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Save the Children Norway. (2008) Education for Peace: Building Peace and Transforming Armed Conflict through Education Systems, pág. 13. Save the Children. (2008) Where Peace Begins: Education’s Role in Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding. El término ‘maestro’ se emplea en todo lugar de las Notas de orientación para indicar maestros y maestras calificados formalmente educados así como aquellos que no están capacitados o son voluntarios. iii ¦8\tZVUSHZ5V[HZKLVYPLU[HJP}UYLSH[P]HZHSHLUZL|HUaH`LS HWYLUKPaHQLKLSH05,,& 3VZVYxNLULZKLLZ[HOLYYHTPLU[HZLW\LKLUOHSSHYLUSHZ!").$%&./+*.$%&0$)$&1$&('2,$,*-+3&,)*%*%&,)-+*,$%&4&)(,"+%#)2,,*-+& #(.0)$+$KLSH05,,3HZ5VYTHZTxUPTHZKLSH05,,ZVU\UHOLYYHTPLU[HNSVIHSJY\JPHSX\LIYPUKHI\LUHZWYmJ[PJHZ` VYPLU[HJP}UJVUJYL[HHSVZNVIPLYUVZ`[YHIHQHKVYLZO\THUP[HYPVZWHYHSHHJJP}UJVVYKPUHKHHÄUKLTLQVYHYSHJHSPKHKKLSH WYLWHYHJP}U`YLZW\LZ[HYLSHJPVUHKHZJVUSHLK\JHJP}U ion - Analy at Access & Learning Environment Teachers & Other Education Personnel Coord in ssi ity Partici p un 632>#,'&-,2',*-03+(@,K2>$#$2&3$D,#$#23$-2!"#$%&'(&")*(+#$,*-+&)(1$#*5$%&$&1$&(+%(6$+7$&4&(1&$0)(+'*7$8(!KLSH05,,JVTLUa} J\HUKVTPLTIYVZKLSH05,,LX\LOHIxHU\ZHKVSHZ5VYTHZTxUPTHZKLSH05,,THUPMLZ[HYVUSHULJLZPKHKKL\UHVYPLU[HJP}U TmZWYmJ[PJH`LUWYVM\UKPKHKHJLYJHKLSmYLHKLSHLUZL|HUaH`LSHWYLUKPaHQLiZ[HLZZ}SV\UVKLSVZJVTWVULU[LZKLSTHYJV JVUJLW[\HSJVTWYLUZP]VKLSHZ5VYTHZTxUPTHZKLSH05,,"SVZ]xUJ\SVZ`SHPU[LYKLWLUKLUJPHJVUSHZmYLHZYLZ[HU[LZ[YH[HKHZ &*23$-2!").$%&./+*.$%!KLSH05,,ZVU\UHWHY[LPU[LNYHSKLJ\HSX\PLYPU[LY]LUJP}U3HZUVYTHZM\UKHTLU[HSLZKLHUmSPZPZ >$#+('(>$'(.*2%&23$2',)0*(%$%2?2',,#%(*$'(.*2%&D&*2-&#2$>3('$%$-2>$#$2$-&"0#$#20*2&*B,A0&2=,3C-+(',2?2&B&'+(@,<2$-C2',),2>$#$2 JYLHY`MVY[HSLJLYSVZ]xUJ\SVZJVUSHZmYLHZKLHJJLZV`LU[VYUVKLHWYLUKPaHQLTHLZ[YVZ`V[YVWLYZVUHSLK\JH[P]V`WVSx[PJHZ LK\JH[P]HZ Curricula Teaching & Learning Instruction and Learning Processes Education Policy Assessment of Learning Outcomes Training, Professional Development and Support - Com m ion at !"#$%#&#'()'"#$!%&'#$!('!)#$!*+&,#$!,-./,#$!('!)#!0*11!2#!)#!/345/'&(#6!7!')!8&+9'$+!('!'.$':#.3#!7!#8&'.(/3#;'!#,8)/#(+!2#! )#!('&'9<#6!!!