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Ni gestante ni lactante: 22 meses (1,8 años) ó 7,3 % del tiempo. %)07!/'*"@#)%#$U&(0(%#(!#$!"*#!"#,/%#$*"03 <0)0(%(#&!%)#6#$!)02&*"%= C*# .%<!# (,(%# (!# Q,!# )*"# %<*&'*"@# )%" $U&(0(%"#6#)*"#7*&'0/%'*"#"*/#7H"#.*7,3 /!"# !/# 7,;!&!"# $*<&!7!/'!# /,'&0(%"# Q,! !/#)%"#Q,!#'0!/!/#,/%#<,!/%#/,'&0.04/=#P%" .%&!/.0%"# (0!'U'0.%"# Q,0-H# %,7!/'!/# '%73 <0U/# !)# &0!"2*# (!# 7%)+*&7%.0*/!"# +!'%)!"= P%#(!"/,'&0.04/#%2,(%#&!(,.!#)%#+!&'0)0(%( 6# $*&# .*/"02,0!/'!# )%# $&*<%<0)0(%(# (!# )% .*/.!$.04/=# S/%# 7,;!&# .*/# (!"/,'&0.04/ 2&%O!#(!;%#(!#7!/"'&,%&=#I"'!#!"#.)%&%7!/3 '!# ,/# (0"$*"0'0O*# /%',&%)# $%&%# (!'!/!&# )% $U&(0(%#(!#/,'&0!/'!"#!/#!)#+),;*#7!/"'&,%) 6# $%&%# $&*'!2!&# %# )%# 7,;!&# (!# )*"# &02*&!" (!)#!7<%&%-*#6#(!)#$%&'*=#>0/#!7<%&2*@#/* !"# !O0(!/'!# )%# +%)'%# (!# +!&'0)0(%(# !/# )%" 7,;!&!"# (!"/,'&0(%"# !/# +*&7%# 7!/*" 2&%O!=# P%"# 7,;!&!"# 7*(!&%(%7!/'!# (!"3 /,'&0(%"# "*/# )%# 7%6*&T%# !/#5"0%# 6# $%&'!" 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"%),(= v\,U# "!# $,!(!# ?%.!&w# X&07!&*@# )*" 2*<0!&/*"#6#)%#"*.0!(%(#!/#2!/!&%)#(!<!/ 2%&%/'0-%&# Q,!# .*7*# 7T/07*@# )*"# 'U&703 /*"#(!#)%#A*/O!/.04/#(!#X&*'!..04/#(!#)% V%'!&/0(%(# (!# )%# 1B_@# "!# .,7$)%/# 6 /,/.%#"!#O0*)!/=#I"'*"#'U&70/*"#0/.),6!/ DF# "!7%/%"# (!# )0.!/.0%# $*&# 7%'!&/0(%( .*/# <!/!+0.0*"# $%2%(*"# *# $*&# )*# 7!/*" JJ $*&# .0!/'*# (!)# ",!)(*# %/'!&0*&L# (*" &!$*"*"# (!# ec# 70/,'*"# $%&%# )%# )%.'%/.0% (,&%/'!# .%(%# (T%# )%<*&%)L# 6# $&*?0<0.04/ (!)# (!"$0(*# (,&%/'!# )%# )0.!/.0%# $*& 7%'!&/0(%(=# 1'&%"# %..0*/!"# "!# $,!(!/ '*7%&#.*/#!)#+0/#(!Y p#2%&%/'0-%&# Q,!# .%(%# $%T"# (0"$*/2% (!# ,/%# )!20")%.04/# $%&%# $&*'!2!&# )*" (!&!.?*"#(!#)%"#7,;!&!"#'&%<%;%(*&%" %# %7%7%/'%&# 6# Q,!# !"'%"# )!6!"# "! .,7$)%/L p#%,7!/'*# (!# )%# .*/.0!/.0%# .*)!.'0O% "*<&!# )*"# 2&%/(!"# <!/!+0.0*"# d/* "*)%7!/'!# $%&%# )%"# /0]*"@# "0/*# $%&% )%#"*.0!(%(#.*7*#,/#'*(*d#(!#.*73 <0/%&#!)#'&%<%;*#6#)%#)%.'%/.0%L p#'*7%&# 7!(0(%"# .*/.&!'%"# $%&%# !"'%3 <)!.!&# "0'0*"# %2&%(%<)!"# (!# '&%<%;* '%/'*# .*7*# "!%# $*"0<)!@# $%&%# )% 7%(&!#6#!)#/0]*L p#,'0)0-%&#%"*.0%.0*/!"#(!#'&%<%;%(*&!"@ 2&,$*"# 6# "0/(0.%'*"# $%&%# %<*2%&# ! 