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8
Urhbsg`s`üb k `bst`tul`üb
Amsqukdms lmblkptuhnks smark nhs `bst`tul`mbks
Irhl`knh Or`ikr`m8´
8.- H gmem ek lmg`kbzm
Hlkpthr nh `bv`thl`üb h rktrhzhr bhrrht`vhgkbtk pms`l`m
pms`l`mbhg`kbtms
bhg`kbtms y kxpmbkrnms hn ekahtk,
ekahtk,
bms kx`ik prkl`shr quk nm hquç
hquç prmpukstm ekak nk
nkkrsk
krsk lmgm pubtm ek v`sth, ubh
ubh tmgh ek
pms`l`üb quk rkbubl`h
rkbubl`h h luhnq
luhnqu`kr
u`kr tmgh ek pmsks`ü
pmsks`üb.
b.
Nhs lmbstrull`mbks tkür`lhs bm smb bublh kxlnus`vhgkbtk pkrsmbhnks,
pkrsmbhnks, s`bm kxpnmrhl`mbks
s`biun
s`b
iunhrk
hrkss kb nhs quk
quk sk rkke`t
rkke`thb
hb ckrkb
ckrkbl`h
l`hss y o`n
o`n`hl
`hl`mb
`mbks.
ks. E`st`b
E`st`bths
ths `bt
`btkrn
krnmlu
mlul`m
l`mbk
bkss
`bg`sl
`bg
`sluyk
uykbb cuknnh
cuknnhss ek ghkstr
ghkstrms
ms phs
phshe
hems
ms y ghrlhs
ghrlhs ek nms hl
hltuh
tuhnks
nks,, rhs
rhstrm
trmss ek nms
gônt
gô
nt`p
`pnk
nkss prks
prkskb
kbtk
tkss s`
s`gu
gunt
ntèb
èbkm
kmss quk
quk cha`
cha`th
thgm
gms.
s.
Nh
Nhss rk
rkon
onkx
kx`m
`mbk
bkss ek lm
lmnk
nkih
ihss
lmbtkgpmrèbkms quk kxpnmrhb s`b kspçr`tu lmbqu`sthemr e`st`bths e`sl`pn`bhs, thga`àb
t`kbkb su phrtk kb kn e`ènmim1.
Kbtkbekgms h nhs kxpnmrhl`mbks tkür`lhs lmgm ubh aôsqukeh pmr nh luhn lheh sudktm
`btkbth ubh `btkrprkthl`üb phrh hquknnm quk nm `btkrpknh y lmbgukvk. \k trhth ek smgktkr
nukim
nuk
im nh lmb
lmbstr
strull
ull`üb
`üb h nhs pru
pruka
kahs
hs pms`an
pms`anks
ks (sha`k
(sha`kbem
bem quk nh c`stmr
c`stmr`h
`h lmblk
lmblkptu
ptuhn
hn
`bvkbthrè mtrhs prukahs quk pmerèb ekse`audhr nm amsqukdhem y e`audhrnm ek mtrm gmem).
Hempthgms phrh kstk tkxtm nh omrgh ek ub kbshym, `btkbtm quk bm lhrklk ek ubh
`btkbl`mb
`btkb
l`mbhn`eh
hn`ehee r`iurm
r`iurmsh:
sh: sk kxpm
kxpmbk
bk y hutm
hutmr`zh
r`zh h e`hn
e`hnmihr
mihr lmb nms lmbtrhe`ltmrks (ksh
omrg`e
omr
g`ehan
hankk o`i
o`iurh
urh ork
orkue`
ue`hbh
hbh quk `btkrr
`btkrrugp
ugpkk nms gmb
gmbünm
ünmims
ims),
), y h rklurr
rklurr`r
`r h tkxtms
tkxtms
kxtrhbdkrms h ubh ghbkrh mrihb`zhl`mbhn ek kbtkbekr kn tkrr`tmr`m `bst`tul`mbhn y, h
smst
smstkb
kbkr
kr nh v`
v`ik
ikbl
bl`h
`h y hltu
hltuhn
hn`e
`ehe
he ek hbt`
hbt`iu
iuhs
hs g`
g`rh
rheh
ehss kb t`
t`kg
kgpm
pmss kb nm
nmss qu
qukk nh
hbt`iþ
hbt
`iþkeh
kehee ks eks
eksprk
prkl`h
l`heh
eh m puk
puksth
sth hn skr
skrv`l
v`l`m
`m ek pkbshg
pkbshg`kb
`kbtms
tms tkl
tklbül
bülrht
rht`lm
`lmss m
ekghiüi`lms quk rklurrkb h knnh phrh gkdmr rkbkihrnh kb nms prhight`sgms thb kb amih.
1. Qksmbhbl`hs ek nh phnharh `bst`tul`üb
Lmgm a`kb nm skøhnh Nkw`s Lhrrmn e`sorhzhem ek Chgpty
Chgpty Eugpty
Eugpty,, m Dhlquks Qhbl`ãrk
Qhbl`ãrk
<
(s`b e`sorhz hniubm) kb kn ekshlukrem , bm ks lms
lmshh gkbm
gkbmrr chlkr kn ksoukrzm
ksoukrzm ek hlnhrhr
hlnhrhr
quk sk qu`krk ekl`r lmb lheh phnharh. Kvmlhrkgms kbtmblks hniubhs rksmbhbl`hs lmb nhs
quk bms `ekbt`o`lhgms
`ekbt`o`lhgms (y quk bms `ekb
`ekbt`o`lhb).
t`o`lhb). \mstkberkgm
\mstkberkgmss quk hn ekl`r (hn kslr`a`r)
8
Lkbtrm ek kstue`ms gunt`e`sl`pn`bhr`ms
gunt`e`sl`pn`bhr`ms LKG (Aukbms H`rks)
Hirheklkgms hsç nms e`ènmims y ekahtks smstkb`ems lmb lmnkihs y hg`ims ek e`st`btms tkrr`tmr`ms h nm
nhrim ek nms høms ek trhahdm. Uhga`àb
Uhga`àb ksthgms hirhekl`ems h nms ghkstrms y prmoksmrk
prmoksmrkss y h nms kstue`hbtks
ek nms pmsirhems lmb nms quk kn `btkrlhga`m sk lmbv`krtk kb ubh pnhlkbtkrh kx`ikbl`h. Kstk tkxtm ks ubh rkknhamrhl`üb ek ub trhahdm
trhahdm puan`lhem kb As Hs (1665) quk oukrh nukim trheul`em
trheul`em y puan`lhem kb Orhbl`h.
<
Nh
gàskbtkbtk
Dhlquks Qhbl`ãrk4
. Ihn`nàk. Vhr`s. 800;.
1
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1
`bst`tul`üb,
pphrh
hrh bmsmtrms
bmsmtrms nh phnharh rkg`tk, trha
trhahdh
hdh (y bms
bms trhahdh)
trhahdh) kb e`st`bths
e`st`bths lnhvks
lnhvks
y skbt`ems bm kxlnuykbtks. Vmerè kbtmblks hsml`hrsk h nh `ekh ek4

[bh nky kstrulturhbtk. Ks ekl`r kn s`büb`gm g`sgm ek `bst`tut`m, `btkrprkthl`üb ekn
v`thg `bst`tukrk
`bst`tukrk rkqu
rkqu`s
`s`t
`tmm ek nhs
nhs sm
sml`
l`ke
kehe
heks
ks y ek
eknn su
sudk
dktm
tm.. H ks
kstm
tm pm
pmer
erçh
çhgm
gmss
5

ekbmg`bhrnm4 kn pr`bl`p`m durçe`lm ek nh v`eh phrh nms cmgarks .
[b trhahdm lmbtrh nm `bkxmrhank
`bkxmrhank4 ks ekl`r kn gmem quk nms cmgarks kblukbtrhb ek
smarkpmbkrsk h nh o`b`tue ek nh v`eh y nnkvhr h lham ubh lmbqu`sth smark nm koçgkrm.

[bh knhamrh
knhamrhl`üb,
l`üb, lrkhl`üb,
lrkhl`üb, lmbstrull`üb,
lmbstrull`üb, qu
qukk kx
kxpr
prks
kshh gmem
gmemss ek trh
trhg`
g`th
thrr nh
smnkehe `b`l`hn ekn lhlcmrrm cughbm.

[b tmpmnmiçh (hbuehg`kbtm ek
ek e`st`bths tüp
tüp`lhs).
`lhs). Ks ekl`r4
h) [b s`büb`gm ek ubh tkmrçh ek nms nuihrks ekn cha`tht ekn hb`ghn quk chanh.
Kstm rkg`tk h `btkbthr lmgprkbekr nms tkrr`tmr`ms s`gaün`lms k `ghi`bhr`ms quk
mlhs`mbhngkbtk tmghb nh o`iurh ek hrqu`tklturhs rkhnks hlkrlh ek nhs luhnks sk
`gpmbk nh bklks`ehe ek lmbs`ekrhr sus lkrlms (gmv`g`kbtms oubehl`mbhnks y
hs`ibhl`mbkss ek skbt`em hsml`hehs, gmv`g`kbtms, tkxturhs k c`stmr`l`eheks, y
hs`ibhl`mbk
ln`vhdks);.
Kstk tmpms hnmdh nh lmgpnkd`ehe prmp`h h nh s`gunthbk`ehe ek prmlksms ek mr`ikb
cktkrmiàbkm (sml`hnks, pmnçt`lms, klmbüg`lms, lunturhnks, psçqu`lms)?.
Ksth
Ksth pkr
pkrspk
spklt`
lt`vh
vh lm
lmbnn
bnnkv
kvhh ub hb
hbehg
ehg`hd
`hdkk lmb
lmblkp
lkptuh
tuhnn sm
smark
ark nhs hrqu`tklturhs
`bst`tul`mbhnks. Nh gktèomrh ek nh hrqu`tklturh quk bms prmpmbk (y lmb nh quk
lm`bl`e`g
lm`b
l`e`gms)
ms) Lmrbkn`us
Lmrbkn`us Lhstmr`h
Lhstmr`he`s
e`s bms lmbe
lmbeulk
ulk h kbtkbekr nhs `bst`tul`mbks
9
lmgm ub tkrr`tmr`m , y kbtkbekr h àstk tmghbem kb lukbth nms g`sgms tàrg`bms
kb quk E`e`kr Hbz`ku knhamrh nh bml`üb ek ym-p`kn lmgm ksh supkro`l`k quk
n`g`th, rkiunh nms `btkrlhga`ms y eko`bk nms lmbt`bkbtks phrh kn pkbshr3.
a) [b nuihr kb kn
kn quk nhs tüp`lhs ekn hphrhtm psçqu`lm ekn sudktm0 trhahdhb y smb
trhahdhehs.
5
Qkg`t`g
Qkg`t`gms
ms hn trhahd
trhahdmm ek K. Jmz`lj`
Jmz`lj` ekn g`sgm
g`sgm bmgark kb kn n`a
n`arm
rm ek Ghrç
Ghrç y mtr
mtrms4
ms4 Ekrklcm y
ps`lmhbèn`s`s. Chlckttk. Aukbms h`rks. 8039.
;
\mark kstms lmblkptms ckgms ehem lukbth
lukbth kb bugkrmsms trhahdms hbtkr`mrks.
hbtkr`mrks. _kr
_kr a`an`mirhoçh
a`an`mirhoçh ek
rkokrkbl`h.
?
\k trhth ek ubh ghbkrh ek bmgarhr quk bm himth nms ohltmrks `btkrv`b`kbtks. \mb gulcms nms hutmrks quk
`bs`stkb smark ksth `bkxtr`lhank tkxturh. Nms hpmrtks ek Qkbà Jhês4 Nh `bst`tul`üb y nhs `bst`tul`mbks.
Vh`eüs. Aukbms H`rks, 8030) lmbst`tuykb ub `gpmrthbtk rkokrkbtk.
9
\mark kstms hspkltms trhahdhgms kb e`st`btms tkxtms, hnue`kbem thbtm h nhs bml`mbks ek lkrlm, y h sus
tkxturhs `ghi`bhr`hs y s`gaün`lhs (pr`gkr ksamzm kb Lhrh y lklh Or`ikr`m,I. Vmii`, G. y mtrms. Ke.
Urmqukn, 8030 rktrhahdhem kb Lhrh h lhrh Or`ikr`m y mtrms4 Ke. Jhpknusz, 800=, ekshrrmnnhem kb e`st`btms
emlugkbtms kbtrk nms luhnks kn knhamrhem phrh kn VUOE (Or`ikr`m - Vmii`, GKD 800<) y o`bhngkbtk rkknhamrhem kb Kn hbèn`s`s ek nhs `bst`tul`mbks keulht`vhs (Or`ikr`m - Vmii`) \hbt`nnhbh 800?.
3
Kbtrk mtrms, kn n`arm ek Hbz`ku, E`e`kr (y mtrms)4 Nks lmbtkbhbts ek pkbsàk.Eubme. Orhbl`h. 800<, kxprksh
kb kn pr`gkr lhpçtunm nhs prmpuksths tkür`lhs ek Hbz`ku.
0
Kspklço`lhgkbtk nh pr`gkrh y skiubeh tüp`lh orkue`hbh.
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<
l) Nh skek ek ubh e`bèg`lh kb nnhh qu
qukk lmbv
lmbv`vk
`vkbb nhs
nhs bml`m
bml`mbks
bks ek4 hl
hll`ü
l`übb
pkrghbkbtk y lmbon`ltm, lmb nhs ek `bvkst`sskgk
`bvkst`sskgkbt
bt (pubtm ek v`sth klmbüg`lm)
quk bm rkb`kih
rkb`kih ek nh `btr`
`btr`blh
blhl`ü
l`übb pun
puns`m
s`mbh
bhnn b` ek nms gônt`p
gônt`pnks
nks ekst`b
ekst`bms
ms (y
hvhthrks) ek nh puns`üb.
e) nh nmlhn`zhl`üb ekn trhahdm bklkshr`m phrh hskiurhr nh hnqu`g`h 4 (ek nh
puns`üb h nh suan`ghl`üb)
suan`ghl`üb) kb nh luhn kn lmgpmbkb
lmgpmbkbtk
tk `ekbt`thr`m ek ub ekskm ek
eko`bk
o`bk
nh n`a`e`b`zhl`üb m eksn`a`e`b`zhl`üb ek nms chlkrks ek nms sudktms. @bst`tul`üb
ksphl`m
m ek s`gamn`zhl`üb
s`gamn`zhl`üb quk rkl`ak, knhamrh y
lmbl
lmbl`k
`krb
rbkk kn sk
skbt
bt`e
`emm ek ub ksphl`
suan`gh nh puns`üb.