&&& *VTVZLT\LZ[YHLULSKPHNYHTHHYYPIHLSWYVJLZVKLLUZL|HUaH`HWYLUKPaHQLLZJxJSPJV"JHKHUVYTHHMLJ[HÒHIPSP[HLSt_P[V KLSHZV[YHZ5VZLW\LKLJVUZPKLYHY\UHUVYTHZPU[LULYLUJ\LU[HSHZMVY[HSLaHZVWVY[\UPKHKLZKLIPSPKHKLZ`HTLUHaHZKLU[YV KLSHZV[YHZ 3VZ&01$+(%&'(&(%#2'*"2$#+('03$*23,-2',*,'()(&*+,-<2$'+(+0%&-<2=$D(3(%$%&-2?2#&-03+$%,-2%&32$>#&*%(7$H&2>&#+(*&*+&-2A0&2-&2&->&#$2 X\LSVZLK\JHUKVZ`LK\JHUKHZHKX\PLYHU3H,$0$,*#$,*-+3&(1&'(%$))"11"&0)"9(%*"+$1&4&(1&$0"4"2>$#$2)$&-+#,-M$-2?2&%0'$%,#&-M $-2-&2D$-$*2&*23,-2#&-03+$%,-2%&32$>#&*%(7$H&2'0##('03$#2&->&#$%,2?2-02&@$30$'(.*<2$-C2',),23$-2*&'&-(%$%&-2>$#+('03$#&-2%&2 SVZLK\JHUKVZHZ3VZWYVJLZVZKL*+%#)2,,*-+&4&$0)(+'*7$8(2(*@,30'#$*23$2(*+&#$''(.*2&*+#&23,-2&%0'$*%,-M$-2?23,-2)$&-+#,-M HZ"ZLWSHUPÄJHUZLNUSVZ01$+(%&'(&(%#2'*"`ZLOHJLUWVZPISLZWVYTLKPVKLSHJHWHJP[HJP}U,SHUmSPZPZKLSVZYLZ\S[HKVZ KLSHWYLUKPaHQLLZKLÄUPKH`WSHUPÄJHKHQ\U[VJVUSVZWSHULZKLLZ[\KPVWHYHHZLN\YHYX\LSVZYLZ\S[HKVZKLSHWYLUKPaHQLZLHU WLY[PULU[LZ`TLUZ\YHISLZ`X\LPKLU[PÄX\LUSHZULJLZPKHKLZJHTIPHU[LZ;VKHZLZ[HZUVYTHZJVU]LYNLULUSHUVYTHKL( 0)",(%"%&'(&*+%#)2,,*-+&4&$0)(+'*7$8(3(SHJ\HSLZJLU[YHSH[VKVLSWYVJLZVKLPUZ[Y\JJP}U`HWYLUKPaHQL(X\xLZKVUKLZLSVNYHU SVZVIQL[P]VZKLSHWYLUKPaHQL *VUZ[Y\`LUKVZVIYLSHZI\LUHZWYmJ[PJHZLUSHZ!").$%&./+*.$%KLSH05,,SHZ&!"#$%&'(&")*(+#$,*-+&)(1$#*5$%&$&1$&(+%(6$+7$& 4&(1&$0)(+'*7$8(KLSH05,,(%:"7$+&02+#"%&,1$5(%&$&,"+%*'()$)HSPKLU[PÄJHY`[YH[HYWYVISLTHZÙLJLZPKHKLZJYx[PJHZKLSHZ JVT\UPKHKLZHMLJ[HKHZKLU[YVKLJHKH\UHKLLZ[HZUVYTHZKLLUZL|HUaH`HWYLUKPaHQL3HZ!"#$%&'(&")*(+#$,*-+2#&(+&#$*23$2 ()>,#+$*'($2%&2&*B,'$#-&2&*23,-2&%0'$*%,-2?2&%0'$*%$-<23,-2#&-03+$%,-2%&32$>#&*%(7$H&2?23,-2>#,D3&)$-2%&2$''&-,2?2D#(*%$*2 ,#(&*+$'(.*2>$#$2$?0%$#2$23,"#$#23$-2)&+$-2%&2'$3(%$%2%&&;'2,$,*-+&0$)$&#"'"%22$32>#,),@&#2&%0'$'(.*2%&2'$3(%$%2A0&2(*%(A0&2 SVNYVZKLSHWYLUKPaHQLTLUZ\YHISLZWHYHLK\JHUKVZKL[VKHZSHZLKHKLZWLYVLZWLJxÄJHTLU[LWHYHSVZUP|VZUP|HZ`HKVSLZJLU[LZ 5 6 7 Más de 300 personas participaron en estudios virtuales, así como en consultas en persona para elaborar las Notas de orientación en Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Kampala y Koboko (Uganda), la Universidad de Harvard, Washington DC y Nueva York (EE.UU.), Ginebra (Suiza), Bogotá (Colombia) y Sulaimaniya (Irak). Luego se realizaron talleres piloto en asociación con el Grupo de Educación y otros aliados de la INEE en los territorios palestinos ocupados y Zimbabwe. A enero de 2010, la red de