Bài 1: No-carbohydrate diet. Chế độ ăn không có carbohydrate Premise: High-carbohydrate diets, not fat, lead to weight gain. by replacing sugar, pasta, potatoes, and bread with meat, vegetables and dairy products, you'll lose weight. Tiền đề: Chế độ ăn giàu carbohydrate, không chất béo dẫn đến tăng cân. bằng cách thay thế đường, mì ống, khoai tây và bánh mì bằng thịt, rau và các sản phẩm từ sữa, bạn sẽ giảm cân. Verdict: Initial weight-loss is likely to be due to losing water rather than fat. it's difficult to eat more meat without eating more fat, which is linked to heart disease and cancer. you might be thinner, but your arteries won't be happy Nhận định: Việc giảm cân ban đầu có thể là do mất nước chứ không phải do chất béo. Thật khó để ăn nhiều thịt hơn mà không ăn nhiều chất béo, có liên quan đến bệnh tim và ung thư. bạn có thể gầy hơn, nhưng động mạch của bạn sẽ không hạnh phúc Hay diet Hay ăn kiêng Premise: It's not what you eat, it's what you eat it with. carbohydrates can't be digested in acid conditions, so shouldn't be eaten with protein. Mixing acid and alkaline is strictly forbidden, so fruit should never be allowed anywhere near a main meal. Tiền đề: Nó không phải là những gì bạn ăn, mà là những gì bạn ăn với nó. carbohydrate không thể được tiêu hóa trong điều kiện axit, vì vậy không nên ăn cùng với protein. Nghiêm cấm trộn axit và kiềm, vì vậy không bao giờ được để trái cây ở bất cứ đâu gần bữa ăn chính. Verdict: A mixture of foods is necessary for a healthy metabolisom-vitamin C, for instance, helps the absorption of iron. Extremely fashionable but with debatable scientific basis. Kết luận: Một hỗn hợp các loại thực phẩm là cần thiết cho sự trao đổi chất lành mạnh-vitamin C, chẳng hạn, giúp hấp thu sắt. Cực kỳ thời trang nhưng có cơ sở khoa học gây tranh cãi. F-plan diet Chế độ ăn kiêng F-plan Premise: This is the original high-carbohydrate, low-fat plan, advocating lots of fruit and fibre. the 80s favourite has been translated into sixteen languages, and claims to be the best-selling diet ever. Tiền đề: Đây là kế hoạch ban đầu giàu carbohydrate, ít chất béo, chủ trương ăn nhiều trái cây và chất xơ. món yêu thích của thập niên 80 đã được dịch sang mười sáu ngôn ngữ và được khẳng định là chế độ ăn kiêng bán chạy nhất từ trước đến nay. Verdict: Common sense disguised as new scientific breakgthrough. Văn án: Thông thường ngụy trang thành đột phá khoa học mới. Grapefruit diet Chế độ ăn bưởi premise: More energy is spent digesting grapefruit and other foods like celery than is contained in the food itself. the more you eat, logically, the thinner you get. Tiền đề: Nhiều năng lượng được sử dụng để tiêu hóa bưởi và các loại thực phẩm khác như cần tây hơn là lượng năng lượng chứa trong chính thực phẩm đó. bạn càng ăn nhiều, một cách hợp lý, bạn càng gầy đi. Verdict: digesting food does burn calories, but in such tiny proportions, you would have to eat a vast amount to notice any difference. Kết luận: tiêu hóa thức ăn không đốt cháy calo, nhưng với tỷ lệ nhỏ như vậy, bạn sẽ phải ăn một lượng lớn để nhận thấy bất kỳ sự khác biệt nào. Cabbage soup diet Chế độ ăn kiêng súp bắp cải Premise: By eating nothing but soup made from cabbage and a few other vegetables you can lose up to six kilos in a week Tiền đề: Không ăn gì ngoài súp nấu từ bắp cải và một vài loại rau khác, bạn có thể giảm tới 6 kg trong một tuần Verdict: Most of the weight loss is due to water loss, not fat, and the weight returns when you move back on to solids. Unfortunately side effects have been reported. Kết luận: Hầu hết việc giảm cân là do mất nước chứ không phải do chất béo, và trọng lượng sẽ quay trở lại khi bạn chuyển sang dạng rắn. Không may là các tác dụng phụ đã được báo cáo. System S diet Chế độ ăn kiêng hệ thống S premise: The way to get thin is to eat sugar-coated cereals, biscuits, chocolate and sugary soft drik-"not the villains they are made out to be." It's a 'myth' that sweets make you fat and rot your teeth, so tuck into another bar of chocolate. Tiền đề: Cách để gầy đi là ăn ngũ cốc tẩm đường, bánh quy, sô cô la và nước ngọt có đường "không phải những kẻ xấu xa mà chúng được tạo ra." Đó là một 'huyền thoại' rằng đồ ngọt khiến bạn béo và thối răng, vì vậy hãy ăn một thanh sô cô la khác. Verdict: Just ask a dentist. Văn án: Chỉ cần hỏi một nha sĩ. Read the information about six diets in the article below and find out which diet............... F- doesn't allow you to eat fruit with your meal .Hay diet E- has unpleasant side effects Cabbage soup diet. có tác dụng phụ khó chịu C- allows you to eat cream : .No-carbohydrate diet B- says that sweets don't make you fat System S diet A- is based on the idea that the more you eat, the thinner you get Grapefuit diet D- has been translated into many different languages F-plan diet 1.No-carbohydrate diet 2.Grapefuit diet 3.Hay diet 4.F-plan diet 5.System S diet 6.Cabbage soup diet ĐA: 1C, 2A, 3F, 4D, 5B, 6E Bài 2: OLDER DADS LINKED TO RISE IN GENETIC DISORDER. Những người cha lớn tuổi có liên quan đến sự gia tăng rối loạn di truyền By Pallab Ghosh Science correspondent, BBC News Phóng viên Pallab Ghosh Science, BBC News A genetic study has added to evidence that the increase in some mental and other disorders may be due to men having children later in life. An Icelandic company found the number of genetic mutations in children was directly related to the age of their father when they were conceived. One prominent researcher suggested young men should consider freezing their sperm if they wanted to have a family in later life. The research is published in Nature. Một nghiên cứu di truyền đã bổ sung thêm bằng chứng cho thấy sự gia tăng một số rối loạn tâm thần và các rối loạn khác có thể là do nam giới có con muộn hơn. Một công ty ở Iceland đã phát hiện ra số lượng đột biến gen ở trẻ em có liên quan trực tiếp đến tuổi của cha chúng khi chúng được thụ thai. Một nhà nghiên cứu nổi tiếng đã gợi ý những người đàn ông trẻ tuổi nên xem xét việc đông lạnh tinh trùng của họ nếu họ muốn có một gia đình trong cuộc sống sau này. Nghiên cứu được công bố trên tạp chí Nature. According to Dr Kari Stefansson, of Decode Genetics, who led the research, the results show it is the age of men, rather than women, that is likely to have an effect on the health of the child. "Society has been very focused on the age of the mother. But apart from [Down's Syndrome] it seems that disorders such as schizophrenia and autism are influenced by the age of the father and not the mother." Theo Tiến sĩ Kari Stefansson, của Decode Genetics, người đứng đầu cuộc nghiên cứu, kết quả cho thấy độ tuổi của nam giới chứ không phải phụ nữ, có khả năng ảnh hưởng đến sức khỏe của đứa trẻ. "Xã hội đã rất chú trọng đến tuổi của người mẹ. Nhưng ngoài [Hội chứng Down], có vẻ như các rối loạn như tâm thần phân liệt và tự kỷ bị ảnh hưởng bởi tuổi của người cha chứ không phải của người mẹ." Male-driven Nam hướng Dr Stefansson's team sequenced the DNA of 78 parents and their children. This revealed a direct correlation between the number of mutations or slight alterations to the DNA, of the child and the age of their father. The results indicate that a father aged 20 passes, on average, approximately 25 mutations, while a 40-year-old father passes on about 65. The study suggests that for every year a man delays fatherhood, they risk passing two more mutations on to their child. What this means in terms of the impact on the health of the child is unclear. But it does back studies that also show fathers are responsible for mutations and that these mutations increase with age. And, for the first time, these results have been quantified and they show that 97% of all mutations passed on to children are from older fathers. "No other factor is involved which for those of us working in the field is very surprising," said Dr Stefansson. He added that the work backed other studies that have found links between older fathers and some disorders. "The average age of fathers has been steeply rising [in industrialised countries] since 1970. Over the same period there has been an increase in autism and it is very likely that part of that rise is accounted for by the increasing age of the father," he said. Nhóm của Tiến sĩ Stefansson đã giải mã trình tự DNA của 78 cặp cha mẹ và con cái của họ. Điều này cho thấy mối tương quan trực tiếp giữa số lượng đột biến hoặc thay đổi nhỏ đối với DNA, của đứa trẻ và tuổi của cha chúng. Kết quả chỉ ra rằng trung bình một người cha 20 tuổi vượt qua khoảng 25 đột biến, trong khi một người cha 40 tuổi vượt qua khoảng 65 lần đột biến. Điều này có nghĩa là gì về tác động đối với sức khỏe của đứa trẻ là không rõ ràng. Nhưng nó thực hiện các nghiên cứu ngược lại cũng cho thấy những người cha chịu trách nhiệm về các đột biến và những đột biến này tăng lên theo tuổi tác. Và, lần đầu tiên, những kết quả này đã được định lượng và chúng cho thấy rằng 97% các đột biến được truyền cho con cái là từ những người cha lớn tuổi. Tiến sĩ Stefansson cho biết: “Không có yếu tố nào khác liên quan đến điều đó đối với những người