3.4a Keldal - Seker 2022 Marriage or Career Young Adults Priorities in Their Life Plans

The American Journal of Family Therapy
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Marriage or Career? Young Adults’ Priorities in
Their Life Plans
Gökay Keldal & Gürcan Şeker
To cite this article: Gökay Keldal & Gürcan Şeker (2022) Marriage or Career? Young Adults’
Priorities in Their Life Plans, The American Journal of Family Therapy, 50:5, 459-474, DOI:
10.1080/01926187.2021.1915213
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Published online: 22 Apr 2021.
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The American Journal of Family Therapy
2022, VOL. 50, NO. 5, 459–474
https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2021.1915213
Marriage or Career? Young Adults’ Priorities
in Their Life Plans
Gökay Keldala
and Gürcan Şekerb
Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Psychology, Avrasya University, Trabzon, Turkey;
Faculty of Education, Department of Guidance and Psychological Counseling, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir
University, Niğde, Turkey
a
b
ABSTRACT
This study explored whether young adults’ priorities in their
life plans (career or marriage) are predicted by marital salience,
marital readiness status, self-efficacy in making a career plan
and well-being. The study utilized a sample of 878 never married Turkish young adults. The findings put forth that young
adults’ priorities in their life plans are significantly predicted
by marital salience, marital readiness status and self-efficacy
in making career plan. As a results, greater belief in marital
salience was associated with an increased likelihood of prioritizing marriage in the life plan.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 25 January
2021
Revised 3 April 2021
Accepted 3 April 2021
KEYWORDS
Marriage; career; marital
salience; self-efficacy in
making a career plan;
well-being
Introduction
Among all the close relationships, marriage is perceived as the most sincere
and permanent relationship by many people (Levenson et al., 1993).
Previous studies reported that young people attach importance to marriage
(Carroll et al., 2007; Willoughby & Carroll, 2010) and want to get married
(Bener & Günay, 2013; Cassinat & Jensen, 2020; Manning et al., 2019).
Researchers revealed that the importance given to marriage is associated
with a number of risky behaviors. Carroll et al. (2007) determined that
young people seeing marriage as an important goal is negatively associated
with having children out of wedlock. Willoughby and Dworkin (2009) put
that there is a negative relationship between young people’s desire to marry,
and marijuana use and binge drinking. Kretsch and Harden (2014) argued
that transition into marriage in young adults is associated with a reduction
in alcohol consumption. Arocho and Kamp-Dush (2016) revealed that
higher level of marital expectations is related to lower delinquent behavior.
Although young people attach importance to marriage and the importance attached to marriage predicts certain negative behaviors, there has
been a decrease in marriage rates and a rise in the age at first marriage
(OECD Family Database, 2019). Moreover, Willoughby et al. (2012)
CONTACT Gökay Keldal
gokay.keldal@inonu.edu.tr
Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of
Psychology, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.
© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
460
G. KELDAL AND G. ŞEKER
determined that the emerging adults agreed more with the statement of
“there are more advantages to being single than to being married” compared to their own parents (p. 975). These findings indicate that young
people’s priorities in life have changed, although marriage is still a valued
concept for them. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to understand
the factors associated with young adults’ priorities in their life plans.
Economic factors and marriage
Many studies revealed that economic factors are associated with marriage.
In their study conducted with low-income couples, Gibson-Davis et al.
(2005) stated that financial concerns have an important place among the
challenges before marriage. Sassler and Goldscheider (2004) determined
that there is a relationship between young men having a job and getting
married. In his study with men in European countries, Kalmijn (2011)
revealed that the likelihood of employed men getting married is higher
than them cohabiting, and that men with a temporary job are less likely
to choose marriage when forming a union than those who have a permanent job. The study of Shafer and James (2013) showed that having a
full-time employment increase the likelihood of marriage for both men
and women compared being unemployed. In the same study, it was concluded that the increase in the income of men increases the likelihood of
marriage, while in women there is no significant relationship between
income and marriage. Gibson-Davis et al. (2018) put forth that meeting
the economic bar (a set of multiple markers of economic success) is related
to the increase in likelihood of marriage. Gassanov et al. (2008) determined
that the increase in weekly working hours increases the likelihood of
expectations to marry. Barr and Simons (2012) argued that unemployment
reduces the likelihood of expecting to marry the partner. Arocho (2019)
determined that unemployment and part time work decreases the odds
of higher marital expectations compared to employment.
