Transplants By: Francisco Hèctor Roberto Outline • • • • • • • • • • • What is a Transplant? Background Compatibility Types of donors – live donor – Dead Donor Requirements Organs – Heart – Lungs – Liver – Kidney – Pancreas – Intestines (very few) Types of tissue that can be donated – Bones – Corneas – Tendons – Skin – Veins – Bone Marrow Advantages and disdvantages Organ Donation in Mexico New types of transplants Bibliography What is a Transplant? A transplant is the transfer or graft of an organ from a human donor to another. Until now, because scientists are exploring the possibility of using pigs as donors. The transplants are one of the biggest achievements in modern medicine bringing life to otherwise terminal patients. Outline • What is a Transplant? • • Compatibility Types of donors – live donor – Dead Donor Requirements Organs – Heart – Lungs – Liver – Kidney – Pancreas – Intestines (very few) Types of tissue that can be donated – Bones – Corneas – Tendons – Skin – Veins – Bone Marrow Advantages and disdvantages Organ Donation in Mexico New types of transplants Bibliography • • • • • • • • Background Background • Organ Transplants Pioneered in 1954 • Medical advance since World War Two • Success • Demand • Cost Outline • • What is a Transplant? Background • Types of donors – live donor – Dead Donor Requirements Organs – Heart – Lungs – Liver – Kidney – Pancreas – Intestines (very few) Types of tissue that can be donated – Bones – Corneas – Tendons – Skin – Veins – Bone Marrow Advantages and disdvantages Organ Donation in Mexico New types of transplants Bibliography • • • • • • • • Types of transplants Tipes of transplants • First the donor needs to have a genetic compatibility with the receiver. This compatibility has a classification… – Isotransplant – Allotransplant – Xenotrasplant Outline • • • • • • • • • • What is a Transplant? Compatibility Types of donors – live donor – Dead Donor Requirements Organs – Heart – Lungs – Liver – Kidney – Pancreas – Intestines (very few) Types of tissue that can be donated – Bones – Corneas – Tendons – Skin – Veins – Bone Marrow Advantages and disdvantages Organ Donation in Mexico New types of transplants Bibliography Types of donors live donor •Bloodline: relation with receiver (father, mother, sibling, etc). •No Bloodline: (Compatibility) the son, Dead Donor •Brain Dead: (Artificial Artifacts keep them clinically alive) •Dead Outline • • • • • • • • • • • What is a Transplant? Background Compatibility Types of donors – – live donor Dead Donor Requirements Organs – Heart – Lungs – Liver – Kidney – Pancreas – Intestines (very few) Types of tissue that can be donated – Bones – Corneas – Tendons – Skin – Veins – Bone Marrow Advantages and disdvantages Organ Donation in Mexico New types of transplants Bibliography Other requirements for a transplant… • Compatibility exam – Age – Organ Condition – Blood type • Exams to discard any type of illness. • Tests to evaluate the health of LIVING donors. Outline • • • What is a Transplant? Background Compatibility • – live donor – Dead Donor Requirements • • • • • • • Types of donors Organs – Heart – Lungs – Liver – Kidney – Pancreas – Intestines (very few) Types of tissue that can be donated – Bones – Corneas – Tendons – Skin – Veins – Bone Marrow Advantages and disdvantages Organ Donation in Mexico New types of transplants Bibliography Organs The vital organs used in trasnplants: • Heart • Lungs • Liver • Kidney • Pancreas • Intestines (very few) Heart • The first successful heart transplant was performed in 1968. • OTPN (Organ Procurement Transplantation Network) • Candidates for heart transplant: – Congenital heart disease, – coronary artery disease – valvular heart disease and Lungs • Candidates transplant: for Lung – Chronic exposure to cigarettes and chemicals • OTPN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network) • As of April 2003, more than 3000 people. Liver • The liver is an organ that performs many functions. It produces bile to aid digestion, extracts toxins and synthesizes nutrients in the blood. • OTPN Kidney • The kidney filters waste material from the blood and manufacture urine. • OTPN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network) Pancreas • The pancreas has two different functions that assist in the processing of food. • OTPN (Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network) • A pancreas disease is detected, when these functions are not properly carried out. • As of April, 2003, 1,414 people in the United States. Intestines • Portions