trong chúng tôi làm việc trong lĩnh vực này là rất ngạc nhiên. Ông nói thêm rằng công trình đã hỗ trợ các nghiên cứu khác đã tìm thấy mối liên hệ giữa những người cha lớn tuổi và một số chứng rối loạn. "Độ tuổi trung bình của các ông bố đã tăng mạnh [ở các nước công nghiệp phát triển] kể từ năm 1970. Trong cùng thời kỳ, tỷ lệ tự kỷ gia tăng và rất có thể một phần của sự gia tăng đó là do tuổi của ông bố ngày càng tăng, ”anh nói. Genetic 'diversity' Đa dạng di truyền' The findings should not alarm older fathers. The occurrence of many of these disorders in the population is very low and so the possible doubling in risk by having a child later in life will still be a very low risk. Nearly all children born to older fathers will be healthy. But across the population the number of children born with disorders is likely to increase if this theory holds true. Older fathers and therefore genetic mutations have been linked with neurological conditions because the brain depends on more genes for its development and regulation. So mutations in genes are more likely to show up as problems in the brain than in any other organ. But it is unclear whether the age of fathers has an effect on any other organ or system. The research has not yet been done. The reason that men rather than women drive the mutation rate is that women are born with all their eggs whereas men produce new sperm throughout their adult life. It is during sperm production that genetic errors creep in, especially as men get older. Writing a commentary in the Journal Nature, Prof Alexey Kondrashov, of University of Michigan, said young men might wish to consider freezing their sperm if future studies showed there were other negative effects on a child's health. "Collecting the sperm of young adult men and cold storing it for later use could be a wise individual decision. It might also be a valuable for public health, as such action could reduce the deterioration of the gene pool of human populations," he said. Những phát hiện này không nên khiến các ông bố lớn tuổi lo lắng. Sự xuất hiện của nhiều rối loạn này trong dân số là rất thấp và do đó nguy cơ có thể tăng gấp đôi khi sinh con sau này vẫn sẽ là một nguy cơ rất thấp. Gần như tất cả những đứa trẻ được sinh ra bởi những ông bố lớn tuổi sẽ khỏe mạnh. Nhưng trên toàn dân số trẻ em bị rối loạn sinh ra có thể sẽ tăng lên nếu lý thuyết này đúng. Những người cha lớn tuổi và do đó đột biến gen có liên quan đến các tình trạng thần kinh vì não phụ thuộc vào nhiều gen hơn để phát triển và điều chỉnh. Vì vậy, đột biến trong gen có nhiều khả năng hiển thị thành các vấn đề trong não hơn bất kỳ cơ quan nào khác. Nhưng không rõ liệu tuổi của các ông bố có ảnh hưởng đến bất kỳ cơ quan hoặc hệ thống nào khác hay không. Nghiên cứu vẫn chưa được thực hiện. Lý do mà nam giới thay vì phụ nữ thúc đẩy tỷ lệ đột biến là do phụ nữ được sinh ra với tất cả các trứng của họ trong khi nam giới sản xuất tinh trùng mới trong suốt cuộc đời trưởng thành của họ. Chính trong quá trình sản xuất tinh trùng, các lỗi di truyền sẽ xuất hiện, đặc biệt là khi nam giới già đi. Viết một bài bình luận trên Tạp chí Nature, Giáo sư Alexey Kondrashov, Đại học Michigan, cho biết những người đàn ông trẻ tuổi có thể muốn xem xét việc đông lạnh tinh trùng của họ nếu các nghiên cứu trong tương lai cho thấy có những tác động tiêu cực khác đến sức khỏe của trẻ. Ông nói: "Thu thập tinh trùng của những người đàn ông trưởng thành và trữ lạnh để sử dụng sau này có thể là một quyết định khôn ngoan của cá nhân. Nó cũng có thể có giá trị đối với sức khỏe cộng đồng, vì hành động như vậy có thể làm giảm sự suy giảm nguồn gen của quần thể người". Dr Stefansson, however, told BBC News that from a long-term perspective the decision by some men to have children later in life might well be speeding up the evolution of our species. "The high rate of mutations is dangerous for the next generation but is generating diversity from which nature can select and further refine this product we call man," he said. "So what is bad for the next generation may be good for our species in general." However a spokesman for the National Autistic Society said: "While there is evidence to suggest that genetic factors may play a role in some forms of autism, there are many 'younger' fathers who have children with the condition. "Far more investigation needs to be done into the connection between genetics and autism before we can draw any reliable conclusions." Tuy nhiên, Tiến sĩ Stefansson nói với BBC News rằng từ góc độ lâu dài, quyết định sinh con sau này của một số người đàn ông có thể đang đẩy nhanh quá trình tiến hóa của loài người chúng ta. Ông nói: “Tỷ lệ đột biến cao là nguy hiểm cho thế hệ tiếp theo nhưng đang tạo ra sự đa dạng mà từ đó thiên nhiên có thể chọn lọc và hoàn thiện hơn nữa sản phẩm mà chúng ta gọi là con người này. "Vì vậy, những gì xấu cho thế hệ tiếp theo có thể tốt cho loài của chúng ta nói chung." Tuy nhiên, một phát ngôn viên của Hiệp hội Tự kỷ Quốc gia cho biết: "Trong khi có bằng chứng cho thấy yếu tố di truyền có thể đóng một vai trò nào đó trong một số dạng tự kỷ, vẫn có nhiều ông bố 'trẻ hơn' có con mắc chứng bệnh này. Cần phải điều tra nhiều hơn nữa về mối liên hệ giữa di truyền và chứng tự kỷ trước khi chúng tôi có thể đưa ra bất kỳ kết luận đáng tin cậy nào his new born child. (T/F) Theo nghiên cứu, 1. All cases of genetic mutation are trong một năm trì hoãn, một người đàn ông affected by the age of fathers in conceiving. (T/F) Tất cả các trường hợp đột sẽ truyền 1 đột biến cho đứa con mới sinh biến gen đều bị ảnh hưởng bởi độ tuổi thụ của mình. thai của người cha 5. Most children from older father are 2. Achizophrenia and autism are ............... influenced by the age of ............ Chứng rối A. often sick loạn phân liệt và chứng tự kỷ bị ảnh hưởng B. healthy bởi độ tuổi C. suffer from genetic mutation. A. Mother 6. Genetic mutation is link to ............. B. Father A. health problem C. Both father and mother B. social factors 3. How many people participated in the C. neurological conditions research of Dr Stefansson's team? D. work A. 20 7. It hasn't been proved the link between B. 78 the genetic factors and autism. (T/F) Người ta chưa chứng minh được mối liên hệ C. 97 giữa các yếu tố di truyền và chứng tự kỷ. D. 25 4. According to the research, for one year's delay, a man passes 1 mutation to Bài 3: GENETIC MUTATIONS. Đột biến gen Although genetic mutations in bacteria and viruses can lead to epidemics, some epidemics are caused by bacteria and viruses that have undergone no significant genetic change. In analyzing the latter, scientists have discovered the importance of social and ecological factors to epidemics. Poliomyelitis, for example, emerged as an epidemic in the United States in the twentieth century; by then, modern sanitation was able to delay exposure to polio until adolescence or adulthood, at which time polio infection produced paralysis. Previously, infection had occurred during infancy, when it typically provided lifelong immunity without paralysis. Thus, the hygiene that helped prevent typhoid epidemics indirectly fostered a paralytic polio epidemic. Another example is Lyme disease, which is caused by bacteria that are transmitted by deer ticks. It occurred only sporadically during the late nineteenth century but has recently become prevalent in parts of the United States, largely due to an increase in the deer population that occurred simultaneously with the growth of the suburbs and increased outdoor recreational activities in the deer’s habitat. Similarly, an outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever became an epidemic in Asia in the 1950’s because of ecological changes that caused Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus, to proliferate. The stage is now set in the United States for a dengue epidemic because of the inadvertent introduction and wide dissemination of another mosquito, Aedes albopictus. Mặc dù đột biến gen ở vi khuẩn và vi rút có thể dẫn đến dịch bệnh, nhưng một số dịch bệnh do vi khuẩn và vi rút gây ra mà không có thay đổi di truyền đáng kể. Trong phân tích sau này, các nhà khoa học đã phát hiện ra tầm quan trọng của các yếu tố xã hội và sinh thái đối với dịch bệnh. Ví dụ, bệnh viêm tủy xương nổi lên như một bệnh dịch ở Hoa Kỳ trong thế kỷ XX; bởi sau đó, vệ sinh hiện đại đã có thể trì hoãn việc tiếp xúc với bệnh bại liệt cho đến tuổi vị thành niên hoặc tuổi trưởng thành, lúc đó nhiễm trùng bại liệt sinh ra bại liệt. Trước đây, nhiễm trùng đã xảy ra trong thời kỳ sơ sinh, khi nó thường cung cấp khả năng miễn dịch suốt đời mà không bị tê liệt. Do đó, việc vệ sinh giúp ngăn ngừa dịch bệnh thương hàn đã gián tiếp thúc đẩy dịch bệnh bại liệt gây ra. Một ví dụ khác là bệnh Lyme, bệnh này do vi khuẩn lây truyền qua ve hươu. Nó chỉ xảy ra lẻ tẻ vào cuối thế kỷ 19 nhưng gần đây đã trở nên phổ biến ở các vùng của Hoa Kỳ, phần lớn là do sự gia tăng số lượng hươu diễn ra đồng thời với sự phát triển của các vùng ngoại ô và gia tăng các hoạt động giải trí ngoài trời trong môi trường sống của hươu. Tương tự, một đợt bùng phát bệnh sốt xuất huyết Dengue đã trở thành một dịch bệnh ở châu Á vào những năm 1950 vì những thay đổi sinh thái khiến Aedes aegypti, loài muỗi truyền vi rút dengue, sinh sôi nảy nở. Giai đoạn bây giờ được đặt ra ở Hoa Kỳ cho một dịch bệnh sốt xuất huyết vì sự xâm nhập vô tình và phổ biến rộng rãi của một loài muỗi khác, Aedes albopictus. 