[bh tkmrçh smark `btkrskll`mbks y kbtrklruzhg`kbtms, tkd`ems y trhghs. Ks ekl`r4
h) [b lhrrkomur86 kbtrk `bsthbl`hs gçt`lhs, sml`m c`stür`lhs, mrihb`zhl`mbhnks,
ohg`n`hrks, iruphnks, `be`v`euhnks/s`biunhrks.
`be`v`euhnks/s`biunhrks.
a) [bh lhrtmirhoçh ek nhzms88 (m ubh tkmrçh hlkrlh ek nms vçblunms), nhzms ekn
sudktm lmb
lmb nh nk
nkyy (ehbem nui
nuihr
hr hn sml
sml`us),
`us), lmb nms nuihrks, nms t`kgpms, lmbs`im
lmbs`im
g`sgm y lmb nms mtrms. Nhzms lmb nm lmbml`em, nm h-lmbmlkr
h-lmbmlkr,, nm `blmibmsl`ank. Ks
kb ksth lhrtmirhoçh quk sk nnkvh h lham nh lr`hbzh (quk lmbs`stk h hbuehr gmbthdks
bmrght`vms y lmbstrull`üb suadkt`vh).

[b s`stkgh ek pkbshg`kbtm quk pmbk kb dukim4
h) Hedu
edue`l
e`lhl`m
l`mbks
bks ek sskkbt`
t`e
em (lmbs
(lmbstrull
trull`mbks
`mbks,, ekrrugaks
ekrrugaks,, rkhs
rkhs`ibhl
`ibhl`mbk
`mbks,
s,
lrkhl`mbks).
a) \`stkghs ek o`n`hl`üb s`gaün`lh.
l) [b `g
`gpk
pkrh
rht`
t`vm
vm ek trhbsg`s`üb81.
Ek kstk gmem tmeh `bst`tul`mbhn`zhl`üb `gpn`lh y lmbnnkvh kn phshdk ekn ksthem ek
bhturhnkzh hn ksthem ek lunturh, phshdk quk mpkrh sust`tuykbem kn hzhr pmr nh mrihb`zhl`üb
mrihb`zhl`üb
y morkl`kbem lhbhnks ph
phrh
rh nh trhbs
trhbsomrghl`üb
omrghl`üb ek nh puns`üb, cug
cughb`zhbem
hb`zhbem nhs
nhs phs`mbks.
phs`mbks.
Lmgm thn, nh `bst`tul`üb `gpn`lh k `gpmbk ub trhahdm hn sudktm. Urhahdm quk gmv`n`zh
prmlksms y oubl`mbks
oubl`mbks psçqu`lh
psçqu`lhs.
s.
Kb nhs pèi`bhs s`iu`kbtks hamrehrkgms (lmb e`st`btms àbohs`s) sünm hniubhs rkonkx`mbks
v`blunhehs lmb nms hspkltms skøhnhems.
<. Qklukrems ekn mr`ikb (nh o`n`hl`üb ek nh phnharh y nh phnharh quk o`n`h)
o `n`h)
86
Nh bml`üb ek lhrrkomur, thb prmp`h h Lhstmr`he`s t`øk ksth ho`rghl`üb. Kbtrk mtrms Kuiãbk Kbr`qukz
prmpmrl`mbh bugkrmsms knkgkbtms phrh pkbshr ksths `bsthbl`hs kb su n`arm4 Nµmrihb`sht`mb kb hbhnysk.
V[O,, Orhbl`h. 8001.
V[O
88
Hlkrlh ekn suor`g`kbtm luhbem chy eks “ kbnhlk rkg`t`gms hn tkxtm ek Jhê<s y mtrms4 \muoorhblk kt
psylcmphtcmnmi`k eks n`kbs `bst`tut`mbbkns. Eubme,
Eubme, Orhbl`h. 800?.
81
Dhlquks Chssmub ks ubm ek nms quk trhahdhb lmb thbth `bbkihank pmksçh lmgm smn`ekz lmblkptuhn ksth
pkrspklt`vh kb su tkxtm4 Nms lmbtrhahbe`sths ek nh gkgmr`h. (vkr a`an`mirhoçh ek rkokrkbl`h).
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Vmerçhgms eko`b`rbms
Vmerçhgms
eko`b`rbms lmgm `bst`tul`mbhn`sths8< hnnç eübek kn mr`ikb kt`gmnüi`lm ek nh
phnharh `bst`tul`üb sk lmboubek (m lm`bl`ek lmb prkl`s`üb) lmb kn lmblkptm ek nky, ks
ekl`r
ekl
`r,, kb nm quk `bst`tut`m rkg`t
rkg`tkk h ub kbtkbek
kbtkbekrr quk ho`rgh
ho`rghrçh
rçh quk bm chy sudktm
sudktm s`b
85
nky , m, e`lcm ek mtrm gmem, bm chy sudktm s`b e`slursm smark nm prmc`a`em, lmgm nh
knhamrhl`üb orkue`hbh
orkue`hbh (8081-808<) nm pnhbtkh kb Uütkg y Uhaô. Nh `bst`tul`üb ekv`kbk
ekv`kbk
kbtmblks
kqu`vhnkbtk
ekub`l`ehe,
nh lmbstrull`üb
bmrght`vh
quk lmbs`stk
eksn`ihr
y n`ihr hn
sudktm. Eksn`ihrnm
ek nh
prkskrvhrnm
ek nh lmbous`üb
eknkb
`blkstm
y prmc`a`r
kn
kdkrl`l`m ekn hltm ek ehr gukrtk, smb `gpkrht`vms lhtkiür`lms phrh cha`n`thr nms nhzms quk
prmtkikb hn sudktm ek nh v`mnkbl`h ek ub vçblunm ôb`lm y vuknvkb pms`ank nh v`eh lmb
mtrms.
Vmerçhgms eko`b`rbms lmgm `bst`tul`mbhn`sths kb nh rksmbhbl`h ek nhs nkll`mbks ek V`krrk
Nkikberk, luhbem
luhbem kb nh aôsqukeh ek ubh s`ib`o`lhl`üb mmr`i`bhr`h
r`i`bhr`h rklukreh nh bml
bml`üb
`üb ek
v`thg `bst`tukrk y nh trheulk k `btkrprkth lmgm nh prmeull`üb ek nh `ghikb ekn mtrm
lmgm skgkdhbtk y ekn sudktm lmgm e`okrkbl`hem 8;. Vhrh Nkikberk nm quk kstè kb dukim
ks dusthgkbtk nh prkiubth hlkrlh ek lügm nm cughbm sk `bst`tuyk phrh nms ek nh kspkl`k.
@bst`tut`m,
pukek kbtkbe
kbtkbekrsk
krsk kbtmblks lm
lmgm
gm nh oubl`üb quk n`ih hn su
sudktm
dktm ek nh kspkl`k h
nh phnharh. Uhn vkz `gpmrtk rklmrehr, ubh vkz gès, quk ks nh phnharh 8? nh quk `bc`ak kn
`blkstm lmb nh lmsh k `bhuiurh kn pkbshr ekn quk sk butrk nh lmbst`tul`üb suadkt`vh. Hn
rkspkltm, tkbkgms prkskbtk nh ho`rghl`üb ek Iuy Qmsmnhtm luhbem smst`kbk quk „nh nky,
pmr sus lmbsthbtks,
lmbsthbtks, lhbhn`zh y hskiu
hskiurh
rh kn ekskm‗89. Vmerçhgms ekl`r quk sk trhth gkbms ek
ubh nky ekn ekskm quk ek ubh nky phrh kn ekskm.
pkbshg`kbtm y pmr kbek h ksk
rkg`tk `iuhngkbtk h nh bml`üb ek s`stkghs ek pkbshg`kbtm
phrt`lunhr trhahdm quk chlk ekn `bst`tu`r ubh `bstrull`üb y ekn `bstru`r ubh ghbkrh ekn
`bst`tu`r n`ihbem shakr lmb pkrghbkbl`h83. Nh `bst`tul`üb lmbst`tuyk kbtmblks kn cha`tht
phrh ehr trhg`tk h nh rknhl`üb
rknhl`üb lmb kn kb`i
kb`igh
gh suadkt`vm
@bst`tut`m
5. @bst`tul`üb4 ubh phnharh, gulcms s`ib`o`lhems y ub skbt`em pmnçt`lm
8<
Nh phnharh sui`krk hsml`hr kb kn `btkr`mr ekn lhgpm h ubh pnurhn`ehe ek pkrspklt`vhs. Kb thbtm `blnuykbtk
nh bml`üb ek `bst`tul`mbhn`sths kx`ik nh hlkpthl`üb
hlkpthl`üb ek ubh pmn`ombçh lmblkptuhn. Kn nkltmr kkblmbtrhrè
blmbtrhrè kb
bukstrm phçs trhahdms ek e`st`btms `bvkst`ihemrks y hutmrks quk lmbstruykb y trhahdhb kb kn lhgpm, kbtrk
knnms4 N`e`h Okrbèbekz, \hberh B`lhstrm y Nul`h Ihrhy (phrh bmgarhr hniubms ek nms gès s`ib`o`lht`vms kb
kn tkrr`tmr`m keulht`vm).
85
Qkg`t`gms hn trhahdm quk kslr`a`àrhgms kb 800<4 ½\k chb vukntm `bôt`nks nhs `bst`tul`mbks keulht`vhs= y
quk oukrh puan`lhem pmr O`ngus (lmgp.) kb kn n`arm4 Vhrh quk s`rvk nh ksluknh. Uks`s Bmrgh. Aukbms
h`rks. 800<.
8;
Ckgms kb e`st`btms kslr`tms rktmghem
rktmghem nh phnharh ek V`krrk Nkikberk, phnharh morkl`eh kb nms tkxtms quk
rkl
rklupk
upkrhb
rhb sus nkll
nkll`mbks.
`mbks. Qkg`t
Qkg`t`gms
`gms kspkl`hng
kspkl`hngkbtk
kbtk h Nkémbs @@@ , Nkémbs _@ y Nkémbs _@@@.. Ohyhre.
Orhbl`h, 8005, 8001 8033 rkspklt`vhgkbtk.
8?
Qkg`t`gms hn lhpçtunm ek Ckak U`z`m \mark nhs `bst`tul`mbks kb kn nn`arm
`arm quk lmmre`bü _`mnkth Buøkz4 nh
keulhl`üb kb t`kgpms ek `blkrt`eugark4 nhs hpuksths ek nh pkehimiçh sml`hn . Ike`sh. Ksphøh. 1661.
89
Qmsmnhtm, Iuy4 Vmur ubk psylchbhnysk kxpnmrhtm`rk ehbs
ehbs nh lunturk. V[O. Orhbl`h, 800<. V.199.
83
H
Hnn rkspkltm, Or`ikr`m, I.4 Vhrh pkbshr nhs `bst`tul`mbks keulht`vhs
keulht`vhs (vkr Qkv.
Qkv. Kbshyms y Kxpkr`kbl`hs,
Høm 8, B´ 8, 8005. Vukek `iuhngkbtk
`iuhngkbtk lmbsunthrs
lmbsunthrskk kn lhp. 8 ek Or`ikr`m
Or`ikr`m (lmgp.) Lurr`lunug prkskbtk.
L`kbl`h huskbtk. G`øm y Eèv`nh Aukbms H`rks. 80
IQHL@KNH OQ@IKQ@M.
OQ@IKQ@M. KB\HPM
KB\HPM44 AM\X[KDM\ LMBLKVU[HNK\ \MAQK NH\ @B\U@U[L@MBK\
;
Nk lukst`üb ks lügm lmbstru`r ubh g`rheh lmblkptuhn quk pukeh ehr lukbth ek nhs
`bst`tul`mbks hôb kb nms t`kgpms embek sk hbubl`h m sk ekbubl`h su ekshphr`l`üb. \k
(bms) pnhbtkh kbtmblks lügm smstkbkr ubh o`iurh luyhs omrghs bukvhs mlhs`mbhngkbtk nh
gukstrhb trhsvkrt`eh
trhsvkrt`eh y pmr knnm `rrklmbml`ank.
80
Bm
hlmrehrquk
lmbsunms
bha`s luhbem
prml
prmlnhghb
nhghb
kn nh
ek
ekln`vk
ln`vk
ek nhsquk
`bst`tul`mbks,
`bst`tul`mbk
s,
pmr pmerkgms
quk kbtkbekgms
orhi`n`ehe,
su lhga`m
ek
omrgh,
`bv`thl`üb
chlk lheh
t`kg
t`kgpm
pm h mtrm
mtrmss ohbt
ohbths
hsgh
ghs,
s, nh hphr
hphr`l
`l`ü
`übb ek bu
bukv
kvms
ms `g
`ghi
hi`b
`bhr
hr`m
`ms,
s, kn ek
ekrr
rrug
ugak
ak ek
trhe`l`mbks, nms lhga`ms kstrkp`tmsms kb nms ürekbks s`gaün`lms, bm e`suknvkb kn trhahdm
knnm
nm,, quk bm lksh ek rk-vkb`r, ek chlkrsk
ekn cmgark lmbtrh nm `b-cughbm, lmbtrh hqukn
prkskbtk, pmb`kbem kb dhquk kn lmgpnkdm y pmn`oüb`lm trhahdm ek nhs lunturhs m hquknnm
quk sk chlk prkskbtk
prkskbtk pmb`kbem kb eue
euehh nh rknhl`üb ekn sudktm lmb nh phnharh (`bst`tul`üb
kstrulturhbtk y eko`b`tmr`h ekn lhlcmrrm ekn cmgark), lukst`mbhbem hsç kn vçblunm lmb nh
nky quk o`n`h. Ekslràe`tm, cmy thb h nh gmeh, ek nhs `bst`tul`mbks quk sk nnkvh h lham ahdm
nhs omrghs sut`nks
sut`nks ek l`krths rktü
rktür`lhs
r`lhs y m ahdm nhs mstk
mstkbtms
btmshs
hs gmstrhl`mbk
gmstrhl`mbkss ek oukrzh
aruth ek nh ahrahr`k.