For young people, financial concerns are considered as one of the
reasons for delaying marriage (Muraco & Curran, 2012). In addition,
achieving economic freedom is reported as an important factor for marriage for young people (Ondaş, 2007). In a study examining young
people’s criteria for marital readiness, 91% of the young people marked
the criterion of “for a man, become capable of supporting a family
financially” and 78 of them marked the criterion of “for a woman,
become capable of supporting a family financially” (Carroll et al., 2009,
p. 365-366).
Economic factors are also effective in mate selection. Buss (1989)
reported that having good earnings is important in mate selection. Similarly,
The American Journal of Family Therapy
461
Bacanlı (2001) determined that financial income is a criterion that young
people value in selecting a mate. Buss et al. (2001), stated that the importance given to mates with good financial prospects has increased in time.
In their study examining mate selection strategies, Altuntaş and Atli (2015)
determined that the economic status has an important place in mate
selection.
As summarized above, economic factors are important for marriage. It
is likely for young people to give importance to their career development
in order to gain a certain economic income. Therefore, it can be stated
that it is important to focus on young adults’ priorities in their life plans.
In particular, it can be stated that the relative importance given to marriage and career roles by young adults will have an impact on the decisions
they will make in their life course.
Career and marriage centralities
Willoughby et al. (2015b) determined that young people attach importance
to marriage (about 30%) as the highest priority among their future roles.
Marriage is followed by parenting (about 28%) and career (about 27%)
roles. However, Ranta et al. (2014) reported that money and financial
issues are a major concern for young people in their early 20 s, while
work and education are important personal goals. This can enable young
people to focus on their careers and therefore give importance to their
education. It can cause changes in the relative importance given to marriage and career centralities. Indeed, Thornton et al. (1995) revealed that
school enrollment reduces marital rate. Similarly, Kim (2017) put forth
that school enrollment reduces the odds of transition to first marriage in
a study with young Korean adults. Compernolle and Axinn (2019) determined that the increase in educational attainment is associated with the
increase in the preferred marital timing. In addition to these findings, it
is known that young people consider completing their education as a
prerequisite for marriage (Köroğlu, 2013; Ondaş, 2007). In particular, it
was determined that some women with university education give more
importance to their careers than marriage (Hoffnung, 2004; Oliver, 2016)
and that pursuing a career is among the reasons why they do not want
to get married (Özteke-Kozan et al., 2019). These findings can be considered as an indication that career centrality has an important place
among adult roles.
Researchers (Cinamon, 2010; Hall & Willoughby, 2016; Kerpelman &
Schvaneveldt, 1999) focused on the relative importance that young people
place in their future marital, career and parental roles. Kerpelman and
Schvaneveldt (1999) created four typologies according to the importance
462
G. KELDAL AND G. ŞEKER
young people attach to marital, career and parental roles. They named
these typologies as balanced oriented (equal orientations toward career,
marital and parenting roles), family oriented (strong orientations toward
marital and parenthood roles), career oriented, and career/marriage oriented (strong orientations toward career and marriage). Cinamon (2010)
formed four groups according to the importance given to work and family
roles. These groups were dual high (those who attach high importance to
both work and family roles), work, family, and dual low (those who attach
low importance to both work and family roles). Cinamon compared these
profiles in terms of expected age at marriage and desired number of
children and found that those in the work profile wanted to marry at a
later age and want to have fewer children than those in the family profile.
In addition, she stated that those in the work profile anticipated more
work-family conflicts than those in the family profile. Hall and Willoughby
(2016) created five centrality groups based on career, marital and parenthood roles. These groups were named child centered, marriage centered,
child and marriage, career centered, and family and career. Hall and
Willoughby compared a range of beliefs about marriage, sexuality and
cohabitation among these centrality groups. According to these comparisons, compared to the marriage centered group, the career centered group
believed in marital salience and marital permanence less, believed that
age expect to marry should be at a later age, accepted cohabitation more
and had more sexual permissiveness. These findings obtained by scholars
point out that both career and marriage are valuable for young adults,
and the relative importance given to adult roles affects the development
of attitudes and behaviors.