0/"0"'0&#!/#,/%#"!&0!#(!#(!&!.?*"#&!)%3 .0*/%(*"#.*/#)0.!/.0%#(!#7%'!&/0(%( 6#)%.'%/.0%L p#%)!/'%&#!)#!"'%<)!.070!/'*#(!#0/"'%)%3 .0*/!"# $%&%# !)# .,0(%(*# (!# )*"# /0]*" !/#!)#),2%&#(!#'&%<%;*#*#.!&.%#(!#U"'!@ (*/(!#)*"#/0]*"#!"'U/#!/#+*&7%#"!2,3 &%# 6# )%"# 7%(&!"# )*"# $,!(%/# O0"0'%& $%&%#%7%7%/'%&)*"= P%#902,&%#k@#'*7%(%#(!#,/#(*.,7!/'* (!# '&%<%;*# $&*(,.0(*# $*&# )%# 5)0%/-% V,/(0%)# (!# 5..04/# $%&%# )%# P%.'%/.0% 85V5P:@# .*/# !)# .,%)# "!# $&*7*O04# )% >!7%/%#(!#)%#P%.'%/.0%#V,/(0%)#!/#DEEe@ 0),"'&%# )*"# &!Q,0"0'*"# (!# '0!7$*@# !"$%.0* 6# %$*6*# $%&%# ),2%&!"# %2&%(%<)!"# (!# '&%3 <%;*#$%&%#)%#7%(&!= Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 85 2%W\"%W+Y%0+QX'"Q)*+%Q)$0'Q0()Z%"0 R'0$)0$)*X)Q*+) P*"#/,!O!#%]*"#!/'&!#DEbD#6#DEEc#+,!&*/ '!"'02*"# (!# 7,.?%"# %..0*/!"# 0/'!&/%.0*3 /%)!"# *# $&*7!"%"# !/# %$*6*# (!# )%# )%.'%/3 .0%=#^"'%"#0/.),6!/#)%#%(*$.04/#(!)#A4(03 2*# B/'!&/%.0*/%)# (!# A*7!&.0%)0-%.04/# (! >,.!(H/!*"# %# )%# P!.?!# V%'!&/%# $*&# )% 5"%7<)!%#V,/(0%)#(!#>%),(@#!/#7%6*#(! DEbDL#)%#W!.)%&%.04/#B//*.!/'0#"*<&!#X&*3 '!..04/@# X&*7*.04/# 6# 5$*6*# (!# )%# P%.3 '%/.0%@# %(*$'%(%# $*&# )%# 1V>lSCBAI9 !/# )%# &!,/04/# (!# &!"$*/"%<)!"# (!# $*)T'03 .%"#"*<&!#P%.'%/.0%#!/#)%#(U.%(%#(!#DEEcY S/%#0/0.0%'0O%#r)*<%)@#!/#9)*&!/.0%@#B'%)0%@ !/# DEEcL# 6# )%# W!.)%&%.04/# V,/(0%)# (! C,'&0.04/#6#X)%/#(!#5..04/#$%&%#)%#C,'&03 .04/@#%$&*<%(%#$*&#)%#ABC@#!/#DEEF= CZ[QB5 b O$-,&%'()/-)."8,$-1)/-)#$,:,F0),8$,/,:.-1)4,$,).,)+,/$-) Las facilidades adecuadas para la lactancia son una inversión en la salud de la fuerza laboral presente y futura. Los bebés de hoy son los trabajadores del mañana. TIEMPO 1. Otorgar por lo menos cuatro meses de licencia por maternidad remunerada (con un ideal de seis meses) que se inicia después que nace el niño. Ofrecer otras opciones como una licencia de maternidad mayor con pago de salario parcial. 2. Ofrecer horas flexibles de trabajo a las mujeres que están amamantando, como programas de trabajo parcial, interrupción más largos para el almuerzo y trabajo compartido. 