Orígenes de la Filosofía
Anuncio
),/262)Ë$,,%$&+,//(5$72
%/248(7(0É7,&2,),/262)Ì$$17,*8$
7(0$/2625Ì*(1(6'(/$),/262)Ì$
+DFLDXQDH[SOLFDFLyQUDFLRQDOSDVRGHOPLWRDOORJRV
¢3RUTXpDTXt\DKRUD"&RQWH[WRVRFLRKLVWyULFR
/RVSULPHURVILOyVRIRVODE~VTXHGDGHODUMp
(OSUREOHPDGHOFDPELRHQODQDWXUDOH]D+HUiFOLWR\3DUPpQLGHV
/DPDWHPDWL]DFLyQGHODQDWXUDOH]D3LWiJRUDV
/RVILOyVRIRVSOXUDOLVWDV(PSpGRFOHV$QD[iJRUDV\'HPyFULWR
*LURDQWURSROyJLFRORVVRILVWDV\6yFUDWHV
+$&,$ 81$ (;3/,&$&,Ð1 5$&,21$/ 3$62 '(/ 0,72 $/
/2*26
(OVHUKXPDQRVLHPSUHKDWHQLGRQHFHVLGDGGHFRQRFHU\H[SOLFDU
HOPXQGRTXHOHURGHDODVSULPHUDVH[SOLFDFLRQHVUHFXUUHQDVtPERORVH
LPiJHQHV TXH SHUVRQLILFDQ SRGHUHV VREUHQDWXUDOHV /RV PLWRV GH OD
FXOWXUD\UHOLJLyQJULHJDIXHURQUHFRSLODGRVSRU+RPHUR\+HVLRGR
(VWDV H[SOLFDFLRQHV HVWRV JUDQGHV UHODWRV ORV PLWRV TXH
H[SOLFDEDQ HO PXQGR GHMDQ GH VHU ~WLOHV HQ XQ PRPHQWR \
FLUFXQVWDQFLDV GHWHUPLQDGRV SDUD GHMDU SDVR D ODV H[SOLFDFLRQHV
UDFLRQDOHVXWLOL]DQGRFRQFHSWRVHODERUDGRVSRUODUD]yQORJRV
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODVH[SOLFDFLRQHVPtWLFDVPLWR
• 6RQH[SOLFDFLRQHVWRWDOL]DGRUDVVREUHODQDWXUDOH]D
• 3HUVRQLILFDFLyQ\GLYLQL]DFLyQGHODVIXHU]DVGHODQDWXUDOH]D\
GHODVRFLHGDG
• -XVWLILFDFLyQWHROyJLFDGHODVHVWUXFWXUDVSROtWLFDV\VRFLDOHV
• /RV IHQyPHQRV RFXUUHQ GH IRUPD DUELWUDULD VH LQIOX\H HQ VX
DSDULFLyQ R GHVDSDULFLyQ SRU PHGLR GH ULWRV PiJLFRV \
UHOLJLRVRV
• 3ULPDORVREUHQDWXUDOORVFDSULFKRV\OXFKDVHQWUHORVGLRVHV
• &DRVGHVRUGHQ
&DUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHODVH[SOLFDFLRQHVUDFLRQDOHVORJRV
3HUPDQHQFLD \ FRQVWDQFLD GH ORV IHQyPHQRV QDWXUDOHV
SRVLELOLGDGGHHVWXGLR
&DPELR \ HYROXFLRQHV UHDOL]DGRV SRU PHGLR GH OH\HV LQVFULWDV
HQVXSURSLDHVHQFLD
),/262)Ë$,,%$&+,//(5$72
2SRVLFLyQ HQWUH FRQFHSWRV H[SOLFDWLYRV GHO FDPELR
HVHQFLDDSDULHQFLDXQLGDGPXOWLSOLFLGDGUD]yQVHQWLGRV
1DWXUDOH]DSK\VLV\OH\QRPRV
([SOLFDFLRQHVIXQGDGDVHQODUD]yQ\ODH[SHULHQFLD
&RVPRVRUGHQ
$XQTXHODVH[SOLFDFLRQHVPtWLFDVFHGHQWHUUHQRDODVUDFLRQDOHVHVWRQR
VH SURGXFH GH IRUPD UDGLFDO VLQR TXH VLJXHQ FRH[LVWLHQGR DPEDV
H[SOLFDFLRQHVFRPRFRPSUREDUHPRVFXDQGRYHDPRVD3ODWyQ
¢32548e$48Ì<$+25$"&217(;7262&,2+,67Ð5,&2
(V XQ HUURU SHQVDU TXH OD ILORVRItD HV XQD VLPSOH UDFLRQDOL]DFLyQ
GHOPLWRRTXHVXQDFLPLHQWRVHGHEHDO´PLODJURJULHJRµHVGHFLUDOD
WHQGHQFLDUDFLRQDOGHOHVStULWXJULHJRVHJ~QDILUPD%XUQHWFRPRVLODV
DSRUWDFLRQHV GH ORV HJLSFLRV \ EDELORQLRV D OD DVWURQRPtD OD PHGLFLQD
ODDULWPpWLFDHWFQRKXELHUDQH[LVWLGR7RGRDFRQWHFLPLHQWRKLVWyULFR
\ HO QDFLPLHQWR GH OD ILORVRItD OR HV VXUJH D SDUWLU GH XQD VHULH GH
IDFWRUHV\FLUFXQVWDQFLDVTXHYDPRVDDQDOL]DUDFRQWLQXDFLyQ /D)LORVRItDQDFHHQ0LOHWR-RQLDTXHHQWUHORVVLJORV9,,\9,
D & HUD OD PD\RU FLXGDG GH WRGR HO PXQGR JULHJR FRQ XQD JUDQ
DFWLYLGDG FRPHUFLDO DUWHVDQD GH QDYHJDFLyQ HWF FRQ JUDQ LQIOXHQFLD
SRU WRGR HO 0HGLWHUUiQHR /RV SULPHURV SHQVDGRUHV JULHJRV 7DOHV
$QD[tPHQHV \ $QD[LPDQGUR HUDQ EXUJXHVHV DFRPRGDGRV GH 0LOHWR
SROLV JULHJD (Q 0LOHWR FRLQFLGHQ XQD JUDQ SURVSHULGDG HFRQyPLFD
GHVDUUROOR DUWHVDQDO \ FRPHUFLR PDUtWLPR PX\ IORUHFLHQWH ODV
IRUPDV SROtWLFDV VRQ PiV IOH[LEOHV \ WROHUDQWHV KD\ UXSWXUD FRQ HO
SDVDGR \ DSHUWXUD D RWUDV FLYLOL]DFLRQHV HJLSFLD EDELORQLDHWF (Q HO
SXHUWR GH 0LOHWR KD\ JHQWHV GH WRGRV ORV SDtVHV WRGR VH FRPHQWD \
GLVFXWH VH SODQWHDQ QXHYDV HPSUHVDV \ DSDUHFHQ WDPELpQ QXHYDV
QHFHVLGDGHV/DVH[SOLFDFLRQHVPtWLFDV\DQRVRQ~WLOHV
(Q OD pSRFD DUFDLFD HO JRELHUQR HVWDED IRUPDGR SRU DULVWyFUDWDV
TXH VH JXLDEDQ SRU ODV OH\HV WUDGLFLRQDOHV QR HVFULWDV \ TXH
LQWHUSUHWDEDQ D VX FRQYHQLHQFLD HQ SHUMXLFLR GH OD SREODFLyQ TXH VH
YHtDLPSOLFDGDHQSOHLWRVJHQHUDOPHQWHSRUGHXGDV3RVWHULRUPHQWHORV
JULHJRV DSUHQGLHURQ D HVFULELU \ HQ ODV SROLV VH FRQVLJXLy TXH ODV
OH\HV IXHUDQ HVFULWDV HVWR VXSXVR XQ JUDQ DYDQFH SRUTXH DSRUWDURQ