1. The passage suggests that a lack of modern sanitation would make which of the following most likely to occur? Đoạn văn gợi ý rằng việc thiếu hệ thống vệ sinh hiện đại sẽ khiến điều nào sau đây dễ xảy ra nhất? a. An epidemic of paralytic polio among infants. Dịch bệnh bại liệt ở trẻ sơ sinh b. An epidemic of typhoid. Dịch bệnh thương hàn c. An outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever d. An epidemic of paralytic polio among adolescents and adults. Dịch bệnh bại liệt ở thanh thiếu niên và người lớn e. An outbreak of Lyme disease 2. According to the passage, the outbreak of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950’s occurred for which of the following reasons? a. The mosquito Aedes aegypti was newly introduced into Asia. b. More people began to visit and inhabit areas in which mosquitoes live and breed. c. The mosquito Aedes albopictus became infected with the dengue virus. d. Individuals who would normally acquire immunity to the dengue virus as infants were not infected until later in life. e. The mosquito Aedes aegypti became more numerous. 3. It can be inferred from the passage that Lyme disease has become prevalent in parts of the United States because of which of the following? Có thể suy ra từ đoạn văn rằng bệnh Lyme đã trở nên phổ biến ở các vùng của Hoa Kỳ là do nguyên nhân nào sau đây? a. The inadvertent introduction of Lyme disease bacteria to the United States b. The spread of Lyme disease bacteria from infected humans to noninfected humans c. An increase in the number of humans who encounter deer ticks. Sự gia tăng số lượng người gặp ve hươu d. The inability of modern sanitation methods to eradicate Lyme disease bacteria e. A genetic mutation in Lyme disease bacteria that makes them more virulent 4. Which of the following can most reasonably be concluded about the mosquito Aedes albopictus on the basis of information given in the passage? a. It is native to the United States. b. It can proliferate only in Asia. c. It replaced Aedes aegypti in Asia when ecological changes altered Aedes aegypti’s habitat. d. It transmits the dengue virus. e. It caused an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the 1950’s. 5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? a. A paradox is stated, discussed and left unresolved. b. An argument is described and is then followed by three counterexamples that refute the argument. c. A theory is proposed and is then followed by descriptions of three experiments that support the theory. d. A generalization is stated and is then followed by three instances that support the generalization. Một tổng quát hóa được phát biểu và sau đó được theo sau bởi ba trường hợp hỗ trợ cho việc tổng quát hóa. e. Two opposing explanations are presented, argued, and reconciled. 6. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author’s assertion about the cause of the Lyme disease outbreak in the United States? Điều nào sau đây, nếu đúng, sẽ củng cố nhất khẳng định của tác giả về nguyên nhân bùng phát dịch bệnh Lyme ở Hoa Kỳ? a. In recent years the suburbs have stopped growing. b. Outdoor recreation enthusiasts routinely take measures to protect themselves against Lyme disease. c. Scientists have not yet developed a vaccine that can prevent Lyme disease. d. Interest in outdoor recreation began to grow in the late nineteenth century. e. The deer population was smaller in the late nineteenth century than in the midtwentieth century. Số lượng hươu vào cuối thế kỷ XIX ít hơn vào giữa thế kỷ XX. Bài 4: NUTRIENTS 1. A healthy diet is essential for maintaining a healthy body and a healthy lifestyle. Though some doctors and healthy experts disagree on some components of a healthy diet, other parts are almost universally recognized, for example, all agree that a healthy diet includes necessary nutrients-ingredients that help keep bodies strong and healthy human bodies need more than 50 different kinds of nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, water, and fiber. Một chế độ ăn uống lành mạnh là điều cần thiết để duy trì một cơ thể khỏe mạnh và một lối sống lành mạnh. Mặc dù một số bác sĩ và chuyên gia lành mạnh không đồng ý về một số thành phần của chế độ ăn uống lành mạnh, ví dụ như các phần khác hầu như được công nhận rộng rãi, tất cả đều đồng ý rằng chế độ ăn uống lành mạnh bao gồm các chất dinh dưỡng cần thiết giúp cơ thể khỏe mạnh và cơ thể con người cần hơn 50 loại khác nhau các loại chất dinh dưỡng, bao gồm vitamin, khoáng chất, nước và chất xơ. 2. Vitamins are natural substances found in plants and animals ■ A ) A body cannot make its own vitamins, so it must get them from food. Vitamins do not supply energy ■ B) however, they are useful substances that the bode needs ■ C) Vitamin A, for example, helps eyes see better. Vitamin B develops protein needed in muscle growth. Vitamin C helps support the healing process for certain illnesses ■ D) Finally, vitamin D helps strengthen teeth and bones. Vitamin là các chất tự nhiên được tìm thấy trong thực vật và động vật ■ A) Một cơ thể không thể tạo ra các vitamin riêng của nó, vì vậy nó phải lấy chúng từ thực phẩm. Vitamin không cung cấp năng lượng ■ b) Tuy nhiên, chúng là những chất hữu ích mà nhu cầu cần thiết ■ C) Vitamin A, giúp mắt nhìn rõ hơn. Vitamin B phát triển protein cần thiết cho sự phát triển cơ bắp. Vitamin C giúp hỗ trợ quá trình chữa bệnh cho một số bệnh tật ■ D) Cuối cùng, vitamin D giúp tăng cường răng và xương. 3. Minerals help balance bodily fluids, such as blood and water. They are also an important part of the iron in blood. There are seven major minerals that bodies need in large amounts, and ten minor, or trace, minerals, which bodies need in smaller amounts. Scientist are still studying many minerals, such as nikel and cobalt, to try to understand exactly how they affect the human body. Khoáng chất giúp cân bằng dịch cơ thể, chẳng hạn như máu và nước. Chúng cũng là một phần quan trọng của sắt trong máu. Có 7 khoáng chất chính mà cơ thể cần với số lượng lớn, và 10 khoáng chất phụ, mà cơ quan cần với số lượng nhỏ hơn. Nhà khoa học vẫn đang nghiên cứu nhiều khoáng chất, chẳng hạn như nikel và coban, để cố gắng hiểu chính xác chúng ảnh hưởng đến cơ thể con người như thế nào. 4. Some people do not include water as a nutrient, but it is vital for a healthy body to function properly. Humans can live for several days without food, but only for two or three days without water. People who play sports or exercise a lot often fail to drink enough water. This can cause their muscles to become overly tired. If not enough water is taken in during very strenuous exercise, death may in fact result. Một số người không bao gồm nước như một chất dinh dưỡng, nhưng nó là rất quan trọng cho một cơ thể khỏe mạnh để hoạt động trơn tru. Con người có thể sống trong vài ngày mà không có thức ăn, nhưng chỉ trong hai hoặc ba ngày không có nước. Những người chơi thể thao hoặc tập thể dục thường xuyên không uống đủ nước. Điều này có thể khiến cơ bắp của họ trở nên quá mệt mỏi. Nếu không uống đủ nước được trong khi tập thể dục nặng, có thể dẫn đến tử vong. Scientists have learned much about the importance of fiber in recent years. ■ A) They now say that many people do not get enough fiber in their diets. ■ B) The average many people should eat between 30 and 40 grams of fiber each day, twice as much as the average person currently gets. Though fiber is not digested or absorbed, it helps rid the body of waste products. ■ C) fiber helps control weight and maintain normal levels of important substances such as cholesterol and blood sugar. ■ D) Fiber is found in whole-grain breads and cereals, as well as nuts, beans, fruits, and vegetables. There are several different kinds of fiber, and the each help in different ways. Two kinds of fiber, called pectins and gums, are needed to help control body fats, cholesterol, and carbohydrates (a type of nutrient that produces energy). Apples, cranberries, and cherries are good sources of pectin. Oatmeal and legumes are good sources of gums. In general, fresh fruits and raw vegetables provide more fiber than peeled fruits and cooked vegetables. according to dieticians, two servings of vegetables and two servings of whole grains ( like whole wheat bread) each day will provide enough fiber for most adults Các nhà khoa học đã học được nhiều về tầm quan trọng của chất xơ trong những năm gần đây. ■ A) Bây giờ họ nói rằng nhiều người không có đủ chất xơ trong khẩu phần ăn của họ. ■ b) Trung bình nhiều người nên ăn từ 30 đến 40 gam chất xơ mỗi ngày, gấp đôi số lượng rau trung bình hiện tại. Mặc dù chất xơ không được tiêu hóa hoặc hấp thụ, nó giúp loại bỏ các chất thải của sản phẩm. ■ C) chất xơ giúp kiểm soát cân nặng và duy trì mức độ bình thường của các chất quan trọng như cholesterol và đường trong máu. ■ D) Chất xơ được tìm thấy trong bánh mì ngũ cốc nguyên hạt và ngũ cốc, cũng như các loại hạt, đậu, trái cây và rau quả. Có nhiều loại chất xơ khác nhau và mỗi loại giúp đỡ theo nhiều cách khác nhau. Hai loại chất xơ, được gọi là pectin và gums, là cần thiết để giúp kiểm soát chất béo trong cơ thể, cholesterol và carbohydrate (một loại chất dinh dưỡng tạo ra năng lượng). Táo, quả nam việt quất, và anh đào là những nguồn pectin tốt. Bột yến mạch và các loại đậu là nguồn cung cấp gums tốt. Nhìn chung, trái cây tươi và rau sống cung cấp nhiều chất xơ hơn trái cây bóc vỏ và rau quả nấu chín. Theo các chuyên gia dinh dưỡng, hai phần rau và hai phần ngũ cốc nguyên hạt (như bánh mỳ nguyên hạt) mỗi ngày sẽ cung cấp đủ chất xơ cho hầu hết người lớn 5. In summary, recommendations for a healthy diet include drinking lost of liquids while eating fiber from a wide variety of foods. This way, the body will not be getting to much of one kind of fiber and too little of another kind. If a person is not eating enough fiber now, it is best to change one’s diet gradually. Above all, experts warn, do not depend on getting fiber from pills or tablets. A whole bottle would need to be consumed to see any benefit. Tóm lại, các khuyến nghị cho một chế độ ăn uống lành mạnh bao gồm uống nhiều nước và ăn chất xơ từ nhiều loại thực phẩm khác nhau. Bằng cách này, cơ thể sẽ không nhận được nhiều của một loại chất xơ và quá ít loại khác. Nếu một người không ăn đủ chất xơ ngay bây giờ, cách tốt nhất là thay đổi chế độ ăn một cách từ từ. Trên tất cả, các chuyên gia cảnh báo, không phụ thuộc vào việc nhận chất xơ từ thuốc viên hoặc thuốc viên. A whole bottle would need to be consumed to see any benefit. (câu này không hiểu) 1. The word “nutrients” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to a. useful substance in food. chất hữu ích trong thực phẩm b. regular food c. source of energy for the body d. substances that help the body control levels of cholestrerol 2. The word “major” in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by which of the following? a. general b. main c. general d. powerful 3. The word “function” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to: hoạt động, vận hành a. lie down b. move c. breath d. operate 4. According to the passage, which of the following is true of vitamins? a. They are natural substances made by our bodies b. They taste bad c. Americans do not get enough of them d. They do not supply energy to our bodies 5. What is the main purpose of paragraph 5? a. To describe the structure of fiber b. To explain the history of fiber c. To discuss the importance of fiber d. To tell how to eat enough fiber 6. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Câu nào dưới đây diễn đạt đúng nhất thông tin cần thiết trong câu được tô sáng trong đoạn văn? Lựa chọn không chính xác làm thay đổi ý nghĩa theo những cách quan trọng hoặc bỏ đi ý nghĩa thiết yếu a. Though water is sometimes not classified as a nutrient, it is essential for good health. Mặc dù đôi khi nước không được phân loại là chất dinh dưỡng nhưng nó rất cần thiết cho sức khỏe tốt. b. Water is not always considered nutritious; however,, it helps your body work. Nước không phải lúc nào cũng được coi là bổ dưỡng; tuy nhiên, nó giúp cơ thể bạn hoạt động. c. Though nutrients are not found in water, they are essential for good health. Mặc dù chất dinh dưỡng không được tìm thấy trong nước nhưng chúng rất cần thiết cho sức khỏe tốt. d. Water is not always considered a nutrient; however, your body needs nutrients. Nước không phải lúc nào cũng được coi là chất dinh dưỡng; tuy nhiên, cơ thể bạn cần chất dinh dưỡng. 7. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added in paragraph 2: Scientists name vitamins according to letters of the English alphabet. Where would the sentence best fit? Choose the square where the sentence should be added to the passage. Nhìn vào bốn ô vuông cho biết vị trí có thể thêm câu sau vào đoạn 2: Các nhà khoa học đặt tên vitamin theo các chữ cái trong bảng chữ cái tiếng Anh. Câu nào phù hợp nhất ở đâu? Chọn ô vuông mà bạn sẽ thêm câu vào đoạn văn. a. Paragraph 2, line 4 b. Paragraph 2, line 3 c. Paragraph 2, line 2 d. Paragraph 2, line 1 8. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added in the paragraph 5: Too much fiber, however, can interfere with the body's ability to use essential nutrients. Tuy nhiên, quá nhiều chất xơ có thể cản trở khả năng sử dụng các chất dinh dưỡng thiết yếu của cơ thể. Where would the sentence best fit? Choose the square where the sentence should be added to the passage. a. Paragraph 5, line 2 b. Paragraph 5, line 5 c. Paragraph 5, line 4 d. Paragraph 5, line 1 9. All of the followingare good sources of fiber EXCEPT a. Chocolat cake b. oatmeal cháo bột yến mạch c. apple d.pears Bài 5: VITAMINS Vitamins, taken in tiny doses, are a major group of organic compounds that regulate the mechanisms by which the body converts food into energy. They should not be confused with minerals, which are inorganic in their makeup. Although in general the naming of vitamins followed the alphabetical order of their identification, the nomenclature of individual substances may appear to be somewhat random and disorganized. Among the 13 vitamins known today, five are produced in the body. Because the body produces sufficient quantities of some but not all vitamins, they must be supplemented in the daily diet. Although each vitamin has its specific designation and cannot be replaced by another compound, a lack of vitamin can interfere with the processing of another. When a lack of even one vitamin in a diet is continual, a vitamin deficiency may result. Vitamin, được dùng với liều lượng rất nhỏ, là một nhóm lớn các hợp chất hữu cơ điều hòa các cơ chế mà cơ thể chuyển hóa thức ăn thành năng lượng. Chúng không nên bị nhầm lẫn với khoáng chất vô cơ. Mặc dù nói chung việc đặt tên của các vitamin theo thứ tự chữ cái trong việc nhận dạng chúng, danh pháp các chất riêng lẻ có thể có vẻ hơi ngẫu nhiên và không tổ chức. Trong số 13 loại vitamin được biết đến ngày nay, có 5 loại vitamin được sản xuất trong cơ thể. Bởi vì cơ thể sản xuất vừa đủ số lượng của một số vitamin nhưng không phải tất cả các vitamin, còn lại phải được bổ sung trong chế độ ăn uống hàng ngày. Mặc dù mỗi vitamin có chỉ định cụ thể của nó và không thể được thay thế bởi một hợp chất khác, việc thiếu vitamin có thể ảnh hưởng đến việc xử lý một loại vitamin khác. Khi thiếu thậm chí một vitamin trong chế độ ăn uống liên tục (kéo dài, trường diễn), một thiếu hụt vitamin có thể xảy ra. The best way for an individual to ensure a necessary supply of vitamins is to maintain a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods and provides adequate quantities of all the compounds. Some people take vitamin supplements, predominantly, in form of tablets. The vitamins in such supplements are equivalent to those in food, but an adult who maintains a balanced diet does not need a daily supplement. The ingestion of supplements is recommended only to correct an existing deficiency due to unbalanced diet, to provide vitamins known to be lacking in a restricted diet, or to act as a therapeutic measure in medical treatment. Specifically, caution must be exercised with fat-soluble substances, such as vitamins A and D, because, taken in gigantic doses, they may present a serious health hazard over a period of time. Cách tốt nhất cho một cá nhân để đảm bảo nguồn cung cấp vitamin cần thiết là duy trì chế độ ăn uống cân bằng bao gồm nhiều loại thức ăn và cung cấp đủ lượng hợp chất. Một số người uống bổ sung vitamin, chủ yếu ở dạng viên nén. Các vitamin trong các chất bổ sung như vậy tương đương với các loại thực phẩm, nhưng người lớn duy trì chế độ ăn uống cân bằng không cần bổ sung hàng ngày. Việc bổ sung các chất bổ sung chỉ được khuyến khích để điều chỉnh tình trạng thiếu hụt hiện tại do chế độ ăn không cân bằng, cung cấp các vitamin được biết là thiếu chế độ ăn hạn chế hoặc hoạt động như một biện pháp điều trị trong điều trị y tế. Cụ thể, cần phải thật thận trọng với các chất tan trong chất béo, chẳng hạn như vitamin A và D, bởi vì, được lấy theo liều khổng lồ, chúng có thể gây ra một nguy cơ sức khỏe nghiêm trọng trong một khoảng thời gian. 1. In paragraph 1, the bold word “regulate” is a. nourishment intake closest in meaning to b. vitamin tablets a. confine c. weight loss or gain b. refine d. sufficient quantities c. control 7. A continual lack of one vitamin in a d. refresh person’s diet is. Sự thiếu hụt liên tục một loại 2. According to the passage, vitamins are vitamin trong chế độ ăn uống của một người a. miscellaneous substances a. contagious b. food particles b. desirable c. essential nutrients c. preposterous d. major food groups d. dangerous 3. In paragraph 1, the bold word 8. With which of the following statements “nomenclature” is closest in meaning to would the author be most likely to agree? a. concentration