Present study
The purpose of this study is to examine the role of marital belief, career
belief, and well-being variables in distinguishing young adults’ priorities in
career or marriage. Previous studies (Cinamon, 2010; Hall & Willoughby,
2016; Kerpelman & Schvaneveldt, 1999), created profiles according to the
importance given to marriage and career roles, and examined the relationships
of these profiles with a range of beliefs (e.g. belief, work-family conflict,
acceptance of cohabitation). However, previous studies did not focus on variables that have a role in distinguishing the importance given to career or
marriage. In this respect, this study can fill an important gap in the literature.
In this study, we aimed to explore the role of marital salience and
marital readiness, constructs within the Marital Paradigm Theory
(Willoughby et al., 2015a), in classifying the roles young adults relatively
attach importance to their life plans. In addition, we believe that the
self-efficacy of young people in making a career plan are important in
The American Journal of Family Therapy
463
this classification. Finally, we discussed the well-being variable. The literature put forth the finding that well-being and career decision making
processes are associated (Viola et al., 2017). This finding can be considered
as an indicator of the well-being variable being associated with young
adults’ priorities in their life plans. In this study, we sought the answer
to the following question by focusing on the variables summarized above:
Research question: Are the likelihood of young adults giving importance
to marriage in their life plans predicted by marital salience, marital context, self-efficacy in making a career plan and well-being?
Method
Participants
The study participants comprised of 878 young never married young
adults. Convenience sampling strategy was used while collecting data. 68%
of the participants were female. The individuals’ age in the sample group
ranged between 18 and 35 (M = 24.18, SD = 3.18). 39% of the participants
had a romantic relationship. 43% of the participants were university students, 45% were university graduates, and 12% were graduate students.
90% of the participants’ parents were married, 4% were divorced, and 6%
were deceased. 36% of the participants had a full time job.
Procedure
Before the study data was collected, the necessary approval was received
from the Research Ethics Committee of Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University.
The data were collected via the internet. In order to include university
graduates into the sample group, it was decided to collect data via the
internet. The participants were reached by personal e-mail and WhatsApp
by the researchers. Detailed information about the study was provided to
the individuals reached. Informed consent form was collected from the
individuals who agreed to participate in the study. The participants who
wanted to get information about the study results were given feedback by
email. The participants completed 44 items on the form. It took the participants about 20 minutes to complete the survey.
Measures
Priority in life plan
The priority in life plan was measured with one item. The participants
were asked what was their priority in their life plans, and marriage and
career (coded career = 0, marriage = 1) were given as a response.
464
G. KELDAL AND G. ŞEKER
Marital beliefs
Marital salience was assessed with three items. While developing these
items, items in previous studies (Hall & Willoughby, 2016; Willoughby &
Hall, 2015) were utilized. The items used in this study were listed as
follows: “I see marriage as an important goal” (factor loading: .85), “Getting
married comes before my other life goals” (factor loading: .71), and “I
believe marriage has many advantages over being single” (factor loading:
.55). A five-point Likert rating scale (strongly disagree-strongly agree) was
used to determine the participants’ response levels. The reliability calculation was carried out with internal consistency coefficient and was calculated as .74. Higher score indicated that grater belief in marital salience.
Marital context was assessed with a single item. In order to measure
participants’ marital readiness perceptions, they were asked if they felt
ready for marriage. The responses were “Yes, I feel ready”, “Yes, on some
issues; No, on some issues”, and “No, I do not feel ready”. Marital timing
was assessed with one item. In this item, the participants were asked about
the ideal marital age.
Career belief
We measured career belief with self-efficacy in making a career plan. Ways
to make a career plan is one of the subscales of the Career DecisionMaking Self-Efficacy Scale developed by Ulaş and Yıldırım (2016). This
scale consists of 14 items (sample item: knowing what the priorities are
for career development). The response format of the scale is a five-point
Likert scale ranging fromI am not adequate at all” to “I am quite adequate”.
The internal consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was calculated
as .93. For this study, it was determined as .92. High scores from this
subscale indicate high belief in self-efficacy in making career plans.