XQ PDUFR GH UHIHUHQFLD REMHWLYR 8QD YH] HVFULWDV ODV OH\HV SRGtDQ VH
DQDOL]DGDVFULWLFDGDV\HQVXFDVRUHIRUPDGDV
/DDSDULFLyQGHXQSXQWRGHUHIHUHQFLDREMHWLYRH[WHULRUDORV
GHVHRV\QHFHVLGDGHVGHOLQGLYLGXRSHURGHRULJHQVRFLDODEULyXQR
GHORVFDPSRVSULQFLSDOHVGHGLVFXVLyQGHODILORVRItDpWLFD\SROtWLFD
GHODpSRFDHOFDUiFWHUQDWXUDORFRQYHQFLRQDOGHODVOH\HV
/DV FLXGDGHVHVWDGR VRQ HO PDUFR HQ HO TXH VH SXGR SURGXFLU HO
FDPELRGHPHQWDOLGDGTXHWUDMRFRQVLJRODILORVRItD&KDWHOHWGLMRTXHOD
)LORVRItD HV KLMD GH OD FLXGDG \ GH OD GHPRFUDFLD $SDUHFHQ ODV OH\HV
HVFULWDV \ OD PRQHGD DFXxDGD FX\R YDORU HV LQGHSHQGLHQWH GH OD
QHFHVLGDGSHUVRQDO\FODUDPHQWHREMHWLYDEOH(QODSROLVORVFLXGDGDQRV
OLEUHV QR VH LQFOX\HQ PXMHUHV QLxRV H[WUDQMHURV QL HVFODYRV QR
),/262)Ë$,,%$&+,//(5$72
DGPLWHQ PiV DXWRULGDG TXH OD GH ODV OH\HV /D UHOLJLyQ JULHJD QR WHQtD
VDFHUGRWHV JXDUGLDQHV GH OD RUWRGR[LD GRFWULQDO OR TXH SHUPLWLy
GLYHUVLGDGUHOLJLRVDVLQSURKLELFLRQHVQLOLPLWDFLRQHV
(OHPHQWRVFODYHGHOFDPELRDODGHPRFUDFLDTXHHVHOWULXQIRGH
OD UD]yQ \ GHO GLiORJR UD]RQHV IUHQWH D OD IXHU]D \ OD WUDGLFLyQ E HO
FRPHUFLR TXH SURSRUFLRQD HO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH RWURV SXHEORV \ XQD
PD\RU DSHUWXUD GH SHQVDPLHQWR \ F HO RFLR TXH SURSRUFLRQD OD
HVWUXFWXUDVRFLRHFRQyPLFD
/2635,0(526),/Ð62)26/$%Ô648('$'(/$5-e
/RV SULPHURV ILOyVRIRV 7DOHV $QD[tPHQHV \ $QD[LPDQGUR WUDWDQ
GH HQFRQWUDU XQ SULQFLSLR RULJLQDULR HO DUMp IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH GH
FDUiFWHU PDWHULDO D SDUWLU GHO FXDO DSDUHFHQ R VH JHQHUDQ ODV FRVDV
TXHFRPSRQHQHOPXQGR
´/DPD\RUtDGHORVSULPHURVILOyVRIRVFUH\HURQHQSULQFLSLRVTXHVHGDQ
EDMRODIRUPDGHODPDWHULDSXHVDILUPDURQTXHHOHOHPHQWR\SULQFLSLR
SULPHUR GH WRGDV ODV FRVDV HV DTXHO D SDUWLU GHO FXDO WRGDV ODV FRVDV
H[LVWHQ\OOHJDQSRUSULPHUDYH]DVHUSXHVHVQHFHVDULRTXHKD\D
DOJXQD VXVWDQFLD QDWXUDO XQD R P~OWLSOHGHOD TXH QD]FDQ ODVGHPiV
PLHQWUDVpVWDVHFRQVHUYD
3RUORTXHVHUHILHUHDOQ~PHUR\DODHVSHFLHGHWDOSULQFLSLRQRGLFHQ
WRGRV OR PLVPR VLQR TXH 7DOHV HO LQWURGXFWRU GHHVWH WLSR GH ILORVRItD
GLFHTXHHVHODJXDWRPDQGRHVWDLGHDSRVLEOHPHQWHGHTXHYHtDTXHHO
DOLPHQWRGHWRGRVORVVHUHVHVK~PHGR
$QD[tPHQHV \ 'LyJHQHV DILUPDQ TXH HO DLUH HV DQWHULRU DO DJXD \ TXH
HQWUH ORV FXHUSRV VLPSOHV pO HV SULQFLSLR SRU DQWRQRPDVLD 3RU VX
SDUWH +HUiFOLWR DILUPD TXH OR HV HO IXHJR \ (PSpGRFOHV D VX YH]
DxDGLHQGRODWLHUUDFRPRFXDUWRGHORV\DPHQFLRQDGRVDILUPDTXHVRQ
ORVFXDWURµ$ULVWyWHOHV0HWDItVLFD
/D SULQFLSDO QRYHGDG TXH DSRUWDQ ORV ILOyVRIRV GH OD (VFXHOD GH
0LOHWR UHVSHFWR D OD H[SOLFDFLyQ PtWLFD HV OD SURJUHVLYD VXVWLWXFLyQ GH
ODV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV DQWURSRPyUILFDV SUHVHQWHV HQ ORV PLWRV SRU
FRQVWLWX\HQWHVQDWXUDOHVGHODVFRVDVHODERUDQGRFRVPRORJtDVGHFRUWH
FLHQWtILFRILORVyILFR
7$/(6'(0,/(72DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHD&)XQGDGRUGHOD
(VFXHOD GH 0LOHWR 7DOHV HV FRQVLGHUDGR HO SDGUH GH OD ILORVRItD
RFFLGHQWDO $GHPiV GH ILOyVRIR GHVWDFy FRPR PDWHPiWLFR \ DVWUyQRPR
FRQWDGR HQWUH ORV ´VDELRVµ GH *UHFLD OOHJDQGR D SUHGHFLU FRQ SUHFLVLyQ
HOHFOLSVHVRODUTXHWXYROXJDUHQHODxRD&
(VSRFRORTXHVDEHPRVVREUHHOSHQVDPLHQWRILORVyILFRGH7DOHV
TXH HO DJXD HV HO SULQFLSLR DUMp GH WRGDV ODV FRVDV TXH OD 7LHUUD
GHVFDQVDVREUHHODJXD\TXHWRGDVODVFRVDVHVWiQ´OOHQDVGHGLRVHVµ
/R QRYHGRVR HQ OD DILUPDFLyQ GH TXH HO DJXD HV HO SULQFLSLR GH
WRGDVODVFRVDVUHVLGHHQTXHHVXQDH[SOLFDFLyQQDWXUDOItVLFDEDVDGD
HQ XQ SULQFLSLR PDWHULDO \ ~QLFR SDUD WRGR OR UHDO \ TXH LQVLVWH HQ OD
XQLGDGGHWRGRORH[LVWHQWH
),/262)Ë$,,%$&+,//(5$72
5HVSHFWRDODDILUPDFLyQGHTXH´WRGRHVWiOOHQRGHGLRVHVµTXLHUH
GHFLU TXH HQ FDGD FRVD HVWi HO SULQFLSLR GH VX UHDOLGDG HO DJXD HVWi
GRWDGDGHYLGD\PRYLPLHQWRSURSLRVWRGRHVWiLPSUHJQDGRGHHOOD
