDJH DQG H[WUDFW WKH PHVVDJH IURP WKH
VWHJRLPDJHSURGXFHG
7KHDGYDQWDJHVRI /6%DUHLWVVLPSOLFLW\WRHPEHGWKH
ELWV RI WKH PHVVDJH GLUHFWO\ LQWR WKH /6% SODQH RI
FRYHULPDJH DQG PDQ\ WHFKQLTXHV XVH WKHVH PHWKRGV
>@ 0RGXODWLQJ WKH /6% GRHV QRW UHVXOW LQDKXPDQ
SHUFHSWLEOH GLIIHUHQFH EHFDXVH WKH DPSOLWXGH RI WKH
FKDQJH LV WULYLDO 7KHUHIRUH WR WKH KXPDQ H\H WKH
5HGXQGDQW %LWV 3LHFHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ LQVLGH D ILOH
ZKLFK FDQ EH RYHUZULWWHQ RUDOWHUHG ZLWKRXW GDPDJLQJ
WKHILOH
6WHJDQDO\VLV 7KH SURFHVV RI GHWHFWLQJ KLGGHQ
LQIRUPDWLRQLQVLGHRIDILOH
,Q WKLV FRQWH[W WKH IROORZLQJ IRUPXOD SURYLGHV D YHU\
JHQHULF GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH SLHFHV RI WKH VWHJDQRJUDSKLF
SURFHVV
&RYHULPDJHKLGGHQGDWDVWHJRBNH\ VWHJRLPDJH
7KHIRXUEDVLFWHFKQLTXHVXVHGIRU6WHJDQRJUDSK\DUH
/6% PHWKRG 7KH /6% RI FDUULHU PHGLXP LV GLUHFWO\
LQVHUWHG ZLWK WKH PHVVDJH ELW 6R /6% RI WKH FDUULHU
PHGLXPFRQWDLQVWKHSD\ORDG
,QMHFWLRQ +LGLQJ GDWD LQ VHFWLRQV RI D ILOH WKDW DUH
LJQRUHG E\ WKH SURFHVVLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ 7KHUHIRUH DYRLG
PRGLI\LQJWKRVHILOHELWVWKDWDUHUHOHYDQWWRDQHQGHQG
XVHUOHDYLQJWKHFRYHUILOHSHUIHFWO\XVDEOH
6XEVWLWXWLRQ 5HSODFHPHQW RI WKH OHDVW VLJQLILFDQW ELWV
RILQIRUPDWLRQWKDWGHWHUPLQHWKHPHDQLQJIXOFRQWHQWRI
WKHRULJLQDOILOHZLWKQHZGDWDLQDZD\WKDWFDXVHVWKH
OHDVWDPRXQWRIGLVWRUWLRQ
*HQHUDWLRQ8QOLNHLQMHFWLRQDQGVXEVWLWXWLRQWKLVGRHV
QRWUHTXLUHDQH[LVWLQJFRYHUILOHEXWJHQHUDWHVDFRYHU
ILOHIRUWKHVROHSXUSRVHRIKLGLQJWKHPHVVDJH
%DVLFDOO\ WKH PRGHO IRU VWHJDQRJUDSK\ LV DV VKRZQ LQ
)LJ7KHFRYHUREMHFWLVDFDUULHURUPHGLXPWRHPEHG
DPHVVDJH7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOVXLWDEOHPHGLXPWKDWFDQ
EH XVHG DV FRYHUREMHFWV VXFK DV QHWZRUN SURWRFROV
DXGLR ILOH DQG GLVN D WH[W ILOH DQG DQ LPDJH ILOH
0HVVDJH LV WKH GDWD WKDW WKH VHQGHU ZLVKHV WR NHHS
FRQILGHQWLDODQGZLOOEHHPEHGGHGLQWRWKHFRYHUREMHFW
E\XVLQJDVWHJRV\VWHPHQFRGHU,WFDQEHDSODLQWH[WD