Vms`ankgkbtk kn nkltmr hlmrehrè lmb bmsmtrms kb nh e`o`lunthe ek lm`bl`e`r, lmb hquknnhs
g`rheh
g`r
hehss quk chl
chlkb
kb nh kl
klmbm
mbmgçh
gçh ek nh lmg
lmgpnk
pnkd`e
d`ehe
he (hubqu
(hubqukk nhs rks
rkspkt
pktkg
kgms
ms lmg
lmgmm
prmeull`üb `btknkltuhn quk kb thbtm thn s`kgprk kbskøh, hôb hquknnm quk bm sk prmpmbk
kbskøhr) y kspkrhgms bms e`slunphrè (pmr nh mpl`üb g`sgh quk prmpmbkgms kb nh o`iurh
y omrgh ekn kbshym) pmr ubh kslr`turh
kslr`turh quk rkbubl`h ek
eksek
sek kn vhgms, h lhpturhrnm tmem,
tmem, ks
ekl`r quk sk hlkpth lmgm hra`trhr`h kb nhs mpl`mbks tmghehs phrh `behihr u morklkr h nh
nklturh.
Hn lmgp
lmgphrt`r
hrt`r hniu
hniubhs
bhs rkonk
rkonkx`mb
x`mbks
ks y lmbs`ekrhl
lmbs`ekrhl`mbk
`mbkss h prmpüs`tm ek nhs
nhs `bst`tul`mbk
`bst`tul`mbks,
s,
hevkrt`gms quk nhs g`sghs sünm rhrh vkz kb nh c`stmr`h ekn cmgark chb qukehem
pr`s`mbkrhs ek hrqu`tklturhs lmblrkths. Heg`t`gms
Heg`t`gms quk gulchs ek thnks hrqu`tklturhs smb
nhs quk cmy sk kblukbtrhb hir`kthehs y smstkbkgms quk hôb kb ke`o`l`ms kb ru`bh, ub
trhahdm ekn pkbshr ks pms`ank luhbem nh hs`gktrçh ek nh hntkr`ehe hahbembh nh prktkbs`üb
ek nm kspklunhr y ekl`ek lmgaht`r nh tkbthl`üb ek chlkr ek nhs e`okrkbl`hs nh skek ek nh
eks`iuhnehe.
Kn gubem ek nhs `bst`tul`mbks (lmb m s`b hrqu`tklturhs ghtkr`hnks) bm sk lmgprkbek b` sk
kbt`kbek
kbt`k
bek (gulcm gkbm
gkbmss sk kxpn`lh)
kxpn`lh) pmr rhzmbk
rhzmbks.
s. Nhs `bst`tul
`bst`tul`mbks
`mbks kstè
kstèbb pmanheh
pmanhehss ek
s`brhz
s`b
rhzmbk
mbks.
s. Nhs s`brh
s`brhzmb
zmbks
ks smb ekbubl`
ekbubl`ha
hanks
nks luhb
luhbem
em morklk
morklkbb hr
hriug
iugkb
kbtms
tms h nhs
`bdust
`bd
ust`l`
`l`hs.
hs. Nhs `bs
`bst`t
t`tul`
ul`mbk
mbkss hnakr
hnakrihb
ihb hra
hra`trh
`trhr`k
r`kehe
eheks,
ks, smb lmbstr
lmbstrull
ull`mb
`mbks
ks sml`msml`m16
c`stür`lhs quk nnkvhb kb lheh t`kgpm nh ghrlh kb kn mr`nnm ek sus oubehemrks , thga`àb
`blnuykb kb su tkxturh kn trhahdm ek nms cmgarks pmr t`kgpms lmnklt`vms gkdmrks. Kstk
trhahdm, trhahdm ek `bst`tul`mbhn`zhl`üb ek nh sml`kehe hnakrih y lma`dh hn sudktm hôb kb nh
`btkgpkr`k. Chy `bst`tul`üb kbtmblks kb hquknnms irupms quk nhs pmnçt`lhs ekslu`ehb m
lmbekb
lmb
ekbhb
hb.. Ch
Chyy `bs
`bst`t
t`tul`
ul`üb
üb kb nms s`b t`kr
t`krrh
rh,, kb nms s`b tklcm b` emg`l`n`m o`dm. Chy
`bst`tul`üb kb nms s`b trhahdm b` kgpnkm, kb thbtm hnim vkbih h ihrhbt`zhr quk ubh phnharh
80
Bha` ks ubh phnharh prmvkb`kbtk ekn ckarkm Bkaââb quk s`ib`o`lh „prmokth‗ m „`nug`bhem‗.
Hn rkspkltm rkg`t`gms hn n`arm Or`ikr`m, I., Vmii`, G.4 Kn hbèn`s`s ek nhs `bst`tul`mbks keulht`vhs . Ke.
\hbt`nnhbh. Aukbms H`rks. 800?.
16
IQHL@KNH OQ@IKQ@M.
OQ@IKQ@M. KB\HPM
KB\HPM44 AM\X[KDM\ LMBLKVU[HNK\ \MAQK NH\ @B\U@U[L@MBK\
?
pmerè skr e`lch, quk ubh dust`l`h pmerè skr rklnhgheh, quk ubh omrgh ek n`ihzüb eh
omrgh h rknhl`mbks y vçblunms quk bm sk hahbembhb.
E`lcm ek mtrm gmem, nh nulch lmbtrh nh pkrskvkrhbl`h ek nm `b-cughbm (prmp`m h nh
`bekokbs`üb ekn pr`gkr t`kgpm ek nh v`eh y h nhs pmnçt`lhs s`stkgèt`lhs ek nh kxlnus`üb) ks
eksek
bukstrh
ubhquk
omrgh
`bst`tul`mbhn,
kn marhdk
ek nhnhnky
y nhuphl`üb
pknkh pmr
su
lhrèltkr
dustm. pkrspklt`vh
Kbtkbekgms
bm ch
chy
y sm
sml`kehe
l`kehe s`b
nk
nkyy y quk
prkmluphl`üb
prkml
rks`ek
kb quk ksth skh dusth phrh tmems, bm kb hamn`rnh ekdhbem ub s`ib`o`lhbtk vhlçm ks ekl`r
ekdhbem s`b s`ib`o`lhbtk hn cmgark.
;. Chaçh ubh vkz... chlk gulcms, gulcms høms ...
„Nh hutm`bst`tul`üb ek nh sml`kehe ks nh lrkhl`üb ek ub gubem cughbm,
ub gubem ek lmshs, ek nkbiuhdk, ek bmrghs, ek vhnmrks, ek gmems ek
v`eh y ek gukrtk, ek madktms pmr nms quk v`v`gms y gmr`gms...y, eksek
nukim,
nuk
im, nh lr
lrkhl
khl`üb
`üb ekn `be`v`
`be`v`eum
eum cu
cughb
ghbm
m kb qu`kb
qu`kb kstè
kstè ghs`vh
ghs`vhgkb
gkbtk
tk
18
`blmrpmrheh nh `bst`tul`üb ek nh sml`kehe‗
s ml`kehe‗. (Lhstmr`he`s , 8033. p.00)
Nh c`stmr`h ek nhs `bst`tul`mbks hlmgphøh nh c`stmr`h ek nh v`eh ekn cmgark y ek sus
sml`keheks. Bm s`kgprk nhs `bst`tul`mbks oukrmb kn madktm kxpnçl`tm ek tkmrçhs pkrm àsths,
s`kg
s`kgpr
prk,
k, lmgm
lmgm lmrrk
lmrrksp
spmb
mbek
ekbb h nms
nms lukr
lukrpm
pmss ek sh
shak
akrk
rks,
s, su
suor
or`k
`krm
rmbb nh
nhss v`mn
v`mnkb
kbl`
l`hs
hs
kp`stkgmn
kp`st
kgmnüi`lh
üi`lhss ek bukv
bukvhs
hs g`rheh
g`rhehss y nms hn`v`m
hn`v`mss hpmrthe
hpmrthems
ms pmr hquknnms
hquknnms chnnhzims
chnnhzims
rkl`kbtks quk v`kbkb h ehr lukbth,
lukbth, h pmbkr ek ghb`o`kstm, hlkbtuhr
hlkbtuhr,, hnim ek hquknnm quk
chaçh pkrghbkl`em mg`t`em m qukehem kb zmbh mphlh. Lheh thbtm lmgm mlurrk lmb nh
prmeull`üb ek C. Nk \klq11, nh kstàt`lh ek `bvkrs`üb (pms`t`vm/bkiht`vm) ek ub trhahdm
chlk quk nh mslur`ehe ek h vkr hquknnm quk nh nuz mlunthah, pmbk kb kn lkbtrm kb nuihr ek
ub sudktm `nug`bhem ubh smgarh `bs`stkbtk, kxpmb`kbem nm quk chsth kbtmblks qukehah hn
ghrikb ek nh kxpms`l`üb.
Eksek bukstrh pkrspklt`vh smstkberkgms quk cuam `bst`tul`mbks hbtks quk nms ke`o`l`ms
ghtkr`hnks
ghtk
r`hnks nhs hnakri
hnakrihrhb,
hrhb, quk nhs `bst`tul
`bst`tul`mbks
`mbks prklk
prklke`krm
e`krmbb h nhs mri
mrihb`z
hb`zhl`m
hl`mbks
bks y bm
s`kgprk pkr`g`krmb lmb knnhs.
cmgark
Qklmrekgms4 Nh pr`gkrh p`bturh ouk ub s`gpnk trhzm quk rmekü nh smgarh ekn cmgark
1<
prmykltheh smark ub gurm. Ek kstk skbl`nnm gmem Nkmbhrem eh _`bl` eh lukbth ekn
mr`ikb ek nh kxprks`üb ek nh lunturh. Kb kn eks`krtm ekn \hchrh nhs d`rhohs ehbzhb hôb,
g`nks ek høms ekspuàs, kb kn gurm quk htrhpü su gmv`g`kbtm y ekspnkiü su lmnmr, kb
Hnthg`rh nms a`smbtks s`iukb htkgmr`zhbem hn cmgark quk nms eksluark luhbem kn rhym ek
nh n`btkrbh nms `nug`bh: kb nhs lukvhs ekn bmrtk y ekn sur, nhs ghbms pkrghbklkb hs`ehs hn
gurm ek p`kerh `be`lhbem nh rkakneçh ekn cmgark h quk tmem oukrh mnv`em.
18
Lhstmr`he`s, L.4 Nms emg`b`ms ekn cmgark4 nhs kblrul`dhehs ekn nhakr`btm. Ike`sh. Ahrlknmbh. 8033.
Nk \klq, Ckbr`4 omtüirhom (8383-8331), pkrsmbhdk n`ihem h nh c`stmr`h ek nh `ghikb y h ubh prmeull`üb
omtmirèo`lh quk bm rkb`kih ek sus vçblunms lmb nh kslunturh y nh p`bturh, lhpturhbem kslkbhs, hrqu`tklturhs
y ph`shdks y prmpmb`kbem ubh g`rheh ek nhs „bhturhnkzhs gukrths‗ h nhs quk morklk kb bkiht`vm phrh hnue`r
hn nh mslur`ehe bhturhn ek nhs lmshs.
1<
ek _`bl`, Nàmbhre4 Knmik ek nµmk`n. Nµhrlck.
Nµhrlck. Vhr`s. 1668, p.5;.
11
IQHL@KNH OQ@IKQ@M.
OQ@IKQ@M. KB\HPM
KB\HPM44 AM\X[KDM\ LMBLKVU[HNK\ \MAQK NH\ @B\U@U[L@MBK\
9
Ks l`krtm, oukrzh ks ek lmbsththr, quk lheh thbtm kn gubem sk kstrkgklk (h vklks
threçhgkbtk) orkbtk h nms curhlhbks quk gkthgmromskhb kn ph`shdk c`stür`lm, aurnèbemsk
ek nhs ikmirhoçhs o`lt`l`hs y ek nhs ormbtkrhs e`audhehs. Nms hthquks hn sudktm, kn hahbembm
ek tmeh pms`l`üb cmsp`thnhr`h, kn rktmrbm ek nm rkpr`g`em, rklukrehb nm pkbe`kbtk15.
Nm pkbe`kbtk ks ub trhahdm s`b o`b pmr kn luhn kbtrk cmgarks, sml`keheks k `bst`tul`mbks
tmgh omrgh y lukrpm ub bkxm ek `ekbt`ehe quk sk eh bugkrmsms rmstrms k `bo`b`ths
lunturhs. Kstm s`ib`o`lh kb pr`gkr nuihr quk tmeh sml`kehe ks ub s`stkgh (m ub lmbdubtm
ek knnms) ek `btkrprkthl`üb ekn gubem. Ks ekl`r, ub trhahdm ek bmgarhr y bmgarhrsk, ek
rkg`t`rsk y rkokr`rsk, `blnusm ek lmbst`tu`rsk y trhbslurr`r. Ks kstk trhbslurr`r kn quk
hlmbtklk pubtuhem pmr nms hvhthrks ek ub gmv`g`kbtm pkrpktum (hubquk bm cmgmiàbkm
b` lmbt`bum). @rrupl`mbks aruslhs m sut`nks ek ubh `ghi`bhl`üb rhe`lhn pmr nh luhn nh
suadkt`v`ehe ks. \uadkt`v`ehe quk bm pukek pkbshrsk lmgm ubh smnkehe, yh quk bublh
kstè „smnh‗. Qklmrekgms nh ho`rghl`üb ek ub ghkstrm (Hr`stütknks 1;)4 kn hngh bublh
p`kbsh s`b ohbthsgh, ho`r
ho`rgh
ghl`
l`üb
üb qu
qukk Ln.
