College of Computing and Informatics Instructions: You must submit two separate copies (one Word file and one PDF file) using the Assignment Template on Blackboard via the allocated folder. These files must not be in compressed format. It is your responsibility to check and make sure that you have uploaded both the correct files. Zero mark will be given if you try to bypass the SafeAssign (e.g. misspell words, remove spaces between words, hide characters, use different character sets, convert text into image or languages other than English or any kind of manipulation). Email submission will not be accepted. You are advised to make your work clear and well-presented. This includes filling your information on the cover page. You must use this template, failing which will result in zero mark. You MUST show all your work, and text must not be converted into an image, unless specified otherwise by the question. Late submission will result in ZERO mark. The work should be your own, copying from students or other resources will result in ZERO mark. Use Times New Roman font for all your answers. Pg. 01 Learning Outcome(s): Explain network protocols, including Transport Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. Ошибка! Используйте вкладку "Главная" для применения Heading 1 к тексту, который должен здесь отображаться. Question One 2 Marks Explain why 1. we do not need the router in inside the same Local Area Network (LAN) A router is not required for direct communication between devices as long as they are all connected to the same local area network and share the same IP address. In a Local Area Network (LAN), all users are physically seated in the exact location, such as a single building or educational institution (Froehlich & Hwang, 2021). A network switch allows for the connection of many computers to form a larger LAN. The data packets from the network's various computers and other devices are sent through this switch and sent on their way. The MAC addresses of the gadgets are used to do this. Because everything is connected to the same local area network (LAN) and has IP addresses from the same subnet, no intermediary router is required for the devices to speak with one another. 2. we need a router in the figure below It is generally agreed that a router is required if two or more LANs are combined into a single system. The router is essential networking equipment to facilitate connection across several networks (Irei & Scarpati, 2021). Two LANs are joined using a router, as shown in the accompanying diagram. The IP addresses and subnets each LAN uses are entirely different from the others. The router must operate as a gateway between devices on different LANs for them to connect. If a device on LAN 1 (Alice site) interacts with a device on LAN 2 (Bob site), it will send a data packet to its specified gateway. The IP address of the router interface leading to LAN 1 reveals that this device is the gateway. Pg. 02 Ошибка! Используйте вкладку "Главная" для применения Heading 1 к тексту, который должен здесь отображаться. The router checks the IP address in the packet to determine where it needs to send the data. The router then consults its routing database to determine which interfaces are linked to LAN 2 and sends the packet via that path. The router performs this routing function, enabling efficient communication between devices on separate LANs. Pg. 03 Learning Outcome(s): Demonstrate protocol configuration, network addressing schemes, and analyze packet transmission for local and wide area networks. Ошибка! Используйте вкладку "Главная" для применения Heading 1 к тексту, который должен здесь отображаться. 3 Marks Question Two Find the class, Network ID, Host ID, and number of hosts of the following classful IP addresses: a. 130.34.54.12 The first byte of an IPv4 address indicates the address's class, which is as follows: Figure 0.1:Class classification (Neha, 2021) Based on the data, we know that address 130.34.54.12 belongs to Class B. IP addresses are separated into network IDs and host IDs based on their class. For Class B The first two octets make up the Network ID, making 130.34 the appropriate value. The last two octets, or 54.12, make up the Host ID. By design, the subnet mask for Class B networks is 255.255.0.0. Use this calculation to determine how many hosts your Class B network might have. 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 2ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 − 2 In Class B addressing, the host address takes up 16 of the available 32 bits. = 216 − 2 = 65,534 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 Pg. 04 Ошибка! Используйте вкладку "Главная" для применения Heading 1 к тексту, который должен здесь отображаться. b. 200.34.2.1 IPv4 address 200.34.2.1 falls under Class C according to the preceding table.IP addresses are separated into network IDs and host IDs based on their class. For Class C The Network ID begins with the first three octets, making 200.34.2 the whole number. The value 1 represents the Host ID since it is the last octet. By design, the subnet mask for Class C networks is 255.255.255.0. Use this calculation to determine how many hosts your Class C network might have. 