$1$;,0$1'52 '( 0,/(72 DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH D &
'LVFtSXOR \ FRQWLQXDGRU GH 7DOHV HV HO SULPHU ILOyVRIR D TXLHQ VH
DWULEX\H XQ OLEUR ´VREUH OD QDWXUDOH]Dµ IXH XQ DFWLYR FLXGDGDQR GH
0LOHWR VH GHGLFy D P~OWLSOHV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV VH OH DWULEX\H XQ PDSD
WHUUHVWUH WUDEDMRV SDUD GHWHUPLQDU OD GLVWDQFLD \ WDPDxR GH ODV
HVWUHOODV\ODDILUPDFLyQGHTXHODWLHUUDHVHVIpULFD\RFXSDHOFHQWURGHO
PXQGR
$QD[LPDQGURDSRUWDXQDYDQFHVXVWDQFLDODOVXSRQHUTXHHODUMp
QRSXHGHVHUQLQJ~QHOHPHQWRFRQFUHWRFRPRHODJXDVLQRHODSHLURQ
HVGHFLUORLOLPLWDGRRLQGHWHUPLQDGR6HWUDWDGHXQVXVWUDWRPDWHULDO
TXH SRU VX FDUiFWHU LQGHILQLGR SHUPLWH H[SOLFDU PHMRU HO KHFKR GH TXH
SXHGDFRQYHUWLUVHHQODSOXUDOLGDGGHFRVDVH[LVWHQWHV'HKHFKRKDEtD
FULWLFDGR OD SURSXHVWD GH 7DOHV SRU VHU XQD VXVWDQFLD WDQ GHWHUPLQDGD
DJXD TXH QR SRGtD H[SOLFDUVH FyPR VDOtDQ GH HOOD ODV VXVWDQFLDV
RSXHVWDV
/D UHDOLGDG WLHQH XQ FDUiFWHU FtFOLFR SXHV WRGR HPDQD GHO
DSHLURQ\WRGRYXHOYHDpO$VtPHGLDQWHXQSURFHVRGHURWDFLyQVHYDQ
VHSDUDQGR GHO DSHLURQ ORV GLIHUHQWHV HOHPHQWRV RSXHVWRV OR IUtR \ OR
FDOLHQWHORK~PHGR\ORVHFRHWF'LFKRVFRQWUDULRVVHFRPELQDQHQWUH
VtGDQGROXJDUDOFLHORODVHVWUHOODVODWLHUUDORVPDUHV\WRGRVORVVHUHV
YLYRV
(VWH SURFHVR OR H[SUHVD $QD[LPDQGUR PHGLDQWH XQD PHWiIRUD
MXUtGLFD SULPHU SDVDMH OLWHUDO GH OD KLVWRULD GH OD ILORVRItD ´(O
SULQFLSLRDUFKpGHWRGDVODVFRVDVHVHODSHLURQ$KRUDELHQDSDUWLUGH
GRQGH KD\ JHQHUDFLyQ SDUD ODV FRVDV KDFLD DOOt VH SURGXFH WDPELpQ OD
GHVWUXFFLyQVHJ~QODQHFHVLGDGHQHIHFWRSDJDQODVFXOSDVXQDVDRWUDV
\ODUHSDUDFLyQGHODLQMXVWLFLDVHJ~QHORUGHQGHOWLHPSRµ(OVLJQLILFDGR
GH HVWH IUDJPHQWR HV TXH GHO DSHLURQ FRPLHQ]DQ D VHSDUDUVH
VXEVWDQFLDVRSXHVWDVHQWUHVt\FXDQGRXQDSUHYDOHFHVREUHODRWUDVH
SURGXFHXQDUHDFFLyQTXHUHVWDEOHFHHOHTXLOLEULR3RUHMHPSORHOFDORU\
OD VHTXHGDG GHO YHUDQR VRQ VXVWLWXLGRV SRU HO IUtR \ OD KXPHGDG GHO
LQYLHUQR
&DEH GHVWDFDU OD H[LVWHQFLD GH XQ SULPHU UXGLPHQWR GH
HYROXFLRQLVPR HQ OD GHVFULSFLyQ TXH $QD[LPDQGUR KDFH GHO RULJHQ GH
ORV VHUHV YLYRV 6HJ~Q HVWH ILOyVRIR OD YLGD VH RULJLQy HQ HO DJXD \ ORV
VHUHV KXPDQRV SURFHGHQ GH DOJXQD HVSHFLH GH SHFHV TXH VH IXHURQ
DGDSWDQGRDOPHGLRWHUUHVWUH
$1$;Ì0(1(6 '( 0,/(72 DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH D & 7DOHV
KDEtD SURSXHVWR FRPR DUMp DOJR FRQFUHWR HO DJXD $QD[LPDQGUR DOJR
LQILQLWR H LQGHWHUPLQDGR HO DSHLURQ $QD[tPHQHV SURSRQH XQ DUMp
LQILQLWR \ FRQFUHWR HO DLUH (O DLUH SXHGH VHU YLVLEOH QLHEOD QXEHV R
LQYLVLEOHYLHQWRUHVSLUDFLyQSHURSXHGHVHUVHQWLGR6XLQYLVLELOLGDG\
),/262)Ë$,,%$&+,//(5$72
IDOWD GH FXDOLGDGHV VHQVLEOHV VXSHUD OD REMHFLyQ GH $QD[LPDQGUR D
7DOHVVXYLVLELOLGDG\SRVLELOLGDGGHVHUVHQWLGRDVHJXUDVXH[LVWHQFLD
3DUD $QD[tPHQHV HO DLUH FRQVWLWX\H HO SULPHU SULQFLSLR GH WRGDV
ODV FRVDV 6X PpULWR VLQ HPEDUJR FRQVLVWH HQ KDEHU SUHFLVDGR HO
SURFHVR ItVLFR SRU HO FXDO HO DLUH VH WUDQVIRUPD HQ WRGDV ODV FRVDV \
pVWDVDVXYH]VHFRQYLHUWHQHQDLUH
6H WUDWD GH XQ GREOH SURFHVR GH UDUHIDFFLyQ \ FRQGHQVDFLyQ
0HGLDQWHHOSULPHURDOFDOHQWDUVHHODLUHVHYXHOYHIXHJRSRUPHGLRGHO
VHJXQGRHODLUHVHHQIUtDWUDQVIRUPiQGRVHHQYLHQWRQXEHYDSRUDJXD
WLHUUD\SLHGUD
$GXFtD $QD[tPHQHV HQ IDYRU GH VX WHRUtD HO KHFKR FRPSUREDEOH
HPStULFDPHQWHGHTXHFXDQGRH[KDODPRVDLUHFRQODERFDDELHUWDpVWH
PHQRVFRQGHQVDGRVDOHFDOLHQWHPLHQWUDVTXHFXDQGRORKDFHPRVFRQ
ODERFDFDVLFHUUDGDSRUHMHPSORDOVRSODUHODLUHVDOHIUtRDOHVWDUPiV
FRQGHQVDGR
,QGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH GHO YDORU FLHQWtILFR GH HVWH VHQFLOOR
H[SHULPHQWR OR TXH Vt QRV PXHVWUD HV XQD YH] PiV OD DFWLWXG
HPStULFRUDFLRQDOTXHWRPDQORVSULPHURVILOyVRIRVDOWUDWDUGHH[SOLFDU
ORVIHQyPHQRVQDWXUDOHVDSDUWLUGHFDXVDVQDWXUDOHV