Well-Being
Well-being was measured by Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale,
developed by Tennant et al. (2007) and adapted to Turkish culture by
Keldal (2015). This one-dimensional scale consists of 14 items (sample
item: I’ve been feeling cheerful). The scale has a five-point Likert rating
(response format: 1= none of the time, 5 = all of the time). The internal
consistency reliability coefficient of the scale was .92. For this study, the
internal consistency reliability coefficient was calculated as .91. High scores
from the scale indicate higher level of well-being.
Other beliefs
In this study, the participants were asked whether they would want their
spouse candidate to work and whether they would their spouse candidate
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465
to have a job with similar status to theirs. Furthermore, the participants
were asked to rate the degree to which marriage impedes career development. The responses were none, little, medium and a lot.
Controls
In this study, gender, age, romantic relationship status and work status
were used as control variables. The dichotomous variables were codes as
gender (0 = female, 1 = male), relationship status (0 = I do not have a romantic relationship, 1 = I have a romantic relationship) and work status (0 = I
do not have a full time job, 1 = I work full time).
Data analysis plan
In this study, hierarchical logistic regression technique was employed to
answer the research question. The analysis was carried out in two stages.
In the first block, gender, age, romantic relationship and work status,
which were the control variables, were included in the model. In the
second block, marital beliefs, career belief and well-being, which were the
main interests of the study, were added to the model. In the study, the
significance level was taken as .05.
Results
The descriptive statistics regarding the variables are presented in Table 1.
The results regarding the prediction of priorities in the life plan are given
in Table 2.
According to Table 1, 76% of the young people considered career as
the priority in their life plans. While 17% of the participants felt ready
for marriage, 55% responded with “Yes, on some issues; No, on some
issues”, and 28% did not feel ready for marriage. 57% of the young adults
wanted their spouse candidates’ professional status to be similar to theirs.
94% of the participants wanted to marry someone who works. The average
ideal marital age of the participants was 26.97. 20% of the young people
believed that marriage would not impede their career development, whereas
10% stated that marriage would impede their career development a lot.
The relationship between gender and the desire to want professional status
similarity in the spouse candidate was examined by chi square test. This
examination put forth that there was a significant relationship (χ2(1)=22.80)
between these two variables. The proportion of females (63%) wanting
their spouse candidate to have similar professional status was higher than
males (46%). The relationship between gender and marital readiness was
also examined. This examination revealed a significant relationship
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G. KELDAL AND G. ŞEKER
Table 1. Descriptive Statistics regarding the Variables.
Variable
Priority in life plan
Career
Marriage
marital readiness status
Yes
Yes, on some issues; No, on some issues
No
Similarity in profession status
Yes
No
Desire to marry a working person
Yes
No
Ideal marital age
Female
Male
Marital salience
Self-efficacy in making a career plan
well-being
Marriage being an obstacle for career
development
none
little
medium
A lot
M
SD
Proportion (%)
76
24
17
55
28
57
43
26.97
26.78
27.38
7.95
50.85
52.88
94
6
2.42
2.20
2.79
2.49
8.22
8.63
20
36
34
10
Table 2. Logistic regression analysis results.
Model I
Predictor variables
B
Gender (ref: female)
.81
Relationship status (ref. I
.58
do not have a romantic
relationship)
Age
.00
Work status (ref. I do not
.54
have a full time job)
Marital salience
–
Marital readiness status
(ref: no)
Yes
–
Yes, on some issues; No,
–
on some issues
Self-efficacy in making a
–
career plan
Well-being
–
Constant
2
Nagelkerke R
*
p<.05, areference category is career.
Model IIa
SE
.17
.16
OR (95% CI)
2.24*(1.61-3.11)
1.79*(1.29-2.47)
B
.15
.41
SE
.20
.19
OR (95% CI)
1.17(.79-1.73)
1.51*(1.04-2.18)
.03
.21
1.00(.94-1.07)
1.72*(1.14-2.58)
.01
.55
.04
.23
1.01(.94-1.08)
1.73*(1.10-2.74)
–
–
.38
.05
1.47*(1.34-1.61)
–
–
–
–
.1.35
.48
.34
.27
3.85*(1.98-7.50)
1.61(.95-2.72)
–
–
-.05
.01
.95*(.92-.98)
–
.00
.01
1.00(.97-1.03)
–
−1.98*
.08
−3.10*
.31
((χ2(2)=9.76) between the two variables. The In sub-analyses showed that
the proportion of males (48%) who felt ready for marriage was higher
than females (32%).