of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the stomach and the small and large intestines, may also be transplanted. • As of April 2003, there were 185 people waiting for intestinal transplants. Outline • • • • • • • • • • • What is a Transplant? Background Compatibility Types of donors – live donor – Dead Donor Requirements Organs – Heart – Lungs – Liver – Kidney – Pancreas – Intestines (very few) Types of tissue that can be donated – Bones – Corneas – Tendons – Skin – Veins – Bone Marrow Advantages and disdvantages Organ Donation in Mexico New types of transplants Bibliography Types of tissue that can be donated Bones • Bones support the body and protect the vital organs. • About 700,000 bone grafts are done yearly Bones that may be recovered include: – Iliac crest (hip bones). – Femur (thigh bones) – Humerus (arm bones) Corneas • The cornea is a colorless covering over the lens of the eye that acts as a filter to refract light. • And in 2002, more than 33,000 people in the United States received cornea transplant. Tendons • Tendons are like rubber bands that attach muscle to bone. • Tendons recovered from deceased donors may be used to replace or strengthen damaged tissue in the knee or other joints. Skin • Transplanted skin is mostly used to treat burn patients. • Skin is removed from deceased donors in thin layers • If the recovered skin is too small to treat burns Veins • Femoral veins from the thighs are removed from deceased donors and used for heart bypass surgery. Bone Marrow • The bone marrow transplant is widely use as a treatment for leukemias and other blood forming diseases. Outline • • • • • • • • • • • What is a Transplant? Background Compatibility Types of donors – live donor – Dead Donor Requirements Organs – Heart – Lungs – Liver – Kidney – Pancreas – Intestines (very few) Types of tissue that can be donated – Bones – Corneas – Tendons – Skin – Veins – Bone Marrow Advantages and disdvantages Organ Donation in Mexico New types of transplants Bibliography 81,665 Disadvantages of transplants •Immunosuppressive drugs •Body rejection •The immunological resistance of an organism to the grafting or implantation of foreign tissue •Hyperacute rejection •Acute rejection •Chronic rejection Advantages of transplants •Reverse Anemia •Freedom for dialysis treatment •RESTORE HEALTH AND LIFE Outline • • • • What is a Transplant? Background Compatibility Types of donors • – live donor – Dead Donor Requirements Organs – Heart – Lungs – Liver – Kidney – Pancreas – Intestines (very few) Types of tissue that can be donated – Bones – Corneas – Tendons – Skin – Veins – Bone Marrow Advantages and disdvantages • • New types of transplants Bibliography • • • • Organ Donation in Mexico Donation in Mexico •the government has an organization called National Program of Transplants. •It is easy to donate organs when you die. •Few paperwork •Moral debate, in which the right of the life is discussed. •Organ donations are regulated by the law •Organ sale in the Black market •Why is there not enough organ donation? The lack of information to make our society aware of this need. Outline • • • • What is a Transplant? Background Compatibility Types of donors • • – Alive donor – Dead Donor Requirements Organs – Heart – Lungs – Liver – Kidney – Pancreas – Intestines (very few) Types of tissue that can be donated – Bones – Corneas – Tendons – Skin – Veins – Bone Marrow Advantages and disdvantages Organ Donation in Mexico • Bibliography • • • • New types of transplants New types of transplants • The use of pigs as donors, for kidney transplants • Transplants of: – – – – cartilague Stem cells A complete hand Pancreatic beta cells (a possible cure for diabetes) • Cloning as the solution to the shortage of organ donors Questions and participation •How are Transplants and cloning related? •Different types of Transplants: •Definition of Transplant: •Advantages of Transplants: Outline • • • • • • • • • • • What is a Transplant? Background Compatibility Types of donors – Alive donor – Dead Donor Requirements Organs – Heart – Lungs – Liver – Kidney – Pancreas – Intestines (very few) Types of tissue that can be donated – Bones – Corneas – Tendons – Skin – Veins – Bone Marrow Advantages and disdvantages Organ Donation in Mexico New types of transplants Bibliography Sources • http://www.abcmedicus.com/articulo/pacient es/id/58/pagina/1/transplante_organos.html • http://bioetica.bioetica.org/mono10.htm • http://journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/trans plants/what.html