a. Vitamins should come from b. classification capsules in purified form. c. clarification b. Vitamins cannot be consistently d. conservation obtained from food. 4. How many vitamins much be derived c. An inclusive diet can provide all from nourishment? necessary vitamins. Có bao nhiêu loại vitamin có được từ việc ăn d. A varied diet needs to be thực phẩm? supplemented with vitamins. a. 5 Vitamin nên đến từ viên nang ở dạng tinh b. 8 khiết. c. 7 Vitamin không thể được lấy từ thức ăn một d. 13 cách nhất quán. 5. The author implies that foods Một chế độ ăn uống bao gồm có thể cung a. supplement some but not all cấp tất cả các vitamin cần thiết. necessary vitamins Chế độ ăn đa dạng cần bổ sung nhiều b. supply some but not all necessary vitamin. vitamins 9. It can be inferred from the passage that c. are equivalent in vitamin content vitamin supplements can be advisable d. should be fortified with all a. after correcting a dietary vitamins deficiency 5. Tác giả ngụ ý rằng các loại thực phẩm b. in most restricted diets bổ sung một số nhưng không phải tất cả các c. in special medical cases vitamin cần thiết d. before beginning a therapeutic cung cấp một số nhưng không phải tất cả các treatment vitamin cần thiết Có thể suy ra từ đoạn văn rằng bổ sung tương đương về hàm lượng vitamin vitamin có thể được khuyến khích nên được tăng cường với tất cả các loại sau khi điều chỉnh chế độ ăn uống thiếu chất vitamin trong hầu hết các chế độ ăn kiêng hạn chế 6. The bold phrase “daily diet” is closest in trong những trường hợp y tế đặc biệt meaning to trước khi bắt đầu điều trị 10. In paragraph 2, the bold phrase “act as” is closest in meaning to a. attest to the fact that b. fight for c. pretend to be d. play the role of. Đóng vai trò 11. The author of the passage implies that a. vitamins can be taken in very small doses b. most vitamins are water-soluble c. some vitamins are not fat-soluble d. all vitamins are found in measured doses 12. What does the passage mainly discuss? a. Vitamin categorization and medical application b. Adopting vitamins to control weight c. The place of vitamins in nutrition d. The individual’s diet for optimum health ĐA: 1c, 2c, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6a, 7d, 8c, 9c, 10d, 11c, 12c Bài 6: THE SUPRISING TRUTH ABOUT SALT Even though doctors have been telling us for decades that it's one of the villains in our diet and public health leaders have started a crusade to slash salt from the food supply, there seems to be no definitive proof of stroke or heart disease prevention. Here, learn why. By Rachael Moeller Gorman A- Sonia Angell has a thing about salt. She thinks about it much of her day. When she talks on the phone from her office in Lower Manhattan, she speaks with increasing passion about the mineral — specifically, getting rid of it. "It's a nutrient that we are eating in excess," she says, "to the point where it has become dangerous." B- Dr. Angell is a general internist with a master's degree in public health, and she is in a good position to act on her conviction: She runs the Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control Program at the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH), the same place that caused a huge uproar a few years ago when it mandated that all city restaurants get rid of artery-clogging trans fats. Initially spurred on by former DOHMH Commissioner Thomas Frieden, now director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, she and the Department of Health have taken on salt because they and many others in the scientific community hold that eating too much sodium chloride, or salt, causes heart attacks, strokes, and deaths. So in 2008, the DOHMH spearheaded a collaboration called the National Salt Reduction Initiative — a group of more than 45 cities, states, and powerful national and international health organizations, including the American Heart Association, the American Medical Association, and the World Hypertension League — to prevent disease and death by gradually siphoning off a lot of salt from the country's food supply. C- The big glitch in this impressive-sounding plan: Not everyone in the medical community agrees that limiting salt nationwide will prevent these problems. "Is sodium important to most people's health? Is this a battle worth fighting for most people? The answer is no," says Norman Hollenberg, M.D., Ph.D., a kidney specialist and blood pressure researcher at Harvard Medical School who has edited books like the Atlas of Hypertension. Many doctors, including journal editors, cardiologists, and medical association presidents, say that while it makes sense for some people with high blood pressure to lower their salt intake, current science doesn't show that the rest of us will reap much, if any, benefit from this sweeping policy. In fact, these researchers believe the initiative is being foisted on the American public without sufficient justification — and could even be dangerous. D- They say that curtailing salt in the food supply may wreak unforeseen harm, and point out that no clinical trials in the general population have linked salt to heart disease or death. Past public health recommendations, they note, have backfired because they were implemented before proper studies were conducted (one example: switching from butter to trans-fat-loaded margarines — which proved to be worse). Salt is a cheap, tasty additive and preservative. "There are reasons food companies put it in their products. Now they have to find substitutes, and we don't know what impact the substitutes will have," says Hillel Cohen, Dr.P.H., M.P.H., an epidemiologist at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx who studies hypertension. "Wouldn't it be nice to have some information before going ahead with a health policy that will affect millions of Americans?" 1. The article is written by Sonia Angell. (T/F) 2. Match the two halves. Glitch (N) (Para.C) Backfire (v) (para.D) Reap (v) (para.C) Foist (somebody/something on/upon somebody) (para. C) Curtail (v) (Para.D) Siphon (v) (para.B) A small problem To force sb to accept sth To have opposite effect. To limit sth To divert To obtain 4. It is clear that salt can help heart disease prevention.(T/F) 5. What is NOT mentioned? Eating too much salt can cause …....... A. Diabetes B. Stroke C. Death 6. What is the purpose of National Salt Reduction Initiative ? Mục đích của Sáng kiến Giảm muối Quốc gia là gì? A. To prevent death, diseases by controlling the amount of salt in food B. To use less salt in fast food C. To prevent death and diseases D. To stop using salt from food supply 7. What is "These" (these problems) ( 2nd line of para. C) referred to? A. Food supplies B. Death and diseases C. Diabetes 8. Dr. Norman Hollenberg is a blood pressure researcher at Oxford Medical School. (T/F) 9. Not all people get benefits from the policy of reducing salt from the country's food supply. (T/F) 10. Gap- filling Clinical trials in the general population have linked salt to ……. (2 words) or ……. (1 word) Bài 7: SCABIES Scabies is known colloquially as the "seven year itch. It is a contagious skin infection that occurs among humans and other animals. It is an ancient disease. Archaeological evidence from Egypt and the Middle East suggests that scabies was present as early as 4494BC. It was named "scabies" by Roman physician, Celsus who is credited with describing its characteristic features. Scabies is caused by a tiny and not directly visible parasite- the Sarcoptes scabiei. Sarcoptes is a genus of skin parasites, which are part of a larger family of mites collectively known as "scab mites". These organisms have eight legs as adults and are placed in the same phylogenetic class (Arachnida) as spiders and ticks. Pregnant female mites tunnel into the stratums corneum of a host's skin and deposit eggs in the burrows. The eggs hatch into larvae in 3-10 days. These young mites move about the skin an moult, into a "nymphal” stage before maturing as adults, which live 3-4 weeks within the host's skin. Males roam on top of the skin, occasionally burrowing into it. The movement of mites within and on the surface of the skin causes intense allergic itching. The burrow tracks are often linear, to the point that a neat line of four or more closelyplaced and equally developed mosquito-like bites is almost diagnostic of the disease. In the classic scenario, the itch is made more severe by warmth and is usually experienced as being worse at night, possibly because there are fewer distractions. A rash soon appears after the itching starts. It is typically a blotchy, lumpy red rash that can appear anywhere on the body. The rash is often most obvious on the inside of the thighs, parts of the abdomen and buttocks, armpits and around the nipples in women. As a symptom, it is less common in elderly. The infection in animals is called scarcoptic mange. the disease may be transmitted from objects but is most often spread by direct skin-to-skin contact, with a higher risk of infection if