/RHVHQFLDOGHORVILOyVRIRVGH0LOHWRHVTXHSODQWHDQSRUSULPHUD
YH] OD SUREOHPiWLFD GHO SULQFLSLR RULJHQ \ SULQFLSLR UHFWRU GH OD
QDWXUDOH]D GHVGH XQ SXQWR GH YLVWD UDFLRQDO SRU HVR VRQ ORV SULPHURV
ILOyVRIRV7DPELpQVHOHVOODPDItVLFRVSRUTXHVXLQWHUpVHVWiFHQWUDGR
HQODQDWXUDOH]D
(/352%/(0$'(/&$0%,2(1/$1$785$/(=$
+(5É&/,72<3$50e1,'(6
/DV FRQFHSFLRQHV GH +HUiFOLWR \ 3DUPpQLGHV UHSUHVHQWDQ GRV
IRUPDV RSXHVWDV GH FRQFHELU OD QDWXUDOH]D \ VX GLQDPLVPR 6RQ DO
PLVPRWLHPSRGRVFDPLQRVGHFRQRFLPLHQWRHOSULPHURSDUWHGHORTXH
ORV VHQWLGRV QRV PXHVWUDQ SDUD SRU PHGLR GH OD UD]yQ LU D VX
IXQGDPHQWRTXHHVODXQLGDGGHORVFRQWUDULRVHOVHJXQGRQDFHGHORV
DUJXPHQWRV HVWDEOHFLGRV SRU OD UD]yQ VLQ DWHQGHU D ORV GDWRV GH ORV
VHQWLGRVSDUDOOHJDUDOVHULGpQWLFRDVtPLVPR\HVWiWLFR
+(5É&/,72 '( e)(62 DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH D & DFHSWD OD
YDOLGH] GH ORV VHQWLGRV FRPR SXQWR GH SDUWLGD SHUR DILUPD TXH OD
YHUGDGHUDUHDOLGDGVyORHVDFFHVLEOHSRUODUD]yQ6yORFRQHOODVHDFFHGH
DOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODQDWXUDOH]D´$ODQDWXUDOH]DOHSODFHRFXOWDUVHµ
7RGR HQ OD QDWXUDOH]D HVWi HQ PRYLPLHQWR WRGR HV GHYHQLU WRGR
HV FRQWLQXR IOXLU SDQWD UHL ´WRGR IOX\Hµ FRPR XQ UtR WRGR VH DSDJD \
HQFLHQGHFRPRIXHJRFRQWLQXRSHURVRPHWLGRDPHGLGDDOORJRVTXHHV
ODOH\GHOFDPELRODXQLGDG\GLUHFFLyQGHOSURFHVR
3DUD +HUiFOLWR OD VLJQLILFDFLyQ GHO XQLYHUVR VH KDOOD HQ OD
YDULHGDG\FDPELRGHOPXQGRHQHOIOXLUGHOWLHPSR7RGRIOX\H\QDGD
SHUPDQHFH LJXDO ´QR GHVFHQGHU GRV YHFHV DO PLVPR UtRµ (VWH FDPELR
FRQWLQXR HVFRQGH XQD XQLGDG VXEVWDQFLDO \ XQ RUGHQ TXH VyOR SXHGH
FRPSUHQGHUVH D WUDYpV GH OD UD]yQ /D UHDOLGDG WLHQH XQD HVWUXFWXUD
),/262)Ë$,,%$&+,//(5$72
UDFLRQDO OyJLFD TXH +HUiFOLWR OODPD ORJRV \ TXH VLPEROL]D PHGLDQWH HO
IXHJR
$Vt OD QDWXUDOH]D VH PXHVWUD D OD UD]yQ FRPR XQLGDG GH
FRQWUDULRV PRUWDOLQPRUWDO SDGUHKLMR XQD XQLGDG HQ OD TXH ORV
FRQWUDULRV HVWiQ VLHPSUH SUHVHQWHV XQRV HQ RWURV OR TXH SURGXFH
WHQVLyQ´JXHUUDµXQSHUPDQHQWHFDPELRTXHGDOXJDUDORTXHYHPRV
DORTXHFDSWDQORVVHQWLGRVORVFXDOHVVHILMDQHQXQDVSHFWRGHFDGD
XQLGDGGHFRQWUDULRV\QRYHQODXQLGDGLQWHUQDGHOSURFHVR
8QDOH\~QLFDULJHHOFXUVRGHOXQLYHUVRKD\XQDUD]yQRFXOWDXQ
ORJRVTXHWRGRORXQLILFD\RULHQWDHVHORJRVXQLYHUVDOHVWiWDPELpQHQ
HOVHUKXPDQRODPLVPDUD]yQOH\ULJHHOPXQGR\ODPHQWHKXPDQD
3$50e1,'(6'((/($DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHD&)UHQWHDOD
SRVWXUD GH +HUiFOLWR TXH DFHSWD LQLFLDOPHQWH HO WHVWLPRQLR GH ORV
VHQWLGRV3DUPpQLGHVDXWRUGHXQ3RHPDVREUHODQDWXUDOH]DSURFODPD
TXHODUD]yQHVHO~QLFRFDPLQRSDUDDOFDQ]DUODDXWpQWLFDUHDOLGDG
HOFDPLQRGHODYHUGDGIUHQWHDOFDPLQRGHODRSLQLyQGR[D
/R TXH SURSRQH 3DUPpQLGHV HV TXH OR YHUGDGHUDPHQWH
H[LVWHQWHPiVDOOiGHORTXHFDSWDPRVSRUORVVHQWLGRVHVHOVHU3DUD
pOODH[LJHQFLDGHODUD]yQREOLJDDDGPLWLUFRPRYHUGDGHUR~QLFDPHQWH
ORLQPXWDEOH\SRUHVRQRKD\OXJDUSDUDHOFDPELRRPRYLPLHQWRHV
GHFLUSDUDHOFRQRFLPLHQWRVHQVLEOH
(O FDPLQR VHJXLGR HV HO GH PDQWHQHUVH GHQWUR GHO ULJRU GH OD
GHGXFFLyQ OyJLFD D SDUWLU GHO SULQFLSLR GH LGHQWLGDG OR TXH HV HV OR
TXHQRHVQLVLTXLHUDSXHGHVHUSHQVDGR6yORHOGLVFXUVRTXHVHUHILHUH
D OR TXH HV UHVXOWD FRUUHFWR \ VH DFFHGH D pO SRU OD UD]yQ (O GLVFXUVR
VREUHORVREMHWRVVRODPHQWHHVXQLQWHQWRGHGDUXQDYLVLyQFRKHUHQWH
RUGHQDGDGHODDSDULHQFLDTXHQRSHUPLWHDOFDQ]DURGHFLUODYHUGDG
(O VHU ´OR TXH HVµ HV LPSHUHFHGHUR LQHQJHQGUDGR ILQLWR
FRQWLQXR ~QLFR LQGLYLVLEOH H LQPyYLO ´D OD PDQHUD GH XQ HVIHUD ELHQ
UHGRQGDµ
/$0$7(0$7,=$&,Ð1'(/$1$785$/(=$3,7É*25$6 3LWiJRUDV GH 6DPRV KDFLD D & SURSXVR XQ PRGHOR GH
LQWHUSUHWDFLyQ GH OD QDWXUDOH]D TXH KD WHQLGR WDPELpQ XQD LQIOXHQFLD
GHFLVLYDHQODFXOWXUDRFFLGHQWDO
3DUDVXVVHJXLGRUHVFRQRFLGRVFRPRSLWDJyULFRVORTXHSHUPLWH
DFFHGHUDOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODQDWXUDOH]DHVODUD]yQSHURHQWHQGLGDGH