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 2 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 − 2 Class C addresses have 8 bits set up for host identifiers. = 28 − 2 = 254 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 c. 01110111 11110011 10000111 11011101 The IP address supplied is in binary format. We change it in decimal form while each octet represents an integer between 0 and 255. 01110111 = 119 11110011 = 243 10000111 = 135 11011101 = 221 So, the IP address is 119.243.135.221. For Class A Since the Network ID occupies the first byte, the answer is 119. Pg. 05 Ошибка! Используйте вкладку "Главная" для применения Heading 1 к тексту, который должен здесь отображаться. The remaining three octets make up the Host ID, making the full number 243.135.221. By design, the subnet mask for Class A networks is 255.0.0.0. Use this calculation to determine how many hosts your Class A network might have. 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 2ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 – 2 For Class A itt has 24 bits reserved for host addresses, = 224 − 2 = 16,777,214 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠 Pg. 06 Learning Outcome(s): Demonstrate protocol configuration, network addressing schemes, and analyze packet transmission for local and wide area networks. Ошибка! Используйте вкладку "Главная" для применения Heading 1 к тексту, который должен здесь отображаться. 3 Marks Question Three Find the Number of bits for Host ID, Network ID, sub-networks, and Maximum number of sub-networks of the following classless address: a. 190.107.16.17/18 Network ID Subnet masks are denoted with the forward slash notation (/18). This number specifies the size of the network ID in bits. There are 18 bits involved here. Host ID: 𝐻𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐼𝐷 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑠 − 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 32 − 18 = 14 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 Sub Network: This address has Class B from the classification table so it has 16 bit network portion. 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑠 = 2𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑘 − 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 218−16 = 4 Maximum no of subnets The number of possible subnets is limited by how many bits may be borrowed from the host part for subnetting. We may use (32 - 18 - 2) = 12 bits for further subnetting if we set aside 2 bits for hosts. 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑠 = 212 = 4096 Pg. 07 Ошибка! Используйте вкладку "Главная" для применения Heading 1 к тексту, который должен здесь отображаться. b. 70.25.33.24/29 Network ID: Subnet masks are denoted with the forward slash notation (/29). This number specifies the size of the network ID in bits. There are 29 bits involved here. Host ID: 𝐻𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐼𝐷 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑠 − 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 32 − 29 = 3 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 Number of sub-networks: This address has Class A from the classification table so it has 8 bit network portion. 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑠 = 2 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑘 − 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 229−8 = 221 = 2,097,152 Maximum number of sub-networks: The number of possible subnets is limited by how many bits may be borrowed from the host part for subnetting. We may use (32 - 29 - 2) = 1 bits for further subnetting if we set aside 2 bits for hosts. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑠 = 21 = 2 Pg. 08 Ошибка! Используйте вкладку "Главная" для применения Heading 1 к тексту, который должен здесь отображаться. c. 200.235.1.5/28 Network ID: Subnet masks are denoted with the forward slash notation (/28). This number specifies the size of the network ID in bits. There are 28 bits involved here. Host ID: 𝐻𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐼𝐷 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑠 − 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐵𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 32 − 28 = 4 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 Number of sub-networks: This address has Class C from the classification table so it has 24 bit network portion. 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑠 = 2 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑘 − 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 228−24 = 24 = 16 Maximum number of sub-networks: The number of possible subnets is limited by how many bits may be borrowed from the host part for subnetting. We may use (32 - 28 - 2) = 2 bits for further subnetting if we set aside 2 bits for hosts. 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑠 = 22 = 4 Reference: Froehlich, A., & Hwang, D. (2021, February 12). What is a lan? - definition from whatis.com. Networking. https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/local-area-networkLAN Irei, A., & Scarpati, J. (2021, October 6). What is a router? definition from searchnetworking. Networking. https://www.techtarget.com/searchnetworking/definition/router Neha, T. (2021, September 21). What is classful addressing in ipv4? Subnetting, Supernetting & Disadvantages. Binary Terms. https://binaryterms.com/classfuladdressing-in-ipv4.html