contact is prolonged. Infections require four to six weeks to become symptomatic. Re-infection, however, may manifest symptoms within as little as 24 hours. Because the symptoms are allergic, their delay in onset is often mirrored by a significant delay in relief after the parasites have been eradicated. Crusted scabies, formerly known as Norwegian scabies, is a more severe form of the infection. However, most people who develop scabies do not contract this form of the disease. Crusted scabies occurs when there is a hyper-infestation of scabies mites. This means that there are thousands or millions of mites causing excessive flaking of the skin. Because there are so many mites, and because the skin is in the process of flaking off, it is highly contagious. The rash crusts and resembles psoriasis. It can be very extensive and may, if severe, lead to serious secondary bacterial skin infections. Crusted scabies mainly occurs in people who are immunocompromised. This includes people with HIV/AIDS: those undergoing chemotherapy and frail people who are ill with other conditions. Other people at risk are those who are malnourished, have learning difficulties (meaning that they cannot comprehend or respond to the itch), or have nerve problems (meaning that they cannot feel the itch). In crusted scabies, the mites can survive for up to a week. In a hospital scenario, even minimally exposed people, such as cleaners and laundry personnel, are at risk from the parasite. In an institution where an outbreak of crusted scabies occurs, treatment with an insecticide is needed. However, a healthy person with a normal immune system would develop "normal" scabies if infected with the scabies mite following contact with someone who had crusted scabies. Scabies tends to be diagnosed clinically on the basis of typical symptoms. Often, a doctor will find one or more mite burrows on the skin to confirm the diagnosis. It is, however, sometimes difficult to tell the difference between the rash caused by scabies and some other skin conditions. Therefore, if there is any doubt about the diagnosis, a scraping of skin is sometimes sent to the laboratory for examination under microscope. Scabies can be effectively treated with a number of medications. Permethrin cream is the most effective, but is expensive compared to other treatments. Crotamitan is less effective, but also nontoxic and soothing, while Ivermectin may be used orally and topically. Treatment with Lindane preparations, however, has fallen out of favour due to high toxicity and parasite resistance. 1. Scabies is A. More than a thousand years old B. A disease of the Celsus C. A disease which can last for seven years D. Caught from animals 2.What is the closest meaning of the word “parasite”? A. A skin disease caused by mites B. An organism which lives in or on another one C. “many legs” D. A place on the skin where disease occurs 3. What is the direct cause of Scabies? A. Females mites depositing eggs in the epidermis B. 3-4 weeks of exposure to the sun C. Male mites moving over the skin D. Young mites moulting skin 4. What are the physical effects of having mites under the skin? A. The constant need to scratch B. Circles of bites appear on the skin C. Distractions, especially in hot weather D. The skin feels very warm, especially at night 5. The rash associated with scabies is A. Found at any location on the body B. Found on the back of the body C. Known as sarcoptic mange D. Only found on women 6. How does the disease spread? A. Following treatment with a number of medications B. By actions such as hand holding C. By 24hours’ exposure to the sun D. Mostly by individuals touching objects 7. What happens in the case of crusted scabies? A. It may result in psoriasis and other diseases B. It is a result of a massive presence of parasite C. It is more common than regular scabies D. The patient’s immune system suffers 8. Crusted scabies is serious because A. It affects healthy people who come into contact with those with the condition B. All hospitals have these parasites C. It affects people with a poor immune system D. It means a person cannot have chemotherapy 9. Why is scabies sometimes difficult to diagnose? A. Many burrows are present, which makes diagnosis problematic B. The skin rash is not always visible C. The patient may have damaged the skin and made it worse D. It cannot always be distinguished from other skin problems 10. In the penultimate paragraph, what does the word “scraping” mean? A. Small piece B. Microscope C. Photograph D. Blood sample Bài 8: WHEN A STROKE IS SILENT A stroke is a loss of blood flow in the brain. There are two kinds of stroke. One is an ischemic stroke. It happens when a blood vessel in the brain gets blocked. The other kind is called a hemorrhagic, or bleeding stroke. This happens when a blood vessel breaks. Strokes can cause death or disability. Bleeding strokes are more likely to kill than ischemic strokes. But ischemic strokes are more common -- and doctors can treat them with a drug that breaks up blood clots. If you think someone is having a stroke, you should seek help immediately. Experts at the United States National Institutes of Health say the treatment has to begin within three hours. But they say people need to get to the hospital within one hour so that doctors have time to examine them. Usually the warning signs appear suddenly. These include trouble walking, weakness especially on one side of the body, difficulty seeing and difficulty speaking. Yet a recent study showed that seemingly healthy middle-aged people can suffer a stroke without immediately knowing it. The study involved about two thousand people. They were the children of men and women who took part in a major research project in Massachusetts called the Framingham Heart Study. The average age in the new study was sixty-two. The people were examined every four to eight years. They were given M.R.I., magnetic resonance imaging, tests to inspect for damaged brain tissue and signs of stroke. The imaging showed that nearly eleven percent of those with no reported stroke had suffered a silent cerebral infarction, or silent stroke. Silent strokes are brain injuries likely caused by a blockage that limits blood supply to the brain. 1.One of stroke causes is the blockage of a blood vessel in the brain 2. Death or disability can be caused by strokes. 3. Ischemic strokes are more serious than bleeding strokes. 4. Doctors can treat hemorrhagic strokes with a drug that breaks up blood clots. 5. Stroke sufferers need to go to the hospital in day for being examined. 6. The treatment for those who have a stroke has to begin within three hours. 7.Most cases, the warning signs occur unexpectedly. 8. Poor vision is warned as one of the signs of a stroke. 9. Healthy middle-aged people can suffer a stroke without immediately knowing it. 10. The people in the study were examined every four years. Bài 9: OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) SYMPTOMS OCD symptoms generally begin between the age of 10 and 24 and continue indefinitely until a person seeks treatment. A child's upbringing does not seem to be part of the cause of the disorder, though stress can make the symptoms stronger. The underlying causes of OCD have been researched greatly and point to a number of different genetic factors. While studies show that OCD and its related anxiety disorders are often passed down through families, the specific symptoms for each family member are rarely the same. For example, a mother who is obsessed with order may have a son who can't stop thinking about a single word or number. Research on OCD sufferers has found certain physiological trends. In particular, many studies show an overactivity of blood circulation in certain areas of the brain. As a result of this increase in blood flow, the sero-toninergic system, which regulates emotions, is unable to function effectively. Studies have also shown that OCD sufferers have less serotonin than the average person. This type of abnormality is also observed in Tourette syndrome and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. People who developed tics as children are found to be more susceptible to OCD as well. Many reports of OCD point to infections that can trigger the disorder, namely streptococcal infections. It is believed that a case of childhood strep throat can elicit a response from the immune system that produces certain neuropsychiatric disorders, such as OCD. Because OCD sufferers tend to be so secretive about their symptoms, they often put off treatment for many years. The average OCD sufferer waits about 17 years before receiving medical attention. As with many anxiety disorders, early diagnosis and proper medication can lessen many of the symptoms and allow people to live fairly normal lives. Most treatment plans for OCD involve a combination of medication and psy-chotherapy. Both cognitive and behavioral therapies are used to teach patients about their disorder and work through the anxiety. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are prescribed to increase the brain's concentration of serotonin. This medication successfully reduces the symptoms in many OCD sufferers in a short amount of time. For cases when OCD is linked to streptococcal infection, antibiotic therapy is sometimes all that is needed. 1.OCD often results from the way a child is raised. 2.Stress can have an effect on OCD. 3.OCD sufferers are deficient in serotonin. 4.Obsessive-compulsive disorder usually begins after the age of 17. 5.Many OCD patients prefer psychotherapy to medication. 6.OCD is very difficult to treat. 7.Many OCD sufferers keep their problem a secret. 8.Antibiotics can be used to treat OCD. Bài 10: YOUR OWN MEDICINE Too much self-help can be bad for your health “ONE of the first duties of the physician is to educate the masses not to take medicine,” observed William Osler, one of the giants of 19th-century medicine. It is a lesson that I, as a pillpopping member of the public, have learned the hard way. Several years ago, I was given a prescription for an acne medication which worked wonders for my complexion—so much so that when the prescription ran out, I kept refilling it myself, thanks to a friendly neighbourhood pharmacist. I pride myself on being a fully empowered health-care consumer, being well-informed (keeping up with medical developments is, after all, my job), with a doctorate in immunology, and with enough money and determination to take treatment of minor complaints into my own hands. In this case, I was also extremely foolish. After a few months on the medication, I started to experience dizzy spells. I dismissed them as overwork, and continued to take the pills. About a year later, those spells became a curse. I awoke one day to find the world spinning around me. For a week, I lay in a darkened room with my eyes tightly shut. Every time I opened them, I would start to vomit. Doctors have a word for this living hell—auditory nerve damage. Thankfully, I recovered, but not without losing my balance for several weeks and becoming permanently deaf in one ear. There is no proof that my illness was caused by do-it-yourself doctoring. But once I stopped taking the pills, the dizziness and other side-effects ceased. An experience like that would give anyone a healthy appreciation of the limits to self-help. But these days people are being encouraged—indeed, expected—to take personal control of their own bodies. This is sound advice when it comes to staying healthy: sticking to a sensible diet, taking regular exercise, consuming alcohol in moderation, and refraining from smoking. But I wonder about the wisdom of such an approach when it comes to making people better as opposed to merely keeping them well. On the road to recovery, who should be in the driver's seat—doctor or patient? Certainly, there are powerful forces—social, political and legal as well as economic—that are jostling doctors out of taking full charge of their patient's health. For one thing, professional paternalism is no longer fashionable in western society. Today, your banker, lawyer and, above all, your physician is supposed to be an adviser, not an unquestioned authority who singlemindedly determines the course of action necessary. Malpractice litigation, especially in America, has pushed the medical profession into shifting much of the responsibility for taking decisions on to the patients themselves. For another thing, easy access to medical information on the internet and elsewhere is giving patients an illusion of expert knowledge with which to challenge—and, increasingly, dictate—their doctors' decisions. Pharmaceutical companies have been quick to take advantage of this trend. When a blitz of television commercials encourages viewers to “ask your doctor” about the latest wonder drug, chances are your doctor will prescribe it for you. As one American expert on medical ethics has noted, in many branches of medicine, the doctor has become simply a waiter, and the patient a customer ordering from a menu of treatments. There is a fundamental inequality in the doctor-patient relationship that no amount of education and empowerment can resolve Meanwhile, as governments and employers struggle to pay for expensive new medicines, they are trying to move more of the cost of treatment, and therefore more of the responsibility, on to patients—rolling back support in the process to where it was before the rise of state-sponsored medicine. In America, the rise of co-payments and medical-savings accounts are signs of these “new old times”. Drugmakers have also caught on to this economic trend, switching many of their products from being available only on prescription—where doctors and penny-pinching insurance firms control access—to becoming available as over-the-counter remedies that consumers choose and pay for themselves. The drive to turn patients into self-reliant health-care consumers needs to be watched carefully—for the simple reason that shopping for medical treatment will never be the same as shopping for a flat-screen TV. There is a fundamental inequality in the doctor-patient relationship that no amount of education and empowerment can resolve. You wouldn't try to buy a new car with a complicated lease agreement when feeling like death. Likewise, a sick patient visiting a healthy care-giver, will inevitably be entering into a one-sided relationship. This is not to say that public education in health matters should be discouraged. Nor does it mean that people should be dissuaded from doing all they can to look after themselves. As the history of AIDS has shown, informed patients can be a powerful force for change when it comes to improving medical practices. But this needs to be part of a partnership between doctors and patients, not a substitute for it. A. Choose at least one answer: 1. According to Shereen El Feki, which of the following benefits when patients become more responsible for their healthcare? Choose three answers from A-F a. Television companies b. Insurance companies c. Lawyers d. Doctors e. Drug company f. Governments 2. According to the writer, responsibility for healthcare is being transferred to patients because of a. Legal action against patients b. The high cost of healthcare c. Changes in public attitude d. The availability of non-prescription medicines e. The availability of information f. Advances in healthcare B. Yes/No/Not Given Do the following questions agree with the views of the writer? Yes if the statement agrees with the views of the writer No If the statement contradicts the views of the writer Not Given If it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 3. The writer suffered from a skin complaint 4. The writer is certain that the medication was responsible for her 5.The writer eats sensibly and takes regular exercise 6.People should be encouraged to take responsibility for maintaining their health. 7.Patients expect their doctor to take responsibility for making them well 8. Doctors are making more use of the Internet than in the past 9. Patients have more influence over their doctors’ decisions than in the past 10. A relationship between a doctor and a patient is always unbalanced Bài 11: CASE STUDY Case Study 1: Esophageal Spasm B.R., a 53-year-old woman, consulted with her primary physician because of occasional episodes of dysphagia with moderate to severe tight, gripping pain in her midthorax. She reported that the onset was sudden after ingestion of certain foods or beverages, beginning retrosternally and radiating to the cervical and dorsal regions. The pain was not relieved by assuming a supine position or holding her breath. B.R. also stated that she felt like her heart was racing and that she might be having a heart attack. She denied any dyspepsia, vomiting, or dyspnea. Her doctor suspected acute esophageal spasm or possibly a paraesophageal), hiatal hernia and referred B.R. to a gastroenterologist for a gastroscopy and esophageal manometry study (pressure measurement). She also underwent a barium swallow study under fluoroscopic imaging. Case Study 2: HIV Infection and Tuberculosis T.H., a 48-year-old man, was an admitted intravenous (IV) drug user and occasionally abused alcohol. Over 4 weeks, he had experienced fever, night sweats, malaise, a cough, and a 10-1b. weight loss. He was also concerned about several discolored lesions that had erupted weeks before on his aims and legs. T.H. made an appointment with a physician assistant (PA) at the neighborhood clinic. On examination, the PA noted bilateral anterior cervical and axillary lymphadenopathy and pyrexia. T.H.'s temperature was 39°C. The PA sent T.H. to the hospital for further studies. T.H.'s chest radiograph (x-ray image) showed paratracheal adenopathy and bilateral interstitial infiltrates, suspicious of tuberculosis (TB). His blood study results were positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and showed a low lymphocyte count. Sputum and bronchoscopic lavage (washing) fluid were positive for an acid-fast bacillus (AFB), and a PPD (purified protein derivative) skin test result was also positive. Based on these findings, T.H. was diagnosed with HIV, TB, and Kaposi sarcoma related to past IV drug abuse. Case Study 3: Endocarditis D.A., a 37-year-old alcoholic man, sought treatment after experiencing several days of high fever and generalized weakness on return from his vacation. D.A.'s family doctor suspected cardiac involvement because of D.A.'s history of rheumatic fever. The doctor was concerned because D.A.'s brother had died of acute malignant hyperpyrexia during surgery at the age of 12. D.A. was referred to a cardiologist, who scheduled an electrocardiogram (ECG) and a transesophageal echocardiogram (M),,, D.A. was admitted to the hospital with subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) and placed on highdose, IV antibiotics and bed rest. He had also developed a heart murmur, 'which was diagnosed as idiopathic hypertrophic, subaortic stenosis (IHSS). 