It was determined that the model with four control variables was statistically significant against the constant-only model (χ2(4)=47.47, p<.001).
The variables added to the model in the second block significantly
(χ2(5)=151.99, p<.001) improved the model. The model explained 31% of
The American Journal of Family Therapy
467
the variance of the priorities in the life plan. The classification table
showed that 81% of the cases were correctly classified.
In the first step, gender (wald χ2(1)=23.01, p<.001), relationship status
(wald χ2(1)=12.28, p<.001) and work status (wald χ2(1)=6.68, p<. 05),
which were control variables added in the model, were found significant.
The contribution of gender (wald χ2(1)=.58, p>.05) to the model was not
significant with the variables added to the model in the second step. The
contributions of marital salience (wald χ2(1)=64.14, p<.001), marital readiness (wald χ2(1)=15.69, p<.001) and self-efficacy in making a career plan
(wald χ2(1) =12.70, p<.001), which were the variables of interest in this
study found in the second model, were significant. Well-being did not
make a significant contribution to the model (wald χ2(1)= .01, p>.05).
According to these results, when gender, age, relationship status and
work status variables were controlled, the one unit increase in marital
salience is associated with a 47% increase in the odds of giving importance
to marriage in the life plan. The odds of those who feel ready for marriage
giving importance to marriage in the life plan are 285% more compared
to those who do not feel ready. The one unit increase in self-efficacy in
making career plan is associated with a 5% decrease odds of giving importance to marriage in the life plan.
According to the control variables in the final model, the odds of those
who have a romantic relationship giving importance to marriage in the
life plan are 51% more compared to those who do not have a romantic
relationship. Similarly, the odds of those who have a full time job giving
importance to marriage in the life plan are 73% more compared to those
who do not work.
Discussion
This study addressed the variables of marital beliefs, career beliefs and
well-being in the classification of young adults’ priorities in their life plans.
It was revealed that the majority of the young adults’ priority in their life
plans was their career. It was concluded that marital salience, marital
readiness status and self-efficacy in making a career plan are associated
with priorities in the life plan.
As expected, the greater belief in marital salience is associated with the
possibility of giving priority to marriage in the life plan. Finding three
marital paradigm classes in their study, Willoughby and Hall (2015) determined that the overall importance given to marriage by the enthusiast
group is higher than that of hesitant and delayer groups. In their study
with young people, Hall and Willoughby (2016) revealed that the marriage
centered group believes in marital salience more than the career centered
group and get married at an earlier age. These findings support the results
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G. KELDAL AND G. ŞEKER
of this study. The importance given to marriage by young people can
cause their other goals in life to be kept in the background and increase
their desire to marry.
Those who feel ready for marriage are more likely to prioritize marriage
in their life plan than those who do not feel ready. In his study with
young adults, Hall and Willoughby (2019) determined that there is a
positive relationship between being marriage centered and being ready for
marriage. Hurt (2014) revealed in a qualitative study with married men
that readiness to marry is one of the factors that facilitate marriage. When
evaluated from this point of view, it can be stated that being ready for
marriage is effective in young people’s life course choices. In particular,
feeling ready for marriage can enable young people to give priority to
marriage in their life plans in order to make it easier for them to make
a marriage decision.
Those who feel ready for marriage are more likely to prioritize marriage
in their life plan than those who do not feel ready. In their study conducted with young adults, Hall and Willoughby (2019) put forth that there
is a positive relationship between being marriage centered and being ready
for marriage. Hurt (2014) revealed in a qualitative study with married
men that marital readiness is one of the factors facilitating marriage. From
this perspective, being ready for marriage is effective in young people’s
choices in their life courses. In particular, feeling ready for marriage can
enable young people to give priority to marriage in their life plans since
it makes it easier for them to decide getting married.