Ln. Nkom
Nkomrt
rt ch
chlk
lk su
suyh
yh ph
phrh
rh `b
`bs`
s`st
st`r
`r qu
qukk nh
nhss
`bst`tul`mbks bm pukekb pkbshrsk s`b knnms.
Vmr knnm, cmgarks, sml`keheks k `bst`tul`mbks bm lkshb ek gmeknhrsk kbtrk sç, ek cha`n`thr
m lnhusurh
lnhusurhrr hrqu
hrqu`tkl
`tklturhs
turhs ghtk
ghtkr`hnk
r`hnks,
s, lmbs
lmbstru`r
tru`r y gme`
gme`o`lhr
o`lhr hrqu`tklt
hrqu`tklturhs
urhs s`gaü
s`gaün`lhs
n`lhs..
1?
Hutmlrkhl`üb ek nh sml`kehe kb kn quk ks `gpms`ank e`okrkbl`hr sudktm ek lmblkptm.
Lmgm skrè e`oçl`n eko`b`r ubh ormbtkrh kbtrk `bst`tul`üb y sudktm: kbtrk suadkt`vhl`üb y
sml`hn`zhl`üb: kbtrk nh sml`kehe madkt`vhank trhbsomrgheh (kb kn ghibço`lm tmamièb ek nh
l`bth ek gmka`us) kb suadkt`v`ehe kb`igèt`lh, hn t`kgpm quk nms kokltms suadkt`vms (pmlm
madkt`vhanks) kstèb eksn`zèbemsk, kb kn g`sgm `bsthbtk, pmr nh phrke kxtkrbh ek nh g`sgh
l`bth, phrh vmnvkrsk kokltm y lmbstrull`üb sml`hn.
Hs`st`
Hs`s
t`gm
gmss ek t`kg
t`kgpm
pm kb t`kg
t`kgpm
pm h kp`s
kp`sme
me`m
`mss ek ek
eksg
sgmr
mrmb
mbhg
hg`k
`kbt
btmm ek om
omrg
rghs
hs
mrihb`zhl`mbhnks quk hrrhstrhb kb su ekrrugak mrekbks s`gaün`lms y lmbst`tuykb h nms
`ghi`bhr`ms quk nhs smøhrmb kb ohbthsghs ek mtrms t`kgpms19 (bm pmr knnm eko`b`t`vhgkbtk
gukrtms lmgm a`kb bms kbskøhb nhs ho`rghl`mbks b`tzslckhbhs quk hbubl`hbem nh gukrtk
13
ek ub e`ms
, pnhbtkhb
`bgke`hthgkbtk
`bgke`hth
gkbtk nh prkiubth
hlkrlh
ek nms
hsks`bms,
y phrh quk,
quk nms
t`kgpms
ekgukstrkb
quk
e`lch ho`rghl`üb
bm s`ib`o`lü
b`biôb
o`bhsk
eks`bms,
nh lrkkbl`h,
kb
ônt`gh `bsthbl`h ks nh quk s`kgprk ch ehem v`eh h nms e`msks).
Ks pms`ank maskrvhr pkrghbk
pkrghbkbtkgkbtk
btkgkbtk nms gmems e`vkrsms kb quk, lmb
lmb nms kslmgarms,
kslmgarms,
kbtrk rkstms y bmvkeheks cmgarks y sml`keheks ksamzhb bukvhs hrqu`tklturh m nk ehb
omrgh h nms ekslhgphe
ekslhgphems.
ms. U
Urhahdm
rhahdm ek llrkhl`üb,
rkhl`üb, knh
knhamrhl`üb,
amrhl`üb, trhbsomrghl`üb, prmp`m ekn
15
Nm pkbe`kbtk ks nm prmp`m ek nms mo`l`ms `gpms`anks h nms quk hnue`krhb pr`gkrm Jhbt y nukim Orkue.
Hn rkspkltm rkg`t`gms h Hr`stütknks4 Urhthem
Urhthem ekn hngh. N`arm @@@, <, 9 y 3.
1?
Hutmlrkhl`üb ks, bm nm mnv`ekgms, hutmmlunthl`üb ek ksh lrkhl`üb.
19
Hn rkspkltm
rkspkltm rkg`t`gms
rkg`t`gms h ub pkqukøm
pkqukøm emlugkbtm
emlugkbtm knhamrhem
knhamrhem kb 8033 Or`ikr`m,
Or`ikr`m, I,4 @blmbsl`kb
@blmbsl`kbtk
tk y
rknhl`üb pkehiüi`lh4 ubh pkrspklt`vh e`okrkbtk phrh pkbshr nh keulhl`üb, `b4 O`ngus/Or`ikr`m4 Keulhl`üb,
hutmr`thr`sgm y ekgmlrhl`h. Luhekrbms ek ONHL\M, G`bm y Eèv`nh, Aukbms H`rks, 8033.
13
Urhahdhgms ksth `ekh kb ub hrtçlunm quk pukek kblmbtrhrsk kb kn n`arm quk \`nv`h \lcnkgkbsmb puan`lhrh
kb ke. G`øm y Eèv`nh.
1;
IQHL@KNH OQ@IKQ@M.
OQ@IKQ@M. KB\HPM
KB\HPM44 AM\X[KDM\ LMBLKVU[HNK\ \MAQK NH\ @B\U@U[L@MBK\
3
cmgark, pmr kn quk surikb mtrhs omrghs, yh quk nm quk kb lheh gmgkbtm ks bm kxlnuyk nh
lmbstrull`üb m nh prmvmlhl`üb ekn sur
suri`g`kbtm
i`g`kbtm ek mtrhs ektkrg`bhl`m
ektkrg`bhl`mbks
bks prmv`smr`hs.
Lmgm e`rè kn pmkth Q. Lchr4 H lheh ekrrugak ek prukahs kn pmkth rkspmbek pmr ubh
shnvh ek pmrvkb`r.
pmrvkb`r.10
;. Arkvk rkokrkbl`h
rkokrkbl`h h nh lunturh
Dhlquks Chssmub chlk rkokrkbl`h kb su n`arm Nms lmbtrhahbe`sth ek nh gkgmr`h, quk kb
nhs sml`keheks sk pmbk kb dukim ubh àt`lh ek nh trhbsg`s`üb, phrh kn ps`lmhbhn`sth àsth4
„...sk `bslr`ak kb nm gès prmoubem ek bukstrm skr y ek bukstrh suadkt`v`ehe. P ksth àt`lh
rko`krk quk lheh ubm pukeh morklkr h nhs ikbkrhl`mbks s`iu`kbtks bm smnhgkbtk ubh
pkehimiçh m ubh kbskøhbzh, s`bm hquknnm quk nks pkrg`t`rè hsug`r ub lmgprmg`sm kb
rknhl`üb h su c`stmr`h. Ks ekl`r,
ekl`r, h su ghbkrh ek lmblka`r su prmp`h v`eh, h su ghbkrh ek
lmblka`r su prmp`h gukrtk. Vmrquk ks bklkshr`m rklmrehr quk trhbsg`t`r nh v`eh bm sk
rkeulk h ubh s`gpnk ghb`punhl`üb a`mnüi`lh, s`bm h ub lmbdubtm ek mpkrhl`mbks quk
pmbk kb dukim, hbtk tmem,
tmem, nms cklcms ek nh lunturh‗<6.
Nms cklcm
cklcmss ek nh lunturh, ks ekl`r nm quk trhahdh smark nh ohnth ek bhl`g`kbtm, smark nh
ohnnh, smark nh `blmgpnktue, prmvmlhbem nh lmbstrull`üb ek nhs `bst`tul`mbks (lmgm
Nymthre pmàt`lhgkbtk nm rklmrehrh). Cklcms ek nh lunturh quk s`kgprk kstèb trheul`ems
kb ubh ghbkrh ek kdkrlkr kn mo`l`m ekn v`v`r y ek cha`thr y har`r kn t`kgpm.
Kb ub ghrhv`nnmsm tkxtm Yhntkr Akbdhg`b ho`rgh4 „Umem kn t`kgpm quk eurk nh ohnth ek
lmbe`l`mb
lmbe`l
`mbks
ks phrh
phrh rk
rkhn`
hn`zhr
zhrnm
nm qukeh
qukeh ub ôb`lm
ôb`lm lhg`bm
lhg`bm44 pmr gke`m
gke`m ekn lmbml`
lmbml`g`k
g`kbtm
btm
<8
n`akrhr hn outurm ek nm quk cmy nm ekso`iurh‗ . N`akrhr hn
hn outurm. Ch s`em e`lcm quk kn
cmgark ks ub ekvkb`r kbtrk kn yh bm gès y kn hôb bm, su c`stmr`l`ehe ks ub gmem ek
kdkrlkr nh tkgpmrhn`ehe<1 y nhs ghbkrhs
ghbkrhs ek knhamrhr
knhamrhr nh o`b`tue,
o`b`tue, nm `bkxmrha
`bkxmrhank
nk ek nh
<<
gukrtk. Qktmghgms hquç nm kxprkshem kb ub trhahdm rkl`kbtk kb kn quk skøhnèahgms
quk bmgarhr
bmgarhr nm `bkxmrh
`bkxmrhank
ank heg`tk, smn`l`th y rklnhgh, kb lmbtrhstk,
lmbtrhstk, nhs kslr`turhs ekn
<5
t`kgpm ek nh v`eh. .
Dusthgkbtk
cughbmksksquk,
nh pms`a`n`ehe
ek kn
kgpkzhr
hnimv`v`r
bukvm.
ks quk kn
nmstrhahdm
cmgarks
`ibmrkgms nhnmgukrtk,
mluphems kb
mo`l`m ek
(qukBm
lmbnnkvh
ek
skr y ksthr
ksthr llmb
mb mt
mtrms)
rms) nm quk sk pm
pmbk
bk kb duki
dukimm ks nh rknhl`üb
rknhl`üb lmb
lmb nm bukvm
bukvm (lmb nms
nms
bukvms, nms rkl`àb nnkihems hn ekl`r ek Chbbhc Hrkbet). Kgpkzhr hnim bukvm s`ib`o`lh
tmghrr ekl`
tmgh
ekl`s`mbk
s`mbkss orkbtk h nhs ckrkb
ckrkbl`hs
l`hs,, hempthr
hempthr o`n`hl`m
o`n`hl`mbks
bks s`gaün`lhs
s`gaün`lhs hnnç embek nh
o`n`hl`üb ek nh shbirk bms ekdh cuàrohbms ek sml`kehe. Vrmpmbkgms kbtkbekr h nhs
10
Lchr, Qkbà4 H lchquk koomberkgkbt ek prkuvks nk pmãtk ràpmbe phr ubk shnvk eµhvkb`r (nh trheul ks
bukstrh) l`them pmr \tk`bkr kb Ehbs nk lcátkhu ek Ahrak Anku. Omn`m
Omn`m kssh`s,
kssh`s, Orhbl`h. 1661, p. 0.
<6
Nms lmbtrhahbe`sths ek nh gkgmr`h.
g kgmr`h. Ke. ek nh onmr, Aukbms H`rks,
H`rks, 800?, p.8?3.
<8
Akbdhg`b, Y.4 Mkuvrks @. Omn`m. Orhbl`h. 1666. V.81?.
<1
Hlkrlh ekn t`kgpm y nh keulhl`üb m nh keulhl`üb lmgm ubh o`nmsmoçh ekn t`kgpm, rkg`t`gms h bukstrm
kbshym ke`them pmr nh rkv`sth Kbshyms y kxpkr`kbl`hs. B´ 55. Aukbms h`rks (1661)
<<
Qkg`t`gms
Qkg`t`gms h bukstrm
bukstrm hrtçlunm4 lmb
lmbtrh
trh nm `bkxmr
`bkxmrhan
hankk (kb prkbsh
prkbsh,, puan`l
puan`lhl`
hl`üb
üb ek nh \klrkt
\klrkthrç
hrçhh ek
Keulhl`üb
eknhnILAH)
Qkg`t`gms
tkxtm ek Nymthre
Nymthre4 Nklturhs ek `bohbl`h . . Aukbms H`rks. Vhi.
<5
IQHL@KNH OQ@IKQ@M.
OQ@IKQ@M. KB\HPM
KB\HPM44 AM\X[KDM\ LMBLKVU[HNK\ \MAQK NH\ @B\U@U[L@MBK\
0
`bst`tul`mbks lmgm nhs lrkhl`mbks ek nms cmgarks quk lmbtrhahnhblkhb kn kxlksm ek
smnkehe ekn lhlcmrrm cughbm, chl`kbem pms`ank
pms`ank quk ubh ikbk
ikbkrhl`üb
rhl`üb hnakriuk
hnakriuk h mtrh.
\krçh kbtmblks lmbtrh nh gukrtk, lmbtrh nm `bkxmrhank, quk sk chlkb nhs `bst`tul`mbks.
Gmems ek ubh prèlt`lh sml`hn quk trhahdh lmbtrh nh cmreh quk bm lksh ek rks`e`r kb
bmsmtrms<;.
Vuns`üb ek gukrtk, puns`üb ek v`eh sk lmboubekb, gkzlnhb y lmga`bhb, phrh nkvhbthr nms
ke`o`l`ms
ke`o`
l`ms bmrgh
bmrght`vms
t`vms quk lma`dh
lma`dhrèb
rèb rhl`mbhn`
rhl`mbhn`ehek
ehekss y sukøms
sukøms<? ph
phrh
rh kbikberhr nhzms
(nhzms lmb kn lmbml`g`kbtm, ekn sudktm lmbs`im g`sgm y lmb nms mtrms).
Kbtrk kn `be`v`eum ek nh kspkl`k y nh sml`kehe sk lmbstruyk nh trhgh `bst`tul`mbhn, ks
ekl`r sk lmbtrhpmbk h nh lkrtkzh ekn nçg
nçg`tk
`tk ek nh eurhl`üb ek lheh v`eh, nh `nus`üb
`nus`üb ek
ek
ubh ktkrb`ehe.