1. The cervical region is the region of the: A. heart B. uterus C. leg D. head E. neck 2. A word that has the same meaning as dorsal is: A. anterior B. caudal C. inferior D. superior E. posterior 3. In referring to tissues, the term interstitial means: A. under cells B. around cells C. through cells D. within cells E. between cells 4. The term axillary refers to the: A. abdomen B. wrist C. armpit D. bladder E. groin 5. The term pyrexia refers to a : A. spasm B. fever C. stone D. tumor E. poison 6. Dyspepsia refers to indigestion. Dysphagia and dyspnea refer to difficulty with ___ and___. swallowing and urinating A. sleeping and breathingCase B. swallowing and breathing C. breathing and coughing D. walking and chewing gum 7. Paraesophageal and paratracheal refer to ____ the esophagus and trachea. A. under B. superior to C. in between D. near or beside E. within 8. The endocardium is the lining of the inside of the heart. Endocarditis refers to a ____of the lining of the heart. A. narrowing B. thinning C. overgrowth of tissue D. inflammation E. cancerous growth 9. D.A.’s heart murmur was caused by a stenosis, or _____ of the aortic valve of his heart. A. thinning B. cancerous growth C. overgrowth of tissue D. narrowing E. inflammation 10. The term for a condition or disease of unknown etiology is: A. chronic B. acute C. hypertrophic D. idiopathic E. stenosis Bài 12: LYME DISEASE When Allan Little began to feel ill, he knew almost immediately what it was - Lyme Disease. But getting a medical diagnosis, and treatment, took a lot longer. I'd been going for years to the same little town in New England and Lyme Disease is everywhere there. You can't walk more than a few hundred metres in the countryside without coming across a public health notice warning you not to get bitten by a deer tick. So the intense headache, the aching limbs, the burning joints, the ferocious fever and night sweats that hit me in a matter of hours, a few days after I'd got back to London, were all consistent with what I'd read about the condition. I went to a London GP, who wasn't convinced. She took a blood sample and advised me to go home, rest, and take paracetamol. The next day, the blood test came back. It was negative for Lyme. My condition grew worse. I could hardly stand up. I called another doctor, who came to my house. He was also sceptical. He took another blood test. This too came back negative. But he gave me a prescription for powerful painkillers which made me feel well enough to get on a train to Edinburgh, my home town. Within three hours of arriving at Waverley Station I was an in-patient in the Infectious Diseases Department of the city's Western General Hospital: diagnosis, Acute Lyme Disease. By now I had found the tick bite and the distinctive livid red rash, about six inches in diameter. (To be fair to those London GPs, I hadn't noticed it when I'd consulted them.) "It's attacked your liver," the Edinburgh Consultant said. "You have three distinct kinds of liver inflammation". I made a lame sick-bed joke: "You're sure that's not like Lager-and-Lime Disease then?" She laughed politely and reassured me that that would look quite different. Why then had both blood tests come back negative? Dr Roger Evans of Raigmore Hospital in Inverness is one of the UK's leading Lyme Disease researchers. "In early Lyme Disease," he told me, "the test is not reliable because no antibodies have been produced. In the first few weeks of infection, you could test negative, but still have Lyme Disease." This is a problem for GPs, especially in urban centres where Lyme Disease is unfamiliar. Lyme is not a viral infection. It's bacterial. GPs will not prescribe antibiotics if they think you're showing symptoms of a viral infection - and it does look and feel like a bad case of flu, or chronic fatigue syndrome, neither of which can, or should, be treated with antibiotics. "In the early weeks of infection, when the blood test is not reliable," says Evans, "the GP needs to assess the patient clinically, looking for other symptoms that identify Lyme Disease." In other words, symptoms that distinguish it from flu. If you have been bitten: Remove the tick as soon as possible - the safest way is to use a pair of fine-tipped tweezers, or a tick removal tool Grasp the tick as close to the skin as possible, pull upwards slowly and firmly, as mouthparts left in the skin can cause a local infection Once removed, apply antiseptic to the bite area, or wash with soap and water and keep an eye on it for several weeks for any changes Contact your GP if you begin to feel unwell and remember to tell them you were bitten by a tick or have recently spent time outdoors Catching it early is vital. Angela Howard fell ill with Lyme Disease in the 1990s. She had never heard of it. Her doctor, she says, told her to go home and see whether her symptoms persisted. It was only when a visiting American friend saw the distinctive rash - concentric red rings around the place where the tick bite had occurred that she realised she might have Lyme Disease. She says her doctor was still reluctant to diagnose Lyme. "Doctors say you can only get this abroad - that it comes from overseas. But I hadn't been abroad. I'd been picnicking in Wiltshire." She was not treated early and her symptoms have persisted for years. There is an accumulation of anecdotal evidence that Lyme Disease often goes undiagnosed. One problem is that no-one knows how prevalent it now is. It is not a notifiable disease in the National Health Service - doctors are not required to inform a central database when they diagnose it. So there is no reliable evidence of how widespread it is, or where in the country you are most likely to get it. Roger Evans at Raigmore Hospital wants to remedy that. "We're using Scotland as a pilot study," he said. "We're trying to create maps of areas where there's a risk of tick exposure. We're using satellite data from the European Space Agency to create an app that will give information, but which will also be interactive, so that users can put in information about where they've been bitten and whether the Lyme Disease rash has appeared." Why has Lyme, which 30 years ago seemed largely limited to a small area of New England Lyme is the town in Connecticut where it was first identified - now so prevalent across the continental USA and in Europe? One theory is climate change: that small gradations in climate can create new habitats for micro-organisms, or keep them alive and active for longer. I was struck, at the time of my own treatment, that awareness was far greater in Scotland than in England and Wales. And awareness of the condition is vital to catching it early. For when you catch it early, treatment is easy and in most cases successful. It floors you though. It took me four or five months to get my strength and stamina back. It is a debilitating and dangerous illness and there is no doubt that it is getting more common. You can get it in the Scottish Highlands, in Devon and Cornwall, in Richmond Park in London and probably in your own back garden anywhere where there are small furry animals on whose skins a deer tick can live. If you get it, you can get treatment. But take it from me: it really helps if you know what it is you've got. 1. Alan had no doubt about his illness from the beginning. 2.Both blood tests were negative for Lyme Disease. 3. Alan didn’t become a Waverley Station patient for more than 3 hours. 4.Blood tests were inaccurate because they were taken unprofessionally. 5. Lyme Disease is very unfamiliar in the UK. Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. 6.Angela’s friend recognized the Lyme Disease as soon as she saw the ________ rash. 7.One problem is, it’s unknown how ___________ Lyme Disease is nowadays. 8. Roger Evans says that they try to create maps of Scotland where there’s a risk of ____________. 9 .The one possible reason for Lyme Disease to move all over the world is ______________. 10. You can catch the disease even in your own back __________.