XQD IRUPD SDUWLFXODU HQ FXDQWR UD]yQ PDWHPiWLFD (O Q~PHUR HV HO
SULQFLSLRGHWRGDVODVFRVDVVHWUDWDGHXQSULQFLSLRDUMpIRUPDOTXH
GD RULJHQ D OD PXOWLSOLFLGDG GH OR QDWXUDO (VWR WLHQH VX RULJHQ HQ HO
GHVFXEULPLHQWRGHODFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDTXHH[LVWHHQWUHODORQJLWXGGHOD
FXHUGDGHORVLQVWUXPHQWRVPXVLFDOHV\ODVQRWDVYDULDQGRODORQJLWXG
GHODFXHUGDVHYDQREWHQLHQGRODVGLVWLQWDVQRWDVGHODHVFDOD
(VWH GHVFXEULPLHQWR DYDODUi HO SHQVDU TXH KD\ XQD
FRUUHVSRQGHQFLDHQWUHODVFRVDV\ORVQ~PHURVFRUUHVSRQGHQFLDTXHHV
FDSWDGD ~QLFDPHQWH SRU OD UD]yQ (VWRV Q~PHURV VRQ ORV YHUGDGHURV
),/262)Ë$,,%$&+,//(5$72
SULQFLSLRVGHODQDWXUDOH]DHQODTXHWRGRVHUtDSURSRUFLyQ\DUPRQtD
GHDKtHOµFRVPRVµ
6HJ~Q OD FRQFHSFLyQ GH ORV SLWDJyULFRV ORV Q~PHURV QR HUDQ
SXUDV DEVWUDFFLRQHV R PHURV VLJQRV VLQR TXH WHQtDQ HQWLGDG PDWHULDO
ORTXHOHVOOHYDEDDLGHQWLILFDUORVFRQHOHPHQWRVJHRPpWULFRVDVtHOXQR
HTXLYDOtDDOSXQWRHOGRVDODOtQHDHOWUHVDODVXSHUILFLHPtQLPDHO
WULiQJXOR\HOFXDWURDOYROXPHQPtQLPRHOWHWUDHGUR
(Q HO Q~PHUR HVWiQ LPSOtFLWDV ODV VLJXLHQWHV RSRVLFLRQHV SDU
OLPLWDGR SRVLWLYR OtPLWH SDU XQR GHUHFKD PDFKR UHSRVR UHFWR OX]
EXHQR FXDGUDGR H LPSDU LOLPLWDGR QHJDWLYR LQILQLWR LPSDU
PXOWLSOLFLGDG L]TXLHUGD KHPEUD PRYLPLHQWR FXUYR WLQLHEOD PDOR
REORQJR
/D FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD HQWUH ORV Q~PHURV \ OD FRQVWLWXFLyQ GH ODV
FRVDV\HOPRYLPLHQWR\HOOXJDUTXHpVWDVRFXSDQLQLFLDHOFDPLQRGH
DSOLFDFLyQ GH ODV PDWHPiWLFDV DO HVWXGLR GH OD QDWXUDOH]D HV GHFLU OD
FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH PRGHORV PDWHPiWLFRV DOJRULWPRV SDUD DQDOL]DU OD
QDWXUDOH]D
/RV SLWDJyULFRV LQLFLDQ FRQ HOOR XQD WUDGLFLyQ TXH LQIOXLUi HQ
3ODWyQ HQ ODV LQYHVWLJDFLRQHV GH .HSOHU \ *DOLOHR HQ OD PRGHUQD
FRQVLGHUDFLyQ GH OD ItVLFD \ GH OD TXtPLFD \ HQ JHQHUDO HQ WRGD OD
FRQFHSFLyQ PRGHUQD GH OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ FLHQWtILFD TXH WUDWD GH FUHDU
PRGHORVPDWHPiWLFRVSDUDVXDSOLFDFLyQHQODVGLYHUVDVFLHQFLDV
/26),/Ð62)263/85$/,67$6(03e'2&/(6$1$;É*25$6<
'(0Ð&5,72
$WHQGLHQGRDOQ~PHURGHSULQFLSLRVRULJLQDULRVVHVXHOHKDEODUGH
GRVPRGHORVGHH[SOLFDFLyQIXQGDPHQWDOHVHQODILORVRItDSUHVRFUiWLFD
PRQLVWDV\SOXUDOLVWDV
0RQLVWDVSRVWXODQ XQ~QLFRSULQFLSLRFRQVWLWXWLYR~OWLPRGHODV
FRVDV TXH HV OR YHUGDGHUDPHQWH H[LVWHQWH $ SDUWLU GH pO VXUJH OD
SOXUDOLGDGGHORH[LVWHQWHSRUSURFHVRVItVLFRV7DOHVSULQFLSLRPDWHULDO
HODJXD$QD[LPDQGURDOJRLQGHILQLGRHODSHLURQ3DUPpQLGHVSULQFLSLR
OyJLFR\RQWROyJLFRHOVHU3LWiJRUDVSULQFLSLRIRUPDOHOQ~PHUR
3OXUDOLVWDV 3DUWHQ GH XQD SOXUDOLGDG GH SULQFLSLRV RULJLQDULRV
SDUHV GH FRQWUDULRV DPRURGLR R ORV FXDWUR HOHPHQWRV GH (PSpGRFOHV
DJXD DLUH WLHUUD \ IXHJR R XQD LQILQLGDG GH SDUWtFXODV iWRPRV
'HPyFULWR
(03e'2&/(6 '( $*5,*(172 DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH D &
(PSpGRFOHV SDUHFH SDUWLU FRQVFLHQWHPHQWH GH 3DUPpQLGHV DO GHVFULELU
OD UHDOLGDG FRPR XQD HVIHUD (VWD HVIHUD HV VLQ GXGD HO VHU GH
3DUPpQLGHV 3HUR (PSpGRFOHV VH QLHJD D TXLWDUOH YDORU D OD DSDULHQFLD
GHO PXQGR KD\ PRYLPLHQWR \ KD\ SOXUDOLGDG GH VHUHV 3RU HOOR
LQWURGXFH HQ OD HVIHUD OD YDULHGDG HQ VX LQWHULRU VH HQFXHQWUDQ
PH]FODGRVFXDWURHOHPHQWRVR´UDtFHVGHWRGDVODVFRVDVµIXHJRDLUH
WLHUUD \ DJXD 6H GLUtD TXH (PSpGRFOHV KD WRPDGR ORV ´SULQFLSLRVµ GH
7DOHV DJXD $QD[tPHQHV DLUH +HUiFOLWR IXHJR \ OHV KD DxDGLGR OD
WLHUUD &DGD XQR GH HOORV HV HWHUQR H LPSHUHFHGHUR /D PH]FOD GH ORV
),/262)Ë$,,%$&+,//(5$72
HOHPHQWRVHVSURGXFLGDSRUGRVIXHU]DVFyVPLFDVHO$PRU\HO2GLR(O
$PRUXQHDORVHOHPHQWRVGLVWLQWRV\HO2GLRORVVHSDUD
$ SHVDU GH XVDU WpUPLQRV FRQ FRQQRWDFLRQHV DQWURSRPyUILFDV
DPRU RGLR PiV SURSLRV GH XQ GLVFXUVR PtWLFR (PSpGRFOHV HVWi
SHQVDQGR \D HQ UHDOLGDGHV ItVLFDV GHVSURYLVWDV GH FXDOTXLHU FDUiFWHU