FLSKHUWH[WDQLPDJHRUDQ\WKLQJWKDWFDQEHHPEHGGHG
LQ D ELW VWUHDP VXFK DV D FRS\ULJKW PDUN RU D VHULDO
QXPEHU$VWHJRNH\LVDSDVVZRUGZKLFKHQVXUHVWKDW
RQO\ WKH UHFLSLHQW ZKR NQRZV WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ
GHFRGLQJNH\ZLOOEHDEOHWRH[WUDFWWKHPHVVDJHIURPD
FRYHUREMHFW7KHRXWSXWRIWKHVWHJRV\VWHPHQFRGHULV
NQRZQDVWKHVWHJRREMHFW
&
6
&RYHU0HGLXP
6WHJDQRJUDSK\
FRYHULPDJH
6WHJR0HGLXP
6
6 I&0
0
+LGGHQ0HVVDJH
WH[WLPDJHDXGLR
6WHJDQDO\VLV
)LJ6WHJDQRJUDSK\DQG6WHJDQDO\VLV0RGHO
69
JCS&T Vol. 11 No. 2
October 2011
UHVXOWLQJ VWHJRLPDJH ZLOO ORRN LGHQWLFDO WR WKH FRYHU
LPDJH 7KLV DOORZV KLJK SHUFHSWXDO WUDQVSDUHQF\ RI
/6%
+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHIHZZHDNQHVVHVRIXVLQJ/6%,WLV
YHU\ VHQVLWLYH WR DQ\ NLQG RI ILOWHULQJ RU PDQLSXODWLRQ
RIWKHVWHJRLPDJH6FDOLQJURWDWLRQFURSSLQJDGGLWLRQ
RI QRLVH RU ORVV\ FRPSUHVVLRQ WR WKH VWHJRLPDJH ZLOO
GHVWUR\WKHPHVVDJH
7DEOH±:DYILOHIRUPDWGHVFULSWLRQ
%\WH
1XPEHU
VLJQLILFDQWELWVRIWKHJUHHQFKDQQHORIWKHFRYHULPDJH
7KH VHOHFWLRQ RI WKH JUHHQ FKDQQHO IRU HPEUDFLQJ WKH
KHDGHUILHOGVLVQRWPDQGDWRU\DQGERWKWKHUHGDQGEOXH
FKDQQHOV FDQ EH XVHG DV ZHOO 7KH VRXQG VDPSOHV DUH
WKHQ UHWULHYHG IURP WKH DXGLR ILOH DV VWUHDP 7KLV
VWUHDPLVFRQYHUWHGWRD%LW$UUD\DQGHPEHGGHGELWE\
ELW LQWR WKH OHDVW VLJQLILFDQW ELWV RI WKH EOXH DQG UHG
FKDQQHOVDQGWKHUHPDLQGHURIWKHJUHHQFKDQQHORIWKH
FRYHU LPDJH 7KH ORFDWLRQ RI HPEHGGLQJ HDFK KHDGHU
ILHOG RI WKH DXGLR ILOH ZLWKLQ WKH JUHHQ FKDQQHO LV
FRQVLGHUHG DV D VHFUHW NH\ 0RUHRYHU LW LV QRW
QHFHVVDU\WRVWRUHWKHDXGLRVDPSOHVVHTXHQWLDOO\LQWKH
PHQWLRQHG FKDQQHOV 7KHVH VDPSOHV FDQ EH VWRUHG LQ
UHYHUVH RUGHU DQG DOWHUQDWLYHO\ EHWZHHQ WKH RGG DQG
HYHQSL[HOVRIWKHFRYHULPDJH
7KHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQVL]HRIWKHDXGLRILOHLQE\WHV$
DQG WKDW RI WKH FRYHU LPDJH LQ SL[HOV 3 FDQ EH
GHWHUPLQHGDV
[$ [:[+
:KHUH$LVWKHVL]HRIWKHDXGLRILOHE\WHV+DQG:
DUH WKH KHLJKW DQG ZLGWK RI WKH FRYHU LPDJH