la INEE contaba con más de 4.000 miembros que trabajaban en 138 países para asegurar que todas las personas tuvieran derecho a la educación segura y de calidad durante las emergencias y hasta la recuperación. Las seis metas de Educación para todos se enuncian en línea en: www.unescobkk.org/education/efa/efa-goals iv *}TV\[PSPaHYSHZ5V[HZKLVYPLU[HJP}U 3HZ!"#$%&'(&")*(+#$,*-+LZ[mUKP]PKPKHZLUJ\H[YVZLJJPVULZZLNUSHZJ\H[YVUVYTHZKLLUZL|HUaH`HWYLUKPaHQL! 3VZWSHULZKLLZ[\KPV2 3HJHWHJP[HJP}ULSKLZHYYVSSVWYVMLZPVUHS`LSHWV`V2 3HPUZ[Y\JJP}U`LSWYVJLZVKLHWYLUKPaHQL2 ,SHUmSPZPZKLSVZYLZ\S[HKVZKLSHWYLUKPaHQL 6%,%2&4.."/(2.+()"4(42$+2&"#-"4()4B Ê( B2((+*H%2HI("H%(?(42$(,'&&#$)'1/+#1%#$(%.."+(4&2.$%J4k((/#(42$(!'&-2$(-F1+-2$(/#(42(0!55(72,%"24+D2/2$(2(]à`8A( Ê2 K"&"/(2#$+L%$12U12(9+$+*1(34':24(/#(42(1'&-2=(&#$#C21/'($"()#&%+1#1,+2()2&2(#4()&',#$'(/#(#1$#C21D2(?(2)&#1/+D2<#A Ê2 !-L&4.."+(4&12B2$($":$#,,+'1#$(2&%+,"421(#4()&',#$'(&#;"#&+/'()2&2(,"-)4+&(42(1'&-2(?(42$(2,,+'1#$(,429#=( +1,4"?#1/'(21N4+$+$(?(,'-)&#1$+*1(/#(42$(1#,#$+/2/#$=(E'&-"42,+*1(/#()421#$()2&2(2%#1/#&(/+,>2$(1#,#$+/2/#$(#( +-)4#-#1%2,+*1(/#(4'$()421#$A(R2/2($":$#,,+*1(+1,4"?#Q y2 M%L$%&2,427-()+&2.$%J42%2.+(&",4*%*125$%2$(%2:42$()421%#21(2$"1%'$()&+'&+%2&+'$(2(,'1$+/#&2&(%21%'(#1(42(E2$#(/#( #-#&3#1,+2(7,'4"-12(a8(,'-'(#1(42(E2$#(/#(&#,")#&2,+*1(%#-)&212(?()&#)2&2%+9'$(7,'4"-12(]8A(5$%2$(%2:42$()"#/#1( ZLY\[PSPaHKHZJVTVSPZ[HZKL]LYPÄJHJP}UWHYHH`\KHYHVYPLU[HYWSHULZ`WVSx[PJHZKLYLZW\LZ[HLK\JH[P]HHWYVWPHKVZ `LZWLJxÄJVZHSJVU[L_[VLULU[VYUVZKLJYPZPZ3HJVS\TUHKLLTLYNLUJPHPUKPJHW\U[VZHJVUZPKLYHYKLPUTLKPH[V -+#1%&2$(;"#(42(,'4"-12(/#(&#,")#&2,+*1(%#-)&212(?()&#)2&2%+9'$(+1/+,2(4'$()"1%'$(2(,'1$+/#&2&()2&2(42()&'3&2-2,+*1( 2(-#/+21'(?(42&3'()42D'A(R'-'(#4()#&F'/'(#1%&#(#-#&3#1,+2(23"/2=(,&+$+$(,&*1+,2(?(&#,")#&2,+*1(%#-)&212(#$(2(-#1"/'( HTIPN\V`Å\PKVZLYLJVTPLUKHSLLY[VKHZSHZWYLN\U[HZKLHTIHZJVS\TUHZ`KLJPKPYJ\mSLZZVUTmZWLY[PULU[LZWHYH JVUZPKLYHYLU\UJVU[L_[VVWYVISLTHLZWLJxÄJVWHY[PJ\SHYTLU[LLUZP[\HJPVULZKLJYPZPZJY}UPJHZ`WYVSVUNHKHZ y2 N+)%&2.+(2J"O4)%125$%2$(1'%2$($+3"#1(2(42$(%2:42$(/#()"1%'$(,429#(2(,'1$+/#&2&=(:&+1/21/'('&+#1%2,+*1(?(/+$,"$+*1( -N$()&'E"1/+D2/2$(2,#&,2(/#(,"#$%+'1#$()421%#2/2$(#1(42$(%2:42$A(R"21/'($#2()#&%+1#1%#=(#$%"/+'$(/#(,2$'(?( #<#-)4'$(/#(:"#12$()&N,%+,2$(?