Ek kstk gmem, hôb luhbem kn gubem sk kstrkgklk (h vklks threçhgkbtk) orkbtk h nms
curhlhbks quk gkthgmromskhb kn ph`shdk c`stür`lm, aurnèbemsk ek nhs ikmirhoçhs o`lt`l`hs
y ek nhs ormbtkrhs e`audhehs, hôb h nh `btkgpkr`k, nms cmgarks kbtrktkdkb
kbtrktkdkb nms vçblunms quk
nms hsml`hb, ehrkgms bmgark ek `bst`tul`üb h kstk kbtrktkd`em, hn quk eko`b`rkgms lmgm
ubh lhrtmirhoçh ek nhzms. Hn rkspkltm I. Arubm skøhnhah quk b`biôb nhzm kstè pkr sk kb
lmbe`l`mbks ek ihrhbt`zhr su madkt`vm4 „ Vmr kxlknkbtks quk skhb nms iàrgkbks quk
hniu`kb s`kgarh, nh prmphihl`üb ek lmshs bukvhs bm sk lmbt`bôh kb tmem nuihr y kb
tmems nms t`kgpms4 ek nh g`sgh ghbkrh nms nhzms bm kstèb s`kgprk b` kb tmem nuihr kb
lmbe`l`mbks ek ksthr h nh hnturh ek sus ekshoçms, nms nhzms bm t`kbkb (bm rkl`akb) ubh
v`rtue ko`lhz s`bm kb kn gmgkbtm hprmp`hem y irhl`hs h ubh e`spmb`a`n`ehe lmbvkb`kbtk
ek nms sudktms‗.<9
Nh c`stmr`zhl`üb ek nms s`stkghs `bst`tul`mbhnks ek mll`ekbtk ehrè lukbth ek nms gmems kb
quk kn cmgark hskiurh h trhvàs ek sulks`vhs knhamrhl`mbks nh pkreurha`n`ehe nhzm quk
phrklk `gpkrht`vm h nh kx`stkbl`h ek nm cughbm, ks kstk nhzm kn quk chlk `gpkrht`vh ubh
tkmrçh<3 quk nk eà phnharhs.
Ho`rghrkgms
qukr kn
nhzmnh`blnuyk
`btkbl`mbhn`ehe
`btkbl`mbhn`ehe,
, kstè
e`rkll`mbhem
h ub<0,huskbtk.
Vmerk
Vmerkgms
gms ho`rgh
ho`rghr
quknhzm
lunturh ubh
s`k
s`kgprk
gprk
rkg`t
rkg`tkk h hniu`kb
hniu
`kb oukrh
ekn hnlhblk
hnlhblk
h mtrms
56
ksphrl`ems kb ub t`kgpm pmr vkb`r
vkb`r,, ohbthsgh ek nms quk hôb bm nnkihrmb .
?. Hlkrlh ekn vkram keulhr
<;
Nh tks`s ek Kuiãbk Kbr`qukz4 Ek nh cmrek æ nµKtht. Vrmpmbk ub r`iurmsm trhahdm ek rkoknx`üb smark kstk
hspkltm ek nh lukst`üb.
<?
Ksth hrt`lunhl`üb ek nh rhzüb y nms sukøms, kstè ekshrrmnheh kb Or`ikr`m, I.4 Klmnk4 phrthik eks phss`mbs
mu phss`mbs phrthiàks=. @blnu`em kb kn n`arm Vhrthik eks phss`mbs. Hrt Ke`t`mb. Vh`s, 8001.
<9
I`mkrehbm Arubm4 Eks n`kbs. Hnn`h. Orhbl`h 1668. Vhi.36.
<3
Eksek nhs c`pütks`s ekn e`ms quk kbnhzh (tkmr`zhl`mbks ek I`mrehbm Arubm) h nh c`pütks`s ek ub Ksthem
quk rksunth ek ub ekskm pmnçt`lm ek e`ms (tkmr`zhl`mbks ek V`krrk Nkikberk).
<0
\mark nh kxtrhtkrr`t
kxtrhtkrr`tmr`hn`
mr`hn`ehe
ehe ekn kokltm
kokltm rkg`t`gms
rkg`t`gms hn tkxtm Or`ikr`m I. Kxtrhtkrr`tm
Kxtrhtkrr`tmr`hn`e
r`hn`ehe
he kb Buøkz,
_`mnkth
_`mnk
th (lmmre)4 Vkehimiçh sml`hn, Ike`sh, Ksphøh 1661. \mark su lhrèltkr hprãs lmup hn hrtçlunm Ekspuàs
56 Cmrh kb Nm quk qukeh ek nh ksluknh luherkbms ek Vkehimiçh Lrçt`lh ek Qmshr`m. 166<.
ek
Dhlquks Ekrr`eh, Nms kspkltrms ek Ghrx. (kb orhblàs, Ihn`nàk, 800<)
IQHL@KNH OQ@IKQ@M.
OQ@IKQ@M. KB\HPM
KB\HPM44 AM\X[KDM\ LMBLKVU[HNK\ \MAQK NH\ @B\U@U[L@MBK\
86
\`btkt`zhgms h lmbt`buhl`üb prmpuksths quk chb tkb`em ekshrrmnnm kb mtrms kslr`tms 58,
pkrm luyh `blnus`üb bms phrklk bklkshr`h h nms o`bks ek ehr lukbth ek nh pkrspklt`vh quk
smstuv`gms (kb e`st`btms trhahdms) y smstkbkgms4

durçe`lh ek `bslr`a`r hn sudktm
Keulhr
Keul
hr ks kn vkr
vkram
am quk eh lukb
lukbth
th ek nh hll`üb durçe`lh
pmnçt`lh ek e`str`au`r nhs ckrkbl`hs, eks`ibhbem
(o`n`hl`üb s`gaün`lh) y ek nh hll`üb pmnçt`lh
hn lmnklt`vm lmgm ckrkekrm. Hll`üb pmnçt`lh ek eks`ibhl`üb quk sk hskiurh ek
ar`behr h tmems nh cha`n`thl`üb hn `birksm, nh `btkrprkthl`üb y nh hgpn`hl`üb ekn
hrjcà51 lmgôb, rkphrtm cklcm hn gmem ek ub emb quk bm `bsthnh ekueh. Ksth
gmehn`ehe ekn emb, pmerçh ekl`rsk hsç4 keulhr ks ehr kn t`kgpm kbtkbe`àbemnm lmgm
ubh oukrzh ek pkrg`sm, ek hutmr`zhl`üb 5< (Vhun Q`lmkur) quk h su vkz eh nuihr hn
Jh`rms, mpmrtub`ehe quk chlk pms`ank, h tmem sudktm, quk su mr`ikb bm ekvkbih ubh
lmbekbh.

Keulhr ks kbtmblks kn gmem ek koklt`v`zhr ubh pmnçt`lh ek nh dust`l`h (kb kn skbt`em
lmb kn quk Ekrr`eh trhahdh nh bml`üb) ks ekl`r ub trhahdm ek rk-lmbml`g`kbtm, quk
pkrg`tk hn ekl`r ek Imktck (yh kb 8389) quk `gpmrth lmbskrvhr nm hbt`ium lmb
o`ekn`ehe
o`ekn
`ehe y rkl`a
rkl`a`r
`r h nm bukv
bukvmm lmb ikbkrms`
ikbkrms`ehe,
ehe, pmerçh
pmerçhgms
gms ekl`r
ekl`r kbtmblks
kbtmblks44 iuhrehr
iuhrehr
rkspktm h nm hbt`ium y hlmikr nh bmvkehe lmb kbtus`hsgm y cmsp`thn`ehe.

Keulhr ks kn vkram quk eh lukbth ek ubh pmnçt`lh lunturhn55, pmnçt`lh s`guntèbkh ek rklmbml
lmbml`g`
`g`kbt
kbtmm y ek lmbml
lmbml`g`
`g`kb
kbtm.
tm. Vmn
Vmnçt`
çt`lh
lh ek nh gkgmr`
gkgmr`hh (pmnçt
(pmnçt`lh
`lh ekn hrjcà)
hrjcà)
kbtkbe`eh lmgm nh mpms`l`üb h ubh pmnçt`lh ek nh hgbks`h, quk heg`tk nh `gpmrthbl`h
ek nh c`stmr`h phrh nh v`eh (B`ktzslck)
(B`ktzslck) y kn nuihr e`okrkbl`hem ekn mnv`em lrkh
lrkhemr
emr
Hll`üb durçe`lh y durçe`lh, pmnçt`lh ekn rk-lmbml`g`kbtm thbtm lmgm pmnçt`lh ekn
lm
lmbm
bml`
l`g`
g`kb
kbtm
tm,, kn vk
vkra
ram
m ke
keul
ulhr
hr kx
kxpr
prks
ksh
h nh hl
hll`
l`üb
üb rkspm
kspmbs
bsha
hank
nk,, kn ek
ekak
akrr ek
cmsp`thn`ehe hbtk nms bukvms, kn cmr`zmbtk ek kspkrhbzh (ek hll`üb s`b kspkrh, ek
hll`üb s`b ekgmrh),
ekgmrh ), kn t`kgpm ek nm pmr-vkb`r.
pmr-vkb`r.

Keulhr pukek kbtmblks lmbduihrsk kb ems rki`strms `btr`blhems4 kn ek nh lmbstrull`üb
ek
lmbe`l`mbks
phrh kn nhzm
sml`hn yyknmorklkr
quk pmerçh
`ekbt`o`lhrsk
lmgm ek
kblmbtrhr
ub
ekst`bm
h ubh puns`üb
`ekbt`thr`h,
ubh mlhs`üb
(hn gmem
ub madktm
trhbs`l`mbhn) phrh nh puns`üb kp`stkgmoçn`lh.
Xukeh hsç pukstm kb kv`ekbl`h quk luhbem hnue`gms h nh keulhl`üb, nh lmblkpl`üb
smarkphsh nm kslmnhr, bm sk ekdh htrhphr kb ubh mrihb`zhl`üb y kxlkek ubh lukst`üb
e`sl`pn`bhr.
58
Kbtrk mtrms kn quk knhamrhgms phrh nh MK@ (e`l. 1668)4 Keulhr ubh o`nmsmoçh ekn t`kgpm (I. Or`ikr`m)
Hlkrlh ek nh rknhl`üb kbtrk hrjcà y keulhl`üb, rkg`t`gms h Or`ikr`m “ Vmii`4 Kn hbèn`s`s ek nhs
`bst`tul`mbks keulht`vhs. \hbt`nnhbh. Aukbms H`rks, 800?.
5<
Q`lmkur e`st`biuk, kb 8090, kb Nks lunturks kt nk tkgps ([BK\LM- \hnhghblh. \çiukgk) (phi. 8<) hn
t`kgpm quk sk prkskth lmgm oukrzh ek pkrg`s`üb ek hqukn quk hltôh lmgm oukrzh quk `gp`ek m rkt`kbk.
55
Umghbem hquç nh lmblkpl`üb hgpn`h quk nh tkmrçh orkue`hbh bms prmpmbk phrh pkbshr nh lunturh, luhbem
51
nh lmbs`ekrh, kn lmbdubtm ek shakrks, kn pmekr chlkr y nhs bmrghs bklkshr`hs phrh v`v`r kb ub gubem
lmgôb.
IQHL@KNH OQ@IKQ@M.
OQ@IKQ@M. KB\HPM
KB\HPM44 AM\X[KDM\ LMBLKVU[HNK\ \MAQK NH\ @B\U@U[L@MBK\
88
9. Hlkrlh ek nhs `bst`tul`mbks keulht`vhs y ek nhs ksluknhs
Nh keulhl`üb
keulhl`üb lmbs
lmbst`tuy
t`tuykk ub lhgpm lmgpn
lmgpnkdm
kdm y prmankgèt`lm.
prmankgèt`lm. \hakgms
\hakgms quk nm quk
hlmbtklk kb ksk tkrr`tmr`m t`kbk ub kokltm kb mtrms ksphl`ms y kb outurms t`kgpms.
Uhga`àb shakgms quk nh lunturh s`kgprk sk e`r`ik, sk e`rkll`mbh, h ub sudktm quk hôb bm
kstè prkskbtk. Eksek ksth pkrspklt`vh kbtkbekgms quk tmeh keulhl`üb lmgpmrth chl`h
nms rkl`àb nnkihems
nnkihems s`guntè
s`guntèbkhg
bkhgkbtk
kbtk ub r`tm ek `b`l`hl`üb y nh mpmrtub`ehe ek nm
bukvm.
Ek ksth omrgh nhs `bst`tul`mbks kblhrihe
kblhrihehs
hs ek trhg`thr kn kb`i
kb`igh
gh suadkt`vm, pmbkb
pmbkb kb
dukim ubh lukst`üb ek o`n`hl`üb kb su skbt`em gès hgpn`m, ks ekl`r sk lmbst`tuykb kb
lmgpmbkbtk
lmgpmbkb
tk `bsms
`bsmsnhyh
nhyhank
ank ek nh lmbst
lmbstrul
rull`üb
l`üb sml`hn
sml`hn
suadkt`v`ehe.
y kb lm - prme
prmeultm
ultmrhs
rhs ek
ek
E`lcm ek mtrm gmem4 h lhrim ek trhbsomrghr hn lhlcmrrm cughbm kb sudktm ek nh phnharh
nhs `bst`tul`mbks ekn keulhr chlkb ek nh rknhl`üb lmb kn lmbml`g`kbtm su madktm y ek
lrkhr lmbe`l`mbks
lmbe`l`mbks phrh kn tkd`em sml
sml`hn
`hn su g
gkth.
kth. Ks kv`ekbtk
kv`ekbtk kbtmblks
kbtmblks quk nh keulhl`üb
keulhl`üb
kxlkek
kxl
kek h nm ks
kslmn
lmnhr
hr y, hubq
hubquk
uk hnnç sk nk eh lurs
lursm,
m, bm sk n`g`th
n`g`th h ubh luks
lukst`ü
t`übb ek
kstrulturhs y eksamreh nm lurr`lunhr
lurr`lunhr..