SVLFROyJLFR 6XUJH DVt QXHYDPHQWH XQD FRQFHSFLyQ FtFOLFD GH OD
1DWXUDOH]DGRQGHHOSUHGRPLQLRDOWHUQRGHO2GLR\HO$PRUKDFHTXHORV
HOHPHQWRV VH XQDQ \ VH VHSDUHQ PH]FOiQGRVH GH GLVWLQWDV IRUPDV \
GDQGROXJDUDXQHWHUQRUHWRUQRGHOR8QRDOR0~OWLSOH\YLFHYHUVD
$1$;É*25$6 '( &/$=20(1( DSUR[LPDGDPHQWH D &
SDUD WUDWDU GH FRQFLOLDU ODV WHVLV GH 3DUPpQLGHV VREUH HO VHU FRQ OD
HYLGHQFLD GH ORV VHQWLGRV TXH QRV PXHVWUDQ XQ PXQGR HQ FRQWLQXR
FDPELR $QD[iJRUDV SURSRQH XQD WHRUtD SOXUDOLVWD VHJ~Q OD FXDO WRGR
SURFHGH GH OD PH]FOD GH LQQXPHUDEOHV HOHPHQWRV D ORV TXH GHQRPLQD
VHPLOODV HQ JULHJR VSHUPDWD (VWDV LQILQLWDV VHPLOODV VRQ D VX YH]
LQILQLWDPHQWH GLYLVLEOHV \ FXDOLWDWLYDPHQWH GLIHUHQWHV (V GHFLU H[LVWHQ
VHPLOODVGHWRGDVODVFRVDV\HQWRGDVODVFRVDVKD\VHPLOODVGHWRGDV
FODVHV 'H HVWH PRGR FRPR ´WRGR HVWi HQ WRGRµ VH SXHGH H[SOLFDU HO
KHFKRGHTXHFXDOTXLHUFRVDSXHGDOOHJDUDVHURWUDGLVWLQWD
3HURODDSRUWDFLyQPiVLPSRUWDQWHGH$QD[iJRUDVDODILORVRItDHV
OD LQWURGXFFLyQ GHO 1RXV XQD HVSHFLH GH LQWHOLJHQFLD RUGHQDGRUD
H[WHUQD D OD PDWHULD TXH SRQH HQ PRYLPLHQWR D ODV SDUWtFXODV
VHPLQDOHV\SURGXFHODVGLVWLQWDVPH]FODV\GLYLVLRQHVTXHGDQOXJDUD
WRGRVORVVHUHV
/(8&,32<'(0Ð&5,72'($%'(5$DSUR[LPDGDPHQWHD
& VRQ ORV OODPDGRV DWRPLVWDV 3URSRQHQ TXH KD\ LQILQLGDG GH
SDUWtFXODVPDWHULDOHVLQGLYLVLEOHV\PX\SHTXHxDVTXHVHPXHYHQHQHO
YDFtRORViWRPRV
/RViWRPRVVRQFXDOLWDWLYDPHQWHLGpQWLFRVSHURWLHQHQGLIHUHQWHV
IRUPDV \ WDPDxRV/RV FXHUSRV HVWiQ IRUPDGDV SRU FRQJORPHUDGRV GH
iWRPRVTXHVHIRUPDQSRUFKRTXHVHQWUHHOORVORViWRPRVVHPXHYHQDO
D]DUHQWRGDVGLUHFFLRQHV\VHFRPELQDQHQWUHHOORV
3DUDORVDWRPLVWDVEDVWDQWUHVHOHPHQWRViWRPRVHVSDFLRYDFtR
\PRYLPLHQWRSDUDH[SOLFDUODFRPSOHMLGDGGHOXQLYHUVR
(O DWRPLVPR HV OD FXOPLQDFLyQ GH OD ILORVRItD SUHVRFUiWLFD HQ HO
DWRPLVPR HQFRQWUDPRV RSRVLFLyQ HQWUH DSDULHQFLD PXQGR VHQVLEOH \
UHDOLGDG ORV iWRPRV \ HO YDFtR ORV SULQFLSLRV H[SOLFDWLYRV VRQ
QDWXUDOHVVRQPXFKRVLQGLYLVLEOHV\PX\SHTXHxRV6XSHULRULGDGGHOD
UD]yQ IUHQWH DO FRQRFLPLHQWR VHQVLEOH &XOPLQDQ HO SURFHVR GH
QDWXUDOL]DFLyQGHOPRGHORGHH[SOLFDFLyQSOXUDOLVWD
(/*,52$175232/Ð*,&262),67$6<6Ð&5$7(6
/RV SULPHURV ILOyVRIRV JULHJRV VH KDEtDQ RFXSDGR SULQFLSDOPHQWH
GH OD QDWXUDOH]D GH ODV FRVDV SHUR ORV SODQWHDPLHQWRV VRQ PX\
GLIHUHQWHV\HQFLHUWRPRGRODVFRVPRORJtDVTXHSUHVHQWDEDQWDPSRFR
GLVWDEDQPXFKRGHOPLWR7RGRHVWRSURGXMRXQFLHUWRHVFHSWLFLVPRTXH
HVWiHQODEDVHGHOJLURKDFLDORKXPDQR
),/262)Ë$,,%$&+,//(5$72
(O KHFKR GH TXH HO SXHEOR JULHJR HVWXYLHVH HQ FRQWDFWR
SHUPDQHQWH FRQ RWURV SXHEORV RWUDV FXOWXUDV RWUDV FRQVWLWXFLRQHV
RWUDV OH\HV \ TXH FRQVWDWDUDQ TXH XQRV SXHEORV HVWDEDQ PiV
DYDQ]DGRV TXH RWURV KL]R GH HOORV SHUVRQDV FRQ PHQWDOLGDGHV DELHUWDV
TXHVHKDFtDQSUHJXQWDVVREUHGLVWLQWDVPDQHUDVGHYLYLUORVGLVWLQWRV
FyGLJRVpWLFRVODVGLVWLQWDVFRQVWLWXFLRQHV
/RV 6RILVWDV DSDUHFHQ HQ *UHFLD \ SRQHQ HO DFHQWR PiV HQ HO
PLFURFRVPRV TXH HQ HO PDFURFRVPRV VH SURGXFH DVt HO JLUR
DQWURSRFpQWULFRRHOOODPDGRSHULRGRGHLOXVWUDFLyQJULHJD
6HGLIHUHQFLDQHQHOPpWRGRDSUHQGHUVREUHHOWHUUHQRREVHUYDU
XQ JUDQ Q~PHUR GH KHFKRV SDUWLFXODUHV VDFDU FRQFOXVLRQHV GH ORV
GDWRVDFXPXODGRVHVWDVFRQFOXVLRQHVHUDQHQSDUWHWHyULFDV\HQSDUWH
SUiFWLFDVPpWRGRHPStULFRLQGXFWLYR
/D ILQDOLGDG GH ORV VRILVWDV HUD OD XWLOLGDG HO FULWHULR GH YHUGDG
HUD OR ~WLO IUHQWH D OD HVSHFXODFLyQ \ OD SUHRFXSDFLyQ SRU OD YHUGDG GH
ORVILOyVRIRVSUHVRFUiFWLFRV
(QOD+pODGHGHVSXpVGHODVJXHUUDV0pGLFDVFRQWUDORVSHUVDV
VHLQWHQVLILFyODYLGDSROtWLFDVREUHWRGRHQ$WHQDVTXHWHQGUtDXQJUDQ
SHULRGR GH KHJHPRQtD Pi[LPH GHVSXpV GH YHQFHU D (VSDUWD HQ ODV
*XHUUDV GHO 3HORSRQHVR \ WUDHUVH HO WHVRUR GH OD /LJD GH 'HORV HO
REMHWLYR GH OD /LJD GH 'HORV HUD PDQWHQHU XQD IORWD TXH JDUDQWL]DUD OD
VHJXULGDG GH ODV FLXGDGHV JULHJDV \ FRQWLQXDUD OD OXFKD FRQWUD ORV