(4#,,+'1#$(2)&#1/+/2$($#(+1%#&,2421(#1(42$(1'%2$A(( Ê2 P+(")+*4+2:24J%$-%."/(12R2/2($#,,+*1(,'1,4"?#(,'1('&+#1%2,+*1(2,#&,2(/#4($#3"+-+#1%'(?(#924"2,+*1=(+1,4"?#1/'( +1/+,2/'&#$(/#()&',#$'(?(,'1%#1+/'($"3#&+/'$()2&2($")#&9+$2&(42$(N&#2$(,#1%&24#$(#1"1,+2/2$(#1(42($#,,+*1A( Ê2 Q4.-*&+&2:23%R-4)42,42Q4.-*&+&2,42S(&4O%(<%2:2?7*4(,"<%=42,42$%2'NSS12(SÄUHSKLJHKHZLJJP}UZLOHJLYLMLYLUJPH 2(-2%#&+24#$()#&%+1#1%#$(#1(#4(M2;"#%#(/#(.#,"&$'$(/#(51$#C21D2(?(J)&#1/+D2<#(/#(42(0!55A(5$%2(>#&&2-+#1%2(2,'-)2C21%#( Z\TPUPZ[YH\UHJVTWPSHJP}UKLYLJ\YZVZ]LYPÄJHKVZ¶PUJS\`LUKVOLYYHTPLU[HZKLT\LZ[YHTH[LYPHSLZKLLUZL|HUaH` LZ[\KPVZKLJHZV¶X\LW\LKLUZLYLTWSLHKVZWHYHHKHW[HYSHZI\LUHZWYmJ[PJHZKLSHZ5V[HZKLVYPLU[HJP}UHJVU[L_[VZ LZWLJxÄJVZ7HYHHJJLKLYHS7HX\L[LKL9LJ\YZVZ]PZP[LPULLZP[LVYNYLZV\YJLWHJRVJVT\UxX\LZLJVUSH:LJYL[HYxHKLSH 0!55(#1(%#2,>+134#2&1+13b+1##$+%#A'&3()2&2($'4+,+%2&("1(H+%(/#(X#&&2-+#1%2$(0!55((#1(RS@.VG=(/+$)'1+:4#(2()2&%+&(/#4('%'C'( /#(]àÀ Ê2 ?&-()+&2)4H@)".+&2.$%J412J4(4##&(42$(!'%2$(/#('&+#1%2,+*1=(#$(#$#1,+24(,'1$+/#&2&(4'$($+3"+#1%#$(2$"1%'$(%#-N%+,'$( ,429#N((#1(%'/2$(42$(1'&-2$()2&2()'/#&(-#<'&2&(42(,2)2,+/2/(/#(&#$+4+#1,+2(?(2/2)%2,+*1(?(&#/",+&(42(9"41#&2:+4+/2/(/#( 4'$(#/",21/'$(?($"$(,'-"1+/2/#$Q( y( 4P[PNHJP}UKLJVUÅPJ[V y( .#/",,+*1(/#4(&+#$3'(/#(/#$2$%&# y( S#$2&&'44'(/#(42()&+-#&2(+1E21,+2( y( IL1#&' y( Z0XP60SJ y( S#&#,>'$(>"-21'$( y( 5/",2,+*1(+1,4"$+92 y( ZF1,"4'$(#1%&#($#,%'&#$(79F1,"4'$(,'1($24"/e(23"2=($21#2-+#1%'(?( )&'-',+*1(/#(42(>+3+#1#e(24'<2-+#1%'e(24+-#1%'$(?(1"%&+,+*18 y( M&'%#,,+*1( y( J)'?'()$+,'$',+24( y( \"9#1%"/ 5$(+-)'&%21%#(%#1#&()&#$#1%#$(#$%'$(2$"1%'$(%#-N%+,'$(,429#(24(#924"2&(42$(1#,#$+/2/#$=(+-)4#-#1%2&(4'$()&'3&2-2$=(#924"2&( #4(+-)2,%'(/#(4'$()&'3&2-2$=(2:'32&()'&(4'$(/#&#,>'$(#(+1E'&-2&(42$()'4F%+,2$A(R2/2("1'(/#(4'$(2$"1%'$(%#-N%+,'$(,429#(>2( ZPKV[LUPKVLUJ\LU[HHSVSHYNVKL[VKHZSHZ5V[HZKLVYPLU[HJP}U`T\JOVZLZ[mUKLÄUPKVZLUSHZLJJP}UKL[LYTPUVSVNxH #1(#4(2)L1/+,#(]A(01E'&-2,+*1(2/+,+'124(2,#&,2(/#(#$%'$(2$"1%'$(%#-N%+,'$(,429#=(#1(,"21%'($#(&#42,+'121(,'1(#4()&',#$'(/#( #1$#C21D2(?(2)&#1/+D2<#=()"#/#($#&(>2442/2(#1(#4(M2;"#%#(/#(.