Another important finding of this study is that self-efficacy in making
a career plan reduces the possibility of young people to give importance
to marriage in their life plan. Previous studies showed that economic
factors are important for marriage. Researchers determined that financial
concerns hinder marriage (Gibson-Davis et al., 2005; Muraco & Curran,
2012), economic indicators are among the criteria for marital readiness
(Carroll et al., 2009) and economic independence is necessary for making
the decision to get married (Akbaş et al., 2019; Ondaş, 2007). These
findings showed that economic gains are important for making the decision
to get married. Career advancement is important for young people in
terms of employment conditions and economically achieving some gains.
Attaining efficacies that will contribute positively to their careers can help
young people focus more on their careers. In this context, it may be
expected that the increase in the self-efficacy in making a career plan will
decrease the possibility of giving importance to marriage in the life plan.
This study concluded that the well-being variable does not play an
important role in predicting young people’s priorities in their life plans. It
was previously determined that there is a positive relationship between
well-being and marital attitudes (Keldal et al., 2018; Yoo & Lee, 2019). Viola
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469
et al. (2017) revealed that there is a negative relationship between career
indecision and psychological well-being. From this point of view, the fact
that well-being is associated with factors related to both career and marriage
can be considered as the reason why well-being does not have an important
role in the classification of young people’s priorities in their life plans.
Implications for family therapy/practice
The results of this study are important in terms of premarital counseling. Especially, these results may be used to develop and practice a
theoretical approach to understanding union formation behavior of
single young adults. Although Marital Paradigm Theory (Willoughby
et al., 2015a) was proposed to explain the marital beliefs of young
people, new empirical findings are needed to develop marriage preparation programs based on this theory. The results of this study may be
used while forming marriage preparation programs or relationship
enhancement programs.
When married or cohabitating couples want to benefit from family
therapy related to work-family conflict, the importance they attach to
career and marriage before marriage may be valuable in resolving these
conflicts. In this study, variables related to the priorities of young adults
in their life plans (career and marriage) were revealed. Thanks to these
findings, family therapists may gain a perspective in solving problems
related to work-family conflict. Considering the importance of pre-marital
factors in the healthy maintenance of marital relationships of couples, the
results of this study may be important for family therapists’ works for the
formation of a solid marital union.
Limitations
This study has several limitations. First, the study data were collected by
nonrandom sampling method. In addition, the participants in the sample
group are university students or individuals with education above university. In this respect, the study results may not be generalized to all young
adults. The future studies can examine whether the results of this study
are replicable with the data obtained by using probabilistic sampling technique. In addition, the study can be repeated with individuals who graduated from high school, middle school or elementary school.
Another limitation of this study is that it is cross-sectional. In their
longitudinal study conducted with young adults, Hall and Willoughby
(2019) concluded that the relative role centrality of young people change
over time. In this study, changes in young people’s priorities in their life
plan over time and the relational relationships could not be examined. By
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G. KELDAL AND G. ŞEKER
doing longitudinal studies, the changes in young people’s priorities in their
life plan over time and the relational relationships can be examined. The
last limitation of this study is that familial factors were not used as control
variables. Previous study (Willoughby et al., 2012) revealed that marital
beliefs differ in terms of parents and their children. When assessed in this
respect, familial factors may be used as control variables in future studies.
Direction for future research
Although this study has some limitations, it made significant contributions
to the literature by identifying the variables related to young people’s
priorities in their life plans. Marital beliefs and self-efficacy in making
career plan predicting young people’s priorities in their life plans is important in terms of understanding the decisions young adults will make in
their lives. In particular, the results of this study may be a guide for
researchers who have been conducting research on the development of
young people. Scholars may test the effect of the marriage preparation
programs and relationship enhancement programs they will create by using
the results of this study.
Declaration of conflicting interest
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the
research, authorship and/or publication of this article.
Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship
and/or publication of this article.
Compliance with ethical standards
Ethical approval
The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Niğde Ömer
Halisdemir University (2020/06-06). All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the
Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University Ethics Committee and with the 1964
Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included
in the study.
The American Journal of Family Therapy
471
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
ORCID
Gökay Keldal
Gürcan Şeker
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7998-0766
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6633-7859
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