3. Otorgar pausas para amamantar de por lo menos una hora diaria. ESPACIO/ PROXIMIDAD 1. Apoyar el cuidado de bebés y niños en el lugar de trabajo o cerca de él y dar transporte para que las madres puedan unirse con sus pequeños. En lugares de trabajo rural y durante períodos de trabajo estacional, utilizar unidades de cuidado móvil para los niños. 2. Proveer instalaciones cómodas y privadas para la extracción y almacenamiento de la leche materna. 3. Mantener el ambiente de trabajo limpio y seguro, libre de residuos peligrosos y de sustancias químicas. APOYO 1. Informar a las mujeres trabajadoras y a los sindicatos sobre los beneficios de la maternidad y dar información para apoyar la salud de las mujeres. 2. Garantizar que las mujeres tengan plena seguridad en el trabajo. 3. Estimular a los compañeros de trabajo y al personal administrativo para que tengan una actitud positiva hacia la lactancia en público. 4. Estimular la creación de una red de mujeres de apoyo para sindicatos y grupos de trabajadores, que puedan colaborar con las mujeres para combinar lactancia y trabajo. Lactancia materna 86 CDXD)h H"F-$),1%R#%&,)&0()+-..%N01_ -.):-:U),).,)%N="%-$/,)-1)7,$'( .,&#,/02):%-()("#$%/0)< 1,."/,:.-G)-.):-:U),).,)/-$-&*, -1)(%M,2),.%+-(#,/,)&0( :%:-$'()<)8$,7-+-(#/-1("#$%/,)V6,..-&%'),.)/;, 1%8"%-(#-)/-)1-$)#0+,/,)., 60#0W CDXD)a X$-1)*-$+,(01),6$%&,(01_)P. :-:U),).,)%N="%-$/,)-1 ,+,+,(#,/0)<):%-( ("#$%/0G).01)0#$01)/01)(%M01 /-)#$-1)<)&%(&0),M01)/-)-/,/ 1-)/-1("#$%-$0()/-14"U1)/$-#%$,$.-1)/-.)4-&*0 Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 87 CDXD)i H,/$-)-)*%F0 ="&0+4,$#-()., *,:%#,&%'( CDXD)YL P/"&,&%'( /"$,(#-)-. -+:,$,N0 CDXD)YY T$0+0&%'()/.,).,&#,(&%, !)"X'011 8^X"+*+#Q0`mY+*) Nutrición humana en el mundo en desarrollo 91 !"#$%&'()1 2%W\%Y+*+#Q0*%"\%")$C0(^Q*+%Q'Y0R'0 $%Y0)$+W'QX%YC0W'X)`%$+YW%0_0'Q'"&b) P%#+&%"!#g"*7*"#)*#Q,!#.*7!7*"h#"!#,'03 )0-%# .*/# +&!.,!/.0%# $%&%# 0/(0.%&# Q,!# )% .*7$*"0.04/# (!# /,!"'&*"# .,!&$*"# (!$!/3 (!#!/#2&%/#$%&'!#(!#)*#Q,!#?!7*"#.*/",3 70(*=#I)#2&%/#/R7!&*#(!#!)!7!/'*"#Q,T3 70.*"#!/#!)#.,!&$*#?,7%/*#"!#!/.,!/'&% $&0/.0$%)7!/'!#!/#+*&7%#(!#%2,%@#$&*'!T3 /%@# 2&%"%"@# "%)!"# 70/!&%)!"# 6# .%&<*?0(&%3 '*"@# !/# )*"# $*&.!/'%;!"# 0/(0.%(*"# !/# !) A,%(&*# b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