#,"&$'$(2,'-)2C21%#A 8 9 Las acciones clave son maneras sugeridas de cumplir la norma. Algunas acciones pueden no ser aplicables en todos los contextos; deben ser adaptadas al contexto específico. Es responsabilidad del profesional formular acciones alternas que den como resultado el cumplimiento de la norma. (INEE Minimum Standards, 2010) Los asuntos clave enumerados fueron identificados a través del proceso consultivo de la actualización de las Normas mínimas. Algunos de los asuntos clave hacen referencia a etapas de desarrollo o de programación (por ej., el desarrollo de la primera infancia y la juventud) mientras otros se refieren a valores y derechos enunciados en la Convención sobre los derechos del niño y en declaraciones de derechos humanos (por ej., la protección del niño y el apoyo psicosocial, la educación inclusiva, la igualdad de género) o a habilidades requeridas para nuestro mundo cambiante (por ej., el VIH/SIDA, la mitigación de conflictos y la reducción del riesgo de desastre). Estos asuntos clave han sido integrados en todas las Notas de orientación para asegurar que sean considerados de manera significativa en todas las etapas pertinentes del diseño programático,a saber, análisis, planificación, implementación, monitoreo y evaluación. 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51E';"#(,2/2(9#D(-N$(E'&-24+D2/2(?(>'4+$%+,2=(,'1%+1"2,+*1( /#(4#,%"&2P#$,&+%"&2(?(,'1',+-+#1%'(/#(42(2&+%-L%+,2=(,&#,+#1%#( #1E',2-+#1%'(#1(,'-)#%#1,+2$(E"1/2-#1%24#$=()&'-',+*1( /#(42($24"/=(#/",2,+*1()2&2(42()2D=(>2:+4+/2/#$()2&2(42(9+/2=( #/",2,+*1(2-:+#1%24(?(,'>#$+*1($',+24A 12 Las competencias fundamentales son los bloques de construcción de la educación y conjuntos esenciales de conocimientos y habilidades que se espera tengan los estudiantes. La identificación y articulación de las competencias fundamentales es importante en la formulación de normas mínimas sobre las cuales construir programas educativos más complejos. 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/#(#$%"/+'(/#:#1(%&2%2&(42(&#+1%#3&2,+*1(/#(3&21/#$(,21%+/2/#$(/#(#/",21/'$( ;"#(#1%&21('(9"#49#1(2(#1%&2&(#1(#4(2"42(?(#4(+13&#$'(/#-'&2/'(/#(#/",21/'$( #1()&+-#&(3&2/'A(B'$(%#-2&+'$(/#(-2%#&+2$(/#(42(#/",2,+*1(E'&-24()"#/#1($#&( 2/2)%2/'$()2&2(2$#3"&2&(;"#(4'$(#/",21/'$(?(#/",21/2$($#21(,2)2,#$(/#( 2921D2&(,'1($"(1+9#4(/#(#/2/('(3&2/'(,"21/'($#2(2)&')+2/'A(5<#-)4'$(+1,4"?