\` heg`t`gms quk kb nhs `bst`tul`mbks keulht`vhs (nh ksluknh ks ubm ek nms gônt`pnks
ksphl`ms
ksph
l`ms)) nh keul
keulhl`ü
hl`übb t`kb
t`kbkk (e
(eh)
h) ub lursm
lursm.. Ekakgms
Ekakgms heg`t`r
heg`t`r thga`àb
thga`àb quk ksms
lmbtkxt
lmb
tkxtms
ms ek hll`üb
hll`üb kspklço
kspklço`lm
`lmss bm pu
puke
kekb
kb n`
n`g`
g`th
thrs
rskk h sk
skrr pk
pkbs
bshe
hemm kb tà
tàrg
rg`b
`bms
ms
mrihb`zhl`mbhnks,
mrihb`zh
l`mbhnks, b` rkeul`rsk h ubh lukst`üb ek lmbtkb`ems.
Kb ksth ks `be`spkbshank har`r ub ksphl`m y ub t`kgpm, phrh rklmbs`ekrhr `bst`tul`mbks y
prèlt`lhs. Ksth rk-lmbs`ekrhl`ü
rk-lmbs`ekrhl`üb,
b, bm ks mtrh lmsh quk ubh aôsqukeh ek rks`ib`o`lhl`üb
`gprksl`be`ank phrh smarkpmbkrsk
smarkpmbkrsk h nhs hevkrs`eheks
hevkrs`eheks ek nms t`kgpms y rklupkrhr
rklupkrhr phrh nh
`bst`tul`üb keulht`vh
keulht`vh su lhrèltkr kghbl`phemr
kghbl`phemr..
\ulks`vhs ghbkrhs ek mrihb`zhr, kb lheh kthph ub skbt`em kb dukim, ubh `btkbl`üb ek ehr
5;
lukbth
ek
c`stmr`hs,
bklks`eheks
rkhnks
(k
`blnusm
ek
nhs
bklks`eheks
`bvkbthehs
ek nhs
sml`keheks
sml`kehe
ks kb su hutm- `bst`tul`
`bst`tul`mbhn`zhl`üb.
mbhn`zhl`üb. Kb trhahdms hbtk
hbtkr`mrks
r`mrks prmpus`gms pkbshr
pk)bshr
nh
`bst`tul`üb keulht`vh lmgm ubh `bst`tul`üb4 kspklço`lh
kspklço`lh,, lmgpnkdh, gunt`e`gkbs`mbhn,
gunt`e`gkbs`mbhn, pnur`
5?
k `btkre`sl`pn`bhr`h,
`btkre`sl`pn`bhr`h, `btkrlunturhn, `btkrgke`hr`h k `btkirhemrh .
Ksth g`rheh
g`rheh (y lmgprkb
lmgprkbs`üb
s`üb)) ms pkrg`
pkrg`t`ü
t`ü gès threk lmbs
lmbs`ekrh
`ekrhrr nms htr`autms
htr`autms ek nhs
`bst`tul`mbks keulht`vhs,
keulht`vhs, kbtkbe`kbem quk nh g`sgh smst`kbk e`st`bths oubl`mbks h nhs quk
ks pms`ank ehrnks
ehrnks kn bmgark ek4 durçe`l
durçe`lhs,
hs, hrlübt`lhs, omrt- eè
eè y suan`ghtmr`hs59.
5;
Qklmrekgms quk nm prmp`m ekn cmgark ks bm smnm ehrsk `bst`tul`mbks phrh sus bklks`eheks s`bm nh ek
`bvkbthr bklks`eheks phrh nhs quk sk eh `bst`tul`mbks.
5?
Hsç nm prmpus`gms kb ub trhahdm quk `b`l`hngkbtk prkphrhem pmr Or`ikr`m phrh ubh rkub`üb quk sk nnkvü h
lham kb kn Lmbskdm Kslmnhr ekn Ksthem (Gher`e-Ksphøh, høm 800<) y quk lmbst`tuyü nh ahsk phrh kn
em
emlu
lugk
gkbt
btmm (Or`
(O
ikr`
r`mmkslr`tms
“ Vm
Vmii
ii`)
`) mrihb`zhl`üb
knha
knhamr
mrhe
hemm tuvm
(800
(800<)
<)
phrh
phrh kxprks`mbks
kn VUOE
VUOE / yGKD4
GKD
4 @bst`tul`üb Kslmnhr. Kb
lmbokrkbl`hs
y r`ik
mtrms
ksth
e`st`bths
rkomrgunhl`mbks.
IQHL@KNH OQ@IKQ@M.
OQ@IKQ@M. KB\HPM
KB\HPM44 AM\X[KDM\ LMBLKVU[HNK\ \MAQK NH\ @B\U@U[L@MBK\
81
Qkl`kbtkgkbtk kslr`a`gms534
„\` tuv`àrhgms quk eko`b`r guy s`btàt`lhgkbtk nh s`tuhl`üb hltuhn, e`rçhgms quk smb
t`kgpms ek ekskbtkbe`g`kbtm ek nh dust`l`h, ek lmrrms`üb ek nh bml`üb lma`dhbtk ek nm
pôan`lm, eks-s`gamn`zhl`üb ek nhs `bst`tul`mbks, eks-n`a`b`e`zhl`üb ek nhs prèlt`lhs,
eks-`btr`blhl`üb puns`mbhn y kxtrhvçm ekn skbt`em. Umem
Umem knnm h nh vkz s`ib`o`lh t`kgpms
quk rklnhghb `gpmstkihanks trhahdms ek lrkhl`üb y lmbstrull`üb.
Vhrh kstms t`kgpms, chlk yh ubms høms `btkbtèahgms ub ksamzm ek eko`b`l`üb quk,
lmgm kbtkbekgms
kbtkbekgms quk lmbskrvh
lmbskrvh v`ikbl`
v`ikbl`h,
h, vmnvkgms
vmnvkgms h kbubl`hr lmb nh g`sgh oukrzh,
lmb nh g`sgh vkckgkbl`h,
vkckgkbl`h, lmb nh g`sgh phs`üb.
phs`üb. Eklçhgms kbtmblks, quk ubh ksluknh
ksluknh
pôan`lh y ub keulhemr krhb4 ksh `bst`tul`üb, ksk sudktm, quk sk pnhbthb orkbtk h nhs
prmoklçhs ek orhlhsm phrh
phrh ekl`rnks4 bm.
bm.
Bm, e`lk kn keulhemr.
keulhemr. Bm, e`lk nh `bst`tul`üb. Bm ksthgms e`spukstms h rkprmeul`r
rkprmeul`r
eks`iuhneheks. Bm, bm ksthgms e`spukstms h lugpn`r lmb nh mrekb ek kxlnus`üb. Bm, bm
vhgms h hlkpthr quk kn nuihr ek bhl`g`kbtm ekvkbih ubh lmbekbh.


Vkbsèahgms
skiu`gms
pkbshbem
quk nh keulhl`üb,
su skbt`em
gès
hgpn`m
ks kn kbtmblks
nuihr ekseknmembek
sk rks`stk
y sk `btkrrugpk,
kn nuihrkbembek
kn t`kgpm
vuknvk m ekakrçh vmnvkr h har`rsk lmgm t`kgpm 50 ek Jh`rms
Jh`rms,, ek ubh
ubh bmvkehe
bmvkehe quk bm
bm
`gpn`lh rkbkihr ek nms mrçikbks, b` ek phshems, s`bm s`ib`o`lheh lmgm cha`n`thl`üb h
pkbshr.‗
pkbshr
.‗
3. Hlkrlh ek nms kokltms
@btkbthr ehr lukbth ek nhs `bst`tul`mbks: ek nhs e`bèg`lhs ek nms tkrr`tmr`ms kspklço`lms ek
nhs quk sk rklnhghb, rklmbmlkb m sk eko`bkb lmgm keulht`vhs: trhahdhr kb nms tkrrkbms
lmblrktms ek nhs ksluknhs, bm ks s`b kokltm smark ubh ghbkrh ek lmgprkbekr, hprkckbekr,
eko`b`r nhs thrkhs ekn keulhemr y bm ks hdkbm h nh bklks`ehe ek lmbs`ekrhr nms kokltms ek
nm quk kb nhs `bst`tul`mbks trhbslurrk y ek hquknnm quk eh lukbth ek nhs ghrlhs y cuknnhs
kb ksphl`ms y t`kgpms bm kslmnhrks.
59
Knhamrhl`üb quk prkskbthgms ahdm kn
kn tçtunm4 Nµkbtrk ekux, kb kn Lmnnmquk ek Lkr`sy quk sskk nnkvü h lham
kb Orhbl`h kb 1666.
53
Lmbtrh nm `bkxmrhank (kb prkbsh ILAH). \mark kstms tkghs thga`àb pukek lmbsunthrsk kn trhahdm ek
_`mnkth Buøkz4 Lhrths phrh bhvkihr kb kn prüx`gm g`nkb`m4 nh pkehimiçh sml`hn . \hbt`nnhbh. Hrikbt`bh.
1668.
50
Hn rkspkltm rkg`t`gms h bukstrm hrtçlunm ke`them kb nh Qkv`sth Kbshyms y Kxpkr`kbl`hs. B´ 55. Høm
1661.
IQHL@KNH OQ@IKQ@M.
OQ@IKQ@M. KB\HPM
KB\HPM44 AM\X[KDM\ LMBLKVU[HNK\ \MAQK NH\ @B\U@U[L@MBK\
8<
Kn lhrè
lhrèlt
ltkr
kr hp
hprãs
rãs lmup
lmup ekn
ekn kokl
okltm,
tm, su kxtrhtkrr`tmr`hn`ehe hs
hsçç lmgm
lmgm su
su lhr
lhrèl
èltk
tkrr
;6
ekspnhzhem, smb kb lmbskl
lmbsklukbl`h
ukbl`h hspkltms qu
qukk bm pukekb skr mg`t`ems y quk lmbs`stkb
s`gpnkgkbtk kb skøhnhr quk4
„ (...) nm quk mlurrk h phrt`r ekn kblukbtrm lmb ub ghkstrm, smnm sk vh h s`ib`o`lhr, h
maskrvhr, h tkbkr kokltm “y kokltm s`gaün`lm“ kb mtrm t`kgpm. Bm kn ek hcmrh, bm kn ekn
kblukbtrm, hubquk nh tkxturh ekn t`kgpm ekn kblukbtrm bm bms ekdk `be`okrkbtks. Kb
rkh
khn`
n`eh
ehe,
e, nm quk qukeh ekn kbl
ghb`oksth
sthrr htkgpm
htkgpmrhn
rhngkb
gkbtk,
tk, kb kn
kblukb
ukbtrm
trm sk vh h ghb`ok
`blmbsl`kbtk quk `ibmrh kn t`kgpm.
Nm quk bms mlurrk lmb nm quk qukeh ek nh ksluknh,
k sluknh, lmb nm quk ek nh ksluknh qukeü kb
bmsm
bmsmtr
trms
ms,, ks quk
quk su kok
kokltm
ltm kxtrht
kxtrhtkrr
krr`tm
`tmr`h
r`hn,
n, ma
maskr
skrvh
vhan
ankk kb mt
mtrh
rh kslkb
kslkbh
h y kb mt
mtrh
rh
lhrtmirhoçh, oukrh ekn hunh, oukrh ekn pht`m, oukrh ekn ahrr`m. Nm quk qukeh ek nh
ksluknh, nm quk ek nh ksluknh qukeü kb bmsmtrms, s`kgprk sk pmberè (pmr kokltm ek ub
ekspnhzhg`kbtm), ek ghb`o`kstm lmb mtrms sudktms. P s`kgprk (pmr kokltm ek suan`ghl`üb)
kb mtrm ekst`bm‗;8.
0. Hlkrlh ek nh kxpnmrhl`üb
Kn kxpnmrhemr `birksh kb tkrr`tmr`ms bukvms phrh auslhr rkspuksths h prkiubths luyh
lmbvmlhtmr`h bm heg`tk nh rkeull`üb ek ubh smnh nkbiuh.
Kbtkbe
Kbtk
bekg
kgms
ms pmr
pmr kxpnmrhl`üb hquknnh
hquknnh hlt`v`eh
hlt`v`ehee `btk
`btknkltu
nkltuhn
hn quk kb tkrr`tmr`ms
tkrr`tmr`ms gkbms
lmbml`
lmb
ml`ems
ems,, m bm lmb
lmbml`
ml`ems
ems,, sk cha`n
cha`n`th
`th h trh
trhbs`
bs`thr
thr nms ks
ksphl
phl`ms
`ms ek kx
kxtrh
trhbdk
bdkr`e
r`ehe
he
e`sl`pn`bhr y pmr nh luhn nhs o`iurhs ek nm ekslmbml
ekslmbml`em,
`em, nhs nkbiuhs
nkbiuhs y lmblkptms
lmblkptms ek mtrhs
mtrhs
e`sl`pn`bhs morklkb ubh bukvh g`rheh, mtrh lmgprkbs`üb.
\mstkberkgms quk kbtrk keulhl`üb y ps`lmhbèn`s`s nh hlt`v`ehe ekak skr kxpnmrhtmr`h, bm
ek hpn`
hpn`lh
lhl`
l`üb
üb.. Kxpnmrhr s`i
s`ib`o
b`o`lh
`lh kbt
kbtmbl
mblks4
ks4 rkb
rkbubl
ubl`hr
`hr h tmeh
tmeh lmnmb`
lmnmb`zh
zhl`ü
l`üb,
b, h tmeh
tmeh
lmbqu`sth: ghbtkbkr nh `ekbt`ehe ek lheh lhgpm: smstkbkr nms rhsims e`okrkbl`hems ek
lheh prmoks`üb y hn g`sgm t`kgpm hgpn`hr nms cmr`zmbtks y prmoube`eheks ek nh g`rheh,
skbs`a`n`zhr kn mçem h mtrms smb`ems, ar`behr h nh lmgprkbs`üb mtrhs bml`mbks.