SHUVDV HO WHVRUR GH ORV FRQIHGHUDGRV HVWDED HQ OD ,VOD GH 'HORV GH OD
TXHVHUiOtGHUDSDUWLUGHVXYLFWRULDIUHQWHD(VSDUWD(QHVWDVQXHYDV
FLUFXQVWDQFLDV OD HGXFDFLyQ WUDGLFLRQDO \D QR VHUYtD \ HV DTXt GRQGH
HQWUDQORVVRILVWDV
3RSXODUL]DURQODILORVRItDODVDFDURQDODFDOOHDOiJRUD(OILOyVRIR
HVDKRUDXQKRPEUHGHVRFLHGDGTXHGLVFXWH /D SROtWLFD VH FRQYLHUWH HQ XQ PHGLR GH YLGD (O PDUFR GH
UHIHUHQFLD GH OD SROtWLFD HV OD SROLV /DV SROLV VRQ HO UHVXOWDGR GH OD
SUHVLyQHMHUFLGDGHVGHHOQRUWHSRUORV'RULRV\ODRURJUDItDJULHJDPX\
PRQWDxRVD FRQ WHUUHQR PX\ IUDJPHQWDGR TXH IDYRUHFH OD FUHDFLyQ GH
Q~FOHRV XUEDQRV LQGHSHQGLHQWHV FRQ XQ Q~PHUR QR H[FHVLYR GH
KDELWDQWHV \ XQD RUJDQL]DFLyQ FRP~Q D WRGDV HOODV (VWD RUJDQL]DFLyQ
HUDODVLJXLHQWHXQFHQWURGHODFLXGDGFRQHGLILFLRVUHODFLRQDGRVFRQOD
YLGD FRPXQLWDULD HO iJRUD WHPSORV \ DOUHGHGRU WHUUHQRV FXOWLYDEOHV OD
SROLV HV DJUtFROD \ SXHUWR GH PDU HQ DOJXQRV FDVRV TXH IDFLOLWDED HO
FRPHUFLR
+DEtD WUHV FDWHJRUtDV GH KDELWDQWHV FLXGDGDQRV PHWHFRV \
HVFODYRV 7UHV yUJDQRV GH JRELHUQR OD DVDPEOHD TXH HV OD FRPXQLGDG
GHFLXGDGDQRVFRQGHUHFKRDSDUWLFLSDUHQODDVDPEOHDHOFRQVHMRORV
MHIHVGHORVFODQHVORVQREOHVVXSULQFLSDOIXQFLyQHUDFRQVXOWLYD\ORV
PDJLVWUDGRV SHUVRQDV FRQ IXQFLRQHV HVSHFtILFDV R SDUFHODV GH SRGHU
DVLJQDGDV SRU OD DVDPEOHD R SRU HO FRQVHMR VXUJLHURQ FXDQGR HO UH\
SULPHU PDJLVWUDGR IXH GHVSRMDGR GH VXV IXQFLRQHV SRU OD QREOH]D VH
SURGXFH HQWRQFHV XQD GLYHUVLILFDFLyQ GH PDJLVWUDWXUDV XQLSHUVRQDOHV
DUFRQWH HO PD\RU SRGHU SROtWLFR EDVLOHXV FRQ IXQFLRQHV UHOLJLRVDV
SROHPDUFRFRPSHWHQFLDVPLOLWDUHV
),/262)Ë$,,%$&+,//(5$72
/D EDVH GH OD SROLV HV HO FLXGDGDQR TXH GHEH SDUWLFLSDU HQ HO
JRELHUQR \ HQ OD GHIHQVD GH OD SROLV SXHGH IRUPDUVH SDUD DFFHGHU D OD
SROtWLFD \ YLYLU GH HOOD /R FRQWUDULR GHO FLXGDGDQR HV HO LGLRWD (Q
GHPRFUDFLD HO SRGHU HVWi HQ OD SDODEUD \ GH DKt VXUJH OD QHFHVLGDG GH
XQD QXHYD HGXFDFLyQ OD HGXFDFLyQ WUDGLFLRQDO \D QR VHUYtD \ ORV
VRILVWDV RIUHFHQ XQD QXHYD HGXFDFLyQ EDVDGD HQ ODV KXPDQLGDGHV \
VREUH WRGR HQ OD HUtVWLFD WpFQLFDV GH GLVFXVLyQ FX\R DUWH SHUPLWtD
GHIHQGHUVH\FRQYHQFHU
/RVVRILVWDVQRHVWDEDQELHQYLVWRVQLSRUODpOLWHSROtWLFD\VRFLDO
SRUTXH ORV FRQVLGHUDQ VXV FRPSHWLGRUHV QL SRU 6yFUDWHV \ 3ODWyQ
SRUTXH HO UHODWLYLVPR \ VX FRQVHFXHQFLD HO LQGLYLGXDOLVPR SXHGHQ
GHVLQWHJUDUODSROLV
/RV VRILVWDV VRQ ORV SULPHURV PDHVWURV TXH FREUDQ SRU VXV
HQVHxDQ]DVDOJRTXHQRHVWDEDELHQYLVWRSHURHVWDVHQVHxDQ]DVVtTXH
HUDQ PX\ DSUHFLDGDV SRU JUDQ Q~PHUR GH MyYHQHV TXH TXHUtDQ
SDUWLFLSDU DFWLYDPHQWH HQ OD YLGD SROtWLFD /RV VRILVWDV VH SUHRFXSDEDQ
SRUODXWLOLGDGGHORVVDEHUHVPLHQWUDVTXHORVILOyVRIRVVHLQWHUHVDEDQ
SRUHOFRQRFLPLHQWRSRUODYHUGDG
/RV VRILVWDV TXHUtDQ HQVHxDU IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH OD DUHWp GHO
FLXGDGDQRSHURORTXHVHHQWLHQGHSRUDUHWpSXHGHYDULDUUDGLFDOPHQWH
SDUD ORV VRILVWDV VHUtD HO TXH FRQVLJXH HO p[LWR \ UHFRQRFLPLHQWR GH ORV
GHPiV SDUD 6yFUDWHV VHUtD HO TXH SDUWLFLSD DFWLYDPHQWH HQ OD SROLV
PLHQWUDV TXH SDUD 3HULFOHV VHUtD HO TXH GLULJH \ PHMRUD OD SROLV HO TXH
JRELHUQDELHQ
2SRVLFLyQ SK\VLVQRPRV OD VRFLHGDG JULHJD YHQtD DFHSWDQGR
FRPR DOJR LQDPRYLEOH OD H[LVWHQFLD GH OD QDWXUDOH]D FRPR JHQHUDGRUD
GHXQVDEHUGHXQRVYDORUHV\GHXQDVOH\HVXQLYHUVDOPHQWHYiOLGDV
/D RULJLQDOLGDG GH ORV VRILVWDV UHVLGH HQ SRQHU DELHUWDPHQWH HQ
GXGD TXH PXFKDV GH ODV FRVDV TXH KDEtDQ YHQLGR VLHQGR DFHSWDGDV
FRPR RULJLQDGDV SRU XQD OODPDGD OH\ QDWXUDO VHDQ RWUD FRVD TXH
UHDOLGDGHV SXUDPHQWH FRQYHQFLRQDOHV /D H[SHULHQFLD DFXPXODGD HQ
P~OWLSOHV YLDMHV SRU WRGD *UHFLD FRQILUPDED TXH ODV OH\HV YDULDEDQ
QRWDEOHPHQWH GH XQ OXJDU D RWUR \ TXH ODV &RQVWLWXFLRQHV GH ODV
GLVWLQWDV SROLV OHMRV GH VHU XQ OHJDGR GLYLQR HUDQ IUXWR GH XQ DFXHUGR
HQWUHFLXGDGDQRVSDUDJDUDQWL]DUODFRQYLYHQFLD