UHVSHFWLYHO\
[$ VL]HRIWKHDXGLRILOHLQELWV
[:[+ QXPEHURIOHDVWVLJQLILFDQWELWVLQWKHWKUHH
FKDQQHOVRIWKHFRYHULPDJH
$FFRUGLQJO\WKHPD[LPXPVL]HRIWKHDXGLRILOHLV
૜ࢃࡴ
࡭ ൌ ૡ )RUWKH:$9DXGLRILOHVWKHKHDGHURFFXSLHVWKHILUVW
E\WHVDQGWKHUHPDLQLQJE\WHVDUHGHGLFDWHGIRUWKH
VRXQGVDPSOHVWKHQ
࡭ ൌ ૝૝ ൅ ࡹ
:KHUH0LVWKHVL]HRIWKHDFWXDOPHVVDJHLQE\WHV
૜ࢃࡴ
ࡹ ൌ ૡ െ ૝૝
$VVXPLQJWKHWLPHRIWKLVPHVVDJH WPVHFRQGVWKHQ
૜ࢃࡴ
ࡹ ൌ ࢚࢓ ࡮ࡼࡿ ൌ ૡ െ ૝૝
:KHUH %36 LV WKH QXPEHU RI E\WHV RI WKH UHFRUGHG
PHVVDJHSHUVHFRQG
૜ࢃࡴି૜૞૛
࢚࢓ ൌ ૡ࡮ࡼࡿ 7KLV PHDQV WKDW WKH WLPH RI WKH UHFRUGHG PHVVDJH LQ
૜ࢃࡴି૜૞૛
VHFRQGVPXVWEHOHVVWKDQ ૡ࡮ࡼࡿ 'HVFULSWLRQ
5,))$6&,,&KDUDFWHUV
7RWDO/HQJWK2I3DFNDJH7R)ROORZ
:$9($6&,,&KDUDFWHUV
IPWB$6&,,&KDUDFWHUV
/HQJWK2I)250$7&KXQN%LQDU\DOZD\V
[
$OZD\V[
&KDQQHO1XPEHUV$OZD\V[ 0RQR
[ 6WHUHR
6DPSOH5DWH%LQDU\LQ+]
%\WHV3HU6HFRQG
%\WHV3HU6DPSOH ELW0RQR ELW
6WHUHRRUELW0RQR ELW6WHUHR
%LWV3HU6DPSOH
GDWD$6&,,&KDUDFWHUV
/HQJWK2I'DWD7R)ROORZ
HQG 'DWD6DPSOHV
'LJLWDOLPDJHVW\SLFDOO\XVHHLWKHUELWRUELWFRORU
:KHQ XVLQJ ELW FRORU WKHUH LV D GHILQLWLRQ RI XS WR
FRORUVIRUPLQJDSDOHWWHIRUWKLVLPDJHHDFKFRORU
GHQRWHGE\DQELWYDOXH$ELWFRORUVFKHPHDVWKH
WHUP VXJJHVWV XVHV ELWV SHU SL[HO DQG SURYLGHV D
PXFK EHWWHU VHW RI FRORUV ,Q WKLV FDVH HDFK SL[HO LV
UHSUHVHQWHG E\ WKUHH E\WHV HDFK E\WH UHSUHVHQWLQJ WKH
LQWHQVLW\ RI WKH WKUHH SULPDU\ FRORUV UHG JUHHQ DQG
EOXH5*%UHVSHFWLYHO\
2Q WKH RWKHUKDQG IRU WKH KLGLQJ FDSDFLW\ WKH VL]H RI
LQIRUPDWLRQWREHKLGGHQUHODWLYHO\GHSHQGVWRWKHVL]H
RI WKH FRYHULPDJH7KH PHVVDJH VL]H PXVW EH VPDOOHU
WKDQWKH LPDJH $ODUJH FDSDFLW\ DOORZV WKH XVH RI WKH
VPDOOHUFRYHULPDJHIRUWKHPHVVDJHRI IL[HGVL]HDQG
WKXV GHFUHDVHV WKH EDQGZLGWK UHTXLUHG WR WUDQVPLW WKH
VWHJRLPDJH
$XGLR)LOH(PEHGGLQJ
$XGLR PHVVDJH HPEHGGLQJ LV SHUIRUPHG E\ WKH
FRQWHQWVRIWKHKHDGHURI:$9DXGLRILOHDUHUHWULHYHG
DV VHSDUDWH ILHOGV 5,)) WRWDO OHQJWK RI SDFNDJH
:$9( IPWOHQJWK RI IRUPDW FKXQN « DQG OHQJWK RI
GDWDWRIROOZE\WHV(DFKILHOGLVFRQYHUWHGWRD