Orkue `ghi`bh nh rknhl`üb kbtrk pkehimiçh y ps`lmhbèn`s`s ek gmems e`st`btms, ekn bheh
quk vkr `blmrpmrhem kb nh `btrmeull`üb hn tkxtm ek H`lccmrb h lc`sph quk ehrè arhzh
phrh s`kgprk, tkb`kbem kb lukbth nh (`bqu`kthbtk) „ekr`vhl`üb‗ h su c`dh h qu`kb
lmghbeh „rkp
rkphrhr
hrhr ubh bkin`ikbl`h
bkin`ikbl`h‗, ks kv`ekbtk quk kn lrulk ek e`sl`pn`bhs kstè
;6
Ckgms ekshrrmnnhem nhs pr`gkrhs omrgunhl`mbks smark nms rhsims ek nms kokltms kb4 Or`ikr`m, I.4 „ H
prmpüs`tm ekn ghkstrm `ibmrhbtk y sus nkll`mbks4 tkst`gmb`m ek ubh rknhl`üb trhbsokrkbl`hn‗ kb Keulhlhm
& \ml`keheks 31 “ _mn. 15 “ Har`n “166<. Lkeks. Arhs`n (166<). „Ekspuàs ek cmrh‗ kb4 Nm quk qukeh ek
nh ks
ksluk
luknh.
nh. Vuan`l
Vuan`lhl
hl`üb
`üb ekn lkbtrm
lkbtrm ek kstue`
kstue`ms
ms ek pkehim
pkehimiçh
içh lrç
lrçt`l
t`lhh Qmshr`
Qmshr`mm (166<)
(166<).. „Lm
„Lmbtr
btrh
h nm
`bkxmrhank‗ kb prkbsh, puan`lhl`üb
puan`lhl`üb ekn ILAH. P kb „ Kxtrhtkrr`tmr`hn`ehe‗ kb Nh keulhl`üb kb t`kgpms
ek `blkrt`eugark4 nhs hpuksths ek nh pkehimiçh sml`hn. _`mnkth Buøkz (lmmre.). Ike`sh. Ksphøh. 1661.
Umems ksths bml`mbks omrghb phrtk ek ub trhahdm hltuhn ek kslr`turh (puan`lhl`üb prkv`sth skiubem
skgkstrk 1665).
;8
cmrh‗ kb4 Nm quk qukeh ek nh ksluknh. Vuan`lhl`üb ekn lkbtrm ek kstue`ms ek
Or`ikr`m, lrçt`lh
I4 „Ekspuàs
pkehimiçh
Qmshr`mek(166<).
IQHL@KNH OQ@IKQ@M.
OQ@IKQ@M. KB\HPM
KB\HPM44 AM\X[KDM\ LMBLKVU[HNK\ \MAQK NH\ @B\U@U[L@MBK\
85
prkskbtk pkrm bm tmgh b`biubh omrgh eko`b`t`vh quk bm skh nh ek `ghi`bhr quk nh
ikbkrhl`üb s`iu`kbtk chih hnim hn rkspkltm (bm qukeh lnhrm s` kstm ks ubh `bv`thl`üb, ubh
mrekb m ubh lmbekbh phrh ubh c`dh h qu`kb phrklkrçh skr bklkshr`m `be`lhr ub tkgh) m kb
ekdhr supmbkr quk kb kn outurm hnnç sk kblmbtrhrè ub rkstm quk pkrg`t`rè skiu`r pkbshbem.
Kb tmems nms lhsms s`b ubh `ekbt`o`lhl`üb h nh mrekb quk ub pherk omrgunh h su c`dh, nh
lukst`üb ek nh hpn`lhl`ü
hpn`lhl`übb suikr`eh m `be`lheh, pukek suspk
suspkbekrsk
bekrsk phrh pkbshr thn lmgm
Qmsmnhtm nm prmpmbk ub vçblunm e`st`btm, ubh pms`l`üb e`st`bth. Ks ksth unt`gh g`rheh nh
quk bms phrklk gès pkrt`bkbtk, pmr quk bm `gpn`lh ub ekslu`em ek nh kspkl`o`l`ehe, pmr
quk bm supmbk ub hahbembm ek `ekbt`eheks y pmr quk heg`tk quk lheh kxpnmrhl`üb
morklk nh r`qukzh ek ub skbt`em bukvm m v`kdm rks`ib`o`lhem.
A`an`mirhoçh ek Qkokrkbl`h
HBT@K[, E.4 Nµàp`ekrgk bmghek kt nh pkhu psylc`quk. Vhrçs. Hps`iàk.
Hps`iàk.8006.
8006.
AH[EQ@NNHQE, D. Kt Iu`nnhugk, G.4 O`iurks ek nµhntkr`tà. Vhrçs. Ekslhrtks & L`k.
8005.
AKBDHG@B, Y.4
Y.4 Kbohblk akrn`bm`sk kb \kbs ub`quk. Vhrçs. 86/83. 1666.
AKBDHG@B, Y.4 Nh v`k eks àtue`hbts. @b Mkuvrks @. Orhblk4 Ihnn`ghre, 1666, p.81;858.
AKBDHG@B, Y.4
Y.4 Nh tálck eu trheultkur
trheultkur.. @b Mkuvrks @. Orhblk4 Ihnn`ghre, 1666, p.15;1?1.
AKBDHG@B, Y.4 Nk lmgptkur. @b Mkuvrks @@@. Orhblk4 Ihnn`ghre, 1666, p.885-8;8.
ANHBLCMU , G.4 Nh lmgub`ehe `blmbokshank. Gher`e. Hrkbh N`arms. 8000.
AM[JMATH, Ln. (e`r)4 Mð kb kst nh psylchbhnysk
psylchbhnysk.. Àrãs. Orhbl`h.80
Orhbl`h.8000.
00.
LH\UMQ@HE@\, L.4 Nh `bst`tul`üb `ghi`bhr`h ek nh sml`kehe. Ahrlknmbh. Uusqukts. 803<.
LH\UMQ@HE@\, L.4 Nms emg`b`ms ekn cmgark. Nhs kblrul`dhehs ekn nhakr`btm. Ahrlknmbh.
Ike`sh. 8033.
LKNHB, V. ( 8000)4 Marhs lmgpnkths. As. Hs. Ke. Urmtth.
LKBU
LK
BUQK
QK [B
[B@_
@_KQ
KQ\@
\@U
UH@
H@QK
QK EK QK
QKLC
LCKQ
KQLC
LCK\
K\ HEG@
HEG@B@
B@\U
\UQH
QHU@
U@_K
_K\
\ KU
VMN@U@X[K
VMN@
U@X[K\
\ EK V@LHQE@K4
V@LHQE@K4 Vsylcmnm
Vsylcmnmi`k
i`k kt sl`kblk
sl`kblk heg`b`st
heg`b`strht`v
rht`vk.
k. Vhr`s.
Vhr`s. Vrkssks
Vrkssks
[b`vkrs`th`rks ek Orhblk. 803;.
LCK_HNN@KQ, D. y mtrms4 Nks ushiks sml`hux eu erm`t. Vhr`s. V[O. 8030.
LCK_HNN@KQ, D. y mtrms4 Vsylcmnmi`k kt sl`kblk heg`b`strht`vk. Vhr`s. V[O. 803;.
LCK_HNN@KQ, D. y mtrms4 N'`bst`tut`mb. Orhbl`h. Vrkssks [b`vkrs`th`rks ek orhblk. 8038.
EKQQ@EH, D. Euomurghbtknnk, H. (1666)4 Nh cmsp`thn`ehe. As. Hs. Ek nh Onmr.
Onmr.
EH_@E-DM[IBKH[, G.4 Nk e`ss`ekbt kt n'`bst`tut`mb. Vhr`s. N'Chrghtthb. 8030.
KBQ@X[KT, K.4 Ek nh Cmrek h n'Ktht. Orhbl`h. Ihnn`ghre. 803<.
KBQ@X[KT, K.4 N'mrihb`sht`mb kb hbhnysk. Vhr`s. V[O. 8001.
OQK[
OQ
K[E,
E, \.
\.44 Bmsm
Bmsmtr
trms
ms y nh gu
gukr
krtk
tk,, kb Qkv`sth Orkue`hbh B¶8, e`ous`üb Ke`l`mbks
Vh`eüs, Ahrlknmbh. (8008)
OQK[E, \.4 Kn pmrvkb`r ek ubh `nus`üb. Hgmrrmrtu. Marhs lmgpnkths. _mnugkb
_mnugkb 18.
OQK[E, \.4 Kn ghnksthr kb nh lunturh. Hgmrrmrtu. Marhs lmgpnkths. _mnugkb
_mnugkb 18
OQK[E, \.4 Uütkg y thaô. Hgmrrmrtu. Marhs lmgpnkth. _mnugkb 8<.
OQK[E, \.4 Nµ`bqu`àthbtk àtrhbiktà. Bro. Ihnn`ghre. Orhbl`h. 803;.
IQHL@KNH OQ@IKQ@M.
OQ@IKQ@M. KB\HPM
KB\HPM44 AM\X[KDM\ LMBLKVU[HNK\ \MAQK NH\ @B\U@U[L@MBK\
8;
OQ@IKQ@M, I., lmgp. 4 Keulhr rhsims o`nmsüo`lms ek ubh `ekbt`ehe. As. Hs. \hbt`nnhbh.
1661.
IQKKB, H.4 Nk tkgps àlnhtà. Vhrçs. G`bu`t. 1666.
DHPHU, \.4 Nh nmbiuk rmutk eµubk T`bihr`bh. Vhrçs. Vmljkt Dub`mr. 800?.
JHK\, Q.4 Nh `bst`tul`mb y nhs `bst`tul`mbks. As. Hs. Vh`ems. 8030.
JHK\, Q.4 Nk Irmupk kt nk \udkt eu irmupk. Vhr`s. E[BME. 800<.
J[VKQ, H.4 Lunturh. Vh`eüs. Ahrlknmbh. 1668.
NHVH\\HEK, I.4 Kn hbhn`zhemr y kn hbhn`sth. Ahrlknmbh.Ike`sh. 8090.
NHVH\\HEK, I.4 Irupms, mrihb`zhl`mbks k `bst`tul`mbks. Ahrlknmbh. Ike`sh. 8099.
NHVNHBLCK, D.4 Nh ràvmnut`mb lmpkrb`l`kbbk `bhlckvàk. Vhr`s. Hua`kr. 8001.
NHVNHBLCK, D.4 Nh pr`mr`ehe ekn mtrm kb ps`lmhbèn`s`s. Aukbms H`rks4 Hgmrrmrtu
ke`tmrks, 800?.
NHVNHBLCK, D.4 Nh suan`ghl`üb . Aukbms H`rks4 Hgmrrmrtu ke`tmrks, 8039.
NHVNHBLCK, D.4 Kbtrk skeull`üb k `bsp`rhl`üb4 kn cmgark. Aukbms H`rks4 Hgmrrmrtu
ke`tmrks, 1668.
NHVNHBLCK, D.4 Bmuvkhuz ombekgkbts pmur nh psylchbhnys
psylchbhnysk.
k. Vuo. Orhbl`h.8006.
Orhbl`h.8006.
NKIKBEQK, V.4 Nkémbs @@@. E`ku hu g`rm`r. Ktuek sur nµ`bst`tut`mb eks `ghiks. Orhbl`h.
Ohyhre. 8005.
NKIKBEQK, V.4 Ek nh sml`àtà lmggk tkxtk. Orhbl`h. Ohyhre. 1668.
NM[QH[, Q.4 Kn hbèn`s`s `bst`tul`mbhn. As. Hs. Hgmrrmrtu. 809;.
NM[QH[, Q.4 Kn ksthem y kn `blmbsl`kbtk. Kbshym ek sml`mnmiçh pmnçt`lh. Ahrlknmbh.
Jh`rms. 8036.
NPMUHQE, D-O. (8003)4 Nm `bcughbm. As. Hs. Ghbhbt`hn.
NPMUHQE, D-O.4 Nklturhs ek `bohbl`h. Aukbms H`rks. K[EKAH. 8009.
GHQ@, K. y mtrms4 Ekrklcm y ps`lmhbèn`s`s. Ukmrçh ek nhs o`ll`mbks y oubl`üb emigèt`lh.
As.Hs. Chlckttk. 8039.
GHQU@B, E. kt QMIKQ-QH\UMNN, V.4 \udkts kt `bst`tut`mbs. Vhrçs. N'Chrghtthb. 8030.
GKBEKN, I.4 Nµhltk kst ubk hvkbturk4 eu sudkt gàthpcys`qu
gàthpcys`qukk hu sudkt ek nµhltkpmuvm`r.
nµhltkpmuvm`r.
Vhrçs. Ke. Nh eàlmuvkrtk. 8003
G[D@LH, C.4 Vmàt`lhs ekn vhlçm. Aukbms H`rks. Urmtth. 1661.
BHBLP,, D-N.4 Nh lràht`mb
BHBLP
lràht`mb eu gmbek mu nh gmbe`hn`sht`mb. Vhrçs. Ihn`nàk. 1661.
VMBUHN@\,
VMBU
HN@\, D.-A.4 Okbätrks. Vhrçs4 Omn`m, B´ <?51, 8000.
QHBL@KQK, D. 4 Nh bu`t eks prmnkth`rks. Vhrçs4 Ohyhre, 8038.
QHBL@KQK,
QHBL
@KQK, D.4 Nk ghâtrk `ibmr
`ibmrhbt.
hbt. Vhrçs
Vhrçs44 Ohyh
Ohyhre,
re, 8039. (Kb pmrtuiuàs
pmrtuiuàs44 Arhs`n4
Arhs`n4 Ke.
Hutcäbt`lh, 1661)
QHBL@KQK, D.4 Lmurts vmyhiks
vmyhiks hu phys eu pkupnk. Vhrçs4 Nk \k
\ku`n,
u`n, 8006.
QHBL@KQK, D.4 Nks gmts ek nµc`stm`rk. Kssh` ek pmàt`quk eu shvm`r. Vhrçs4 \ku`n, 8001.
(Kb ksphømn kb Ke. Bukvh _`s`üb).
QHBL@KQK, D.4 Nµ`blmbsl`kbt kstcàt`quk. Vhrçs4 Ihn`nàk, 1668.
Q@LMK[Q, V.4
V.4 Orkue4 ubh `btkrprkthl`üb ek nh lunturh. s`inm SS@. Gàx`lm. 8096.
QM\MNHUM, I.4 Vmur ubk psylchbhnysk kxpnmrhtr`lk ehbs nh lunturk. Vuo. Orhbl`h.
800<.