/RVVRILVWDVSODQWHDQSXHVDELHUWDPHQWHODQHFHVLGDGGHGLVFXWLU
\ GLVWLQJXLU HQWUH OR TXH UHDOPHQWH HV QDWXUDOH]D R OH\ QDWXUDO
SK\VLV\ORTXHHVSXURFRQYHQFLRQDOLVPRROH\KXPDQDQRPRV
/DRSRVLFLyQSK\VLVQRPRVHVXQDGHODVJUDQGHVFUHDFLRQHVGHOD
)LORVRItD JULHJD FRQ HOOD VH FUHD XQ LQVWUXPHQWR GH UHIOH[LyQ FUtWLFD
VREUHHORULJHQ\YDORUGHODVOH\HV\ODVQRUPDVPRUDOHV$GHPiVHVWD
RSRVLFLyQKDFHSRVLEOHODFUtWLFDGHODFXOWXUDODUHIOH[LyQGHODFXOWXUD
JULHJD VREUH Vt PLVPD (Q HO VLJOR 9 D & HO FRQWUDVWH SK\VLVQRPRV
OOHJDDVHUFRH[WHQVLYRFRQQDWXUDOH]DFXOWXUD
3URWiJRUDV´(OKRPEUHHVODPHGLGDGHWRGDVODVFRVDVµHVGHFLU
QDGLH SXHGH DFKDFDU HUURU D RWUR QLQJXQD RSLQLyQ HV PiV YHUGDGHUD
TXHRWUDVtFDEHTXHXQDVHDPHMRUTXHRWUDVLDVtSDUHFHDMXLFLRGHOD
PD\RUtD
),/262)Ë$,,%$&+,//(5$72
*RUJLDV 6RVWLHQH XQ HVFHSWLFLVPR PiV UDGLFDO TXH IRUPXOD GH
IRUPD FRQWXQGHQWH HQ VXV WUHV FpOHEUHV WHVLV QHJDWLYDV D 1R H[LVWH
UHDOLGDG DOJXQD E 6L DOJR H[LVWLHUD QR OR FRQRFHUtDPRV F $XQ HQ HO
FDVRGHTXHSXGLpUDPRVFRQRFHUDOJRQRSRGUtDPRVFRPXQLFDUORDORV
GHPiV
6Ð&5$7(6 D & 1R GHMy QDGD HVFULWR 6yOR WHQHPRV
WHVWLPRQLRGHRWURVDXWRUHV$ULVWyIDQHV-HQRIRQWH3ODWyQ\$ULVWyWHOHV
&LXGDGDQR HMHPSODU HQUDL]DGR H LGHQWLILFDGR FRQ VX FLXGDG
$WHQDV (Q HVWR VH GLIHUHQFLD GH ORV VRILVWDV TXH HUDQ HQ VX PD\RUtD
PHWHFRVPLHQWUDVTXH6yFUDWHVHUDDWHQLHQVH\OHGROtDVXFLXGDG
6yFUDWHV YHtD OD GHFDGHQFLD GH $WHQDV HO PRYLPLHQWR VRILVWD
LQIOXtD HQ OD GHPRFUDFLD DWHQLHQVH \ HQ ORV FLXGDGDQRV IRPHQWDED HO
UHODWLYLVPRHLQGLYLGXDOLVPRTXHOOHYDQDODUXSWXUD\GHVHVWUXFWXUDFLyQ
GH OD SROLV $QWH HVWR GHFLGH VDOLU D OD FDOOH FRQ HO OHQJXDMH FRPR
KHUUDPLHQWD LJXDO TXH ORV VRILVWDV (O PpWRGR TXH HPSOHD SRGUtDPRV
OODPDUORLUyQLFRPD\pXWLFR
&DSWDUODDWHQFLyQKDFLpQGRVHHOLJQRUDQWH
3UHJXQWDV\UHVSXHVWDV
'DUDOX]ODYHUGDG
6yFUDWHVKDFHFRPRVXPDGUHTXHHUDSDUWHUDD\XGDUDGDUDOX]
ODYHUGDGTXHFDGDVHUKXPDQRWLHQHHQVXLQWHULRU(OPpWRGRVRFUiWLFR
VHHQFDPLQDDODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHGHILQLFLRQHV\FRQFHSWRVGHIRUPD
LQGXFWLYDHVGHFLUSDUWLHQGRGHODQiOLVLVGHORVFDVRVSDUWLFXODUHVSDUD
HOHYDUVHGHHOORVKDVWDHOFRQMXQWRGHUDVJRVTXHGHILQHHOSUHGLFDGRTXH
OHVDWULEXLPRV&DGDGHILQLFLyQHQVD\DGDVHFRQIURQWDQXHYDPHQWHFRQ
RWURV FDVRV SDUWLFXODUHV \ TXHGDUi UHFKD]DGD VL HQ DOJXQR GH pVWRV QR
VHGDHOFRQMXQWRGHUDVJRVDGXFLGR
6yFUDWHV FRPSDUWH FRQ ORV VRILVWDV OD WHVLV GH TXH ODV OH\HV VRQ
FRQYHQFLRQDOHV HO LPSHULR GH ODV OH\HV HV HO UHVXOWDGR GH XQ DFXHUGR
TXH6yFUDWHVLQWHUSUHWDFRPRXQSDFWRGHFDGDFLXGDGDQRFRQDTXHOODV
$O TXH QR OH JXVWHQ ODV OH\HV GH XQD FLXGDG SXHGH HPLJUDU D RWUD
FLXGDG FX\DV OH\HV OH SDUH]FDQ PiV UD]RQDEOHV 3HUR HO TXH VH TXHGD
OLEUHPHQWH HQ XQD FLXGDG TXHGD REOLJDGR DO FXPSOLPLHQWR GH ODV
PLVPDV (VWR WLHQH PiV IXHU]D VL WHQHPRV HQ FXHQWD TXH pO SUHILULy
PRULU EHELHQGR FLFXWD \ DVt DFDWDU XQD VHQWHQFLD GH VX FLXGDG DQWHV
TXHKXLUFRPROHSURSRQtDQ\GHVREHGHFHUODVOH\HVGHODFLXGDG
(Q OD $WHQDV GHO VLJOR 9 D & VH H[WHQGLHURQ GH OD PDQR GH ORV
VRILVWDV GRV DFWLWXGHV HVWUHFKDPHQWH UHODFLRQDGDV HQWUH Vt HO
LQGLYLGXDOLVPR \ HO UHODWLYLVPR IUHQWH D DPEDV DFWLWXGHV TXH SRGUtDQ
GHVLQWHJUDU OD SROLV VH OHYDQWy HO 6yFUDWHV ILOyVRIR \ PRUDOLVWD (O
FLXGDGDQR H[FHOHQWH SDUD ORV VRILVWDV HUD HO FLXGDGDQR GH p[LWR VLQ
HPEDUJR SDUD 6yFUDWHV HO FLXGDGDQR H[FHOHQWH HUD HO TXH UHVSHWDED OD
SROLV TXH FRQRFtD OD YLUWXG \ FX\D H[FHOHQFLD HUD LQWHULRU FRQFLHQFLD
SUHGLVSRVLFLyQWRGDVHOODVYLUWXGHVpWLFDV
(O VDEHU \ OD YLUWXG FRLQFLGHQ HO TXH FRQRFH OR UHFWR OR MXVWR
DFWXDUiFRQUHFWLWXG\MXVWLFLDVyORSRULJQRUDQFLDVHKDFHHOPDO(VWH
PRGR GH LQWHUSUHWDU OD YLUWXG VH FRQRFH FRPR ´LQWHOHFWXDOLVPR PRUDOµ
),/262)Ë$,,%$&+,//(5$72
(VWH VDEHU PRUDO WDQ QHFHVDULR SDUD OD IHOLFLGDG SXHGH DSUHQGHUVH QR
EDVWDTXHGDUVHHQODVSUHGLVSRVLFLRQHV