%LW$UUD\ DQG WKHQ HPEHGGHG ELW E\ ELW LQWR WKH OHDVW
70
JCS&T Vol. 11 No. 2
October 2011
7KH DOJRULWKP RI HPEHGGLQJ WKH DXGLR ILOH ZLWKLQ WKH
LPDJHLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
EHVWRUHGLQFRUUHVSRQGLQJ%LW$UUD\V(DFK%LW$UUD\LV
FRQYHUWHGWRWKHVXLWDEOHGDWDW\SHDFFRUGLQJWR7DEOH
DQGDSSHQGHGWRWKHQHZDXGLRILOH7KHVRXQGVDPSOHV
DUH UHWULHYHG IURP WKH VXLWDEOH ELWV RI LPDJH FKDQQHOV
DQGVWRUHGLQD%LW$UUD\7KHQXPEHURIWKHVHVDPSOHV
LV GHWHUPLQHG DFFRUGLQJ WR ³/HQJWK 2I 'DWD 7R
)ROORZ´ILHOGSUHYLRXVO\UHWULHYHGLQWKHILUVW%LW$UUD\
7KHFRQWHQWVRIWKLV%LW$UUD\DUHFRQYHUWHGWRE\WHVRU
LQWHJHU QXPEHUV DQG DSSHQGHG WR WKH DXGLR ILOH 7KH
SURFHVV RI H[WUDFWLQJ WKH DXGLR ILOH GRHV QRW QHHG WKH
RULJLQDOLPDJHLWQHHGVRQO\WRNQRZWKHVHFUHWSRVLWLRQ
RIHDFKKHDGHUILHOGLQVLGHWKHLPDJH7KHIORZFKDUWRI
WKHH[WUDFWLRQSURFHVVLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
&KDQJLQJ/6%%LWV2I7KH&RYHU,PDJH8VLQJ
(QFU\SWHG$XGLR0HVVDJH
7KH DXGLR GDWD FDQ EH HQFU\SWHG EHIRUH HPEHGGLQJ LW
LQVLGH WKH /6% ELW QXPEHU RI WKH LPDJH FKDQQHOV
$VVXPH P UHSUHVHQWV D ELW RI WKH DXGLR PHVVDJH
%LW$UUD\DQGEDQGEUHSUHVHQWWKHILIWKDQGVL[WKELWV
RI D FHUWDLQ FRORU RI WKH SUHVHQW SL[HO UHVSHFWLYHO\
7KHQ WKH YDOXH WR EH JHQHUDWHG IRU WKH KLGGHQ ELW K
ZLOOEHFRPSXWHGDV
ࢎ ൌ ሺ࢈૞ ۩࢈૟ ሻ ْ ࢓ 7KHIROORZLQJWUXWKWDEOHLOOXVWUDWHV(T
7DEOH7UXWKWDEOHRIEEPDQGK
࢈૞ ࢈૟ ࢓ ሺ࢈૞ ۩࢈૟ ሻ ࢎ
7KHQELWKFDQEHXVHGWRUHSODFHERIWKHFXUUHQWSL[HO
LQWKHFRYHULPDJHWRSURGXFHWKHVWHJRLPDJH2QWKH
RWKHU VLGH WKH VWHJRLPDJH LV XVHG WR H[WUDFW WKH
RULJLQDO DXGLR PHVVDJH DV H[SODLQHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJ
VHFWLRQ
([WUDFWLQJ$QG'HFU\SWLQJRIWKH2ULJLQDO
$XGLR0HVVDJH)URP7KH6WHJR,PDJH
1RZDSL[HOKDVEHHQUHWULHYHG IURPWKHLPDJHDQGK
UHSUHVHQWVWKHKLGGHQELW7KHQEDQVERIWKLVSL[HO
ZLOO EH XVHG LQ DGGLWLRQ WR K WR JHQHUDWH WKH RULJLQDO
PHVVDJH¶VELWP7KHIROORZLQJWUXWKWDEOHVKRZVWKDW
࢓ ൌ ሺ࢈૞ ۩࢈૟ ሻ ْ ࢎ 6WDUW
6HOHFWDXGLRILOH
6HOHFWLPDJH
6L]HRIDXGLRILOH$
:LGLWKRILPDJH:
+HLJKWRI,PDJH+
$!