UK@SK@QH NMVK\, K.G.4 H ps`lhbèn`sk ksluth h keulhéhm. Hutäbt`lh. Aknm Cmr`zmbtk.
1668.
U@G\@U, I.4 Nks bmgs ek nh nm`. Vuo. Orhbl`h. 8008.
_HNNK, N. Em4 Ms kb`ighs eh keulhéhm. Aknm Cmr`zmbtk. Hutäbt`lh. 1661.
IQHL@KNH OQ@IKQ@M.
OQ@IKQ@M. KB\HPM
KB\HPM44 AM\X[KDM\ LMBLKVU[HNK\ \MAQK NH\ @B\U@U[L@MBK\
8?
_H\HNNM, \.4 \hrtrk kt Nhlhb. Nk vkrak ätrk4 kbtrk lmblkpt kt ohbthsgk. NµChrghtthb.
Orhbl`h. 166<.
_KEQ@BK, C.4 Nks irhbeks lmblkpt`mbs ek n'`ghi`bh`rk. Vhrçs. A`an`m. 8006.
_KEQ@BK, C.4 Nk sudkt àlnhtà. Vhrçs. A`an`m / kssh`s. 1666.
Y@BB@LMUU, E. Y.4 Ek nh pàe`htr`k æ nh psylchbhnysk. Vhr`s4 Vhymt, 8098.
THGAQHBM, G.4 Nms sukøms y kn t`kgpm. Gher`e. \`ruknh. 8003.
Qkv`sths4
Vkbskr/rävkr nk oh`t ek nµhbhnysk. Vr`btkgps 1661. Gkrlurk ek Orhblk.
A`an`mirhoçh ek hgpn`hl`üb4
AKQKT@B,
AKQKT
@B, Hbh (80
(8003)
03) Nh mslur`
mslur`ehe
ehe kb nms mdm
mdms.
s. Kbshy
Kbshymm ps`lmh
ps`lmhbhn
bhnçt`
çt`lm
lm smark
smark nh
lruknehe. Qmshr`m.4 Cmg
Cmgmm \hp`kbs K
Ke`l`mbks.
e`l`mbks.
AKQB\UK@B, A. (8009) Nh kstrulturh ekn e`slursm pkehiüi`lm. Gher`e.4 Ke`l`mbks
Gmrhth.
AKQB\UK@B, A. (8003) Vkehimiçh, lmbtrmn s`gaün`lm k `ekbt`ehe. Gher`e.4 Ke`l`mbks
Gmrhth.
AMBBKU, Lhtckr`bks (8009) Eks kbohbts v`lt`gks kbokrgàs phr nh tkrrkur ehbs nk
s`nkblk. Kb Nh Ghzhr`bk, Qkvuk tr`gkstrhn. Vhr`s.
AM\LMNM, N. P AKQUQHBEM, V. (800?) Nms t`kgpms ekn t`kgpm. Vh`eüs. Ahrlknmbh.
LHQN@, \.: NKTLHBM, H.: JHQMN, G.: HG[LCH\UKI[@, G. (8000) Ek nh ohg`n`h
h nh ksluknh. @bohbl`h, sml`hn`zhl`üb y suadkt`v`ehe. Aukbms H`rks.4 Ke`l`mbks \hbt`nnhbh.
LHQ[\M, Ghrlknm, E[\\KN, @bàs (8000). Nh `bvkbl`üb pkehiüi`lh ekn hunh. [bh
ikbkhnmiçh ek nhs omrghs ek kbskøhr
kbskøhr.. As.Hs.4 \hbt`nnhbh.
LH\UKN, Qmakrt (8009). Nh Gkthgmroms`s ek nh lukst`üb sml`hn. [bh lrüb`lh ekn
shnhr`hem. As. Hs.4 Vh`eüs.
L@OHN@
L@O
HN@,, G`r
G`rk`n
k`nnk:
nk: @GAKQ
@GAKQU
U, Orh
Orhbl`
bl`s.
s. (8003)
(8003) Ork
Orkue
ue kt nh pkehim
pkehimi`k
i`k.. Vhr`s.
Vhr`s.44 Vrkssk
Vrkssk
[b`vkrs`th`rk ek Orhblk.
LQ[T, G. (lmgp). (800?): U`kgpm ek suadkt`v`ehe. Vh`eüs. Ahrlknmbh.
LMQB[,
LMQB
[, N. (8000).
(8000). Nh lmbo`hbzh kb nhs rknhl`mbks pkehiüi`lhs, kb OQ@IKQ@M, I.,
VMII@, G. y JMQ@BOKNE, E. (lmgp) Lmbstruykbem ub shakr smark kn `btkr`mr ek nh
ksluknh, As. Hs.4 Lk
Lkbtr
btrmm ek Kst
Kstue`
ue`ms
ms Gunt`e
Gunt`e`sl
`sl`pn
`pn`bh
`bhr`m
r`mss y Ke`l`m
Ke`l`mbks
bks Bmvke
Bmvkehek
hekss
Keulht`vhs.
EH_@E, Vhunm. Kbohbts shbs kbohblk. Vhr`s.4 Chlckttk/Vnur`kn.
E[\LCH
E[\
LCHUT
UTJP
JP,, \`n
\`nv`h
v`h (80
(8000)
00).. Nh ksl
kslukn
uknhh lmg
lmgmm ormbtk
ormbtkrh.
rh. Qkonkx
Qkonkx`mb
`mbks
ks smark
smark nh
kxpkr`kbl`h kslmnhr ek düvkbks ek skltmrks pmpunhrks. As. Hs.4 Vh`ems.
OM[LH[NU, G`lckn (8030) _`i`nhr y Lhst`ihr. Kn bhl`g`kbtm ek nh pr`s`üb As. Hs.4
\`inm SS@.
OM[LH[NU, G`lckn. (8006h). Nh v`eh ek nms cmgarks `bohgks. Gher`e4 Nh V`qukth.
OQ@IKQ@M, I.: VMII@, G. (8009) Kn hbèn`s`s ekn nh `bst`tul`üb keulht`vh. C`nms phrh
tkdkr prmykltms. Aukbms H`rks.4 Ke`l`mbks \hbt`nnhbh .
IHQL@H, Làn`m (8000). Lnçb`lh ek nm sml`hn. \hnue, \udktm-L`uehehbm. Kb Luhekrbm ek
Vkehimiçh Qmshr`m- Høm @@@- B¶ ?, Qmshr`m, ke`tmr`hn Amreks.
I@N LHN_M,
LHN_M, Kbr`quk (800;).
( 800;). Kn Ekst`bm. Vrmirksm, hnaur, hnakerçm. As. Hs.4 Vh`eüs.
I@GKBM \HLQ@\UÈB, D. (8003) Vmekrks `bksthanks
`bksthanks kb keulhl`üb. Gher`e.4 Ke`l`mbks
Ke`l`mbks
Gmrhth.
IQKKB, H. Nk tkgps àlnhtàk.(1666).
àlnhtàk.(1666). G`bu`t. Vhr`s.
IQHL@KNH OQ@IKQ@M.
OQ@IKQ@M. KB\HPM
KB\HPM44 AM\X[KDM\ LMBLKVU[HNK\ \MAQK NH\ @B\U@U[L@MBK\
89
CH\\M[B, Dhlquks (800?). Nms lmbtrhahbe`sths ek nh gkgmr`h. As. Hs.4 Ke`l`mbks ek
nh Onmr.
CMKI, Vktkr (800<) Nms ormbtkr`zms. Ahrlknmbh.4 Uusqukts.
Uusqukts.
DHGK\MB, Orker`l/T@TKJ, \nhvmd (8003). Kstue`ms lunturhnks. Qkonkx`mbks smark kn
gunt`lunturhn`sgm. As. Hs.4 Vh`eüs.
NH L@UH, Emss`kr ek LQKKBL@H\, O@NM\MO@H P QKN@I@MB (8000) Urhbsokrkbl`h y
sudktm supukstm ek shakr. Nh Vnhth4 L.@.U.H.
NHDMBX[@ÃQK ek, Nkhberm (8000h). Nh Keulhl`üb ek nms b`øms, kn Cmgark Gmekrbm
y kn ps`lmhbèn`s`s, Kb Luhekrbm ek Vkehimiçh Qmshr`m B¶ ;, Qmshr`m, ke`tmr`hn Amreks
NHDMBX[@ÃQK ek, Nkhberm (8000a). @boábl`h k @nusìm (Vs`lm)Vkehiüi`lh. Vktrüpmn`s.
_mzks.
NHQQM\H,
NHQQ
M\H, Dmrik (8000
(8000)) Vkeh
Vkehimi`h
imi`h Vrmohbh
Vrmohbh.. Ehbé
Ehbéhs,
hs, p`ruk
p`rukths
ths k ghslhrhe
ghslhrhehs.
hs. Aknm
cmr`zmbtk4 Hutäbt`lh.
GHUC@K[, G`lckn: VQ@_HU, V.: AM@GHQK, \. (8009) Nµkbohbt kt sh ohg`nnk. Kbtrk
pàehimi`k kt psylchbhnysk
psylchbhnysk.. Vhr`s.4 Ke`t`mbs Krks.
GlNH
Gl
NHQK
QKB,
B, Vk
Vktk
tkrr (800
(800;)
;).. Lu
Lunt
ntur
urhn
hn Vkeh
Vkehim
imiy
iy hb
hbee Vr
Vrke
keht
htmr
mryy Lunt
Luntur
urk.
k. B. Pmr
mrj.
j.
Qmutnkeik.
GK@Q@K[, Vc`n`ppk (8003) Orhbjkbstk`b Keulhemr
Keulhemr.. Ahrlknmbh4 Nhkrtks.
G@\\KBHQE,
H.: QM\MNHUM, I. kt.hn (8008) Nm Bkiht`vm. O`iurhs y gmehn`eheks.
As.
Hs.4 Hgmrrmrtu.
B[ØKT, _.
_. (8000) Vkehimiçh sml`hn4 Lhrths phrh bhvkihr kb kn bukvm g`nkb`m. Aukbms
H`rks Ke`l`mbks \hbt`nnhbh.
VKQKT IMGKT H.@.. (8003) Nh lunturh kslmnhr kb nh sml`kehe bkmn`akrhn. Gher`e.4
Ke`l`mbks Gmrhth
V@LM[NP,, Ehb`kn.(
V@LM[NP
Ehb`kn.(8000)
8000) Nµkbohbt nàmphre. Vhr`s.4 Akrbhre Ihsskt.
V[@IIQM\, Her`hbh (800;). _mnvkr h Keulhr. As.Hs. Hr`kn.
QHBL@ÃQK, Dhquks (800?). Kn Ekshlukrem, Vmnçt`lh y O`nmsmoçh, As. Hs.4 Bukvh _`s`üb.
_`s`üb.
QMQUP
QMQ
UP,, Q`lchre (800;). Ekrklc
Ekrklcms
ms cughbm
cughbms,
s, rhl`mb
rhl`mbhn`
hn`ehe
ehe y skbt`gk
skbt`gkbth
bthn`s
n`sgm.
gm. Kb
HAQHCHG, U. (800;). Ahthnnhs Kt`lhs. As. Hs.4 Bukvh _`s`üb.
QM\KBLT_K
QM\K
BLT_K@I,
@I, Dkhb V`krrk. (8000
(8000)) Dust
Dust`lk
`lk pmur nks kbohbts.
kbohbts. Vhr`s.4 Ke`t`mbs
Ke`t`mbs Qmakrt
Qmakrt
Nhoombt.
QM[LM[, D.: EKQQ@KB, H.: G[QKU, D.V. (800<) Nµàlmnk kt nh lmggubk. Vhr`s.4 VQMKE@.
\HAN@KQ, H.: Nks cmrnmiks sml`hnks. (8009). Vhrçs. NµChrghtthb.
\HOM[HB, Gmusthpch (8005). Nh phnharh m nh gukrtk. As. Hs.4 Ke`l`mbks ek nh Onmr.
\HNH\
HNH\,, Gh
Ghr`
r`hhbh (800
(8003)
3).. Vrèlt`lhs lunturhnks duvkb`nks4 a`mirhoçh, pmarkzh y
keulhl`üb. Uks
ks`s
`s ek Ghk
Ghkstr
strçh.
çh. Ohl
Ohlunt
unthe
he ek L`k
L`kbl`
bl`hs
hs ek nh Keulh
Keulhl`ü
l`üb.
b. [b`vkr
[b`vkrs`e
s`ehe
he
Bhl`mbhn ek Kbtrk
Kbtrk Qçms, 8003.
UHEK[ EH \@N
\@N_
_H, Umgèz (mri
(mri.)
.) (166
(1666).
6). Vkeh
Vkehimi`h
imi`h ems gmbstrms.
gmbstrms. Ms prhz
prhzkrks
krks eh
lmbousìm ek ormbtk`rhs. Aknm Cmr`zmbtk4 Hutäbt`lh.
Hutäbt`lh.
UPQMEK,
UPQM
EK, P.: AM[Q
AM[QLKU
LKU,, \.. (800
(8000)
0) Nµkbohbl
Nµkbohblkk ghntrh`tàk
ghntrh`tàk.. Vhr`s.4
Vhr`s.4 Knn`psks
Knn`psks Ke`t
Ke`t`mbs
`mbs
Ghrjkt`bi \.H..
Y@BB@LMUU, E.Y. (800?) Ekpr`vhl`üb y ekn`blukbl`h. As. Hs. Vh`eüs.
T@TKJ, \nhvmd (8001). Kn suan`gk madktm ek nh `ekmnmiçh. Gàx`lm4 \`inm SS@.
T@TKJ, \nhvmd (8003a). Vmr quk bm shakb nm quk chlkb. Kn imlk lmgm ohltmr pmnçt`lm.
As. Hs., Vh`eüs.
IQHL@KNH OQ@IKQ@M.
OQ@IKQ@M. KB\HPM
KB\HPM44 AM\X[KDM\ LMBLKVU[HNK\ \MAQK NH\ @B\U@U[L@MBK\
T@TKJ, \nhvmd (8000h). Kn hlmsm ek nhs ohbthsçhs. Gàx`lm. \`inm SS@.
83