#1( %#-2&+'$(,'1$'4+/2/'$=()2;"#%#$(2/+,+'124#$(/#(%2&#2$()2&2(>2,#&(#1(,2$2('( $#$+'1#$(q,'-)#1$2%'&+2$r=('()&'3&2-2$(-N$(#K%#1$'$(,'-'(4'$()&'3&2-2$(/#( 2)&#1/+D2<#(2,#4#&2/'(7JBM8Aai( Ê2 6+H7%*)%2"(9+*H%."/(2%.4*.%2,42$+&2.%HL"+&2.+(2)+,+&2$+&2"()4*4&%,+&12( S"&21%#(42$(#-#&3#1,+2$=(42$(2"%'&+/2/#$(#/",2%+92$=(#1(,'')#&2,+*1(,'1(4'$( +1%#&#$2/'$=()"#/#1(#42:'&2&(243"1'$(/',"-#1%'$(7:&#9#$8(/#()'4F%+,2=(%24#$( JVTVTHUPÄLZ[VZLK\JH[P]VZVJ\YYPJ\SHYLZJHY[HZJPYJ\SHYLZMVSSL[VZVHÄJOLZ ;"#()&#$#1%21(?(#K)4+,21(4'$(,2-:+'$()&+1,+)24#$A 14 Los ALP combinan varios años de educación en un marco temporal más corto enfocándose en las competencias fundamentales requeridas para avanzar y desempeñarse con éxito en los siguientes niveles, así como para volver al nivel apropiado para su edad en la escuela formal. Los ALP y otros programas compensatorios pueden ser de particular importancia para niños combatientes que retornan o “generaciones perdidas” que han perdido períodos mayores de educación y recargarían la estructura escolar “normal”. 11 73(5,:+,,:;<+06 5$%"/+'(/#(,2$'Q(['&-"42,+*1( /#("1(-2&,'(,"&&+,"42&( ,'-d1=(W'$1+2(?(X#&D#3'9+12 73(5,:+,,:;<+06 &=%2+#"%&,2))*,21$)(%&$&,"+%*'()$)&(+&(1&0()/"'"&<2(&5$&'(%'(&1$&(.()>(+,*$&@$%#$&1$& )(,20()$,*-+&&#(.0)$+$&4&0)(0$)$#*5"%? 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B2$(2,,+'1#$(,429#()2&2(#4(21N4+$+$(/#(4'$(&#$"4%2/'$(/#4(2)&#1/+D2<#(/#(42$(!'&-2$(GF1+-2$(#1(42()N3+12(ij(#1E',2/2$( #1(#4(+-)2,%'(/#4(21N4+$+$(/#(4'$(&#$"4%2/'$(/#4(2)&#1/+D2<#(>21($+/'(,'1$+/#&2/2$()2&2(#4(E'&%24#,+-+#1%'(%21%'( +1-#/+2%'(,'-'(2(-N$(42&3'()42D'(/#4()&',#$'(/#(#1$#C21D2(?(2)&#1/+D2<#h(( *** Se incluye orientación acerca de la formulación de indicadores de monitoreo apropiados y ejemplos de indicadores de monitoreo en el apéndice 7. 49 (5Í30:0:+,36:9,:<3;(+6:+,3(79,5+0A(1, 8"8#7*-)&*5$*#+#,-./)%)%#($#/,#$9,/',3)4-#($#/*%#5$%'/&,(*%#($/# ,05$-()A,B$ 1# (5Í30:0:+,36:9,:<3;(+6:+,3(79,5+0A(1, 8":#5$3'5%*%# ( B'$(&#,"&$'$(;"#(2)2&#,#1(2(,'1%+1"2,+*1('E&#,#1(+1E'&-2,+*1(2/+,+'124(2,#&,2(/#4(21N4+$+$(/#(4'$(&#$"4%2/'$(/#4( 2)&#1/+D2<#=(+1,4"?#1/'(4'$()2$'$(&#;"#&+/'$()2&2(2124+D2&(?(,&#2&()&'3&2-2,+*1(2)&')+2/2=(2$F(,'-'(%2-:+L1( -2%#&+24#$(/#(&#E#&#1,+2(3#1#&24(?()&'-',+*1A(c'/'$(#$%N1(/+$)'1+:4#$()2&2(/#$,2&32(#1(#4(M2;"#%#(/#(.#,"&$'$(/#( 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