:+
\HV
1R
6HSDUDWHKHDGHUILHOGV%LW$UUD\
6RXQGVDPSOHV%LW$UUD\
(PEHG%LW$UUD\LQWKHOHDVWVLJQLILFDQW
ELWVRIWKH*UHHQFKDQQHORIWKHLPDJH
(PEHG%LW$UUD\LQWKHOHDVWVLJQLILFDQW
ELWVRIWKH5HGDQG%OXHFKDQQHOVRIWKH
LPDJH7KHUHPDLQGHURI%LW$UUD\LQ
WKH*UHHQ&KDQQHO
6DYHLPDJH
)LJ7KHIORZFKDUWRIDXGLRHQFU\SWLRQDQG
HPEHGGLQJDOJRULWKP
$XGLR)LOH([WUDFWLQJ
7KHUHWULHYLQJRIWKHDXGLRILOHIURPWKHLPDJHLV
VWUDLJKW IRUZDUG 7KHKHDGHU ILHOGV DUH H[WUDFWHG IURP
WKHVHFUHWSRVLWLRQVRIWKHJUHHQFKDQQHORIWKHLPDJHWR
71
JCS&T Vol. 11 No. 2
October 2011
7DEOH7UXWKWDEOHRIEEKDQGP
࢈૞ ࢈૟ ࢎ ሺ࢈૞ ۩࢈૟ ሻ ࢓
&RPSDULQJ 7DEOH DQG 7DEOH SURYHV WKDW (T LV
YDOLG DQG FDQ EH XVHG WR UHWULHYH WKH RULJLQDO ELW P
)LJXUHVDQGH[SODLQVELWVHQFU\SWLRQDQGGHFU\SWLRQ
PHWKRGV
6WDUW
6HOHFWLPDJH
:LGLWKRILPDJH:
+HLJKWRI,PDJH+
([WUDFW+HDGHUILHOGVIURP*UHHQ
FKDQQHO%LWDUUD\V
$XGLR)LOH
&RQYHUW%LW$UUD\VWRGDWDILHOGV
$SSHQGWKHVHILHOGVWRDQHZ$XGLR
ILOH
P
&RYHU,PDJH
'HWHUPLQHVL]HRIVRXQGGDWDIURP
/HQJWK2I'DWD7R)ROORZILHOG
E
E
E
6WHJR,PDJH
E
K
)LJ%LWHQFU\SWLRQEORFNGLDJUDP
&RPSXWHQXPEHURISL[HOVKROGLQJ
VRXQGGDWD
P
6WHJR,PDJH
E
E
E
5HWULHYHVRXQGGDWD%LWDUUD\
$XGLR)LOH
E
K E
)LJ%LWGHFU\SWLRQEORFNGLDJUDP
&RQYHUW%LW$UUD\WRGDWDE\WHV
$SSHQGWKHVHE\WHVVWRWKH$XGLR
ILOH
6DYH$XGLR
ILOH
,03/(0(17$7,21$1'5(68/76
7KH DERYH SURSRVHG ZRUN KDV EHHQ LPSOHPHQWHG
XVLQJ 0LFURVRIW 9LVXDO 6WXGLR& ODQJXDJH $ JURXS
RIWHVWFRYHULPDJHVDUHVKRZQLQ)LJEHIRUHDQGDIWHU
KLGLQJVKRUWDXGLRILOHVXVLQJWKHSUHYLRXVO\PHQWLRQHG
PHWKRG 7KH OHDVW VLJQLILFDQW ELWV RI WKH LPDJH SL[HOV
ZHUHHQFU\SWHGXVLQJWKHELWVWUHDPVREWDLQHGIURPWKH
DXGLR ILOHV 0RUHRYHU WKH VKRUW DXGLR PHVVDJHV KDYH
EHHQ H[WUDFWHG IURP WKH VWHJRLPDJHV XVLQJ WKH
LQWURGXFHGGHFU\SWLRQWHFKQLTXHDQGVDYHGWRQHZZDY
)LJ7KHIORZFKDUWRIDXGLRH[WUDFWLRQDQG
GHFU\SWLRQDOJRULWKP
72
JCS&T Vol. 11 No. 2
October 2011
ILOHV ,W KDV EHHQ YHULILHG WKDW PRGXODWLQJ WKH FRYHU
LPDJHZLWKWKHVKRUWDXGLRPHVVDJHGRHVQRWUHVXOWLQD
KXPDQSHUFHSWLEOHGLIIHUHQFH EHFDXVHWKHDPSOLWXGHRI
WKH FKDQJH LV WULYLDO 7KHUHIRUH WR WKH KXPDQ H\H WKH
UHVXOWLQJ VWHJRLPDJH ZLOO ORRN LGHQWLFDO WR WKH FRYHU
LPDJH7KHH[WUDFWHGDXGLRPHVVDJHVDUHFRPSDUHGWR
WKHRULJLQDODXGLRILOHVDQGZHUHLGHQWLFDOZLWKWKHP
D
&21&/86,21
$ .% ZDY ILOH KDV EHHQ KLGGHQ LQVLGH WKH
[OHIWLPDJH\LHOGLQJWRWKHULJKWRQH
E $ .% ZDY ILOH KDV EHHQ KLGGHQ LQVLGH WKH
[OHIWLPDJH\LHOGLQJWRWKHULJKWRQH
F $ .% ZDY ILOH KDV EHHQ KLGGHQ LQVLGH WKH
[OHIWLPDJH\LHOGLQJWRWKHULJKWRQH
G $ .% ZDY ILOH KDV EHHQ KLGGHQ LQVLGH WKH
[OHIWLPDJH\LHOGLQJWRWKHULJKWRQH
)LJ&RYHUOHIWDQGVWHJRULJKWLPDJHV
73
7KLV SDSHU GLVFXVVHG WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI KLGLQJ
VKRUW DXGLR PHVVDJHV LQVLGH GLJLWDO LPDJHV 7KH
HPEHGGLQJSURFHVVFUHDWHVDVWHJRPHGLXPE\UHSODFLQJ
WKHVH UHGXQGDQW ELWV ZLWK GDWD IURP WKH KLGGHQ DXGLR
PHVVDJH 7KH SURSRVHG PHWKRG SURYLGHG D KLJKHU
VLPLODULW\ EHWZHHQ WKH FRYHU DQG WKH REWDLQHG VWHJR
SLFWXUHV 7KH QHZ DSSURDFK SURYLGHV D VHFXUHG
PHDQVRIVHFUHWFRPPXQLFDWLRQEHWZHHQWZRSDUWLHV
7KH IXWXUH ZRUN FRXOGEHWRH[WHQGWR HPEHGDXGLR
PHVVDJHVZLWKLQYLGHRILOHV0RUHRYHUWKLVPHWKRG
FDQ EH PRUH GHYHORSHG WR HPEHG D VHFUHW DXGLR
FKDQQHOZLWKLQDQ\EURDGFDVWLQJPHGLXP 5()(5(1&(6
>@ :LOOLDP 6WDOOLQJV &U\SWRJUDSK\ DQG 1HWZRUN
6HFXULW\ 3ULQFLSOHV DQG 3UDFWLFH 7KLUG HGLWLRQ
3HDUVRQ(GXFDWLRQ6LQJDSRUH
>@ 5- $QGHUVRQ DQG ) $ 3 3HWLWFRODV 2Q
WKH OLPLWV RI WKH 6WHJQRJUDSK\ ,((( -RXUQDO
6HOHFWHG$UHDVLQ&RPPXQLFDWLRQVSS
>@ -RKQVRQ 1HLO ) DQG 6XVKLO-DMRGLD ³([SORULQJ
6WHJDQRJUDSK\ 6HHLQJ WKH 8QVHHQ´ ,(((
&RPSXWHU)HE
>@ $.HU³,PSURYHGGHWHFWLRQRI/6%VWHJDQRJUDSK\
LQ JUD\VFDOH LPDJHV´ LQ 3URF ,QIRUPDWLRQ +LGLQJ
:RUNVKRSYRO6SULQJHU/1&6SS±
>@ &&/LQDQG:+7VDL6HFUHW,PDJH6KDULQJ
ZLWK 6WHJDQRJUDSK\ DQG $XWKHQWLFDWLRQ -RXUQDO
RI 6\VWHPV DQG 6RIWZDUH 'HFHPEHU
>@ .DID5DEDK 6WHJDQRJUDSK\ 7KH $UW RI +LGLQJ
'DWD,QIRUPDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\-RXUQDO
>@ $ :HVWIHOG )$ 6WHJDQRJUDSKLF $OJRULWKP
+LJK &DSDFLW\ 'HVSLWH %HWWHU 6WHJDQDO\VLV
/1&69ROSS$SULO
>@ .UHQQ 5 ³6WHJDQRJUDSK\ DQG 6WHJDQDO\VLV´
KWWSZZZ.UHQQQOXQLYFU\VWHJDUWLFOHSGI
>@ $ .HU ³6WHJDQDO\VLV RI /6% PDWFKLQJ LQ
JUH\VFDOHLPDJHV´,(((6LJQDO3URFHVV/HWW9RO
1RSS±-XQH
>@7 0RHUODQG ³6WHJDQRJUDSK\ DQG 6WHJDQDO\VLV´
/HLGHQ ,QVWLWXWH RI $GYDQFHG &RPSXWLQJ 6FLHQFH
ZZZ/LDFVQOKRPHWPRHUOSUL\WHFKSGI
>@)LOH)RUPDWV+DQGERRNE\*XQWHU%RUQ
>@- )ULGULFK 0 /RQJ ³6WHJDQDO\VLV RI /6%
HQFRGLQJ LQ FRORULPDJHV´0XOWLPHGLD DQG ([SR
YROSS-XO\
Descargar